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{{Short description|City in Edirne, Turkey}}
{{Short description|City in Edirne, Turkey}}
{{Redirect|Adrianopolis}}
{{Redirect|Adrianopolis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                = municipality
| type                = municipality
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| area_total_km2      =  
| area_total_km2      =  
| elevation_m          = 42
| elevation_m          = 42
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_footnotes =<ref name=tuik/>
| population_total    = 180002
| population_total    = 180002
| population_as_of    = 2022
| population_as_of    = 2022
| postal_code          = 22000
| postal_code          = 22000
| area_code            = 0284
| area_code            = 0284
| website              = {{URL|http://www.edirne.bel.tr/}}
| website              = {{URL|www.edirne.bel.tr/}}
}}
}}
'''Edirne''' ({{IPAc-en|US|eɪ|ˈ|d|ɪər|n|ə|,_|ɛ|ˈ|-}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/edirne|title=Edirne|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Edirne|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|tr|e.ˈdiɾ.ne|lang}}), historically known as [[Orestias|Adrianople]], is a city in [[Turkey]], in the northwestern part of the [[Edirne Province|province of Edirne]] in [[Eastern Thrace]]. Situated {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Greek and {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bulgarian borders, Edirne was the second capital city of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from the 1360s to 1453,{{efn|''[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi]]'': "It is disputed when the Ottomans conquered this place; Various dates have been put forward in this regard, such as 1361, 1362, 1367 and 1369. Among these, the opinion that Edirne was captured in 1361 as a result of a systematic conquest policy by Murad and Lala Şahin, while Orhan Gazi was still alive, gains prominence. However, it has also been stated that the date of conquest may have occurred after 1366 (1369), based on an elegy showing that the city metropolitan Polykarpos was in Edirne in this capacity until 1366.<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=Edirne|author=M. Tayyib Gökbilgin|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/edirne}}</ref>}} before [[Constantinople]] became its capital.
'''Edirne''' ({{IPAc-en|US|eɪ|ˈ|d|ɪər|n|ə|,_|ɛ|ˈ|-}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/edirne|title=Edirne|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Edirne|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|tr|e.ˈdiɾ.ne|lang}}), historically known as Orestias, Orestiada, [[Orestias|Adrianople]], or Adriana is a city in [[Turkey]], in the northwestern part of the [[Edirne Province|province of Edirne]] in [[Eastern Thrace]]. Situated {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Greek and {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Bulgarian borders, Edirne was the second capital city of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from the 1360s to 1453,{{efn|''[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi]]'': "It is disputed when the Ottomans conquered this place; Various dates have been put forward in this regard, such as 1361, 1362, 1367 and 1369. Among these, the opinion that Edirne was captured in 1361 as a result of a systematic conquest policy by Murad and Lala Şahin, while Orhan Gazi was still alive, gains prominence. However, it has also been stated that the date of conquest may have occurred after 1366 (1369), based on an elegy showing that the city metropolitan Polykarpos was in Edirne in this capacity until 1366.<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=Edirne|author=M. Tayyib Gökbilgin|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/edirne}}</ref>}} before [[Constantinople]] became its capital.


The city is a commercial centre for woven textiles, silks, carpets and agricultural products and has a growing tourism industry. It is the seat of [[Edirne Province]] and [[Edirne District]].<ref name=il>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Its population is 180,002 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=13 March 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref>
The city is a commercial centre for woven textiles, silks, carpets and agricultural products and has a growing tourism industry. It is the seat of [[Edirne Province]] and [[Edirne District]].<ref name=il>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=6 July 2015 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Its population is 180,002 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=13 March 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref>


In the local elections on March 31, 2024, lawyer Filiz Gencan Akin was elected as the new mayor of the city of Edirne, succeeding [[Recep Gürkan]], who had been mayor for 10 years and did not stand for re-election.
In the local elections on 31 March 2024, lawyer Filiz Gencan Akin was elected as the new mayor of the city of Edirne, succeeding [[Recep Gürkan]], who had been mayor for 10 years and did not stand for re-election.


==Names and etymology==
==Names and etymology==
{{see also|Names of Edirne in different languages}}
{{see also|Names of Edirne in different languages}}
The city was founded and named after the Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] as ''Hadrianopolis'' ({{lang|en|Adrianople}} in English, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|eɪ|d|r|i|ə|ˈ|n|oʊ|p|əl}}; {{lang|grc|Ἁδριανούπολις}} in [[Greek language|Greek]]) on the site of the Greek city of [[Orestias]], which was itself founded on an earlier [[Thracians|Thracian]] settlement named ''Uskudama.''<ref name="Britannica_Edirne">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Edirne|title=Edirne|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> The Ottoman name ''Edrine'' (ادرنه) is derived from the Greek name. The name ''Adrianople'' was used in English until the Turkish adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928, after which ''Edirne'' became the internationally recognised name. In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] the city is known as Одрин (Odrin).
The city was founded and named after the Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] as ''Hadrianopolis'' (''Adrianople'' in English, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|eɪ|d|r|i|ə|ˈ|n|oʊ|p|əl}}; {{lang|grc|Ἁδριανούπολις}} in [[Greek language|Greek]]) on the site of the Greek city of [[Orestias]], which was itself founded on an earlier [[Thracians|Thracian]] settlement named ''Uskudama.''<ref name="Britannica_Edirne">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Edirne|title=Edirne|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> The Ottoman name ''Edrine'' (ادرنه) is derived from the Greek name. The name ''Adrianople'' was used in English until the Turkish adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928, after which ''Edirne'' became the internationally recognised name. In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] the city is known as Одрин (Odrin).


==History==
==History==
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The area around Edirne has been the site of [[Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation)|numerous major battles and sieges]] starting from the days of the [[Roman Empire]]. The vagaries of the border region between Asia and Europe gave rise to Edirne's claim to be the most frequently contested spot on earth.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Warfare |first=John |last=Keegan |author-link=John Keegan |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/70 70–71] |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-7126-9850-7|title-link=A History of Warfare }}</ref>
The area around Edirne has been the site of [[Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation)|numerous major battles and sieges]] starting from the days of the [[Roman Empire]]. The vagaries of the border region between Asia and Europe gave rise to Edirne's claim to be the most frequently contested spot on earth.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Warfare |first=John |last=Keegan |author-link=John Keegan |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/70 70–71] |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-7126-9850-7|title-link=A History of Warfare }}</ref>


===Antiquity===
===Roman and Byzantine Period===


The city was reestablished by the Roman Emperor [[Hadrian]] on the site of [[Orestias]] (named after its mythological founder [[Orestes]]), which was itself built on a previous [[List of ancient Thracian cities|Thracian settlement]] known as ''Uskadama'', ''Uskudama'', ''Uskodama'' or ''Uscudama''.<ref name="Britannica_Edirne"/> Hadrian developed it, adorned it with monuments, and changed its name to ''Hadrianopolis'' (which would later be pronounced ''Adrianopolis'' and [[Anglicisation|Anglicised]] as ''Adrianople''). [[Licinius]] was [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|defeated here]] by [[Constantine I]] in 324, and Emperor [[Valens]] was killed by the [[Goths]] here during the [[Battle of Adrianople]] in 378.
The city was reestablished by the Roman Emperor [[Hadrian]] on the site of [[Orestias]] (named after its mythological founder [[Orestes]]), which was itself built on a previous [[List of ancient Thracian cities|Thracian settlement]] known as ''Uskadama'', ''Uskudama'', ''Uskodama'' or ''Uscudama''.<ref name="Britannica_Edirne"/> Hadrian developed it, adorned it with monuments, and changed its name to ''Hadrianopolis'' ([[Anglicisation|Anglicised]] as ''Adrianople''). [[Licinius]] was [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|defeated here]] by [[Constantine I]] in 324, and Emperor [[Valens]] was killed by the [[Goths]] here during the [[Battle of Adrianople]] in 378.
[[File:Edirne Roman Walls and Macedonian Tower 0208.jpg|thumb|The remains of Roman fortifications next to the so-called "Macedonian tower".]]
[[File:Edirne Roman Walls and Macedonian Tower 0208.jpg|thumb|The remains of Roman fortifications next to the so-called "Macedonian tower".]]Following the Byzantine defeat at the [[Battle of Versinikia]] in 813, the city was temporarily seized by [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Krum of Bulgaria]] who moved its inhabitants to the [[Bulgarian lands across the Danube|Bulgarian lands north of the Danube]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: silver-lined skulls and blinded armies|last=Hupchick|first=Dennis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017|isbn=9783319562056|location=US|pages=107}}</ref> In 1077, a rebellion, led by the usurper [[Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder|Nikephoros Bryennios]], occurred in Adrianople against Emperor [[Michael VII Doukas]].


===Medieval and early Ottoman periods===
During the period of the [[Latin Empire]] of Constantinople, the Crusaders were defeated by the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Emperor]] [[Kaloyan]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople (1205)|Battle of Adrianople]] in 1205. In 1206 the Latin regime gave Adrianople and the surrounding area to the Byzantine aristocrat [[Theodore Branas]] as a hereditary fief.<ref>Saint-Guillain, G. (1216) ''Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204'', Routledge, p. 66</ref> [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas|Theodore Komnenos]], [[Despot of Epirus]], took possession of it in 1227, but three years later [[Battle of Klokotnitsa|was defeated at Klokotnitsa]] by Emperor [[Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria]]. In 1321, [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|Andronikos III]] set up his base in Adrianople, initiating the [[Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328|First Palaiologan civil war]] against his grandfather, Emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronikos II]].
In 813, the city was temporarily seized by [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Krum of Bulgaria]] who moved its inhabitants to the [[Bulgarian lands across the Danube|Bulgarian lands north of the Danube]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: silver-lined skulls and blinded armies|last=Hupchick|first=Dennis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017|isbn=9783319562056|location=US|pages=107}}</ref>


During the period of the [[Latin Empire]] of Constantinople, the Crusaders were defeated by the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Emperor]] [[Kaloyan]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople (1205)|Battle of Adrianople]] in 1205. In 1206 the Latin regime gave Adrianople and the surrounding area to the Byzantine aristocrat [[Theodore Branas]] as a hereditary fief.<ref>Saint-Guillain, G. (1216) ''Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204'', Routledge, p. 66</ref> [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas|Theodore Komnenos]], [[Despot of Epirus]], took possession of it in 1227, but three years later [[Battle of Klokotnitsa|was defeated at Klokotnitsa]] by Emperor [[Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria]].
'''<big>Ottoman period</big>'''


In 1362, the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] under Sultan [[Murad I]] invaded Thrace and Murad [[Ottoman conquest of Adrianople|captured Adrianople]], probably in 1369 (the date is disputed). The city became "Edirne" in Turkish, reflecting the Turkish pronunciation<ref>"It served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 until 1458 and flourished as an administrative, commercial, and cultural centre." [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179207/Edirne "Edirne"] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 19 December 2014</ref> and Murad moved the Ottoman capital here from [[Bursa]]. [[Mehmed the Conqueror]] (Sultan Mehmed II) was born in Adrianople, where he came under the influence of [[Hurufi]]s dismissed by [[Taşköprüzade]] in the ''Şakaiki Numaniye'' as '[[certain accursed ones of no significance]]', who were [[Burned at the stake|burnt]] as heretics by [[Mahmud Pasha Angelović|Mahmud Pasha]].<ref>John Kingsley Birge, ''The Bektashi Order of Dervishes'', 1982 (p 60 - 62)</ref>
In 1362, the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] under Sultan [[Murad I]] invaded Thrace and Murad [[Ottoman conquest of Adrianople|captured Adrianople]], probably in 1369 (the date is disputed). The city became "Edirne" in Turkish, reflecting the Turkish pronunciation and Murad moved the Ottoman capital here from [[Bursa]]. [[Mehmed the Conqueror]] (Sultan Mehmed II) was born in Adrianople, where he came under the influence of [[Hurufi]]s dismissed by [[Taşköprüzade]] in the ''Şakaiki Numaniye'' as '[[certain accursed ones of no significance]]', who were [[Burned at the stake|burnt]] as heretics by [[Mahmud Pasha Angelović|Mahmud Pasha]].


The city remained the seat of Ottoman power until 1453, when Mehmed II took [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]] (present-day [[Istanbul]]) and moved the capital there. The importance of Edirne to the early Ottomans explains the plethora of early Ottoman [[mosque]]s, [[medrese]]s and other monuments that have survived until today although the Eski Sarayı (Old Palace) was largely destroyed, leaving only relatively slight remains. Also, there is evidence of a ''[[scriptorium]]'' in the Ottoman's Edirne palace during this period.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=A ́goston |first1=Ga ́bor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&dq=nakka%C5%9F+sinan+bey&pg=PA266 |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |last2=Masters |first2=Bruce Alan |date=2010-05-21 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |pages=266 |language=en}}</ref>
The city remained the seat of Ottoman power until 1453, when Mehmed II took [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]] (present-day [[Istanbul]]) and moved the capital there. The importance of Edirne to the early Ottomans explains the plethora of early Ottoman mosques, [[medrese]]s and other monuments that have survived until today although the Eski Sarayı (Old Palace) was largely destroyed, leaving only relatively slight remains. Also, there is evidence of a ''[[scriptorium]]'' in the Ottoman's Edirne palace during this period.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=A ́goston |first1=Ga ́bor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&dq=nakka%C5%9F+sinan+bey&pg=PA266 |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |last2=Masters |first2=Bruce Alan |date=21 May 2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |pages=266 |language=en}}</ref>


[[Uzunköprü Bridge]], the world's longest medieval stone bridge, connects [[Anatolia]] with the [[Balkans]] on the Ergene River and was erected between 1426 and 1443 by the primary architect, [[Müslihiddin]], during the reign of Ottoman Sultan [[Murad II|Murat II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=Edirne, the city of history and culture |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/edirne-the-city-of-history-and-culture-159672 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}</ref>
[[Uzunköprü Bridge]], the world's longest medieval stone bridge, connects [[Anatolia]] with the [[Balkans]] on the Ergene River and was erected between 1426 and 1443 by the primary architect, [[Müslihiddin]], during the reign of Ottoman Sultan [[Murad II|Murat II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=Edirne, the city of history and culture |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/edirne-the-city-of-history-and-culture-159672 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}</ref>


===Later Ottoman period===
That Adrianople/Edirne continued to hold an important place in Ottoman hearts is reflected in the fact that Sultan [[Mehmed IV]] left the [[Topkapı Palace]] in [[Constantinople]] to die here in 1693.
That Adrianople/Edirne continued to hold an important place in Ottoman hearts is reflected in the fact that Sultan [[Mehmed IV]] left the [[Topkapı Palace]] in [[Constantinople]] to die here in 1693.
The wife of the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]], spent six weeks in Edirne (then Adrianople) in the spring of 1717 and left an account of her experiences there in her ''The Turkish Embassy Letters''. Wearing Turkish dress, Montagu witnessed the passage of [[Ahmed III|Sultan Ahmed III]] to the mosque, visited the young wife-to-be of his vizier, [[Damat Ibrahim Pasha|Damad Ibrahim Pasha]] and was shown around the Selimiye Mosque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montagu |first=Lady Mary Wortley |title=The Turkish Embassy Letters |publisher=Virago |year=1994 |isbn=1853816795 |edition=1st |location=London |language=English}}</ref>
The wife of the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]], spent six weeks in Edirne (then Adrianople) in the spring of 1717 and left an account of her experiences there in her ''The Turkish Embassy Letters''. Wearing Turkish dress, Montagu witnessed the passage of [[Ahmed III|Sultan Ahmed III]] to the mosque, visited the young wife-to-be of his vizier, [[Damat Ibrahim Pasha|Damad Ibrahim Pasha]] and was shown around the Selimiye Mosque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montagu |first=Lady Mary Wortley |title=The Turkish Embassy Letters |publisher=Virago |year=1994 |isbn=1853816795 |edition=1st |location=London |language=English}}</ref>[[File:20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Türkiye'nin Edirne kentindeki Selimiye Camii.jpg|thumb|Selimiye Mosque in Edirne in the first quarter of the 20th century.]]
[[File:20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Türkiye'nin Edirne kentindeki Selimiye Camii.jpg|thumb|Selimiye Mosque in Edirne in the first quarter of the 20th century.]]
[[File:HistoricMansionEdirne.JPG|thumb|''Zappeion Greek Girls' Central School of Adrianople'', the Greek Girls' School in Edirne (1884).]]
[[File:HistoricMansionEdirne.JPG|thumb|''Zappeion Greek Girls' Central School of Adrianople'', the Greek Girls' School in Edirne (1884).]]
Adrianople was briefly occupied by imperial Russian troops in 1829 during the [[Greek War of Independence]] and in 1878 during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878]]. The city suffered a fire in 1905. At that time it had about 80,000 inhabitants, of whom 30,000 were Turks; 22,000 Greeks; 10,000 Bulgarians; 4,000 Armenians; 12,000 Jews; and 2,000 more citizens of unclassified ethnic/religious backgrounds.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
Adrianople was briefly occupied by imperial Russian troops in 1829 during the [[Greek War of Independence]] and in 1878 during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878]]. The city suffered a fire in 1905. At that time it had about 80,000 inhabitants, of whom 30,000 were Turks; 22,000 Greeks; 10,000 Bulgarians; 4,000 Armenians; 12,000 Jews; and 2,000 more citizens of unclassified ethnic/religious backgrounds.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
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Adrianople/Edirne was ceded to Greece by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920, but recaptured and annexed by Turkey after the Greek defeat at the end of the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War]], also known as the Western Front of the larger [[Turkish War of Independence]], in 1922. Under the Greek administration, Edirne (officially known as Adrianople) was the capital of the [[Adrianople Prefecture]].
Adrianople/Edirne was ceded to Greece by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] in 1920, but recaptured and annexed by Turkey after the Greek defeat at the end of the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War]], also known as the Western Front of the larger [[Turkish War of Independence]], in 1922. Under the Greek administration, Edirne (officially known as Adrianople) was the capital of the [[Adrianople Prefecture]].


From 1934 onwards Edirne was the seat of the [[Second Inspectorate General (Turkey)|Second Inspectorate General]], in which an Inspector General governed the provinces of [[Edirne Province|Edirne]], [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]], [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdaĝ]] and [[Kırklareli Province|Kırklareli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cagaptay|first=Soner|title=Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey; Who is a Turk|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|pages=47}}</ref> The Inspectorate Generals governmental posts were abandoned in 1948,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Bayir|first=Derya|title=Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law|date=2016-04-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-09579-8|page=141|language=en}}</ref> but the legal framework for them was only abolished in 1952 during the government of the [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bozarslan|first=Hamit|title=The Cambridge History of Turkey|date=2008-04-17|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62096-3|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|pages=343|language=en|editor-last2=Faroqhi|editor-first2=Suraiya|editor-last3=Kasaba|editor-first3=Reşat|editor-last4=Kunt|editor-first4=I. Metin}}</ref>
From 1934 onwards Edirne was the seat of the [[Second Inspectorate General (Turkey)|Second Inspectorate General]], in which an Inspector General governed the provinces of [[Edirne Province|Edirne]], [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]], [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdaĝ]] and [[Kırklareli Province|Kırklareli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cagaptay|first=Soner|title=Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey; Who is a Turk|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|pages=47}}</ref> The Inspectorate Generals governmental posts were abandoned in 1948,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Bayir|first=Derya|title=Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law|date=22 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-09579-8|page=141|language=en}}</ref> but the legal framework for them was only abolished in 1952 during the government of the [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bozarslan|first=Hamit|title=The Cambridge History of Turkey|date=17 April 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62096-3|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|pages=343|language=en|editor-last2=Faroqhi|editor-first2=Suraiya|editor-last3=Kasaba|editor-first3=Reşat|editor-last4=Kunt|editor-first4=I. Metin}}</ref>


==Ecclesiastical history==
==Ecclesiastical history==
{{More footnotes needed|date= April 2020}}
[[File:Edirne_-_2014.10.22_(20).JPG|thumb|260px|An example of [[Ottoman architecture]] in Edirne]]
[[File:Edirne_-_2014.10.22_(20).JPG|thumb|260px|An example of [[Ottoman architecture]] in Edirne]]


Adrianople was made the seat of a Greek [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] and of an [[Armenian apostolic church|Armenian]] bishop. It is also the centre of a Bulgarian diocese but this is not recognised and has been deprived of a bishop. The city also had some Protestants. The few, mainly foreign Latin Catholics were dependent on the vicariate-apostolic of Constantinople. Adrianople also contained the parish of St. Anthony of Padua (Minors Conventual) and a school for girls conducted by the [[Sisters of Charity]] of [[Zagreb|Agram]]. The suburb of [[Karaağaç, Edirne|Karaağaç]] contained a church ([[Minor Conventuals]]), a school for boys (Assumptionists) and a school for girls (Oblates of the Assumption). Each of its mission stations, at [[Tekirdağ]] and [[Alexandroupoli]], had a school (Minor Conventuals), and there was one at [[Gallipoli]] (the Assumptionists).
Adrianople (modern-day Edirne, [[Turkey]]) historically served as a religious center for multiple Christian communities. The city was the seat of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan and an Armenian bishop. It was also the center of a Bulgarian diocese, though this was not officially recognized and the diocese was deprived of a bishop. Small communities of Protestants and Latin Catholics—mainly foreigners—were present as well. The Latin Catholics were under the authority of the vicariate-apostolic of Constantinople.


Around 1850, from the standpoint of the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], Adrianople was the residence of a Bulgarian [[vicar-apostolic]] for the 4,600 Eastern Catholics of the Ottoman vilayet (province) of Thrace and after 1878 - of the [[principality of Bulgaria]]. They had eighteen parishes or missions, six of which were in the principality, with twenty churches or chapels, thirty-one priests, of whom six were [[Assumptionists]] and six were Resurrectionists; and eleven schools with 670 pupils. In Adrianople itself there were only a few United Bulgarians, with an Episcopal church of St. Elias, and the churches of St. Demetrius and Sts. Cyril and Methodius. The last is served by the [[Resurrectionist Order|Resurrectionists]], who also have a college with ninety pupils. In the suburb of Karaağaç, the [[Assumptionists]] have a parish and a seminary with fifty pupils. Besides the Eastern Catholic Bulgarians, the above statistics included the Greek Catholic missions of Malgara (now Malkara) and Daoudili (now Davuteli village in Malkara), with four priests and 200 faithfuls, because from the civil point of view belonged to the [[Bulgarian Exarchate|Bulgarian Vicariate]].
Within the city, the parish of [[St. Anthony of Padua]], run by the Minor Conventuals, operated alongside a girls’ school conducted by the [[Sisters of Charity|Sisters of Charity of Agram]]. In the suburb of Karaağaç, there was a Minor Conventual church, a boys’ school managed by the Assumptionists, and a girls’ school run by the Oblates of the Assumption. Mission stations in Tekirdağ and Alexandroupoli maintained schools run by the Minor Conventuals, and Gallipoli had a school managed by the [[Assumptionists]].


Later however, the Roman Catholic diocese was discontinued, and exists only in name as a [[titular see|titular metropolitan archbishopric]], under the full name ''Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto'' to distinguish it from several other titular sees named Hadrianopolis.
Around 1850, from the perspective of the Eastern Catholic Churches, Adrianople was the residence of a Bulgarian vicar-apostolic, overseeing approximately 4,600 Eastern Catholics in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] province (vilayet) of Thrace, and after 1878, in the Principality of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian Eastern Catholics maintained eighteen parishes or missions, with twenty churches or chapels, thirty-one priests—including six Assumptionists and six [[Resurrectionists (Catholic)|Resurrectionists]]—and eleven schools serving 670 students. In Adrianople proper, only a few United Bulgarians were present, including those served by the Episcopal church of St. Elias and the churches of St. Demetrius and Sts. Cyril and Methodius, the latter served by the Resurrectionists, who also operated a college with ninety students. In Karaağaç, the Assumptionists ran a parish and a seminary with fifty pupils.


In 2018, archaeologists discovered remains of a [[Byzantine]] church. The church was built around 500 AD and it was an early Byzantine period building.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/photo-remains-of-1500-year-old-byzantine-church-found-in-turkeys-northwest-137660 Remains of 1500-year old Byzantine church found in Turkey's northwest]</ref>
Additionally, the statistics for Eastern Catholics included Greek Catholic missions in Malgara (now Malkara) and Daoudili (now Davuteli village in [[Malkara]]), with four priests and about 200 faithful, as these missions were administratively part of the [[Bulgaria]]n Vicariate.
{{wide image|20120604 Edirne view from the top of the Minaret of Selimiye Mosque Edirne Turkey Panoramic.jpg|1100px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of the city from [[Selimiye Mosque, Edirne|Selimiye Mosque]].}}
 
The Roman Catholic diocese of Adrianople was later discontinued and exists today only as a titular metropolitan archbishopric, officially named [[Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia|Hadrianopolis]] in Haemimonto, to distinguish it from other sees named Hadrianopolis.
 
In 2018, archaeologists discovered the remains of a [[Byzantine Church of Jabalia|Byzantine church]] in Edirne. Built around 500 AD, it represents an early Byzantine period structure.{{wide image|20120604 Edirne view from the top of the Minaret of Selimiye Mosque Edirne Turkey Panoramic.jpg|1100px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of the city from [[Selimiye Mosque, Edirne|Selimiye Mosque]].}}


==Geography==
==Geography==
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| Dec humidity    =82.5
| Dec humidity    =82.5
| year humidity  =
| year humidity  =
|Jan sun = 68.2
|Jan sun = 67.1
|Feb sun = 98.9
|Feb sun = 96.2
|Mar sun = 130.2
|Mar sun = 127.7
|Apr sun = 171.0
|Apr sun = 170.6
|May sun = 229.4
|May sun = 230.2
|Jun sun = 255.0
|Jun sun = 249.5
|Jul sun = 288.3
|Jul sun = 287.9
|Aug sun = 279.0
|Aug sun = 278.3
|Sep sun = 198.0
|Sep sun = 197.7
|Oct sun = 136.4
|Oct sun = 135.4
|Nov sun = 87.0
|Nov sun = 85.4
|Dec sun = 58.9
|Dec sun = 57.6
|year sun = 1931.4
|Jand sun = 2.2
|Jand sun = 2.2
|Febd sun = 3.5
|Febd sun = 3.5
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| language = tr
| language = tr
| access-date = 11 April 2021}}</ref>
| access-date = 11 April 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]](humidity),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Edirne_17050.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Edirne |access-date= |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]] |format=CSV |quote=WMO number: 17050}}</ref> Meteomanz(snowy days 2000-2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6290&ind=17050&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=07&y2=2024 |title=Edirne - Weather data by months |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=meteomanz}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]](humidity, sun 1991–2020),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Edirne_17050.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Edirne |access-date= |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]] |format=CSV |quote=WMO number: 17050}}</ref> Meteomanz(snowy days 2000–2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=6290&ind=17050&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=07&y2=2024 |title=Edirne – Weather data by months |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=meteomanz}}</ref>
}}
}}


===Quarters===
===Quarters===
Edirne consists of 24 quarters:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref>
Edirne consists of 24 quarters:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=6 July 2015 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* 1. Murat
* Murat
* Abdurrahman
* Abdurrahman
* Babademirtaş
* Babademirtaş
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==Attractions==
==Attractions==
[[File:Grand Synagogue of Edirne (51973564586).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Synagogue of Edirne]] after restoration in 2015]]
[[File:Grand Synagogue of Edirne (51973564586).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Synagogue of Edirne]] after restoration in 2015]]
[[File:Adrianopole. La mosquée Sultan Selim - DPLA - ad7cda8f3c4ac49b48872e8a7f9b6037 (page 1).jpg|thumb|Adrianopole. La mosquée Sultan Selim, ca. 1907-1915; from the Nicholas Catsimpoolas Collection of the Boston Public Library]]
[[File:Adrianopole. La mosquée Sultan Selim - DPLA - ad7cda8f3c4ac49b48872e8a7f9b6037 (page 1).jpg|thumb|Adrianopole. La mosquée Sultan Selim, ca. 1907–1915; from the Nicholas Catsimpoolas Collection of the Boston Public Library]]
[[File:GrandSynagogueEdirne.JPG|thumb|Administrative building behind the [[Grand Synagogue of Edirne]]]]
[[File:GrandSynagogueEdirne.JPG|thumb|Administrative building behind the [[Grand Synagogue of Edirne]]]]
[[File:TreatyOfLausanneMonumentEdirne_(3).JPG|thumb|[[Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum]] in the Karaağaç suburb of Edirne]]
[[File:TreatyOfLausanneMonumentEdirne_(3).JPG|thumb|[[Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum]] in the Karaağaç suburb of Edirne]]
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=== Mosques ===
=== Mosques ===
The [[Selimiye Mosque (Edirne)|Selimiye Mosque]], built in 1575 and designed by Turkey's greatest architect, [[Mimar Sinan]] (c. 1489/1490–1588), is the most important monument in the city and became a UNESCO world heritage site in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1366/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> It used to have the highest [[minaret]]s in Turkey, at {{convert|70.90|m|ft|abbr=on}} before the completion of the [[Çamlıca Mosque]] in 2019 which features minarets standing at {{convert|107.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. Sinan himself believed the dome to be higher than that of [[Hagia Sophia]], the former [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Orthodox Cathedral in [[Istanbul]], but modern measuring methods seem to suggest otherwise. Named after Sultan [[Selim II]] (r. 1566–1574) who commissioned it but did not live to see its completion, the mosque is decorated with Turkish marble and magnificent İznik tiles. It is the centre of a considerable complex of contemporary buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=Turkey Around The Marmara |publisher=SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayincılık |year=1998 |isbn=978-9758176199|edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=48–54 |language=English}}</ref>
The [[Selimiye Mosque (Edirne)|Selimiye Mosque]], built in 1575 and designed by Turkey's greatest architect, [[Mimar Sinan]] (c. 1489/1490–1588), is the most important monument in the city and became a UNESCO world heritage site in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1366/ |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> It used to have the highest [[minaret]]s in Turkey, at {{convert|70.90|m|ft|abbr=on}} before the completion of the [[Çamlıca Mosque]] in 2019 which features minarets standing at {{convert|107.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. Sinan himself believed the dome to be higher than that of [[Hagia Sophia]], the former [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Orthodox Cathedral in [[Istanbul]], but modern measuring methods seem to suggest otherwise. Named after Sultan [[Selim II]] (r. 1566–1574) who commissioned it but did not live to see its completion, the mosque is decorated with Turkish marble and magnificent İznik tiles. It is the centre of a considerable complex of contemporary buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=Turkey Around The Marmara |publisher=SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayincılık |year=1998 |isbn=978-9758176199|edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=48–54 |language=English}}</ref>


Work started on the Eski Cami ([[Old Mosque, Edirne|Old Mosque]]) in 1403 but was not completed until 1422. It was designed in what is usually thought of as the [[Bursa]] style. Even finer is the [[Üç Şerefeli Mosque|Üç Şerefli Mosque]] (Three-Balconied Mosque) which was built between 1437 and 1447 for Sultan Murad II. It was the largest mosque built in the Ottoman provinces before the [[conquest of Constantinople]]. Both these mosques are in the centre of Edirne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=Turkey Around The Marmara |publisher=SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık |year=1998 |isbn=978-9758176199|edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=40–2, 46–7 |language=English}}</ref>
Work started on the Eski Cami ([[Old Mosque, Edirne|Old Mosque]]) in 1403 but was not completed until 1422. It was designed in what is usually thought of as the [[Bursa]] style. Even finer is the [[Üç Şerefeli Mosque|Üç Şerefli Mosque]] (Three-Balconied Mosque) which was built between 1437 and 1447 for Sultan Murad II. It was the largest mosque built in the Ottoman provinces before the [[conquest of Constantinople]]. Both these mosques are in the centre of Edirne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=Turkey Around The Marmara |publisher=SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık |year=1998 |isbn=978-9758176199|edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=40–2, 46–7 |language=English}}</ref>


Further away from the centre, the [[complex of Sultan Bayezid II|complex of Sultan Beyazid II]], built between 184 and 1488, and has a lovely semi-rural location. It is the most complete surviving mosque complex in Edirne, consisting of an ''imaret'' (soup kitchen), ''darüşşifa'' (hospital), ''timarhane'' (asylum), hospice, ''tıp medrese'' (medical school), ''tabhane'' (accommodation for dervishes) bakery and assorted depots. Some parts of the complex now house a museum to the history of Islamic medicine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=Turkey Around the Marmara |publisher=SEV Matbaacılıl ve Yayıncılık |year=1998 |isbn=978-9758176199|edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=59–63 |language=English}}</ref>
Further away from the centre, the [[complex of Sultan Bayezid II|complex of Sultan Beyazid II]], built between 1484 and 1488, and has a lovely semi-rural location. It is the most complete surviving mosque complex in Edirne, consisting of an ''imaret'' (soup kitchen), ''darüşşifa'' (hospital), ''timarhane'' (asylum), hospice, ''tıp medrese'' (medical school), ''tabhane'' (accommodation for dervishes) bakery and assorted depots. Some parts of the complex now house a museum to the history of Islamic medicine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=Turkey Around the Marmara |publisher=SEV Matbaacılıl ve Yayıncılık |year=1998 |isbn=978-9758176199|edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=59–63 |language=English}}</ref>


=== Edirne Palace ===
=== Edirne Palace ===
[[Edirne Palace]] ({{langx|ota|Saray-ı Cedid-i Amire}} for "New Imperial Palace") in the Sarayiçi quarter, was built in the reign of [[Murad II]] (r. 1421–1444) but was destroyed in 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War. The palace gate and kitchen have since been restored. The ''Kasr-ı Adalet'' ("Justice Castle"), originally built as part of the palace complex, stands intact next to the small [[Fatih Bridge]] over the [[Tundzha|Tunca]] river.<ref name="evdb3saraylar">{{cite web |date=25 December 2006 |title=Saraylar |url=http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/saraylar.html |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı |language=tr}}</ref> The splendid appearance of the palace in the late 1460s when it glistened with gold, silver and marble was described by Kritovoulos of İmbros in his ''History of Mehmed the Conqueror.''
[[Edirne Palace]] ({{langx|ota|Saray-ı Cedid-i Amire}} for "New Imperial Palace") in the Sarayiçi quarter, was built in the reign of [[Murad II]] (r. 1421–1444) but was destroyed in 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War. The palace gate and kitchen have since been restored. The ''Kasr-ı Adalet'' ("Justice Castle"), originally built as part of the palace complex, stands intact next to the small [[Fatih Bridge]] over the [[Tundzha|Tunca]] river.<ref name="evdb3saraylar">{{cite web |date=25 December 2006 |title=Saraylar |url=http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/saraylar.html |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı |language=tr |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628101058/http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/saraylar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The splendid appearance of the palace in the late 1460s when it glistened with gold, silver and marble was described by Kritovoulos of İmbros in his ''History of Mehmed the Conqueror.''


=== Other religious monuments ===
=== Other religious monuments ===
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Edirne has three historic covered [[bazaar]]s: the Kavaflar Arastası (Cobblers Arcade), next to the Selimiye Mosque and constructed to bring in an income to support the [[külliye]]; the Bedesten next to the Eski Cami which was supported by the income from the shops; and the Semiz Ali Paşa Çarşısı (Ali Pasha Bazaar, AKA Kapalı Çarşı), another work of [[Mimar Sinan|Sinan]] dating back to 1568.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=Turkey Around the Marmara |publisher=SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık |year=1998 |isbn=978-9758176199|edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=42, 43, 48–9 |language=English}}</ref> The Kavaflar Arastası is the place to come to buy miniature versions of the handmade brooms with mirrors set into them that used to play a part in marriage ceremonies as well as to buy soap in the shape of fruits.
Edirne has three historic covered [[bazaar]]s: the Kavaflar Arastası (Cobblers Arcade), next to the Selimiye Mosque and constructed to bring in an income to support the [[külliye]]; the Bedesten next to the Eski Cami which was supported by the income from the shops; and the Semiz Ali Paşa Çarşısı (Ali Pasha Bazaar, AKA Kapalı Çarşı), another work of [[Mimar Sinan|Sinan]] dating back to 1568.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freely |first=John |title=Turkey Around the Marmara |publisher=SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık |year=1998 |isbn=978-9758176199|edition=1st |location=Istanbul |pages=42, 43, 48–9 |language=English}}</ref> The Kavaflar Arastası is the place to come to buy miniature versions of the handmade brooms with mirrors set into them that used to play a part in marriage ceremonies as well as to buy soap in the shape of fruits.


Of the original Roman Hadrianopolis only slight remains of the fortifications survive near the so-called Macedonian Tower,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortifications and Macedonian Tower in Edirne {{!}} Turkish Archaeological News |url=https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/fortifications-and-macedonian-tower-edirne |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=turkisharchaeonews.net}}</ref> itself probably a part of the defences although much patched-up and altered over the ensuing centuries.
Of the original Roman Hadrianopolis only slight remains of the fortifications survive near the so-called Macedonian Tower,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortifications and Macedonian Tower in Edirne {{!}} Turkish Archaeological News |url=https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/fortifications-and-macedonian-tower-edirne |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=turkisharchaeonews.net |date=31 August 2017 }}</ref> itself probably a part of the defences although much patched-up and altered over the ensuing centuries.


[[Edirne Museum]] (Edirne Müzesi) contains collections of local archaeology and ethnography. In the grounds outside can be seen an example of the sort of dolmen to be seen at nearby Lalapaşa.
[[Edirne Museum]] (Edirne Müzesi) contains collections of local archaeology and ethnography. In the grounds outside can be seen an example of the sort of dolmen to be seen at nearby Lalapaşa.


In the town centre stand the [[Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)|Rüstem Pasha]] (1560–61) and Ekmekcioğlu Ahmed Pasha [[caravanserai]]s, designed to accommodate travellers - in the case of the Rüstem Pasha by Mimar Sinan - in the 16th century. The Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai now serves as the Kervansaray Hotel.
In the town centre stand the [[Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)|Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai]] (1560–61) and [[Ekmekcioğlu Caravanserai]] (1609–10), designed to accommodate travellers – in the case of the Rüstem Pasha by Mimar Sinan – in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai now serves as the Kervansaray Hotel.


The [[Balkan Wars Memorial Cemetery in Edirne|Balkan Wars Memorial Cemetery]] is located close to the ruins of the Edirne Palace, with an Unknown Soldier monument featuring an Ottoman soldier in front of its entrance.<ref name="evdb2">{{cite web |url=http://edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/anitlar.html |publisher=Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı |title=Anıtlar |date=25 December 2006 |language=tr |access-date=9 May 2015 }}</ref>
The [[Balkan Wars Memorial Cemetery in Edirne|Balkan Wars Memorial Cemetery]] is located close to the ruins of the Edirne Palace, with an Unknown Soldier monument featuring an Ottoman soldier in front of its entrance.<ref name="evdb2">{{cite web |url=http://edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/anitlar.html |publisher=Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı |title=Anıtlar |date=25 December 2006 |language=tr |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628033931/http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/anitlar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The [[Maritsa|Meriç]] and [[Tundzha|Tunca]] rivers, which flow around west and south of the city, are crossed by elegant [[Bridges of Edirne|arched bridges]] dating back to early Ottoman times.
The [[Maritsa|Meriç]] and [[Tundzha|Tunca]] rivers, which flow around west and south of the city, are crossed by elegant [[Bridges of Edirne|arched bridges]] dating back to early Ottoman times.
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The [[Kırkpınar]] [[oil-wrestling]] tournament is held every year in late June or early July.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sport in the Middle East: Power, Politics, Ideology and Religion|last=Hong|first=Fan|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1351547963|pages=58}}</ref>
The [[Kırkpınar]] [[oil-wrestling]] tournament is held every year in late June or early July.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sport in the Middle East: Power, Politics, Ideology and Religion|last=Hong|first=Fan|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1351547963|pages=58}}</ref>


[[Kakava#Kakava in Turkey|Kakava]], an international festival celebrated by the [[Romani people in Turkey]] is held on 5–6 May each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/kakava-da-ates-yakildi-17719447|title=Kakava'da ateş yakıldı|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|language=tr|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>
[[Kakava#Kakava in Turkey|Kakava]], an international festival celebrated by the [[Romani people in Turkey]] is held on 5–6 May each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/kakava-da-ates-yakildi-17719447|title=Kakava'da ateş yakıldı|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=6 May 2011 |language=tr|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>


Bocuk Gecesi is a festival of Balkan origin celebrated in mid-January on what is expected to be the coldest day of the year. It is a sort of Turkish take on Halloween.<ref>{{Cite web |last=YÜCEL/KEŞAN (Edirne), (DHA) |first=Ünsal |title=Balkan geleneği 'Bocuk Gecesi', 15 Ocak'ta yapılacak |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/balkan-gelenegi-bocuk-gecesi-15-ocakta-yapilacak-41962318 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr |language=tr}}</ref>
Bocuk Gecesi is a festival of Balkan origin celebrated in mid-January on what is expected to be the coldest day of the year. It is a sort of Turkish take on Halloween.<ref>{{Cite web |last=YÜCEL/KEŞAN (Edirne), (DHA) |first=Ünsal |title=Balkan geleneği 'Bocuk Gecesi', 15 Ocak'ta yapılacak |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/balkan-gelenegi-bocuk-gecesi-15-ocakta-yapilacak-41962318 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr |date=16 December 2021 |language=tr}}</ref>


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2007}}
[[File:Edirne, Turkey - 51973620883.jpg|thumb|A shopping market in Edirne]]
[[File:Edirne, Turkey - 51973620883.jpg|thumb|A shopping market in Edirne]]
[[File:EdirneLisesiEkim23.jpg|thumb|Edirne High School]]
[[File:EdirneLisesiEkim23.jpg|thumb|Edirne High School]]
[[File:KaraağaçRailwayStation (6).JPG|thumb|Faculty of Fine Arts building of [[Trakya University]], originally built as [[Karaağaç railway station]].]][[File:TrakyaUNI6.JPG|thumb|Main building of [[Trakya University]]]]
[[File:KaraağaçRailwayStation (6).JPG|thumb|Faculty of Fine Arts building of [[Trakya University]], originally built as [[Karaağaç railway station]].]] [[File:TrakyaUNI6.JPG|thumb|Main building of [[Trakya University]]]]
[[File:AliPaşaÇarşısıEdirne (2).JPG|thumb|Ali Paşa [[Arcade (architecture)|Çarşısı]] (Ali Pasha [[Bazaar]])]]
[[File:AliPaşaÇarşısıEdirne (2).JPG|thumb|Ali Paşa [[Arcade (architecture)|Çarşısı]] (Ali Pasha [[Bazaar]])]]
Edirne's economy largely depends on agriculture. 73% of the working population work in agriculture, fishing, forests and hunting. The lowlands are productive. Corn, sugar beets and sunflowers are the leading crops. Melons, watermelons, rice, tomatoes, eggplants and viniculture are important.
Edirne's economy largely depends on agriculture. 73% of the working population work in agriculture, fishing, forests and hunting. The lowlands are productive. Corn, sugar beets and sunflowers are the leading crops. Melons, watermelons, rice, tomatoes, eggplants and viniculture are important. Textiles, cross-border trade, and education, with Thracian University, are also significant contributors to the city's vibrant and developing economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIY |title=Edirne Facts For Kids {{!}} AstroSafe Search |url=https://www.diy.org/article/edirne |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.diy.org |language=en}}</ref>
 
The through highway that connects Europe to [[Istanbul]], [[Anatolia]] and the Middle East passes through Edirne.
 
Industry is developing. Agriculture-based industries (agro-industries) are especially important for the city's economy.


==Education==
==Education==
===Universities===
===Universities===
* [[Trakya University]], which is linked with [[Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University Loerrach|Lörrach University]] through the [[Erasmus programme]] of the [[European Union|EU]].
* [[Trakya University]], which is linked with [[Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University Loerrach|Lörrach University]] through the [[Erasmus programme]] of the EU.


===High schools===
===High schools===
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* Edirne Milli Piyango Trade Profession High School (Edirne Milli Piyango Ticaret Meslek Lisesi)
* Edirne Milli Piyango Trade Profession High School (Edirne Milli Piyango Ticaret Meslek Lisesi)
* Edirne Suleyman Demirel Science & Maths High School (Edirne Fen Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Suleyman Demirel Science & Maths High School (Edirne Fen Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Yildirim Anatolian High School (Edirne Anadolu Lisesi - Yıldırım Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Yildirim Anatolian High School (Edirne Anadolu Lisesi – Yıldırım Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Fine Arts High School (Edirne Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi in Turkish)
* Edirne Fine Arts High School (Edirne Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi in Turkish)


Line 401: Line 397:
File:Edirne - 2014.10.22 (9).JPG|[[Bazaar]]
File:Edirne - 2014.10.22 (9).JPG|[[Bazaar]]
File:Edirne - panoramio.jpg|Local shops in Edirne
File:Edirne - panoramio.jpg|Local shops in Edirne
File:Edirne Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai to left in 1999 171.jpg|[[Old town]] of Edirne in [[1999]]
File:Edirne Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai to left in 1999 171.jpg|[[Old town]] of Edirne in 1999
File:Edirne Saraçlar Caddesi in 2009 6421.jpg|[[City centre|City Center]]
File:Edirne Saraçlar Caddesi in 2009 6421.jpg|[[City centre|City Center]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Twin cities==
==Twin cities==
* {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Alexandroupolis]], [[Greece]]
* {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Alexandroupolis]], Greece
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ardahan]], [[Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ardahan]], Turkey
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Bat Yam]], [[Israel]]
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Bat Yam]], Israel
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[İzmit]], [[Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[İzmit]], Turkey
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Kars]], [[Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Kars]], Turkey
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lörrach]], [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lörrach]], Germany
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Yambol]], [[Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Yambol]], Bulgaria
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Gödöllő]], [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Gödöllő]], Hungary
* {{flagicon|KOS}} [[Prizren]], [[Kosovo]]
* {{flagicon|KOS}} [[Prizren]], Kosovo


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
Line 424: Line 420:
* [[Mustafa II]] (1664–1703), Ottoman sultan from 1695 to 1703
* [[Mustafa II]] (1664–1703), Ottoman sultan from 1695 to 1703
* [[Osman III]] (1699—1757), Ottoman sultan from 1754 to 1757
* [[Osman III]] (1699—1757), Ottoman sultan from 1754 to 1757
* [[Şahin Giray]] (1745-1787), last khan of [[Crimea]]
* [[Şahin Giray]] (1745–1787), last khan of [[Crimea]]


;Historical
;Historical
* [[Caleb Afendopolo]] (before 1430-1499), Karaite polyhistor
* [[Caleb Afendopolo]] (before 1430–1499), Karaite polyhistor
* [[Athanasius I of Constantinople]] (1230—1310), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
* [[Athanasius I of Constantinople]] (1230—1310), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
* [[Athanasius V of Jerusalem]] (died 1844), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
* [[Athanasius V of Jerusalem]] (died 1844), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
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* [[Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)]], Byzantine general
* [[Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch)]], Byzantine general
* [[Abraham ben Raphael Caro]], 18th-century Ottoman rabbi
* [[Abraham ben Raphael Caro]], 18th-century Ottoman rabbi
* [[Karpos Papadopoulos]] (1790s-1871), Member of the [[Filiki Eteria]]
* [[Karpos Papadopoulos]] (1790s–1871), Member of the [[Filiki Eteria]]
* [[Anthim the Iberian]] (1650-1716),  [[Georgians|Georgian]] theologian, scholar, calligrapher, philosopher;  assassinated by Ottomans in Edirne.
* [[Anthim the Iberian]] (1650–1716),  [[Georgians|Georgian]] theologian, scholar, calligrapher, philosopher;  assassinated by Ottomans in Edirne.
* [[Theoklitos Polyeidis]] (1698-1759), Greek scholar, teacher, translator, priest and monk
* [[Theoklitos Polyeidis]] (1698–1759), Greek scholar, teacher, translator, priest and monk
* [[Dionysius V of Constantinople]] (1820-1891), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
* [[Dionysius V of Constantinople]] (1820–1891), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
* [[Joseph Halévy]] (1827—1917), Ottoman-born Jewish-French Orientalist and traveler
* [[Joseph Halévy]] (1827—1917), Ottoman-born Jewish-French Orientalist and traveler
* [[Abdulcelil Levni]] (died 1732), Ottoman court painter and miniaturist
* [[Abdulcelil Levni]] (died 1732), Ottoman court painter and miniaturist
Line 444: Line 440:
* [[Georgi Valkovich]] (1833—1892), Bulgarian physician, diplomat and politician
* [[Georgi Valkovich]] (1833—1892), Bulgarian physician, diplomat and politician
* [[Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi]] (died 1732), Ottoman [[Georgians|Georgian]] statesman and ambassador
* [[Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi]] (died 1732), Ottoman [[Georgians|Georgian]] statesman and ambassador
* [[Stefanos Koumanoudis]] (1818-1899), Greek archaeologist, university teacher, writer and translator
* [[Stefanos Koumanoudis]] (1818–1899), Greek archaeologist, university teacher, writer and translator
* [[Charles XII]], Swedish king who stayed in the city for most of 1713<ref>"Adrianopel" in ''Nordisk familjebok'' (2nd edition, 1904)</ref> during his exile in the Ottoman Empire
* [[Charles XII]], Swedish king who stayed in the city for most of 1713<ref>"Adrianopel" in ''Nordisk familjebok'' (2nd edition, 1904)</ref> during his exile in the Ottoman Empire
* [[Baháʼu'lláh]], founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí faith]], lived in Edirne from 1863 to 1868. He was exiled here by the Ottoman Empire before being banished to the Ottoman penal colony in [[Acre, Israel|Akka]]. Referred to Adrianople in his writings as the "Land of Mystery".<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2010 |title=Bahaʼi Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Page 196 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-80.html |access-date=30 July 2011 |publisher=Reference.bahai.org}}</ref>
* [[Baháʼu'lláh]], founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]], lived in Edirne from 1863 to 1868. He was exiled here by the Ottoman Empire before being banished to the Ottoman penal colony in [[Acre, Israel|Akka]]. Referred to Adrianople in his writings as the "Land of Mystery".<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2010 |title=Bahaʼi Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Page 196 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-80.html |access-date=30 July 2011 |publisher=Reference.bahai.org}}</ref>


;Contemporary
;Contemporary
Line 453: Line 449:
* [[Atılay Canel]] (born 1955), Turkish football coach
* [[Atılay Canel]] (born 1955), Turkish football coach
* [[Cavit Erdel]] (1884—1933), Ottoman Army officer and Turkish Army general
* [[Cavit Erdel]] (1884—1933), Ottoman Army officer and Turkish Army general
* [[Hüsrev Gerede]] (1884-1962), Ottoman and Turkish Army officer, politician and diplomat
* [[Hüsrev Gerede]] (1884–1962), Ottoman and Turkish Army officer, politician and diplomat
* [[Avra Theodoropoulou]] (1880-1963), Greek musician and activist  
* [[Avra Theodoropoulou]] (1880–1963), Greek musician and activist  
* [[Ragıp Gümüşpala]] (1897-1964), 11th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces
* [[Ragıp Gümüşpala]] (1897–1964), 11th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces
* [[Acun Ilıcalı]] (born 1969), Turkish television personality and producer
* [[Acun Ilıcalı]] (born 1969), Turkish television personality and producer
* [[Haşim İşcan]] (1898-1968), Turkish high school teacher, province governor and the first elected mayor of Istanbul
* [[Haşim İşcan]] (1898–1968), Turkish high school teacher, province governor and the first elected mayor of Istanbul
* [[Kemal Kerinçsiz]] (born 1960), Turkish ultra-nationalist lawyer
* [[Kemal Kerinçsiz]] (born 1960), Turkish ultra-nationalist lawyer
* [[Özlem Kolat]] (born 1984), Turkish classical clarinet player
* [[Özlem Kolat]] (born 1984), Turkish classical clarinet player
* [[Michael Petkov]] (1850-1921), Bulgarian Eastern Catholic priest
* [[Michael Petkov]] (1850–1921), Bulgarian Eastern Catholic priest
* [[Muharrem Korhan Yamaç]] (born 1972), Paralympics, world and European champion disabled sport shooter
* [[Muharrem Korhan Yamaç]] (born 1972), Paralympics, world and European champion disabled sport shooter
* [[Nikos Zachariadis]] (1903—1973), General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece
* [[Nikos Zachariadis]] (1903—1973), General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece
Line 477: Line 473:
<ref name="cnnt1">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnnturk.com/fotogaleri/turkiye/buyuk-sinagogda-46-yil-sonra-ilk-ibadet |newspaper=[[CNN Türk]] |title=Büyük Sinagog'da 46 yıl sonra ilk ibadet |date=26 March 2015 |language=tr |access-date=27 March 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="cnnt1">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnnturk.com/fotogaleri/turkiye/buyuk-sinagogda-46-yil-sonra-ilk-ibadet |newspaper=[[CNN Türk]] |title=Büyük Sinagog'da 46 yıl sonra ilk ibadet |date=26 March 2015 |language=tr |access-date=27 March 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="s1">{{cite news |url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2015/03/26/edirne-sinagogu-46-yil-sonra-yeniden-ibadete-acildi |newspaper=[[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]] |title=Edirne Sinagogu 46 yıl sonra yeniden ibadete açıldı |date=26 March 2015 |language=tr |access-date=27 March 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="s1">{{cite news |url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2015/03/26/edirne-sinagogu-46-yil-sonra-yeniden-ibadete-acildi |newspaper=[[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]] |title=Edirne Sinagogu 46 yıl sonra yeniden ibadete açıldı |date=26 March 2015 |language=tr |access-date=27 March 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="evdb3">{{cite web |url=http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/anitlar.html |publisher=Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı |title=Edirne Anıtları-Lozan Anıtı |date=25 December 2006 |language=tr |access-date=15 May 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="evdb3">{{cite web |url=http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/anitlar.html |publisher=Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı |title=Edirne Anıtları-Lozan Anıtı |date=25 December 2006 |language=tr |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114135610/http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/anitlar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last=Gökbilgin | first=M. Tayyib | year=1991 | chapter=Edirne | title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 2 | edition=2nd | publisher=Brill | place=Leiden | pages=683–686 | isbn=90-04-07026-5 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/02.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v2.C-G.4th.Leid.EJBrill.1965.1991.#page/n709/mode/1up }}
*{{cite book | last=Gökbilgin | first=M. Tayyib | year=1991 | chapter=Edirne | title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 2 | edition=2nd | publisher=Brill | place=Leiden | pages=683–686 | isbn=90-04-07026-5 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/02.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v2.C-G.4th.Leid.EJBrill.1965.1991.#page/n709/mode/1up }}
*{{cite journal|author=Wasti, Syed Tanvir|title=The 1912-13 Balkan Wars and the Siege of Edirne |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies]]|volume=40|issue=4|date=July 2004|pages=59–78|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis, Ltd.]]|jstor=4289928|doi=10.1080/00263200410001700310|s2cid=145595992 }}
*{{cite journal|author=Wasti, Syed Tanvir|title=The 1912–13 Balkan Wars and the Siege of Edirne |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies]]|volume=40|issue=4|date=July 2004|pages=59–78|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis, Ltd.]]|jstor=4289928|doi=10.1080/00263200410001700310|s2cid=145595992 }}
*{{cite journal|author=Yerolympous, Alexandra|url=https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/2539/2563|title=A Contribution to the Topography of 19th Century Adrianople|journal=[[Balkan Studies]]|pages=49–72}}
*{{cite journal|author=Yerolympous, Alexandra|url=https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/2539/2563|title=A Contribution to the Topography of 19th Century Adrianople|journal=[[Balkan Studies]]|pages=49–72}}


Line 491: Line 487:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212185317/http://turkeyforecast.com/weather/edirne/ Edirne Weather Forecast Information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212185317/http://turkeyforecast.com/weather/edirne/ Edirne Weather Forecast Information]
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/edirne_turkey Photographs of the town and monuments taken by Disk Osseman]
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/edirne_turkey Photographs of the town and monuments taken by Disk Osseman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110823195710/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/eden/themes-destinations/countries/turkey/edirne/index_en.htm Awarded "EDEN - European Destinations of Excellence" non-traditional tourist destination 2008]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110823195710/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/eden/themes-destinations/countries/turkey/edirne/index_en.htm Awarded "EDEN – European Destinations of Excellence" non-traditional tourist destination 2008]


{{Edirne}}<!--Not redundant as it lists places in Edirne-->
{{Edirne}}<!--Not redundant as it lists places in Edirne-->

Latest revision as of 01:41, 26 October 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Turkey place Edirne (Template:IPAc-en;[1][2] Script error: No such module "IPA".), historically known as Orestias, Orestiada, Adrianople, or Adriana is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace. Situated Script error: No such module "convert". from the Greek and Script error: No such module "convert". from the Bulgarian borders, Edirne was the second capital city of the Ottoman Empire from the 1360s to 1453,Template:Efn before Constantinople became its capital.

The city is a commercial centre for woven textiles, silks, carpets and agricultural products and has a growing tourism industry. It is the seat of Edirne Province and Edirne District.[3] Its population is 180,002 (2022).[4]

In the local elections on 31 March 2024, lawyer Filiz Gencan Akin was elected as the new mayor of the city of Edirne, succeeding Recep Gürkan, who had been mayor for 10 years and did not stand for re-election.

Names and etymology

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The city was founded and named after the Roman emperor Hadrian as Hadrianopolis (Adrianople in English, Template:IPAc-en; Script error: No such module "Lang". in Greek) on the site of the Greek city of Orestias, which was itself founded on an earlier Thracian settlement named Uskudama.[5] The Ottoman name Edrine (ادرنه) is derived from the Greek name. The name Adrianople was used in English until the Turkish adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928, after which Edirne became the internationally recognised name. In Bulgarian the city is known as Одрин (Odrin).

History

File:Selimiye Mosque 026.jpg
Selimiye Mosque exterior. Architect Sinan called the Şehzade Mosque in Istanbul his apprentice work, the Süleymaniye his journeyman work, and the Selimiye his masterpiece. He was 85 when he finished it.

<templatestyles src="Module:Historical populations/styles.css"/>Script error: No such module "Historical populations". The area around Edirne has been the site of numerous major battles and sieges starting from the days of the Roman Empire. The vagaries of the border region between Asia and Europe gave rise to Edirne's claim to be the most frequently contested spot on earth.[6]

Roman and Byzantine Period

The city was reestablished by the Roman Emperor Hadrian on the site of Orestias (named after its mythological founder Orestes), which was itself built on a previous Thracian settlement known as Uskadama, Uskudama, Uskodama or Uscudama.[5] Hadrian developed it, adorned it with monuments, and changed its name to Hadrianopolis (Anglicised as Adrianople). Licinius was defeated here by Constantine I in 324, and Emperor Valens was killed by the Goths here during the Battle of Adrianople in 378.

File:Edirne Roman Walls and Macedonian Tower 0208.jpg
The remains of Roman fortifications next to the so-called "Macedonian tower".

Following the Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Versinikia in 813, the city was temporarily seized by Khan Krum of Bulgaria who moved its inhabitants to the Bulgarian lands north of the Danube.[7] In 1077, a rebellion, led by the usurper Nikephoros Bryennios, occurred in Adrianople against Emperor Michael VII Doukas.

During the period of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, the Crusaders were defeated by the Bulgarian Emperor Kaloyan at the Battle of Adrianople in 1205. In 1206 the Latin regime gave Adrianople and the surrounding area to the Byzantine aristocrat Theodore Branas as a hereditary fief.[8] Theodore Komnenos, Despot of Epirus, took possession of it in 1227, but three years later was defeated at Klokotnitsa by Emperor Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. In 1321, Andronikos III set up his base in Adrianople, initiating the First Palaiologan civil war against his grandfather, Emperor Andronikos II.

Ottoman period

In 1362, the Ottomans under Sultan Murad I invaded Thrace and Murad captured Adrianople, probably in 1369 (the date is disputed). The city became "Edirne" in Turkish, reflecting the Turkish pronunciation and Murad moved the Ottoman capital here from Bursa. Mehmed the Conqueror (Sultan Mehmed II) was born in Adrianople, where he came under the influence of Hurufis dismissed by Taşköprüzade in the Şakaiki Numaniye as 'certain accursed ones of no significance', who were burnt as heretics by Mahmud Pasha.

The city remained the seat of Ottoman power until 1453, when Mehmed II took Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) and moved the capital there. The importance of Edirne to the early Ottomans explains the plethora of early Ottoman mosques, medreses and other monuments that have survived until today although the Eski Sarayı (Old Palace) was largely destroyed, leaving only relatively slight remains. Also, there is evidence of a scriptorium in the Ottoman's Edirne palace during this period.[9]

Uzunköprü Bridge, the world's longest medieval stone bridge, connects Anatolia with the Balkans on the Ergene River and was erected between 1426 and 1443 by the primary architect, Müslihiddin, during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat II.[10]

That Adrianople/Edirne continued to hold an important place in Ottoman hearts is reflected in the fact that Sultan Mehmed IV left the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople to die here in 1693.

The wife of the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, spent six weeks in Edirne (then Adrianople) in the spring of 1717 and left an account of her experiences there in her The Turkish Embassy Letters. Wearing Turkish dress, Montagu witnessed the passage of Sultan Ahmed III to the mosque, visited the young wife-to-be of his vizier, Damad Ibrahim Pasha and was shown around the Selimiye Mosque.[11]

File:20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Türkiye'nin Edirne kentindeki Selimiye Camii.jpg
Selimiye Mosque in Edirne in the first quarter of the 20th century.
File:HistoricMansionEdirne.JPG
Zappeion Greek Girls' Central School of Adrianople, the Greek Girls' School in Edirne (1884).

Adrianople was briefly occupied by imperial Russian troops in 1829 during the Greek War of Independence and in 1878 during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The city suffered a fire in 1905. At that time it had about 80,000 inhabitants, of whom 30,000 were Turks; 22,000 Greeks; 10,000 Bulgarians; 4,000 Armenians; 12,000 Jews; and 2,000 more citizens of unclassified ethnic/religious backgrounds.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Adalet Tower in Edirne, Turkey.jpg
Adalet Tower part of Edirne Palace Complex.
File:Edirne Clock Tower - Macedonia Tower (13080311284).jpg
Macedonia Tower after its transformation into the Edirne Clock Tower in the first quarter of the 20th century.

Adrianople was a vital fortress defending Constantinople and Eastern Thrace during the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. It was briefly occupied by the Bulgarians in 1913, following the Siege of Adrianople. The Great Powers – Britain, Italy, France and Russia – attempted to coerce the Ottoman Empire into ceding Adrianople to Bulgaria during the temporary winter truce of the First Balkan War. The belief that the government was willing to give up the city created a scandal for the Ottoman government in Constantinople (as Adrianople was a former capital of the Empire), leading to the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état led by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) under Enver Pasha. Although it was victorious in the coup, the CUP was unable to stop the Bulgarians from capturing the city after fighting resumed in the spring. Despite relentless pressure from the Great Powers, the Ottoman empire never officially ceded the city to Bulgaria.

Edirne was swiftly reconquered by the Ottomans during the Second Balkan War under the leadership of Enver Pasha (who proclaimed himself the "second conqueror of Adrianople" after Murad I) following the collapse of the Bulgarian army in the region.

The entire Armenian population of the city was deported to Syria and Mesopotamia during the Armenian genocide on 27–28 October 1915 and 17–18 February 1916. Their homes and businesses were sold at low prices to Turkish Muslims.[12]

During the Greek War of Independence, the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), Balkan-Muslims fled to Edirne and became known as Muhacir.[13]

Administrative arrangements

Adrianople was a sanjak centre during the Ottoman period and was bound to, successively, the Rumeli Eyalet and Silistre Eyalet before becoming a provincial capital of the Eyalet of Edirne at the beginning of the 19th century; until 1878, the Eyalet of Adrianople comprised the sanjaks of Edirne, Tekfurdağı, Gelibolu, Filibe, and İslimye. After land reforms in 1867, the Eyalet of Adrianople became the Vilayet of Adrianople.

Turkish Republic

Adrianople/Edirne was ceded to Greece by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, but recaptured and annexed by Turkey after the Greek defeat at the end of the Greco-Turkish War, also known as the Western Front of the larger Turkish War of Independence, in 1922. Under the Greek administration, Edirne (officially known as Adrianople) was the capital of the Adrianople Prefecture.

From 1934 onwards Edirne was the seat of the Second Inspectorate General, in which an Inspector General governed the provinces of Edirne, Çanakkale, Tekirdaĝ and Kırklareli.[14] The Inspectorate Generals governmental posts were abandoned in 1948,[15] but the legal framework for them was only abolished in 1952 during the government of the Democrat Party.[16]

Ecclesiastical history

File:Edirne - 2014.10.22 (20).JPG
An example of Ottoman architecture in Edirne

Adrianople (modern-day Edirne, Turkey) historically served as a religious center for multiple Christian communities. The city was the seat of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan and an Armenian bishop. It was also the center of a Bulgarian diocese, though this was not officially recognized and the diocese was deprived of a bishop. Small communities of Protestants and Latin Catholics—mainly foreigners—were present as well. The Latin Catholics were under the authority of the vicariate-apostolic of Constantinople.

Within the city, the parish of St. Anthony of Padua, run by the Minor Conventuals, operated alongside a girls’ school conducted by the Sisters of Charity of Agram. In the suburb of Karaağaç, there was a Minor Conventual church, a boys’ school managed by the Assumptionists, and a girls’ school run by the Oblates of the Assumption. Mission stations in Tekirdağ and Alexandroupoli maintained schools run by the Minor Conventuals, and Gallipoli had a school managed by the Assumptionists.

Around 1850, from the perspective of the Eastern Catholic Churches, Adrianople was the residence of a Bulgarian vicar-apostolic, overseeing approximately 4,600 Eastern Catholics in the Ottoman province (vilayet) of Thrace, and after 1878, in the Principality of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian Eastern Catholics maintained eighteen parishes or missions, with twenty churches or chapels, thirty-one priests—including six Assumptionists and six Resurrectionists—and eleven schools serving 670 students. In Adrianople proper, only a few United Bulgarians were present, including those served by the Episcopal church of St. Elias and the churches of St. Demetrius and Sts. Cyril and Methodius, the latter served by the Resurrectionists, who also operated a college with ninety students. In Karaağaç, the Assumptionists ran a parish and a seminary with fifty pupils.

Additionally, the statistics for Eastern Catholics included Greek Catholic missions in Malgara (now Malkara) and Daoudili (now Davuteli village in Malkara), with four priests and about 200 faithful, as these missions were administratively part of the Bulgarian Vicariate.

The Roman Catholic diocese of Adrianople was later discontinued and exists today only as a titular metropolitan archbishopric, officially named Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto, to distinguish it from other sees named Hadrianopolis.

In 2018, archaeologists discovered the remains of a Byzantine church in Edirne. Built around 500 AD, it represents an early Byzantine period structure.Script error: No such module "wide image".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Geography

Climate

Edirne has a borderline humid subtropical (Cfa) and hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) in the Köppen climate classification, and a temperate oceanic climate (Do) in the Trewartha climate classification. Edirne has hot, moderately dry summers and chilly, wet and often snowy winters.

Highest recorded temperature:Script error: No such module "convert". on 25 July 2007
Lowest recorded temperature:Script error: No such module "convert". on 14 January 1954[17]

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Quarters

Edirne consists of 24 quarters:[18] Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Attractions

File:Grand Synagogue of Edirne (51973564586).jpg
Grand Synagogue of Edirne after restoration in 2015
File:Adrianopole. La mosquée Sultan Selim - DPLA - ad7cda8f3c4ac49b48872e8a7f9b6037 (page 1).jpg
Adrianopole. La mosquée Sultan Selim, ca. 1907–1915; from the Nicholas Catsimpoolas Collection of the Boston Public Library
File:GrandSynagogueEdirne.JPG
Administrative building behind the Grand Synagogue of Edirne
File:TreatyOfLausanneMonumentEdirne (3).JPG
Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum in the Karaağaç suburb of Edirne

Edirne is famed for its many mosques, medreses and other Ottoman monuments.

Mosques

The Selimiye Mosque, built in 1575 and designed by Turkey's greatest architect, Mimar Sinan (c. 1489/1490–1588), is the most important monument in the city and became a UNESCO world heritage site in 2011.[19] It used to have the highest minarets in Turkey, at Script error: No such module "convert". before the completion of the Çamlıca Mosque in 2019 which features minarets standing at Script error: No such module "convert". tall. Sinan himself believed the dome to be higher than that of Hagia Sophia, the former Byzantine Orthodox Cathedral in Istanbul, but modern measuring methods seem to suggest otherwise. Named after Sultan Selim II (r. 1566–1574) who commissioned it but did not live to see its completion, the mosque is decorated with Turkish marble and magnificent İznik tiles. It is the centre of a considerable complex of contemporary buildings.[20]

Work started on the Eski Cami (Old Mosque) in 1403 but was not completed until 1422. It was designed in what is usually thought of as the Bursa style. Even finer is the Üç Şerefli Mosque (Three-Balconied Mosque) which was built between 1437 and 1447 for Sultan Murad II. It was the largest mosque built in the Ottoman provinces before the conquest of Constantinople. Both these mosques are in the centre of Edirne.[21]

Further away from the centre, the complex of Sultan Beyazid II, built between 1484 and 1488, and has a lovely semi-rural location. It is the most complete surviving mosque complex in Edirne, consisting of an imaret (soup kitchen), darüşşifa (hospital), timarhane (asylum), hospice, tıp medrese (medical school), tabhane (accommodation for dervishes) bakery and assorted depots. Some parts of the complex now house a museum to the history of Islamic medicine.[22]

Edirne Palace

Edirne Palace (Template:Langx for "New Imperial Palace") in the Sarayiçi quarter, was built in the reign of Murad II (r. 1421–1444) but was destroyed in 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War. The palace gate and kitchen have since been restored. The Kasr-ı Adalet ("Justice Castle"), originally built as part of the palace complex, stands intact next to the small Fatih Bridge over the Tunca river.[23] The splendid appearance of the palace in the late 1460s when it glistened with gold, silver and marble was described by Kritovoulos of İmbros in his History of Mehmed the Conqueror.

Other religious monuments

Dating back to 1909, the Grand Synagogue of Edirne was restored and re-opened in March 2015.[24][25][26] A Roman Catholic and two Bulgarian Orthodox churches are also to be found in the city.

Other historic monuments

Edirne has three historic covered bazaars: the Kavaflar Arastası (Cobblers Arcade), next to the Selimiye Mosque and constructed to bring in an income to support the külliye; the Bedesten next to the Eski Cami which was supported by the income from the shops; and the Semiz Ali Paşa Çarşısı (Ali Pasha Bazaar, AKA Kapalı Çarşı), another work of Sinan dating back to 1568.[27] The Kavaflar Arastası is the place to come to buy miniature versions of the handmade brooms with mirrors set into them that used to play a part in marriage ceremonies as well as to buy soap in the shape of fruits.

Of the original Roman Hadrianopolis only slight remains of the fortifications survive near the so-called Macedonian Tower,[28] itself probably a part of the defences although much patched-up and altered over the ensuing centuries.

Edirne Museum (Edirne Müzesi) contains collections of local archaeology and ethnography. In the grounds outside can be seen an example of the sort of dolmen to be seen at nearby Lalapaşa.

In the town centre stand the Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (1560–61) and Ekmekcioğlu Caravanserai (1609–10), designed to accommodate travellers – in the case of the Rüstem Pasha by Mimar Sinan – in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai now serves as the Kervansaray Hotel.

The Balkan Wars Memorial Cemetery is located close to the ruins of the Edirne Palace, with an Unknown Soldier monument featuring an Ottoman soldier in front of its entrance.[29]

The Meriç and Tunca rivers, which flow around west and south of the city, are crossed by elegant arched bridges dating back to early Ottoman times.

The historic Karaağaç railway station has been restored to house Trakya University's Faculty of Fine Arts.[29] The Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum are in the surrounding park.[30]

Cuisine

The town is famous in Turkey for the Edirne fried liver.[31] Ciğer tava (breaded and deep-fried liver) is often served with a side of cacık, a dish of diluted strained yogurt with chopped cucumber.

Festivals

File:Yagli gures5.jpg
Oil-wrestling at Kırkpınar

The Kırkpınar oil-wrestling tournament is held every year in late June or early July.[32]

Kakava, an international festival celebrated by the Romani people in Turkey is held on 5–6 May each year.[33]

Bocuk Gecesi is a festival of Balkan origin celebrated in mid-January on what is expected to be the coldest day of the year. It is a sort of Turkish take on Halloween.[34]

Economy

File:Edirne, Turkey - 51973620883.jpg
A shopping market in Edirne
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Edirne High School
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Faculty of Fine Arts building of Trakya University, originally built as Karaağaç railway station.
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Main building of Trakya University
File:AliPaşaÇarşısıEdirne (2).JPG
Ali Paşa Çarşısı (Ali Pasha Bazaar)

Edirne's economy largely depends on agriculture. 73% of the working population work in agriculture, fishing, forests and hunting. The lowlands are productive. Corn, sugar beets and sunflowers are the leading crops. Melons, watermelons, rice, tomatoes, eggplants and viniculture are important. Textiles, cross-border trade, and education, with Thracian University, are also significant contributors to the city's vibrant and developing economy.[35]

Education

Universities

High schools

  • Beykent Educational Institutions
  • 80th Year of Republic Anatolian High School (80. Yıl Cumhuriyet Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Anatolian Teacher Training High School (Edirne Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi in Turkish: It has been transformed into Edirne Social Sciences High School)
  • Edirne Anatolian Technical High School (Edirne Anadolu Teknik Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Beykent High School of Science (Özel Edirne Beykent Fen Lisesi)
  • Edirne Beykent High School of Anatolian (Özel Edirne Beykent Anadolu Lisesi)
  • Edirne High School (Anatolian High School) (Edirne Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Ilhami Ertem High School (Edirne İlhami Ertem Lİsesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Industrial Vocational High School (Edirne Endüstri Meslek Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Milli Piyango Trade Profession High School (Edirne Milli Piyango Ticaret Meslek Lisesi)
  • Edirne Suleyman Demirel Science & Maths High School (Edirne Fen Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Yildirim Anatolian High School (Edirne Anadolu Lisesi – Yıldırım Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Fine Arts High School (Edirne Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi in Turkish)

Gallery

File:Edirne Muradiye mosque Gypsy girls 2009 6261.jpg
Romani boy and girl in front of the Muradiye Mosque

Twin cities

Notable people

Sultans
  • Bayezid I (1360—1403), Ottoman sultan from 1389 to 1402
  • Mahmud I (1696—1754), Ottoman sultan from 1730 to 1754
  • Mehmed the Conqueror (1432–1481), Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople (today Istanbul)
  • Mustafa II (1664–1703), Ottoman sultan from 1695 to 1703
  • Osman III (1699—1757), Ottoman sultan from 1754 to 1757
  • Şahin Giray (1745–1787), last khan of Crimea
Historical
Contemporary
  • Cem Adrian (born 1980), Turkish singer-songwriter, author, producer and film director
  • Şevket Süreyya Aydemir (1897—1976), Turkish writer, intellectual, economist, historian
  • Atılay Canel (born 1955), Turkish football coach
  • Cavit Erdel (1884—1933), Ottoman Army officer and Turkish Army general
  • Hüsrev Gerede (1884–1962), Ottoman and Turkish Army officer, politician and diplomat
  • Avra Theodoropoulou (1880–1963), Greek musician and activist
  • Ragıp Gümüşpala (1897–1964), 11th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces
  • Acun Ilıcalı (born 1969), Turkish television personality and producer
  • Haşim İşcan (1898–1968), Turkish high school teacher, province governor and the first elected mayor of Istanbul
  • Kemal Kerinçsiz (born 1960), Turkish ultra-nationalist lawyer
  • Özlem Kolat (born 1984), Turkish classical clarinet player
  • Michael Petkov (1850–1921), Bulgarian Eastern Catholic priest
  • Muharrem Korhan Yamaç (born 1972), Paralympics, world and European champion disabled sport shooter
  • Nikos Zachariadis (1903—1973), General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ İl Belediyesi Template:Webarchive, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Saint-Guillain, G. (1216) Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204, Routledge, p. 66
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Mahalle Template:Webarchive, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ "Adrianopel" in Nordisk familjebok (2nd edition, 1904)
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

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External links

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Template:Edirne Template:Edirne District Template:Authority control

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