Atavism: Difference between revisions
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</ref><ref name="universe-review.ca">{{cite web|url=http://universe-review.ca/F10-multicell.htm |title=Multi-cell Organisms |publisher=Universe-review.ca |access-date=2011-09-29}}</ref>]] | </ref><ref name="universe-review.ca">{{cite web|url=http://universe-review.ca/F10-multicell.htm |title=Multi-cell Organisms |publisher=Universe-review.ca |access-date=2011-09-29}}</ref>]] | ||
In [[biology]], an '''atavism''' is a modification of a biological [[ | In [[biology]], an '''atavism''' is a modification of a biological [[phenotypic trait|trait]]'s structure or [[behavior]]<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=8693850 | date=1996 | last1=Verhulst | first1=J. | title=Atavisms in homo sapiens: A Bolkian heterodoxy revisited | journal=Acta Biotheoretica | volume=44 | issue=1 | pages=59–73 | doi=10.1007/BF00046435 }}</ref> whereby an ancestral genetic trait reappears after having been lost through [[evolution]]ary change in previous generations.<ref name="Briankhall1">{{Citation | title=Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms| author=Brian K. Hall| journal=Biological Reviews| year=1984| volume=59| issue=1| pages=89–124| doi=10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x| pmid=6367843| s2cid=29258934}}</ref> Atavisms can occur in several ways,<ref name=nt>{{cite journal| last1=Tomic|first1=Nenad| last2= Meyer-Rochow|first2= Victor Benno| year= 2011|title= Atavisms - medical, genetic, and evolutionary implications|journal= Perspectives in Biology and Medicine|volume=54 | issue = 3 | pages= 332–353| doi=10.1353/pbm.2011.0034| pmid= 21857125|s2cid=40851098}}</ref> one of which is when [[gene]]s for previously existing [[phenotype|phenotypic]] features are preserved in [[DNA]], and these become expressed through a [[mutation]] that either knocks out the dominant genes for the new traits or makes the old traits dominate the new one.<ref name="Briankhall1"/> A number of traits can vary as a result of shortening of the [[prenatal development|fetal development]] of a trait ([[neoteny]]) or by prolongation of the same. In such a case, a shift in the time a trait is allowed to develop before it is fixed can bring forth an ancestral phenotype.<ref>{{cite book| author=Held, L.| year=2009 | title= Quirks of Human Anatomy, an Evo-Devo Look at the Human Body | publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-73233-8}}</ref> Atavisms are often seen as [[evidence of common descent|evidence of evolution]].<ref name="Briankhall2"/> | ||
In [[social science]]s, atavism is the tendency of reversion: for example, people in the modern era reverting to the ways of thinking and acting of a former time. | In [[social science]]s, atavism is the tendency of reversion: for example, people in the modern era reverting to the ways of thinking and acting of a former time. | ||
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*Teeth in avian [[dinosaur]]s ([[bird]]s).<ref>{{Citation | title=The Development of Archosaurian First-Generation Teeth in a Chicken Mutant|author1=Matthew P. Harris | journal=Current Biology| year=2006| volume=16| issue=4| pages=371–377| doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.047| pmid=16488870|display-authors=etal| doi-access=free|bibcode=2006CBio...16..371H }}</ref> | *Teeth in avian [[dinosaur]]s ([[bird]]s).<ref>{{Citation | title=The Development of Archosaurian First-Generation Teeth in a Chicken Mutant|author1=Matthew P. Harris | journal=Current Biology| year=2006| volume=16| issue=4| pages=371–377| doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.047| pmid=16488870|display-authors=etal| doi-access=free|bibcode=2006CBio...16..371H }}</ref> | ||
*[[Dewclaw]]s in dogs.<ref name="Briankhall1"/> | *[[Dewclaw]]s in dogs.<ref name="Briankhall1"/> | ||
*Reappearance of [[Prothorax|prothoracic]] wings in [[insect]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elias-Neto |first1=Moysés |last2=Belles |first2=Xavier |title=Tergal and pleural structures contribute to the formation of ectopic prothoracic wings in cockroaches |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=3 August 2016 |volume=3 |issue=8 | | *Reappearance of [[Prothorax|prothoracic]] wings in [[insect]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elias-Neto |first1=Moysés |last2=Belles |first2=Xavier |title=Tergal and pleural structures contribute to the formation of ectopic prothoracic wings in cockroaches |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=3 August 2016 |volume=3 |issue=8 |article-number=160347 |doi=10.1098/rsos.160347 |pmid=27853616 |pmc=5108966 |bibcode=2016RSOS....360347E }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kukalová-Peck |first1=Jarmila |title=Phylogeny of Higher Taxa in Insecta: Finding Synapomorphies in the Extant Fauna and Separating Them from Homoplasies |journal=Evolutionary Biology |date=11 March 2008 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=4–51 |doi=10.1007/s11692-007-9013-4 |bibcode=2008EvBio..35....4K |s2cid=25126171 }}</ref> | ||
*Reappearance of wings on wingless [[Phasmatodea|stick insects and leaf insects]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects|author1=Michael F. Whiting | journal=Nature| year=2003| volume=421| issue=6920| pages=264–267| doi=10.1038/nature01313| pmid=12529642|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2003Natur.421..264W |s2cid=962571 }}</ref> and [[earwig]]s.<ref name="Briankhall1"/> | *Reappearance of wings on wingless [[Phasmatodea|stick insects and leaf insects]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects|author1=Michael F. Whiting | journal=Nature| year=2003| volume=421| issue=6920| pages=264–267| doi=10.1038/nature01313| pmid=12529642|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2003Natur.421..264W |s2cid=962571 }}</ref> and [[earwig]]s.<ref name="Briankhall1"/> | ||
*Atavistic muscles in several [[bird]]s<ref name="Raikowetal">{{Citation | title=The evolutionary re-establishment of a lost ancestral muscle in the bowerbird assemblage.|author1=Robert J. Raikow | journal= Condor| year=1979| volume=81| issue=2| pages=203–206| doi=10.2307/1367290|display-authors=etal|jstor=1367290 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=The evolutionary reappearance of ancestral muscles as developmental anomalies in two species of birds| author=Robert J. Raikow| journal=Condor| year=1975| volume=77| issue=4| pages=514–517| doi=10.2307/1366113| jstor=1366113}}</ref> and [[mammal]]s such as the [[beagle]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Hyoid muscle anomalies in the dog (Canis familiaris)| author=E. Evansh| journal=Anatomical Record| year=1959| volume=133| issue=2| pages=145–162| doi=10.1002/ar.1091330204| pmid=13670435| s2cid=33397424}}</ref> and the [[jerboa]].<ref name="Raikowetal"/> | *Atavistic muscles in several [[bird]]s<ref name="Raikowetal">{{Citation | title=The evolutionary re-establishment of a lost ancestral muscle in the bowerbird assemblage.|author1=Robert J. Raikow | journal= Condor| year=1979| volume=81| issue=2| pages=203–206| doi=10.2307/1367290|display-authors=etal|jstor=1367290 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=The evolutionary reappearance of ancestral muscles as developmental anomalies in two species of birds| author=Robert J. Raikow| journal=Condor| year=1975| volume=77| issue=4| pages=514–517| doi=10.2307/1366113| jstor=1366113}}</ref> and [[mammal]]s such as the [[beagle]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Hyoid muscle anomalies in the dog (Canis familiaris)| author=E. Evansh| journal=Anatomical Record| year=1959| volume=133| issue=2| pages=145–162| doi=10.1002/ar.1091330204| pmid=13670435| s2cid=33397424}}</ref> and the [[jerboa]].<ref name="Raikowetal"/> | ||
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During the interval between the acceptance of [[evolution]] in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of [[genetics]] in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-back".{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by [[selective breeding]], or [[breeding back]], led to breeds such as [[Heck cattle]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} This had been bred from ancient [[landrace]]s with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of "reviving" the [[aurochs]], an [[extinct]] species of wild cattle.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} The same notions of atavisms were used by [[social Darwinism|social Darwinists]], who claimed that "inferior" races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than other races.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Both atavism's and [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s [[recapitulation theory]] are related to [[evolutionary progress]], as development towards a greater complexity and a superior ability.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} | During the interval between the acceptance of [[evolution]] in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of [[genetics]] in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-back".{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by [[selective breeding]], or [[breeding back]], led to breeds such as [[Heck cattle]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} This had been bred from ancient [[landrace]]s with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of "reviving" the [[aurochs]], an [[extinct]] species of wild cattle.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} The same notions of atavisms were used by [[social Darwinism|social Darwinists]], who claimed that "inferior" races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than other races.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Both atavism's and [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s [[recapitulation theory]] are related to [[evolutionary progress]], as development towards a greater complexity and a superior ability.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} | ||
In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the Italian criminologist [[Cesare Lombroso]] in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/lombroso.htm |title=Lombroso and the pathological perspective can be traced back to the 19th century following a history of demonic and classical perspectives |publisher=Criminology.fsu.edu |date=2000-11-27 |access-date=2013-12-04 | In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the Italian criminologist [[Cesare Lombroso]] in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/lombroso.htm |title=Lombroso and the pathological perspective can be traced back to the 19th century following a history of demonic and classical perspectives |publisher=Criminology.fsu.edu |date=2000-11-27 |access-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923231227/http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/lombroso.htm |archive-date=2013-09-23 }}</ref> He attempted to identify physical characteristics common to criminals and labeled those he found as atavistic, 'throw-back' traits that determined 'primitive' criminal behavior. His statistical evidence and the closely related idea of [[eugenics]] have long since been abandoned by the scientific community, but the concept that physical traits may affect the likelihood of criminal or unethical behavior in a person still has some scientific support.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Haselhuhn | first1 = M. P. | last2 = Wong | first2 = E. M. | title = Bad to the bone: Facial structure predicts unethical behaviour | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.1193 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B| year = 2011 | pmid = 21733897 | volume=279 | issue=1728 | pages=571–576| pmc = 3234568 }}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Atavistic regression}} | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Exaptation}} | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Spandrel (biology)}} | ||
* | * {{annotated link|Torna atrás|''Torna atrás''}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 11:32, 29 September 2025
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In biology, an atavism is a modification of a biological trait's structure or behavior[3] whereby an ancestral genetic trait reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.[4] Atavisms can occur in several ways,[5] one of which is when genes for previously existing phenotypic features are preserved in DNA, and these become expressed through a mutation that either knocks out the dominant genes for the new traits or makes the old traits dominate the new one.[4] A number of traits can vary as a result of shortening of the fetal development of a trait (neoteny) or by prolongation of the same. In such a case, a shift in the time a trait is allowed to develop before it is fixed can bring forth an ancestral phenotype.[6] Atavisms are often seen as evidence of evolution.[7]
In social sciences, atavism is the tendency of reversion: for example, people in the modern era reverting to the ways of thinking and acting of a former time.
The word atavism is derived from the Latin atavus—a great-great-great-grandfather or, more generally, an ancestor.
Biology
Evolutionarily traits that have disappeared phenotypically do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA. The gene sequence often remains, but is inactive. Such an unused gene may remain in the genome for many generations.[5][8] As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the genetic control suppressing the gene can lead to it being expressed again. Sometimes, the expression of dormant genes can be induced by artificial stimulation.
Atavisms have been observed in humans, such as with infants born with vestigial tails (called a "coccygeal process", "coccygeal projection", or "caudal appendage").[9] Atavism can also be seen in humans who possess large teeth, like those of other primates.[10] In addition, a case of "snake heart", the presence of "coronary circulation and myocardial architecture [that closely] resemble those of the reptilian heart", has also been reported in medical literature.[11] Atavism has also recently been induced in avian dinosaur (bird) fetuses to express dormant ancestral non-avian dinosaur (non-bird) features, including teeth.[12]
Other examples of observed atavisms include:
- Hind limbs in cetaceans and sirenians.[4][13]
- Extra toes of the modern horse.[4][14][15]
- Reappearance of limbs in limbless vertebrates.[4][7][16]
- Re-evolution of sexuality from parthenogenesis in oribatid mites.[17]
- Teeth in avian dinosaurs (birds).[18]
- Dewclaws in dogs.[4]
- Reappearance of prothoracic wings in insects.[19][20]
- Reappearance of wings on wingless stick insects and leaf insects[21] and earwigs.[4]
- Atavistic muscles in several birds[22][23] and mammals such as the beagle[24] and the jerboa.[22]
- Extra toes in guinea pigs.[4][25]
- Reemergence of sexual reproduction in the flowering plant Hieracium pilosella and the Crotoniidae family of mites.[26]
- Webbed feet in adult axolotls.[27]
- Human tails (not pseudo-tails)[5][28] and supernumerary nipples in humans (and other primates).[4]
- Color blindness in humans.[29]
Culture
Atavism is a term in Joseph Schumpeter's explanation of World War I in twentieth-century liberal Europe. He defends the liberal international relations theory that an international society built on commerce will avoid war because of war's destructiveness and comparative cost. His reason for World War I is termed "atavism", in which he asserts that senescent governments in Europe (those of the German Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian Empire) pulled the liberal Europe into war, and that the liberal regimes of the other continental powers did not cause it. He used this idea to say that liberalism and commerce would continue to have a soothing effect in international relations, and that war would not arise between nations which are connected by commercial ties.[30] This latter idea is very similar to the later Golden Arches theory.
University of London professor Guy Standing has identified three distinct sub-groups of the precariat, one of which he refers to as "atavists", who long for what they see as a lost past.[31]
Social Darwinism
Template:More citations needed section During the interval between the acceptance of evolution in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of genetics in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-back".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by selective breeding, or breeding back, led to breeds such as Heck cattle.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". This had been bred from ancient landraces with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of "reviving" the aurochs, an extinct species of wild cattle.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The same notions of atavisms were used by social Darwinists, who claimed that "inferior" races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than other races.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Both atavism's and Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory are related to evolutionary progress, as development towards a greater complexity and a superior ability.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso in the 1870s.[32] He attempted to identify physical characteristics common to criminals and labeled those he found as atavistic, 'throw-back' traits that determined 'primitive' criminal behavior. His statistical evidence and the closely related idea of eugenics have long since been abandoned by the scientific community, but the concept that physical traits may affect the likelihood of criminal or unethical behavior in a person still has some scientific support.[33]
See also
References
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
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