Repentance: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret}} | {{Short description|Reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret}} | ||
{{Other uses}} | {{Other uses}} | ||
'''Repentance''' is [[Examination of conscience|reviewing one's actions]] and feeling [[contrition]] or regret for past or present wrongdoings, which is accompanied by commitment to and actual actions that show and prove a change for the better.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geEADgAAQBAJ |title=Justice for All: How the Jewish Bible Revolutionized Ethics |author=Jeremiah Unterman |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2017 |page=109 |isbn=978-0827612709 |quote=The modern definition of "to repent," according to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', is "To review one's actions and feel contrition or regret for something one has done or omitted to do; (esp. in religious contexts) to acknowledge the sinfulness of one's past action or conduct by showing sincere remorse and undertaking to reform in the future."}}</ref> | '''Repentance''' is [[Examination of conscience|reviewing one's actions]] and feeling [[contrition]] or regret for past or present wrongdoings, which is accompanied by commitment to and actual actions that show and prove a change for the better.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geEADgAAQBAJ |title=Justice for All: How the Jewish Bible Revolutionized Ethics |author-first1=Jeremiah |author-last1=Unterman |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2017 |page=109 |isbn=978-0827612709 |quote=The modern definition of "to repent," according to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', is "To review one's actions and feel contrition or regret for something one has done or omitted to do; (esp. in religious contexts) to acknowledge the sinfulness of one's past action or conduct by showing sincere remorse and undertaking to reform in the future."}}</ref> | ||
In modern times, it is generally seen as involving a commitment to personal change and the resolve to live a more responsible and humane life. In other words, being sorry for one's misdeeds. It can also involve sorrow over a specific sin or series of sins that an individual feels guilt over, or conviction that they have committed. The practice of repentance plays an important role in the [[Soteriology|soteriological doctrines]] of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. | In modern times, it is generally seen as involving a commitment to personal change and the resolve to live a more responsible and humane life. In other words, being sorry for one's misdeeds. It can also involve sorrow over a specific [[sin]] or series of sins that an individual feels guilt over, or conviction that they have committed. The practice of repentance plays an important role in the [[Soteriology|soteriological doctrines]] of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. | ||
Analogous practices have been found in other world religions as well. In religious contexts, it often involves an act of [[Confession (religion)|confession]] to God or to a spiritual elder (such as a monk or priest). This confession might include an admission of [[culpability|guilt]], a promise or intent not to repeat the offense, an attempt to make restitution for the wrong, or in some way reverse the harmful effects of the wrong where possible. | Analogous practices have been found in other world religions as well. In religious contexts, it often involves an act of [[Confession (religion)|confession]] to God or to a spiritual elder (such as a monk or priest). This confession might include an admission of [[culpability|guilt]], a promise or intent not to repeat the offense, an attempt to make restitution for the wrong, or in some way reverse the harmful effects of the wrong where possible. | ||
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== Judaism == | == Judaism == | ||
{{Main|Repentance in Judaism}} | {{Main|Repentance in Judaism}} | ||
Repentance ({{langx|he|תשובה}}, literally, "return", pronounced ''tshuva'' or ''teshuva'') is one element of [[atonement in Judaism|atoning]] for [[Jewish views on sin|sin]] in [[Judaism]]. Judaism recognizes that everybody sins on occasion, but that people can stop or minimize those occasions in the future by repenting for past transgressions. Thus, the primary purpose of repentance in Judaism is ethical self transformation.<ref name="Telushkin">Telushkin | Repentance ({{langx|he|תשובה}}, literally, "return", pronounced ''tshuva'' or ''teshuva'') is one element of [[atonement in Judaism|atoning]] for [[Jewish views on sin|sin]] in [[Judaism]]. Judaism recognizes that everybody sins on occasion, but that people can stop or minimize those occasions in the future by repenting for past transgressions. Thus, the primary purpose of repentance in Judaism is ethical self transformation.<ref name="Telushkin">{{Cite book |author-last1= Telushkin|author-first1=Joseph|title=A Code of Jewish Ethics: Volume 1 - You Shall Be Holy|location=New York|publisher= Bell Tower|year= 2006|pages= 152-173}}</ref> | ||
A Jewish penitent is traditionally known as a ''[[baal teshuva]]'' (''lit.'', "master of repentance" or "master of return") ({{langx|he|בעל תשובה}}; for a woman: {{Script/Hebrew|בעלת תשובה}}, ''baalat teshuva''; plural: {{Script/Hebrew|בעלי תשובה}}, ''baalei teshuva''). An alternative modern term is ''hozer beteshuva'' ({{Script/Hebrew|חוזר בתשובה}}) (''lit.'', "returning in repentance"). "In a place where ''baalei teshuva'' stand", according to [[halakha]], "even the full-fledged righteous do not stand."<ref>''Koren Talmud Bavli: Berakhot'' 34b. Editor-in-chief, Tzvi Hersh Weinreb. | A Jewish penitent is traditionally known as a ''[[baal teshuva]]'' (''lit.'', "master of repentance" or "master of return") ({{langx|he|בעל תשובה}}; for a woman: {{Script/Hebrew|בעלת תשובה}}, ''baalat teshuva''; plural: {{Script/Hebrew|בעלי תשובה}}, ''baalei teshuva''). An alternative modern term is ''hozer beteshuva'' ({{Script/Hebrew|חוזר בתשובה}}) (''lit.'', "returning in repentance"). "In a place where ''baalei teshuva'' stand", according to [[halakha]], "even the full-fledged righteous do not stand."<ref>''Koren Talmud Bavli: Berakhot'' 34b. Editor-in-chief, Tzvi Hersh Weinreb. | ||
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== Christianity == | == Christianity == | ||
{{Main|Repentance in Christianity}} | {{Main|Repentance in Christianity}} | ||
Repentance is a stage in [[Christian salvation]] where the believer turns away from [[Christian views on sin|sin]]. As a distinct stage in the ''[[ordo salutis]]'', the [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed theological tradition]] argues that it occurs after [[Faith in Christianity|faith]].<ref>Bruce Demarest | Repentance is a stage in [[Christian salvation]] where the believer turns away from [[Christian views on sin|sin]]. As a distinct stage in the ''[[ordo salutis]]'', the [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed theological tradition]] argues that it occurs after [[Faith in Christianity|faith]].<ref>{{Cite book |author-first1=Bruce|author-last1=Demarest|title=The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation|location=Wheaton|publisher= Crossway|year=1997|pages=38-39}}</ref> In [[Orthodoxy#Christianity|Orthodox]], [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Lutheran]] theology, repentance is part of the larger theological concept behind the sacrament of [[Absolution|confession and absolution]].<ref>Demarest, ''The Cross and Salvation'', 37.</ref><ref name="Lang1992">{{cite work |last1=Lang |first1=P. H. D. |title=Private Confession and Absolution in the Lutheran Church: A Doctrinal, Historical, and Critical Study |date=1992 |volume=56 |issue=4 |language=English |quote=But the absolution is God's work. And in the absolution the essence of the Christian religion is present. namely, the dispensing of grace to man. It is a form of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Indeed, it was "ordained by Christ Himself in the Gospel" (Smalcald Articles, VIII, 1) and is practiced after the example of Christ Himself. Therefore we say in Article XI (60) of the Apology: "Certainly most men in our churches use the sacraments, absolution and the Lord's Supper, frequently . . ." In Article XI11 (4) we say: "Therefore baptism, the Lord's Supper, and absolution, which is the sacrament of repentance, are truly sacraments."}}</ref> | ||
[[Christian denomination]]s that adhere to the [[liturgical year|liturgical kalendar]], such as Catholicism, Lutheranism, Moravianism and Anglicanism, focus on repentance especially during the season of [[Lent]], while emphasizing its importance in the life of the believer throughout the year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=David C. |title=A Parent's Guide to Lent |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=Axis |isbn=978-0-8307-7692-4 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref> | [[Christian denomination]]s that adhere to the [[liturgical year|liturgical kalendar]], such as Catholicism, Lutheranism, Moravianism and Anglicanism, focus on repentance especially during the season of [[Lent]], while emphasizing its importance in the life of the believer throughout the year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=David C. |title=A Parent's Guide to Lent |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=Axis |isbn=978-0-8307-7692-4 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
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Created by my body, mouth, and mind, | Created by my body, mouth, and mind, | ||
From beginningless greed, anger, and delusion, | From beginningless greed, anger, and delusion, | ||
I now know shame and repent of them all. | I now know shame and repent of them all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cttbusa.org/avatamsaka/avatamsaka40_1.asp|title=City of 10,000 Buddhas - Sutra Texts - The Avatamsaka Sutra 40|website=Cttbusa.org|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
Latest revision as of 15:02, 23 November 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Repentance is reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret for past or present wrongdoings, which is accompanied by commitment to and actual actions that show and prove a change for the better.[1]
In modern times, it is generally seen as involving a commitment to personal change and the resolve to live a more responsible and humane life. In other words, being sorry for one's misdeeds. It can also involve sorrow over a specific sin or series of sins that an individual feels guilt over, or conviction that they have committed. The practice of repentance plays an important role in the soteriological doctrines of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Analogous practices have been found in other world religions as well. In religious contexts, it often involves an act of confession to God or to a spiritual elder (such as a monk or priest). This confession might include an admission of guilt, a promise or intent not to repeat the offense, an attempt to make restitution for the wrong, or in some way reverse the harmful effects of the wrong where possible.
Judaism
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Repentance (Template:Langx, literally, "return", pronounced tshuva or teshuva) is one element of atoning for sin in Judaism. Judaism recognizes that everybody sins on occasion, but that people can stop or minimize those occasions in the future by repenting for past transgressions. Thus, the primary purpose of repentance in Judaism is ethical self transformation.[2]
A Jewish penitent is traditionally known as a baal teshuva (lit., "master of repentance" or "master of return") (Template:Langx; for a woman: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בעלת תשובה, baalat teshuva; plural: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בעלי תשובה, baalei teshuva). An alternative modern term is hozer beteshuva (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חוזר בתשובה) (lit., "returning in repentance"). "In a place where baalei teshuva stand", according to halakha, "even the full-fledged righteous do not stand."[3]
Christianity
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Repentance is a stage in Christian salvation where the believer turns away from sin. As a distinct stage in the ordo salutis, the Reformed theological tradition argues that it occurs after faith.[4] In Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Lutheran theology, repentance is part of the larger theological concept behind the sacrament of confession and absolution.[5][6]
Christian denominations that adhere to the liturgical kalendar, such as Catholicism, Lutheranism, Moravianism and Anglicanism, focus on repentance especially during the season of Lent, while emphasizing its importance in the life of the believer throughout the year.[7]
Islam
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Tawba is the Islamic concept of repenting to God due to performing any sins and misdeeds. It is a direct matter between a person and God, so there is no intercession. There is no original sin in Islam.[8][9][10] It is the act of leaving what God has prohibited and returning to what he has commanded. The word denotes the act of being repentant for one's misdeeds, atoning for those misdeeds, and having a strong determination to forsake those misdeeds (remorse, resolution, and repentance). If someone sins against another person, restitution is required.[11]
Hinduism
Dharma Shastras and Vedas advocate for self-reflection, repentance paschatapa and atonement prayaschitta. Stories such as that of Ajamila speak about forgiveness by grace of God even to the worst sinners.[12]
Buddhism
The Buddha considered shame over doing wrong (Pali: hiri) and fear of the consequences of wrongdoing (Pali:otappa) as essential safeguards against falling into evil ways and further as extremely useful in the path of purification. Also recommended was the regular practice of self-assessment or wise reflection (Pali: yoniso manasikara) on one's own actions in relation to others and the bigger picture.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In Mahayana Buddhism, one of the most common repentance verses used for reflection is Samantabhadra's Repentance Verse taken from Chapter 40 of the Flower Adornment Sutra:
For all the evil deeds I have done in the past
Created by my body, mouth, and mind,
From beginningless greed, anger, and delusion,
I now know shame and repent of them all.[13]
Hawaiian religion
Hoʻoponopono (ho-o-pono-pono) is an ancient practice in Hawaiian religion of reconciliation and forgiveness, combined with (repentance) prayers. Similar forgiveness practices were performed on islands throughout the South Pacific, including Samoa, Tahiti and New Zealand. Traditionally hoʻoponopono is practiced by healing priests or kahuna lapaʻau among family members of a person who is physically ill. Modern versions are performed within the family by a family elder, or by the individual alone.
See also
- Buß- und Bettag, Day of Repentance and Prayer
- Mea culpa
- Repentance Day, a public holiday of Christian prayer in Papua New Guinea
Further reading
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References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Koren Talmud Bavli: Berakhot 34b. Editor-in-chief, Tzvi Hersh Weinreb. Koren Publishers Jerusalem, 2012. See commentary by Adin Evan-Israel Steinsaltz on p. 230.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Demarest, The Cross and Salvation, 37.
- ↑ Template:Cite work
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Quranic view on Repentance
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Repentance
- Theopedia: Repentance (conservative Calvinist perspective)
- Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. Review of Julia Kristeva's Hatred and Forgiveness in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 121(10):721-22 (2016). ISSN 0032-6178. Edited by Swami Narasimhananda.