Regime change: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
imported>FlamencoReturns
 
imported>WikiOriginal-9
m caps
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:
== Types ==
== Types ==
===Internal regime change===
===Internal regime change===
Regime change can be precipitated by revolution or a [[coup d'état]]. For example, the [[French Revolution]], the [[Russian Revolution]], and the [[Iranian Revolution]].
Regime change can be precipitated by revolution or a [[coup d'état]]. For example, the [[French Revolution]], the [[Russian Revolution]], and the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref>Marvin Zonis quoted in Wright, ''Sacred Rage'' 1996, p.61</ref>


===Foreign-imposed regime change===
===Foreign-imposed regime change===
Foreign-imposed regime change is the deposing of a regime by a foreign state, which can be achieved through covert means or by direct military action. Interstate war can also culminate into a foreign-imposed regime change for the losers, as occurred for the [[Axis Powers]] in 1945.{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2023}} Foreign-imposed regime change is sometimes used by states as a foreign policy tool.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peic|first=Goran|date=July 2011|title=Foreign-Imposed Regime Change, State Power and Civil War Onset, 1920-2004|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=41|issue=3|pages=453–475|doi=10.1017/s0007123410000426|s2cid=154222973}}</ref> According to a dataset by Alexander Downes, 120 leaders have been successfully removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011.<ref name=":0" />
Foreign-imposed regime change is the deposing of a regime by a foreign state, which can be achieved through covert means or by direct military action. Interstate war can also culminate into a foreign-imposed regime change for the losers, as occurred for the [[Axis powers]] in 1945.<ref>{{Citation |first=Russell F |last=Weigley |title=The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy |year=1977 |pages=145, 239, 325, 382, 391}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Sidney |last=Pash |chapter=Containment, Rollback and the Onset of the Pacific War, 1933–1941 |editor1-first=G Kurt |editor1-last=Piehler |editor2-first=Sidney |editor2-last=Pash |title=The United States and the Second World War: New Perspectives on Diplomacy, War, and the Home Front |year=2010 |pages=38–67}}.</ref> Foreign-imposed regime change is sometimes used by states as a foreign policy tool.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peic|first=Goran|date=July 2011|title=Foreign-Imposed Regime Change, State Power and Civil War Onset, 1920-2004|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=41|issue=3|pages=453–475|doi=10.1017/s0007123410000426|s2cid=154222973}}</ref> According to a dataset by Alexander Downes, 120 leaders have been successfully removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011.<ref name=":0" />


During the [[Cold War]], the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] frequently intervened in elections and engaged in attempts at regime change, both covertly and overtly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levin|first=Dov H.|date=2019-01-01|title=Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing the PEIG Dataset|journal=Conflict Management and Peace Science|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=88–106|doi=10.1177/0738894216661190|s2cid=157114479|issn=0738-8942}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Rourke|first=Lindsey A.|date=2019-11-29|title=The Strategic Logic of Covert Regime Change: US-Backed Regime Change Campaigns during the Cold War|journal=Security Studies|volume=29|pages=92–127|doi=10.1080/09636412.2020.1693620|s2cid=213588712|issn=0963-6412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levin|first=Dov H.|date=2016-06-01|title=When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results|url=https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/60/2/189/1750842|journal=International Studies Quarterly|language=en|volume=60|issue=2|pages=189–202|doi=10.1093/isq/sqv016|issn=0020-8833|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="wapodov">Levin, Dov H. (7 September 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/07/sure-the-u-s-and-russia-often-meddle-in-foreign-elections-does-it-matter/?tid=a_inl "Sure, the U.S. and Russia often meddle in foreign elections. Does it matter?"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</ref> According to [[Michael Poznansky]], covert regime change became more common when non-intervention was codified into international law, leading states that wanted to engage in regime change to do so covertly and conceal their violations of international law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poznansky |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXXnDwAAQBAJ |title=In the Shadow of International Law: Secrecy and Regime Change in the Postwar World |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-009661-8 |language=en}}</ref>
During the [[Cold War]], the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] frequently intervened in elections and engaged in attempts at regime change, both covertly and overtly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levin|first=Dov H.|date=2019-01-01|title=Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing the PEIG Dataset|journal=Conflict Management and Peace Science|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=88–106|doi=10.1177/0738894216661190|s2cid=157114479|issn=0738-8942}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Rourke|first=Lindsey A.|date=2019-11-29|title=The Strategic Logic of Covert Regime Change: US-Backed Regime Change Campaigns during the Cold War|journal=Security Studies|volume=29|pages=92–127|doi=10.1080/09636412.2020.1693620|s2cid=213588712|issn=0963-6412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levin|first=Dov H.|date=2016-06-01|title=When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results|url=https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/60/2/189/1750842|journal=International Studies Quarterly|language=en|volume=60|issue=2|pages=189–202|doi=10.1093/isq/sqv016|issn=0020-8833|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="wapodov">Levin, Dov H. (7 September 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/07/sure-the-u-s-and-russia-often-meddle-in-foreign-elections-does-it-matter/?tid=a_inl "Sure, the U.S. and Russia often meddle in foreign elections. Does it matter?"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</ref> According to [[Michael Poznansky]], covert regime change became more common when non-intervention was codified into international law, leading states that wanted to engage in regime change to do so covertly and conceal their violations of international law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poznansky |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXXnDwAAQBAJ |title=In the Shadow of International Law: Secrecy and Regime Change in the Postwar World |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-009661-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 02:57, 14 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Regime change is the partly forcible or coercive replacement of one government regime with another. Regime change may replace all or part of the state's most critical leadership system, administrative apparatus, or bureaucracy. Regime change may occur through domestic processes, such as revolution, coup, or reconstruction of government following state failure or civil war.[1] It can also be imposed on a country by foreign actors through invasion, overt or covert interventions, or coercive diplomacy.[2][3] Regime change may entail the construction of new institutions, the restoration of old institutions, and the promotion of new ideologies.[2]

According to a dataset by Alexander Downes, 120 leaders were removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011.[2]

Types

Internal regime change

Regime change can be precipitated by revolution or a coup d'état. For example, the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution.[4]

Foreign-imposed regime change

Foreign-imposed regime change is the deposing of a regime by a foreign state, which can be achieved through covert means or by direct military action. Interstate war can also culminate into a foreign-imposed regime change for the losers, as occurred for the Axis powers in 1945.[5][6] Foreign-imposed regime change is sometimes used by states as a foreign policy tool.[7] According to a dataset by Alexander Downes, 120 leaders have been successfully removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011.[2]

During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union frequently intervened in elections and engaged in attempts at regime change, both covertly and overtly.[8][9][10][11] According to Michael Poznansky, covert regime change became more common when non-intervention was codified into international law, leading states that wanted to engage in regime change to do so covertly and conceal their violations of international law.[12]

Modern examples of regime-change include the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Regime promotion

According to John Owen IV, there are four historical waves of forcible regime promotion:[13]

  1. Catholicism vs Protestantism: From the 1520s to the early 18th century
  2. Republicanism vs Constitutional monarchy vs Absolute monarchy: From the 1770s to the late 19th century
  3. Communism vs Liberalism vs Fascism: From the late 1910s to the 1980s
  4. Secular government vs Islamism: post-1990

Impact

Studies by Alexander Downes, Lindsey O'Rourke and Jonathan Monten indicate that foreign-imposed regime change seldom reduces the likelihood of civil war,[2] violent removal of the newly imposed leader,[2] and the probability of conflict between the intervening state and its adversaries,[14][2] as well as does not increase the likelihood of democratization (unless regime change comes with pro-democratic institutional changes in countries with favorable conditions for democracy).[15] Downes argues,[2]

The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non-compliant regimes overlooks two key facts. First, the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate, sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the intervener. Second, externally-imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one, and the two typically want different things. These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary: taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other. Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic protégés or between protégés and their people.

Research by Nigel Lo, Barry Hashimoto, and Dan Reiter has contrasting findings, as they find that interstate "peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change."[16] However, research by Reiter and Goran Peic finds that foreign-imposed regime change can raise the probability of civil war.[17]

By country

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Marvin Zonis quoted in Wright, Sacred Rage 1996, p.61
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Levin, Dov H. (7 September 2016). "Sure, the U.S. and Russia often meddle in foreign elections. Does it matter?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Regime_change&oldid=3414323"