Paramilitary: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Organization similar to, but not part of, a military}} | {{Short description|Organization similar to, but not part of, a military}} | ||
{{Distinguish|Paratrooper|Private army}} | {{Distinguish|Paratrooper|Private army}} | ||
{{for|the 1993 supplement for the role-playing game ''Paranoia''|Paramilitary (Paranoia){{!}}''Paramilitary (Paranoia)''}} | |||
{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}} | {{More citations needed|date=October 2022}} | ||
[[File:Nd-3-105 LoF Edmonton 1915.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Legion of Frontiersmen]], Edmonton Command, 1915 – a nationalist paramilitary group not officially affiliated with the [[Canadian Army]]]] | [[File:Nd-3-105 LoF Edmonton 1915.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Legion of Frontiersmen]], Edmonton Command, 1915 – a nationalist paramilitary group not officially affiliated with the [[Canadian Army]]]] | ||
A '''paramilitary''' is a | A '''paramilitary''' is a force or unit that functions and is organized in a manner analogous to a military force, but does not have professional or legitimate status.<ref name="Reference-OED-paramilitary">{{cite book |chapter=paramilitary |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=3rd |orig-year=online edition; original published in June 2005 |date= June 2011 |chapter-url=http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=paramilitary |access-date=2011-09-13 |quote= Designating, of, or relating to a force or unit whose function and organization are analogous or ancillary to those of a professional military force, but which is not regarded as having professional or legitimate status. |title-link=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] traces the use of the term "paramilitary" as far back as 1934.<ref> | ||
{{oed | paramilitary}} | {{oed | paramilitary}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> It has been used by many different[[political organizations | political organization]] especially[[far right | far-right politics]] groups and by many different organizations<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doxsee |first=Catrina |date=August 12, 2025 |title=Examining Extremism: The Militia Movement |url=https://www.csis.org/blogs/examining-extremism/examining-extremism-militia-movement |journal=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref>. Paramilitaries have widely been synonymous with [[violence]], [[political repression]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[ genocide]] and [[Crimes against humanity|crimes against humanity.]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dasgputa |first=Sunil |date=April 6, 2003 |title=Paramilitaries on the March |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/paramilitaries-on-the-march/ |journal=Brookings}}</ref> Paramilitaries may use combat-capable kit/equipment (such as [[Internal security vehicle|internal security]]/[[SWAT vehicle|SWAT vehicles]]), or even actual military equipment (such as [[Armoured personnel carrier|armored personnel carriers]];{{cn|date=July 2025}} usually [[military surplus]] resources) that are compatible with their purpose, often combining them with skills from other relevant fields such as [[law enforcement]], [[coast guard]], or [[search and rescue]].{{cn|date=July 2025}} A paramilitary may fall under the command of a [[military]], train alongside them, or have permission to use their resources, despite not actually being part of them.<ref name="BohmeltClayton2018">{{Cite journal |last=Böhmelt |first=Tobias |last2=Clayton |first2=Govinda |date=February 2018 |title=Auxiliary Force Structure: Paramilitary Forces and Progovernment Militias |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414017699204 |journal=Comparative Political Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=197–237 |doi=10.1177/0010414017699204 |issn=0010-4140|hdl=10654/38817 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | ||
== Legality == | == Legality == | ||
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== Types == | == Types == | ||
[[File:Metsavendade salk Kesk-Eestis kohtumisel Saksa väeosaga.jpg|thumb|A group of the "[[Forest Brothers]]" in central [[Estonia]] meeting with a German unit in 1941.]] | [[File:Metsavendade salk Kesk-Eestis kohtumisel Saksa väeosaga.jpg|thumb|A group of the "[[Forest Brothers]]" in central [[Estonia]] meeting with a German unit in 1941.]] | ||
[[File:The Steel Shirts copying the Nazi salute during its rally in Syria, 1936.jpg|thumb|The Steel Shirts copying the [[Nazi salute]] during its rally in [[Syria]]]] | |||
Depending on the definition adopted, "paramilitaries" may include: | Depending on the definition adopted, "paramilitaries" may include: | ||
=== Military organizations === | === Military organizations === | ||
* [[Private military contractors]] and [[mercenaries]] | * [[Private military contractors]] and [[mercenaries]] | ||
* [[Irregular military]] forces, such as [[militias]], [[partisan (military)|partisans]], [[resistance movements]], [[freedom fighter|freedom fighters]], [[rebel groups]], [[liberation armies]], [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla armies]], [[militants]], [[insurgents]], and [[terrorist groups]]. | * [[Irregular military]] forces, such as [[militias]], [[partisan (military)|partisans]], [[resistance movements]], [[freedom fighter|freedom fighters]], [[rebel groups]], [[liberation armies]], [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla armies]], [[militants]], [[insurgents]], and [[terrorist groups]]. | ||
* State-parallel armed groups such as the Sudanese [[Rapid Support Forces]] and the Iraqi [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aliyev |first=Huseyn |date=2016 |title=Strong militias, weak states and armed violence: towards a theory of 'state-parallel' paramilitaries |url=https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/151638/2/151638.pdf |journal=Security Dialogue |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=498–516 |doi=10.1177/0967010616669900 }}</ref> | |||
=== Law enforcement === | === Law enforcement === | ||
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=== Political === | === Political === | ||
* Armed, semi-militarized wings of [[political party|political parties]] and similar political organizations. | * Armed, semi-militarized wings of [[political party|political parties]] and similar political organizations, such as the German [[Sturmabteilung]] and Italian [[Blackshirts]]. | ||
== Examples of paramilitary units == | == Examples of paramilitary units == | ||
{{Main list|List of paramilitary organizations|List of defunct paramilitary organizations}} | {{Main list|List of paramilitary organizations|List of defunct paramilitary organizations | ||
}} | |||
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Please do not add any more examples. | Please do not add any more examples. | ||
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== Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
{{Wiktionary}} | |||
{{Commons category|Paramilitary organizations}} | |||
* Golkar, Saeid. (2012) [http://afs.sagepub.com/content/38/4/625.abstract Paramilitarization of the Economy: the Case of Iran's Basij Militia], [[Armed Forces & Society]], Vol. 38, No. 4 | * Golkar, Saeid. (2012) [http://afs.sagepub.com/content/38/4/625.abstract Paramilitarization of the Economy: the Case of Iran's Basij Militia], [[Armed Forces & Society]], Vol. 38, No. 4 | ||
* Golkar, Saeid. (2012). Organization of the Oppressed or Organization for Oppressing: Analysing the Role of the Basij Militia of Iran. Politics, Religion & Ideology, Dec., 37–41. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.725661 | * Golkar, Saeid. (2012). Organization of the Oppressed or Organization for Oppressing: Analysing the Role of the Basij Militia of Iran. Politics, Religion & Ideology, Dec., 37–41. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.725661 | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Üngör |first1=Uğur Ümit |author-link=Uğur Ümit Üngör |title=Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State |date=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-882524-1 |language=en}} | * {{cite book |last1=Üngör |first1=Uğur Ümit |author-link=Uğur Ümit Üngör |title=Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State |date=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-882524-1 |language=en}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:44, 28 December 2025
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A paramilitary is a force or unit that functions and is organized in a manner analogous to a military force, but does not have professional or legitimate status.[1] The Oxford English Dictionary traces the use of the term "paramilitary" as far back as 1934.[2] It has been used by many different political organization especially far-right politics groups and by many different organizations[3]. Paramilitaries have widely been synonymous with violence, political repression, ethnic cleansing, genocide and crimes against humanity.[4] Paramilitaries may use combat-capable kit/equipment (such as internal security/SWAT vehicles), or even actual military equipment (such as armored personnel carriers;Script error: No such module "Unsubst". usually military surplus resources) that are compatible with their purpose, often combining them with skills from other relevant fields such as law enforcement, coast guard, or search and rescue.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A paramilitary may fall under the command of a military, train alongside them, or have permission to use their resources, despite not actually being part of them.[5]
Legality
Under the law of war, a state may incorporate a paramilitary organization or armed agency (such as a law enforcement agency or a private volunteer militia) into its combatant armed forces. Some countries' constitutions prohibit paramilitary organizations outside government use.
Types
Depending on the definition adopted, "paramilitaries" may include:
Military organizations
- Private military contractors and mercenaries
- Irregular military forces, such as militias, partisans, resistance movements, freedom fighters, rebel groups, liberation armies, guerrilla armies, militants, insurgents, and terrorist groups.
- State-parallel armed groups such as the Sudanese Rapid Support Forces and the Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces [6]
Law enforcement
- Semi-militarized law enforcement units within civilian police, such as police tactical units, SWAT, Emergency Service Units, and incident response teams
- Gendarmeries, such as the French National Gendarmerie, Chinese People's Armed Police, Dutch Royal Marechaussee, Egyptian Central Security Forces, European EUROGENDFOR, Turkic TAKM, and Chilean Carabineros de Chile
- Border guards, such as the Australian Border Force, Indian Border Security Force, Bangladeshi Border Guard Bangladesh, and Turkish village guards
- Security forces of ambiguous military status, such as internal troops, railroad guard corps, and railway troops
- Branches of government agencies such as intelligence agencies tasked with law enforcement, tactical support, or security operations, such as the Central Intelligence Agency's Special Activities Center and Global Response Staff, or the U.S. Department of Energy's Federal Protective Forces
Civil defense
Political
- Armed, semi-militarized wings of political parties and similar political organizations, such as the German Sturmabteilung and Italian Blackshirts.
Examples of paramilitary units
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See also
- Category:Rebel militia groups
- Militia
- International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status
- List of Serbian paramilitary formations
- Militarization of police
- Police tactical unit
- Fourth-generation warfare
- Violent non-state actor
- Military urbanism
- Private army
- Fascist paramilitary
- Guerrilla warfare
- List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
- List of paramilitary organizations
- Bangladesh Ansar
- Border Security Force
References
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Further reading
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- Golkar, Saeid. (2012) Paramilitarization of the Economy: the Case of Iran's Basij Militia, Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 38, No. 4
- Golkar, Saeid. (2012). Organization of the Oppressed or Organization for Oppressing: Analysing the Role of the Basij Militia of Iran. Politics, Religion & Ideology, Dec., 37–41. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.725661
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