Open-source intelligence: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:01, 24 December 2025

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Open source intelligence (OSINT) is the collection and analysis of data gathered from open sources (overt sources and publicly available information) to produce actionable intelligence. OSINT is primarily used in national security, law enforcement, and business intelligence functions and is of value to analysts who use non-sensitive intelligence in answering classified, unclassified, or proprietary intelligence requirements across the previous intelligence disciplines.^[1]

OSINT collection methodologies

Collecting open-source intelligence is achieved in a variety of different ways,^[4] such as:

Social Media Intelligence, which is acquired from viewing or observing a subject's online social profile activity.
Search engine data mining or scraping.
Public records checking.
Information matching and verification from data broker services.

Definition

OSINT, broadly defined, involves gathering and analyzing publicly accessible information to produce actionable insights.^[5]

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security defines OSINT as intelligence derived from publicly available information, collected and disseminated promptly to address specific intelligence needs.^[6]

NATO describes OSINT as intelligence obtained from publicly available information and other unclassified data with limited public distribution or access.^[7]

The European Union defines OSINT as the collecting and analyzing information from open sources to generate actionable intelligence, supporting areas like national security, law enforcement, and business intelligence.^[8]

The United Nations has also recognized OSINT’s potential, noting its value in monitoring member states’ compliance with international regulations across various sectors, including public health and human rights.^[9]

In the private sector, companies like IBM define OSINT as the process of gathering and analyzing publicly available information to assess threats, inform decisions, or answer specific questions. Similarly, cybersecurity firms such as CrowdStrike describe OSINT as the act of collecting and analyzing publicly available data for intelligence purposes.^[10]

History

File:911 commission seal.svg

Seal of the 9/11 Commission

OSINT practices have been documented as early as the mid-19th century in the United States and early 20th century in the United Kingdom.^[11]

OSINT in the United States traces its origins to the 1941 creation of the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service (FBMS), an agency responsible for the monitoring of foreign broadcasts. An example of their work was the correlation of changes in the price of oranges in Paris with successful bombings of railway bridges during World War II.^[12]

The Aspin-Brown Commission stated in 1996 that US access to open sources was "severely deficient" and that this should be a "top priority" for both funding and DCI attention.^[13]

In July 2004, following the September 11 attacks, the 9/11 Commission recommended the creation of an open-source intelligence agency.^[14] In March 2005, the Iraq Intelligence Commission recommended^[15] the creation of an open-source directorate at the CIA.

Following these recommendations, in November 2005 the Director of National Intelligence announced the creation of the DNI Open Source Center. The Center was established to collect information available from "the Internet, databases, press, radio, television, video, geospatial data, photos and commercial imagery."^[16] In addition to collecting openly available information, it would train analysts to make better use of this information. The center absorbed the CIA's previously existing Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), originally established in 1941, with FBIS head Douglas Naquin named as director of the center.^[17] Then, following the events of 9/11 the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act merged FBIS and other research elements into the Office of the Director of National Intelligence creating the Open Source Enterprise.

Furthermore, the private sector has invested in tools which aid in OSINT collection and analysis. Specifically, In-Q-Tel, a Central Intelligence Agency supported venture capital firm in Arlington, VA assisted companies develop web-monitoring and predictive analysis tools.

In December 2005, the Director of National Intelligence appointed Eliot A. Jardines as the Assistant Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Open Source to serve as the Intelligence Community's senior intelligence officer for open source and to provide strategy, guidance and oversight for the National Open Source Enterprise.^[18] Mr. Jardines has established the National Open Source Enterprise^[19] and authored intelligence community directive 301. In 2008, Mr. Jardines returned to the private sector and was succeeded by Dan Butler who is ADDNI/OS^[20] and previously Mr. Jardines' Senior Advisor for Policy.^[21]

Tools

A guide by Ryan Fedasiuk, an analyst at the Center for Security and Emerging Technology, lists six tools open-source analysts can use to stay safe and utilize operational security (OPSEC) when conducting online investigations. These include VPNs, cached webpages, digital archive services, URL and file scanners, browser sandbox applications, and antivirus software.^[22]

Numerous lists of aggregated OSINT content are available on the web. The OSINT Framework contains over 30 primary categories of tools and is maintained as an open source project on GitHub.^[23]

Risks for practitioners

A main hindrance to practical OSINT is the volume of information it has to deal with information explosion. The amount of data being distributed increases at a rate that it becomes difficult to evaluate sources in intelligence analysis. To a small degree the work has sometimes been done by amateur crowd-sourcing.^[24]

Private individuals illegally collecting data for a foreign military or intelligence agency is considered espionage in most countries. Espionage that is not treason (e.g. betraying one's country of citizenship) has been a tool of statecraft since ancient times.^[25]

Disinformation and misinformation risk

The open and accessible nature of public sources makes OSINT particularly vulnerable to contamination. Extremist group regularly use OSINT to spread to misinformation and spread their ideology.^[26]

Governments and state actors have been documented intentionally disseminating disinformation through public channels to influence perceptions, confuse adversaries, or undermine trust in open-source findings. This can include planting false information in news outlets, social media, official statements, or even manipulated geospatial data to deceive OSINT practitioners who rely on such sources.^[27]

Professional associations and certifications

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McAfee Institute offers several government-recognized certification programs in open-source intelligence (OSINT) and related investigative disciplines. The Certified in Open Source Intelligence (C|OSINT) program provides structured training in the collection, verification, and analysis of publicly available information, aligning with recognized standards for intelligence and law enforcement professionals.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

McAfee Institute’s certification programs are approved by the Missouri Department of Higher Education and Workforce Development (MDHEWD),^[28]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". listed in the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies (NICCS) training catalog maintained by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and recognized by the U.S. Department of Defense Credentialing Opportunities On-Line (COOL)^[29]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". program for all military branches.

According to the McAfee Institute, the C|OSINT certification validates professional competency in conducting lawful and ethical online investigations, emphasizing intelligence tradecraft, digital profiling, and open-source data analysis. Graduates receive lifetime access to updated course materials and instructor support.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The OSINT Foundation is a professional association for OSINT practitioners in the United States Intelligence Community.^[30] It is open to U.S. Citizens and seeks to raise the prominence of the open-source intelligence discipline.^[31]

References

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↑ Ethical Frameworks in Open Source Intelligence. (Report) (2022). Part of the 2022 Public Private Partnership Analytic Exchange Program. Washington, DC: US Department of Homeland Security.
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↑ See page 413 of the 9-11 Commission Report (pdf) Script error: No such module "webarchive"..
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↑ Office of the Director of National Intelligence. "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center Script error: No such module "webarchive".". Press release, 8 November 2005.
↑ Ensor, David. "The Situation Report: Open source intelligence center Script error: No such module "webarchive".". CNN, 8 November 2005.
↑ Office of the Director of National Intelligence "ODNI Senior Leadership Announcement Script error: No such module "webarchive".". Press release, 7 December 2005.
↑ "National Open Source Entreprise Vision Statement" Script error: No such module "webarchive". May 2006
↑ DNI Open Source Conference 2008 "Decision Advantage" agenda, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, July 2008. Script error: No such module "webarchive".
↑ DNI Open Source Conference 2007 "Expanding the Horizons" agenda, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, July 2007. Script error: No such module "webarchive".
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↑ Sun Tzu (Warring States period), The Art of War, Chapter 13: "Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because one grudges the outlay of 2 hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity."
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WashTimes.com, Washington Times – CIA mines 'rich' content from blogs, 19 April 2006
GCN.com, Government Computer News – Intelligence units mine the benefits of public sources 20 March 2006
FindAcricles.com, Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin October–December, 2005 by Barbara G. Fast
FAS.org, Congressional Testimony on OSINT and Homeland Security 21 June 2005
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External links

The Open Source Intelligence Resource Discovery Toolkit
The New Craft of Intelligence: Making the Most of Open Private Sector Knowledge
Actual Intelligence Case Studies Leveraging Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)
Sailing the Sea of OSINT in the Information Age
Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, December 5, 2007
Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, January 28, 2008
The Free Library, FMSO-JRIC and Open Source Intelligence: speaking prose in a world of verse, Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, Oct–Dec, 2005 by Jacob W. Kipp

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[6] Ethical Frameworks in Open Source Intelligence. (Report) (2022). Part of the 2022 Public Private Partnership Analytic Exchange Program. Washington, DC: US Department of Homeland Security.

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[14] See page 413 of the 9-11 Commission Report (pdf) Script error: No such module "webarchive"..

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[16] Office of the Director of National Intelligence. "ODNI Announces Establishment of Open Source Center Script error: No such module "webarchive".". Press release, 8 November 2005.

[17] Ensor, David. "The Situation Report: Open source intelligence center Script error: No such module "webarchive".". CNN, 8 November 2005.

[18] Office of the Director of National Intelligence "ODNI Senior Leadership Announcement Script error: No such module "webarchive".". Press release, 7 December 2005.

[19] "National Open Source Entreprise Vision Statement" Script error: No such module "webarchive". May 2006

[20] DNI Open Source Conference 2008 "Decision Advantage" agenda, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, July 2008. Script error: No such module "webarchive".

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[25] Sun Tzu (Warring States period), The Art of War, Chapter 13: "Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because one grudges the outlay of 2 hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity."

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@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 ==Definition==
-OSINT, broadly defined, involves gathering and analyzing publicly accessible information to produce actionable insights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is OSINT (Open-Source Intelligence?) {{!}} SANS Institute |url=https://www.sans.org/blog/what-is-open-source-intelligence/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=[[SANS Institute]]}}</ref>
+OSINT, broadly defined, involves gathering and analyzing publicly accessible information to produce actionable insights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is OSINT (Open-Source Intelligence?) {{!}} SANS Institute |url=https://www.sans.org/blog/what-is-open-source-intelligence/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=[[SANS Institute]] |date=23 February 2023 }}</ref>
 The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] defines OSINT as intelligence derived from publicly available information, collected and disseminated promptly to address specific intelligence needs.<ref>''[https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Ethical%20Frameworks%20in%20OSINT%20Final.pdf Ethical Frameworks in Open Source Intelligence]''. (Report) (2022). Part of the 2022 Public Private Partnership Analytic Exchange Program. Washington, DC: [[United States Department of Homeland Security|US Department of Homeland Security]].</ref>
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 === Tools ===
-[[File:Command Post Computing Environment multiple screens Photo US Army released to Public Domain.jpg|alt=<nowiki>Systematic Software Engineering uses open source intelligence, compiled by [[Janes Information Services]], as part of its intelligence platform.</nowiki>|thumb|Open source intelligence may be ingested to battle management systems such as CPCE by [[Systematic Software Engineering|Systematic]], which uses an open source feed from [[Janes Information Services]].]]
+A guide by Ryan Fedasiuk, an analyst at the [[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]], lists six tools open-source analysts can use to stay safe and utilize operational security ([[Operations security|OPSEC]]) when conducting online investigations. These include [[VPNs]], cached webpages, [[Digital archiving|digital archive]] services, URL and file scanners, browser sandbox applications, and [[antivirus software]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedasiuk |first=Ryan |date=2022-04-06 |title=Into the Jungle: Best Practices for Open-Source Researchers |url=https://cset.georgetown.edu/article/into-the-jungle-best-practices-for-open-source-researchers/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Center for Security and Emerging Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
-The web browser is a powerful OSINT tool that provides access to numerous websites and both open source and proprietary software tools that are either purpose-built for open source information collection or which can be exploited for the purposes of either gathering of open source information or to facilitate analysis and validation to provide intelligence. A cottage industry of both for-profit and not-for-profit investigative and educational groups such as [[Bellingcat]], IntelTechniques, SANS and others offer indices, books, podcasts and video training materials on OSINT tools and techniques. Books such as Michael Bazzell's ''Open Source Intelligence Techniques'' serve as indices to resources across multiple domains but according the author, due to the rapidly changing information landscape, some tools and techniques change or become obsolete frequently, hence it is imperative for OSINT researchers to study, train and survey the landscape of source material regularly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Michael Bazzell |url=https://inteltechniques.com/book1.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=inteltechniques.com}}</ref> A guide by Ryan Fedasiuk, an analyst at the [[Center for Security and Emerging Technology]], lists six tools open-source analysts can use to stay safe and utilize operational security ([[Operations security|OPSEC]]) when conducting online investigations. These include [[VPNs]], cached webpages, [[Digital archiving|digital archive]] services, URL and file scanners, browser sandbox applications, and [[antivirus software]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedasiuk |first=Ryan |date=2022-04-06 |title=Into the Jungle: Best Practices for Open-Source Researchers |url=https://cset.georgetown.edu/article/into-the-jungle-best-practices-for-open-source-researchers/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Center for Security and Emerging Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
 Numerous lists of aggregated OSINT content are available on the web. The OSINT Framework contains over 30 primary categories of tools and is maintained as an open source project on [[GitHub]].<ref>{{Citation |title=OSINT Framework |date=2022-05-02 |url=https://github.com/lockfale/OSINT-Framework |publisher=lockFALE |access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref>
@@ Line 68: / Line 67: @@
 Private individuals illegally collecting data for a foreign military or intelligence agency is considered [[espionage]] in most countries. Espionage that is not [[treason]] (e.g. betraying one's country of citizenship) has been a tool of statecraft since ancient times.<ref>[[Sun Tzu]] ([[Warring States period]]), ''[[The Art of War]]'', Chapter 13: "Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because one grudges the outlay of 2 hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity."</ref>
+== Disinformation and misinformation risk ==
+The open and accessible nature of public sources makes OSINT particularly vulnerable to contamination. Extremist group regularly use OSINT to spread to misinformation and spread their ideology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dark Side of OSINT: How Extremists Exploit Open-Source Intelligence |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/blog/dark-side-osint-how-extremists-exploit-open-source-intelligence |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Counter Extremism Project |language=en}}</ref>
+Governments and state actors have been documented intentionally disseminating disinformation through public channels to influence perceptions, confuse adversaries, or undermine trust in open-source findings. This can include planting false information in news outlets, social media, official statements, or even manipulated geospatial data to deceive OSINT practitioners who rely on such sources.<ref name="Royal United Services 2022">{{cite web |title=OSINT in an Age of Disinformation Warfare |website=Royal United Services Institute |date=2022-03-14 |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/osint-age-disinformation-warfare |access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref>
 ==Professional associations and certifications==
-The OSINT Foundation is a professional association for OSINT practitioners in the United States Intelligence Community.<ref>{{Citation |title=New OSINT foundation aims to 'professionalize' open source discipline across spy agencies |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/inside-ic/2022/07/new-osint-foundation-aims-to-professionalize-open-source-discipline-across-spy-agencies/ |date=2022-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is open to U.S. Citizens and seeks to raise the prominence of the open-source intelligence discipline.<ref>{{Citation |title=New Group to Promote Open-Source Intelligence, Seen as Vital in Ukraine War | newspaper=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-group-to-promote-open-source-intelligence-seen-as-vital-in-ukraine-war-11658926800?st=q5j3a3ymqekavuj&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink |date=2022-07-27 |language=en-US | last1=Volz | first1=Dustin }}</ref>
-OSMOSIS (an association for OSINT professionals) provides courses and conferences that lead to the designation of being Open-Source Certified (OSC). OSMOSIS is an offshoot of the Hetherington Group, a private investigation and corporate & market intelligence group. According to the OSC, its goal is to "help standardize our profession and demonstrate that our members are Legal, Ethical, and Competent practitioners of investigating and analyzing Publicly Available Information." Further they state that, "To obtain the OSC designation, practitioners must meet certain requirements to demonstrate dedication to their craft and pass a 100-question exam."<ref>{{Cite web |last=OSMOSIS |date=2025-02-06 |title=0SMOSIS Open-Source Certified |url=https://osmosisinstitute.org/osc/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=OSMOSIS - An Association for OSINT Professionals}}</ref>
+{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2025}}
+McAfee Institute offers several government-recognized certification programs in open-source intelligence (OSINT) and related investigative disciplines. The ''Certified in Open Source Intelligence (C|OSINT)'' program provides structured training in the collection, verification, and analysis of publicly available information, aligning with recognized standards for intelligence and law enforcement professionals.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}
-The company IntelTechniques offers online and live training that can lead to the Open Source Intelligence Professional Certification (OSIP) and/or help individual practitioners develop and formalize their skills, sans certification. Their certification program "provides participants with an opportunity to work through a real-world scenario and demonstrate that they can produce an intelligence product that meets a high professional standard."<ref>{{Cite web |last=IntelTechniques |date=2025-02-06 |title=Open Source Intelligence Professional Certification |url=https://inteltechniques.com/training-osip.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=IntelTechniques}}</ref> In addition to their training program, IntelTechniques.com offers a community that serves supports those seeking the OSIP certificiation, but is also open to practitioners who enroll in the training program itself without the intention of seeking certificiation. This community facilitates an exchange of information about best practices, the training itself and tradecraft & methodology in a moderated environment.
+McAfee Institute’s certification programs are approved by the Missouri Department of Higher Education and Workforce Development (MDHEWD),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} dhewd.mo.gov |url=https://dhewd.mo.gov/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=dhewd.mo.gov}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2025}} listed in the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies (NICCS) training catalog maintained by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and recognized by the U.S. Department of Defense Credentialing Opportunities On-Line (COOL)<ref>{{cite web |title=DOD COOL Portal - Homepage |website=www.cool.osd.mil |url=https://www.cool.osd.mil/index.htm |access-date=2025-12-24}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2025}} program for all military branches.
-Other organizations including Bellingcat, offer training as well other options for OSINT practitioners to associate and exchange information on OSINT best practices and issues.
+According to the McAfee Institute, the C|OSINT certification validates professional competency in conducting lawful and ethical online investigations, emphasizing intelligence tradecraft, digital profiling, and open-source data analysis. Graduates receive lifetime access to updated course materials and instructor support.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}
-==See also==
+The OSINT Foundation is a professional association for OSINT practitioners in the United States Intelligence Community.<ref>{{Citation |title=New OSINT foundation aims to 'professionalize' open source discipline across spy agencies |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/inside-ic/2022/07/new-osint-foundation-aims-to-professionalize-open-source-discipline-across-spy-agencies/ |date=2022-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is open to U.S. Citizens and seeks to raise the prominence of the open-source intelligence discipline.<ref>{{Citation |title=New Group to Promote Open-Source Intelligence, Seen as Vital in Ukraine War | newspaper=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-group-to-promote-open-source-intelligence-seen-as-vital-in-ukraine-war-11658926800?st=q5j3a3ymqekavuj&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink |date=2022-07-27 |language=en-US | last1=Volz | first1=Dustin }}</ref>
-{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
-*{{annotated link|Ashley Feinberg}}
-*{{annotated link|Bellingcat}}
-*{{annotated link|Co-occurrence networks}}
-*{{annotated link|Dan Butler (civil servant)}}
-*{{annotated link|DARPA TIDES program}}
-*{{annotated link|Doxing}}
-*{{annotated link|Eliot A. Jardines}}
-*{{annotated link|Eliot Higgins}}
-*{{annotated link|Fusion center}}
-*{{annotated link|ICWatch}}
-*{{annotated link|Intellipedia}}
-*{{annotated link|Investigative Data Warehouse}}
-*{{annotated link|MiTAP}}
-*{{annotated link|National Intelligence Open Source Committee}}
-*{{annotated link|NATO Open Source Intelligence Handbook}}, [[NATO Open Source Intelligence Reader]]
-*{{annotated link|Open data}}
-*{{annotated link|Open Source Center}}
-*{{annotated link|Oryx (blog)}}
-*{{annotated link|Private intelligence agency}}
-*{{annotated link|Social cloud computing}}
-*{{annotated link|Special Libraries Association}}
-*{{annotated link|Strategic intelligence}}
-*{{annotated link|Open-source intelligence in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
-{{Div col end}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 111: / Line 91: @@
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080310024429/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IBS/is_4_31/ai_n16419797 FindAcricles.com], Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin October–December, 2005 by Barbara G. Fast
 *[https://fas.org/irp/congress/2005_hr/062105jardines.pdf FAS.org], Congressional Testimony on OSINT and Homeland Security 21 June 2005
-*[https://www.forbes.com/2008/11/21/maltego-data-mining-identity08-tech-cz-tb_1121maltego.html Forbes.com], When Everyone Can Mine Your Data by Taylor Buley, 11.21.08]
 * {{cite web | last=Thompson | first=Clive | title=Open-Source Spying | website=The New York Times | date=2006-12-03 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/magazine/03intelligence.html | access-date=2018-05-29}}
-* {{cite web | title=Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) | website=RIS Open Source Intelligence | date=2018-05-29 | url=http://arnoreuser.com/ | ref={{sfnref | RIS Open Source Intelligence | 2018}} | access-date=2018-05-29}}
 * {{cite web | title=The Intelligence Network : I n t r o d u c t i o n | website=intellnet.org | date=2008-05-09 | url=http://www.intellnet.org/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509085418/http://www.intellnet.org/ | archive-date=2008-05-09 | url-status=unfit | ref={{sfnref | intellnet.org | 2008}} | access-date=2018-05-29}}
 == Further reading ==
-*{{cite book |author=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |author-link=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |author2=University of California, Berkeley Human Rights Center |author2-link=University Human Rights Centers#Human Rights Center – University of California, Berkeley |title=Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations A Practical Guide on the Effective Use of Digital Open Source Information in Investigating Violations of International Criminal, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/OHCHR_BerkeleyProtocol.pdf |publication-place=New York, Geneva |publisher=UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; Human Rights Center, UC Berkeley School of Law |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-1-154233-2 |oclc=1334608062}}
+*{{cite book |author=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |author-link=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |author2=UC Berkeley Human Rights Center |author2-link=Berkeley Human Rights Center |title=Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations A Practical Guide on the Effective Use of Digital Open Source Information in Investigating Violations of International Criminal, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/OHCHR_BerkeleyProtocol.pdf |publication-place=New York, Geneva |publisher=UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; Human Rights Center, UC Berkeley School of Law |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-1-154233-2 |oclc=1334608062}}
 ===Scientific publications===
@@ Line 124: / Line 102: @@
 * [http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cewces_papers Cody Burke: 'Freeing knowledge, telling secrets: Open source intelligence and development', Bond University, May 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817134042/http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cewces_papers |date=2016-08-17 }}
 * [http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?id=122008 Florian Schaurer, Jan Störger: 'The Evolution of Open Source Intelligence', OSINT Report 3/2010, ISN, ETH Zürich, October 2010]
-* {{Cite book|last=Hassan, Nihad A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043830928|title=Open source intelligence methods and tools : a practical guide to online intelligence|others=Hijazi, Rami|date=30 June 2018|isbn=978-1-4842-3213-2|location=[United States]|oclc=1043830928}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Hassan, Nihad A.|title=Open source intelligence methods and tools : a practical guide to online intelligence|others=Hijazi, Rami|date=30 June 2018|isbn=978-1-4842-3213-2|location=[United States]|oclc=1043830928}}
 == External links ==
-* [http://rr.reuser.biz The Open Source Intelligence Resource Discovery Toolkit]
+* [https://rr.reuser.biz The Open Source Intelligence Resource Discovery Toolkit]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20020307050442/http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101020311/viewpoint.html The New Craft of Intelligence: Making the Most of Open Private Sector Knowledge]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216224135/http://www.cm2limited.com/casestudies/casestudies.php Actual Intelligence Case Studies Leveraging Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)]
@@ Line 147: / Line 125: @@
 [[Category:2005 introductions]]
 [[Category:2005 establishments in the United States]]
-[[Category:Management cybernetics]]

Open-source intelligence: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:01, 24 December 2025

Contents

Categories

OSINT collection methodologies

Definition

History

Tools

Risks for practitioners

Disinformation and misinformation risk

Professional associations and certifications

References

Further reading

Scientific publications

External links

Navigation menu

Open-source intelligence: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:01, 24 December 2025

Categories

OSINT collection methodologies

Definition

History

Tools

Risks for practitioners

Disinformation and misinformation risk

Professional associations and certifications

References

Further reading

Scientific publications

External links

Navigation menu

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