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A '''super-Jupiter''' is a gas giant exoplanet that is more massive than the planet [[Jupiter]]. For example, [[substellar companion|companions]] at the [[planet]]–[[brown dwarf]] borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star [[Kappa Andromedae]].<ref name="kappa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/super-jupiter.html |title=Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter' |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref> | A '''super-Jupiter''' is a gas giant exoplanet that is more massive than the planet [[Jupiter]]. For example, [[substellar companion|companions]] at the [[planet]]–[[brown dwarf]] borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star [[Kappa Andromedae]].<ref name="kappa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/super-jupiter.html |title=Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter' |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
== Makeup == | |||
By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some [[Hot Jupiter|hot]], some cold.<ref name=kitchin>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaM6CpDYE3oC&pg=PA168|pages=167–168 |title=Exoplanets: Finding, Exploring, and Understanding Alien Worlds |isbn=978-1-4614-0644-0|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|last1=Kitchin |first1=Chris |year=2012}}</ref> Even though they are more massive than Jupiter, they remain about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses.<ref name=kitchin/> This means that their surface gravity and density go up proportionally to their mass.<ref name=kitchin/> The increased mass [[Gravitational compression|compresses the planet due to gravity]], thus keeping it from being larger.<ref name=kitchin/> In comparison, planets somewhat lighter than Jupiter can be larger, so-called "[[puffy planet]]s" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density).<ref name=chang>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/15/science/space/15planet.html |date=2010-11-11 |title=Puzzling Puffy Planet, Less Dense Than Cork, Is Discovered | work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Kenneth |last=Chang}}</ref> An example of this may be the exoplanet [[HAT-P-1b]] with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.<ref name=chang/> | By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some [[Hot Jupiter|hot]], some cold.<ref name=kitchin>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaM6CpDYE3oC&pg=PA168|pages=167–168 |title=Exoplanets: Finding, Exploring, and Understanding Alien Worlds |isbn=978-1-4614-0644-0|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|last1=Kitchin |first1=Chris |year=2012}}</ref> Even though they are more massive than Jupiter, they remain about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses.<ref name=kitchin/> This means that their surface gravity and density go up proportionally to their mass.<ref name=kitchin/> The increased mass [[Gravitational compression|compresses the planet due to gravity]], thus keeping it from being larger.<ref name=kitchin/> In comparison, planets somewhat lighter than Jupiter can be larger, so-called "[[puffy planet]]s" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density).<ref name=chang>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/15/science/space/15planet.html |date=2010-11-11 |title=Puzzling Puffy Planet, Less Dense Than Cork, Is Discovered | work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Kenneth |last=Chang}}</ref> An example of this may be the exoplanet [[HAT-P-1b]] with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.<ref name=chang/> | ||
== CoRoT-3b == | |||
[[CoRoT-3b]], with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses,<ref name="Deleuil08">{{cite journal|author=Deleuil, M.|year=2008|title=Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=491|issue=3|pages=889–897|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810625|bibcode=2008A&A...491..889D|last2=Deeg|first2=H. J.|last3=Alonso|first3=R.|last4=Bouchy|first4=F.|last5=Rouan|first5=D.|last6=Auvergne|first6=M.|last7=Baglin|first7=A.|last8=Aigrain|first8=S.|author-link8=Suzanne Aigrain|last9=Almenara|first9=J. M.|arxiv = 0810.0919 |display-authors=9|last10=Barbieri|first10=M.|last11=Barge|first11=P.|last12=Bruntt|first12=H.|last13=Bordé|first13=P.|last14=Collier Cameron|first14=A.|last15=Csizmadia|first15=Sz.|last16=de la Reza|first16=R.|last17=Dvorak|first17=R.|last18=Erikson|first18=A.|last19=Fridlund|first19=M.|last20=Gandolfi|first20=D.|last21=Gillon|first21=M.|last22=Guenther|first22=E.|last23=Guillot|first23=T.|last24=Hatzes|first24=A.|last25=Hébrard|first25=G.|last26=Jorda|first26=L.|last27=Lammer|first27=H.|last28=Léger|first28=A.|last29=Llebaria|first29=A.|last30=Loeillet|first30=B.|s2cid=8944836 }}</ref> is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, greater than [[osmium]] (22.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of [[hydrogen]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=402|pages=701–712|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030252|bibcode=2003A&A...402..701B|arxiv = astro-ph/0302293|issue=2|last2=Chabrier|first2=G.|last3=Barman|first3=T. S.|last4=Allard|first4=F.|last5=Hauschildt|first5=P. H.|last1=Baraffe|first1=I. |s2cid=15838318 }}</ref> The [[surface gravity]] is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.<ref name="Deleuil08" /> | [[CoRoT-3b]], with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses,<ref name="Deleuil08">{{cite journal|author=Deleuil, M.|year=2008|title=Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]|volume=491|issue=3|pages=889–897|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810625|bibcode=2008A&A...491..889D|last2=Deeg|first2=H. J.|last3=Alonso|first3=R.|last4=Bouchy|first4=F.|last5=Rouan|first5=D.|last6=Auvergne|first6=M.|last7=Baglin|first7=A.|last8=Aigrain|first8=S.|author-link8=Suzanne Aigrain|last9=Almenara|first9=J. M.|arxiv = 0810.0919 |display-authors=9|last10=Barbieri|first10=M.|last11=Barge|first11=P.|last12=Bruntt|first12=H.|last13=Bordé|first13=P.|last14=Collier Cameron|first14=A.|last15=Csizmadia|first15=Sz.|last16=de la Reza|first16=R.|last17=Dvorak|first17=R.|last18=Erikson|first18=A.|last19=Fridlund|first19=M.|last20=Gandolfi|first20=D.|last21=Gillon|first21=M.|last22=Guenther|first22=E.|last23=Guillot|first23=T.|last24=Hatzes|first24=A.|last25=Hébrard|first25=G.|last26=Jorda|first26=L.|last27=Lammer|first27=H.|last28=Léger|first28=A.|last29=Llebaria|first29=A.|last30=Loeillet|first30=B.|s2cid=8944836 }}</ref> is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, greater than [[osmium]] (22.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of [[hydrogen]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=402|pages=701–712|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030252|bibcode=2003A&A...402..701B|arxiv = astro-ph/0302293|issue=2|last2=Chabrier|first2=G.|last3=Barman|first3=T. S.|last4=Allard|first4=F.|last5=Hauschildt|first5=P. H.|last1=Baraffe|first1=I. |s2cid=15838318 }}</ref> The [[surface gravity]] is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.<ref name="Deleuil08" /> | ||
== Kappa Andromedae b == | |||
In 2012, the super-Jupiter [[Kappa Andromedae b]] was imaged around the star [[Kappa Andromedae]],<ref name=kappa/> orbiting it about 1.8 times the distance at which [[Neptune]] orbits the [[Sun]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/112 |title=Image of the 'super-Jupiter' Kappa Andromedae b |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612075949/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/112 |archive-date=12 June 2013 }}</ref> | In 2012, the super-Jupiter [[Kappa Andromedae b]] was imaged around the star [[Kappa Andromedae]],<ref name=kappa/> orbiting it about 1.8 times the distance at which [[Neptune]] orbits the [[Sun]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/112 |title=Image of the 'super-Jupiter' Kappa Andromedae b |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612075949/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/image/112 |archive-date=12 June 2013 }}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Extrasolar planet#Definition|Extrasolar planet]] | * [[Extrasolar planet#Definition|Extrasolar planet]] | ||
* [[List of planet types]] | |||
* [[Super-Earth]] | |||
* [[Ice giant]] | * [[Ice giant]] | ||
* [[Hot Jupiter]] | |||
* [[Jupiter analogue]] | |||
* [[Sub-brown dwarf]] | |||
* [[Kepler-1704b]] | * [[Kepler-1704b]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Giant planets|*]] | [[Category:Giant planets|*]] | ||
[[Category:Types of planet]] | [[Category:Types of planet]] | ||
[[Category:Exoplanets]] | |||
Latest revision as of 14:08, 3 November 2025
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A super-Jupiter is a gas giant exoplanet that is more massive than the planet Jupiter. For example, companions at the planet–brown dwarf borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star Kappa Andromedae.[1]
Makeup
By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some hot, some cold.[2] Even though they are more massive than Jupiter, they remain about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses.[2] This means that their surface gravity and density go up proportionally to their mass.[2] The increased mass compresses the planet due to gravity, thus keeping it from being larger.[2] In comparison, planets somewhat lighter than Jupiter can be larger, so-called "puffy planets" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density).[3] An example of this may be the exoplanet HAT-P-1b with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.[3]
CoRoT-3b
CoRoT-3b, with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses,[4] is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm3, greater than osmium (22.6 g/cm3), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of hydrogen.[5] The surface gravity is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.[4]
Kappa Andromedae b
In 2012, the super-Jupiter Kappa Andromedae b was imaged around the star Kappa Andromedae,[1] orbiting it about 1.8 times the distance at which Neptune orbits the Sun.[6]
See also
- Extrasolar planet
- List of planet types
- Super-Earth
- Ice giant
- Hot Jupiter
- Jupiter analogue
- Sub-brown dwarf
- Kepler-1704b
References
External links
Template:Exoplanet Template:Portal bar
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