Limbu script: Difference between revisions
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The '''Limbu script''' (also Sirijanga script)<ref>{{cite web |title= | The '''Limbu script''' (also Sirijanga script)<ref>{{cite web |title=Script Description |url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=entry_detail&uid=agxf2azeb7 |website=ScriptSource |access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref> is used to write the [[Limbu language]]. It is a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] type [[abugida]].<ref name="L202055">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02055-n2410.pdf|title=L2/02-055: Revised proposal to encode the Limbu script in the UCS|date=5 February 2002|last1=Michailovsky|first1=Boyd|last2=Everson |first2=Michael|access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> | ||
== History == | ==History== | ||
The Limbu script was invented in the 18th century by [[Limbu people|Limbu]] monk and scholar [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]], in order to give the Limbu a distinct medium to commit their oral tradition to writing. He claimed that the script was used in late first millennium and that he had only rediscovered it, but no text from before the 18th century has been discovered. It was likely invented as an act of defiance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaenszle |first=Martin |date=2021 | The Limbu script was invented in the 18th century by [[Limbu people|Limbu]] monk and scholar [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]], in order to give the Limbu a distinct medium to commit their oral tradition to writing. He claimed that the script was used in late first millennium and that he had only rediscovered it, but no text from before the 18th century has been discovered. It was likely invented as an act of defiance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaenszle |first=Martin |date=23 July 2021 |title=The Limbu Script and the Production of Religious Books in Nepal |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/phen/6/1-2/article-p43_3.xml?Tab%20Menu=article#FN000002 |journal=Philological Encounters |volume=6 |issue=1-2 |pages=43–69 |doi=10.1163/24519197-bja10014 |issn=2451-9197 |doi-access=free |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref> | ||
=== Accounts with Sirijunga === | ===Accounts with Sirijunga=== | ||
The [[Limbu language]] is one of the few [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] languages of the Central [[Himalayas]] to possess their own scripts.<ref>{{cite book | | The [[Limbu language]] is one of the few [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] languages of the Central [[Himalayas]] to possess their own scripts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sprigg|first=R. K.|date=1959|publisher=[[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft]], in Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag|pages=590–592|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/16711/ |language=en|chapter=Limbu books in the Kiranti Script|title=Akten des vierundzwanzigsten Internationalen Orientalisten-Kongresses München 28|access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sprigg|first=R. K.|title=Original and sophisticated features of the Lepcha and Limbu scripts|date=1998|pages=1–18|publisher=[[SOAS University of London]] |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17412/|language=en|access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> The Limbu or Sirijunga script was devised during the period of Buddhist expansion in [[Sikkim]] in the early 18th century when [[Limbuwan]] still constituted part of Sikkimese territory. The Limbu script was probably composed at roughly the same time as the [[Lepcha script]] which was created by the third King of Sikkim, [[Chakdor Namgyal]] (ca. 1700–1717). The Limbu script is ascribed to the [[Limbu people|Limbu]] hero, [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]]. | ||
== Structure == | ==Structure== | ||
The Limbu script is an [[abugida]], which means that a basic letter represents both a consonant and an inherent, or default, vowel. In [[Limbu language|Limbu]], the inherent vowel is {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, as in [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese]] and [[Odia script]]s. To start a syllable with a vowel, the appropriate vowel diacritic is added to the vowel-carrier | The Limbu script is an [[abugida]], which means that a basic letter represents both a consonant and an inherent, or default, vowel. In [[Limbu language|Limbu]], the inherent vowel is {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, as in [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese]] and [[Odia script]]s. To start a syllable with a vowel, the appropriate vowel diacritic is added to the vowel-carrier {{Script|Limbu|ᤀ}}. A vowel-carrier with no diacritic represents the sound {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. | ||
{{Script|Limbu|ᤀ}}. A vowel-carrier with no diacritic represents the sound {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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[[Glottalization]] is marked by a sign called ''[[Avagraha|mukphreng]]'' {{angbr|{{Script|Limbu|᤹ {{nbsp}}}}}}, for example, {{angbr|{{Script|Limbu|ᤁ᤹{{nbsp}}}}}}, {{IPA|/kɔʔ/}}. | [[Glottalization]] is marked by a sign called ''[[Avagraha|mukphreng]]'' {{angbr|{{Script|Limbu|᤹ {{nbsp}}}}}}, for example, {{angbr|{{Script|Limbu|ᤁ᤹{{nbsp}}}}}}, {{IPA|/kɔʔ/}}. | ||
== Sample text == | ==Sample text== | ||
<span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | ||
>'''ᤛᤧᤘᤠᤖᤥ᥄''' ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤜᤠᤍᤠᤱᤔᤠᤛᤣ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤡᤱᤃᤥ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤰ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱᤐᤠᤴ ᤖᤧ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡᤍᤡᤕᤠ ᤀᤥ ॥ | >'''ᤛᤧᤘᤠᤖᤥ᥄''' ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤜᤠᤍᤠᤱᤔᤠᤛᤣ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤡᤱᤃᤥ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤰ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱᤐᤠᤴ ᤖᤧ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡᤍᤡᤕᤠ ᤀᤥ ॥ | ||
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>ᤕᤛᤗᤠᤀᤡ᤺ ᤀᤃᤠᤍᤡ ᤒᤎᤠᤀᤢᤏᤠᤁᤠ ᤗᤠᤃᤡ ᤁᤠᤶᤋᤡᤔᤠ ᥈ ᤛᤠᤕᤠ ᤗᤧᤰ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤜᤢᤏᤠ ᤈᤠᤖᤥᤖᤣ ᤇᤠ। </span>'''ᤋᤩᤛᤁᤠᤖᤏ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤗᤧᤂᤠᤜᤠᤖᤢ ᤗᤧᤰᤏᤠ ᤛᤢᤖᤢᤃᤠᤷᤏᤠ ᤛᤠᤒᤤ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢᤓᤠᤙᤡ ᤔᤡᤳᤖᤜᤠᤖᤢᤔᤠ ᤜᤠᤷᤍᤡᤰ ᤀᤠᤏᤢᤖᤨᤎ ᤇᤠ।'''</span> | >ᤕᤛᤗᤠᤀᤡ᤺ ᤀᤃᤠᤍᤡ ᤒᤎᤠᤀᤢᤏᤠᤁᤠ ᤗᤠᤃᤡ ᤁᤠᤶᤋᤡᤔᤠ ᥈ ᤛᤠᤕᤠ ᤗᤧᤰ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤜᤢᤏᤠ ᤈᤠᤖᤥᤖᤣ ᤇᤠ। </span>'''ᤋᤩᤛᤁᤠᤖᤏ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤗᤧᤂᤠᤜᤠᤖᤢ ᤗᤧᤰᤏᤠ ᤛᤢᤖᤢᤃᤠᤷᤏᤠ ᤛᤠᤒᤤ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢᤓᤠᤙᤡ ᤔᤡᤳᤖᤜᤠᤖᤢᤔᤠ ᤜᤠᤷᤍᤡᤰ ᤀᤠᤏᤢᤖᤨᤎ ᤇᤠ।'''</span> | ||
== Obsolete characters == | ==Obsolete characters== | ||
Three additional letters were used in early versions of the modern script:<ref name="L202055" /> | Three additional letters were used in early versions of the modern script:<ref name="L202055" /> | ||
* <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | * <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | ||
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* <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | * <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | ||
>{{large|ᤚ}}</span> /ʂɔ/ | >{{large|ᤚ}}</span> /ʂɔ/ | ||
Two ligatures were used for Nepali consonant conjuncts:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11008-limbu-gyan-and-tra.pdf|title=L2/11-008: Proposal to Encode the Letters GYAN and TRA for Limbu in the UCS|date=2011 | Two ligatures were used for Nepali consonant conjuncts:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11008-limbu-gyan-and-tra.pdf|title=L2/11-008: Proposal to Encode the Letters GYAN and TRA for Limbu in the UCS|date=14 January 2011|first=Anshuman|last=Pandey |access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> | ||
* <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | * <span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | ||
>{{large|ᤝ}}</span> jña (for [[Devanagari]] {{large|ज्ञ}}) | >{{large|ᤝ}}</span> jña (for [[Devanagari]] {{large|ज्ञ}}) | ||
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>{{large|ᤗᤥ}}</span> (/lo/).<ref name="L202055" /> | >{{large|ᤗᤥ}}</span> (/lo/).<ref name="L202055" /> | ||
== Punctuation == | ==Punctuation== | ||
The main punctuation mark used in Limbu is the Devanagari double [[danda]] (<span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | The main punctuation mark used in Limbu is the Devanagari double [[danda]] (<span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | ||
>{{large|॥}}</span>).<ref name="L202055" /> It has its own exclamation mark (<span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | >{{large|॥}}</span>).<ref name="L202055" /> It has its own exclamation mark (<span style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Limbu', 'Namdhinggo SIL', 'Code2000', 'Sun-ExtA', 'MPH 2B Damase'; | ||
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>{{large|᥅}}</span>). | >{{large|᥅}}</span>). | ||
== Numerals == | ==Numerals== | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|+Limbu has its own set of numerals | |+Limbu has its own set of numerals | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== Unicode == | ==Unicode== | ||
{{Main|Limbu (Unicode block)}} | {{Main|Limbu (Unicode block)}} | ||
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{{Unicode chart Limbu}} | {{Unicode chart Limbu}} | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
Latest revision as of 02:00, 29 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Infobox Writing system Template:Contains special characters Template:Brahmic The Limbu script (also Sirijanga script)[1] is used to write the Limbu language. It is a Brahmic type abugida.[2]
History
The Limbu script was invented in the 18th century by Limbu monk and scholar Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe, in order to give the Limbu a distinct medium to commit their oral tradition to writing. He claimed that the script was used in late first millennium and that he had only rediscovered it, but no text from before the 18th century has been discovered. It was likely invented as an act of defiance.[3]
Accounts with Sirijunga
The Limbu language is one of the few Sino-Tibetan languages of the Central Himalayas to possess their own scripts.[4][5] The Limbu or Sirijunga script was devised during the period of Buddhist expansion in Sikkim in the early 18th century when Limbuwan still constituted part of Sikkimese territory. The Limbu script was probably composed at roughly the same time as the Lepcha script which was created by the third King of Sikkim, Chakdor Namgyal (ca. 1700–1717). The Limbu script is ascribed to the Limbu hero, Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe.
Structure
The Limbu script is an abugida, which means that a basic letter represents both a consonant and an inherent, or default, vowel. In Limbu, the inherent vowel is Script error: No such module "IPA"., as in Bengali–Assamese and Odia scripts. To start a syllable with a vowel, the appropriate vowel diacritic is added to the vowel-carrier Template:Script. A vowel-carrier with no diacritic represents the sound Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Template:NoteFoot Initial consonant clusters are written with small marks following the main consonant:
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Final consonants after short vowels are written with another set of marks, except for some final consonants occurring only in loanwords. They follow the marks for consonant clusters, if any.
Long vowels without a following final consonant are written with a diacritic called kemphreng Template:Angbr, for example, Template:Angbr, Script error: No such module "IPA"..
There are two methods for writing long vowels with syllable-final consonants:
- With a kemphreng diacritic and the final consonant, such as Template:Angbr, Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- By replacing the final consonant with the corresponding full consonant and adding an underscore-like diacritic mark Template:Angbr. This indicates that the consonant has no following vowel and that the preceding vowel is lengthened, example, Template:Angbr, Script error: No such module "IPA".. The same diacritic may be used to mark final consonants in loanwords that do not have final forms in Limbu, regardless of the length of the vowel.
The first method is widely used in Sikkim; the second method is advocated by certain writers in Nepal.[2]
Glottalization is marked by a sign called mukphreng Template:Angbr, for example, Template:Angbr, Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Sample text
ᤛᤧᤘᤠᤖᤥ᥄ ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤱᤒᤠ ᤜᤠᤍᤠᤱᤔᤠᤛᤣ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤡᤱᤃᤥ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤰ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱᤐᤠᤴ ᤖᤧ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡᤍᤡᤕᤠ ᤀᤥ ॥ ᤛᤧᤘᤠᤖᤥ᥄ ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤏᤠᤒᤠ ᤀᤠᤍᤠᤏᤠᤔ ᤀᤠᤛᤧ ᤗᤠᤶᤎ ᤀᤡᤏᤠᤃ ᤗᤠᤶᤎᤠᤁᤠ ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤏᤠ ᤖᤧ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤧᤍᤤ ᤀ। ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤁᤥ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡ᤺ᤍᤡᤕᤠᤔᤠ ᤛᤫᤠᤃᤋ ᤇ। ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤛᤠᤁᤨ ᤘᤡᤁᤡᤐᤡᤍᤡᤕᤠ ᤀᤜᤡᤗᤧ ᤀᤡᤴᤁᤢᤒᤧᤛᤠᤏᤠ (ᤐᤠᤖᤣᤰᤙᤠᤏ ᤘᤡᤁᤡ) ᤀᤷᤌᤠᤳ ᤁᤨᤁᤨᤔᤠ ᤇᤠ। ᤕᤛᤗᤠᤀᤡ᤺ ᤀᤃᤠᤍᤡ ᤒᤎᤠᤀᤢᤏᤠᤁᤠ ᤗᤠᤃᤡ ᤁᤠᤶᤋᤡᤔᤠ ᥈ ᤛᤠᤕᤠ ᤗᤧᤰ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤜᤢᤏᤠ ᤈᤠᤖᤥᤖᤣ ᤇᤠ। ᤋᤩᤛᤁᤠᤖᤏ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢ ᤓᤠᤙᤠᤔᤠ ᤗᤧᤂᤠᤜᤠᤖᤢ ᤗᤧᤰᤏᤠ ᤛᤢᤖᤢᤃᤠᤷᤏᤠ ᤛᤠᤒᤤ ᤗᤡᤶᤒᤢᤓᤠᤙᤡ ᤔᤡᤳᤖᤜᤠᤖᤢᤔᤠ ᤜᤠᤷᤍᤡᤰ ᤀᤠᤏᤢᤖᤨᤎ ᤇᤠ।
Obsolete characters
Three additional letters were used in early versions of the modern script:[2]
- Template:Large /d͡ʑʱɔ/
- Template:Large /ɲɔ/
- Template:Large /ʂɔ/
Two ligatures were used for Nepali consonant conjuncts:[6]
- Template:Large jña (for Devanagari Template:Large)
- Template:Large tra (for Devanagari Template:Large)
Nineteenth-century texts used a small anusvara (Template:Large) to mark nasalization. This was used interchangeably with Template:Huge /ŋ/.
The sign Template:Large was used for the exclamatory particle Template:Large (/lo/).[2]
Punctuation
The main punctuation mark used in Limbu is the Devanagari double danda (Template:Large).[2] It has its own exclamation mark (Template:Large) and question mark (Template:Large).
Numerals
| Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter | Template:Letter |
Unicode
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Limbu script was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2003 with the release of version 4.0.
The Unicode block for Limbu is U+1900–U+194F: