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Azaleas are generally slow-growing and do best in well-drained acidic soil (4.5–6.0 pH).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/landscape/shrubs/hgic1059.html|title=Home & Garden Information Center - Clemson Cooperative Extension - Clemson University, South Carolina|website=www.clemson.edu|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> [[Fertilizer]] needs are low. Some species need regular [[pruning]].
Azaleas are generally slow-growing and do best in well-drained acidic soil (4.5–6.0 pH).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/landscape/shrubs/hgic1059.html|title=Home & Garden Information Center - Clemson Cooperative Extension - Clemson University, South Carolina|website=www.clemson.edu|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> [[Fertilizer]] needs are low. Some species need regular [[pruning]].


Azaleas are native to several continents including Asia, Europe and North America. They are planted abundantly as ornamentals in the southeastern US, southern Asia, and parts of southwest Europe.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
Azaleas are native to several continents including Asia, Europe and North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Research Guides: Azaleas at The New York Botanical Garden: Home |url=https://libguides.nybg.org/c.php?g=655082&p=4597487 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=New York Botanical Garden LuEsther T. Mertz Library Plant & Research Guides |language=en}}</ref> They are planted abundantly as ornamentals in the southeastern US, southern Asia, and parts of southwest Europe.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}


[[File:George Taber azalea.jpg|right|thumb|[[George Taber azalea|cv. 'George Taber']]|alt=A flower of the 'George Taber' cultivar]]
[[File:George Taber azalea.jpg|right|thumb|[[George Taber azalea|cv. 'George Taber']]|alt=A flower of the 'George Taber' cultivar]]
According to azalea historian Fred Galle, in the United States, ''Azalea indica'' (in this case, the group of plants called Southern indicas) was first introduced to the outdoor landscape in the 1830s at the rice plantation [[Magnolia-on-the-Ashley]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. From Philadelphia, where they were grown only in [[greenhouse]]s, John Grimke Drayton (Magnolia's owner) imported the plants for use in his estate garden. With encouragement from [[Charles Sprague Sargent]] from Harvard's Arnold Arboretum, Magnolia Gardens was opened to the public in 1871, following the American Civil War. Magnolia is one of the oldest public gardens in America. Since the late 19th century, in late March and early April, thousands visit to see the azaleas bloom in their full glory.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
According to azalea historian Fred Galle, in the United States, ''Azalea indica'' (in this case, the group of plants called Southern indicas) was first introduced to the outdoor landscape in the 1830s at the rice plantation [[Magnolia-on-the-Ashley]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. From Philadelphia, where they were grown only in [[greenhouse]]s, John Grimke Drayton (Magnolia's owner) imported the plants for use in his estate garden. With encouragement from [[Charles Sprague Sargent]] from Harvard's Arnold Arboretum, Magnolia Plantation and Gardens was opened to the public in 1871,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Charleston, SC plantation transforms into a place of learning |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/charleston-south-carolina-plantation-history-learning-magnolia-gardens-slavery-history/60778597 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=WCVB |language=en}}</ref> following the American Civil War. Magnolia is one of the oldest public gardens in America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blitz |first=Matt |date=2015-09-30 |title=The Southern Romance of the Nation's Oldest Public Garden |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/worlds-most-beautiful-swamp-gardens-180956462/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Since the late 19th century, in late March and early April, thousands visit to see the azaleas bloom in their full glory.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}


[[File:Mini pink azaleas in Maryland.jpg|thumb|Thirty-year-old bush, [[Maryland|MD]], USA|alt=Thirty-year-old flowering azalea bush, Maryland, USA]]
[[File:Mini pink azaleas in Maryland.jpg|thumb|Thirty-year-old bush, [[Maryland]], United States|alt=Thirty-year-old flowering azalea bush, Maryland, US]]


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
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==Cultural significance and symbolism==
==Cultural significance and symbolism==
[[File:2014-05-17 10 24 50 Pink-purple-flowered and red-flowered Azaleas in front of an old house on Spruce Street (Mercer County Route 613) in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG|thumb|[[New Jersey]]]]
[[File:2014-05-17 10 24 50 Pink-purple-flowered and red-flowered Azaleas in front of an old house on Spruce Street (Mercer County Route 613) in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG|thumb|Azaleas, [[New Jersey]], US]]
In Chinese culture, the azalea is known as "thinking of home bush" (''sixiang shu''), and is immortalized in the poetry of [[Du Fu]].
In Chinese culture, the azalea is known as "thinking of home bush" (''sixiang shu''),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Moya |date=2022-08-11 |title=Azaleas and Rhododendrons |url=https://www.ipm.org/show/focusonflowers/2022-08-11/azaleas-and-rhododendrons |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Indiana Public Media |language=en}}</ref> and is immortalized in the poetry of [[Du Fu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tran |first=Phuong |date=2016-04-06 |title=Azaleas Abloom in Spring |url=https://www.lewisginter.org/azaleas-abloom-spring/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden |language=en-US}}</ref>


The azalea is also one of the symbols of the city of [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]].<ref>[http://download.uol.com.br/educacao/diariooficial_11jul.pdf Municipal law of the city of São Paulo nr. 14472 of 2007].</ref>
The azalea is also one of the symbols of the city of [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]].<ref>[http://download.uol.com.br/educacao/diariooficial_11jul.pdf Municipal law of the city of São Paulo nr. 14472 of 2007].</ref>


Azaleas and rhododendrons were once so infamous for their toxicity that to receive a bouquet of their flowers in a black vase was a well-known death threat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://selections.rockefeller.edu/stopping-to-smell-the-rhododendron/|title=Stopping to Smell the Rhododendron {{!}} Natural Selections|website=selections.rockefeller.edu|date=13 June 2013 |access-date=2020-08-14}}</ref>
Azaleas and rhododendrons were once so infamous for their toxicity that to receive a bouquet of their flowers in a black vase was a well-known death threat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://selections.rockefeller.edu/stopping-to-smell-the-rhododendron/|title=Stopping to Smell the Rhododendron {{!}} Natural Selections|website=selections.rockefeller.edu|date=13 June 2013 |access-date=2020-08-14}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2025}}


==Toxicity==
==Toxicity==


In addition to being renowned for its beauty, the azalea is also highly toxic—it contains [[andromedotoxin]]s in both its leaves and nectar, including honey from the nectar.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Pennsylvania's Poisonous Plants Home Page |url=http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/ppazale.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115843/http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/ppazale.htm |archive-date=2012-03-17 }}</ref> Bees are deliberately fed on Azalea/[[Rhododendron]] nectar in some parts of Turkey, producing a mind-altering, potentially medicinal, and occasionally lethal honey known as "[[mad honey]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://modernfarmer.com/2014/09/strange-history-hallucinogenic-mad-honey/|title=The Strange History of 'Mad Honey' - Modern Farmer|date=4 September 2014|website=modernfarmer.com|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
In addition to being renowned for its beauty, the azalea is also highly toxic—it contains [[andromedotoxin]]s in both its leaves and nectar, including honey from the nectar.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Pennsylvania's Poisonous Plants Home Page |url=http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/ppazale.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115843/http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/ppazale.htm |archive-date=2012-03-17 }}</ref> Bees are deliberately fed on azalea/[[rhododendron]] nectar in some parts of Turkey, producing a mind-altering, potentially medicinal, and occasionally lethal honey known as "[[mad honey]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://modernfarmer.com/2014/09/strange-history-hallucinogenic-mad-honey/|title=The Strange History of 'Mad Honey' - Modern Farmer|date=4 September 2014|website=modernfarmer.com|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
Azalea is dangerous to pets, as, if consumed, the toxins within the plant tissue can cause [[central nervous system depression]], which in turn can lead to multi-organ failure. Symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, laryngeal edema and heart rhythm disturbances, which can lead to complete cardiac arrest and therefore death. Acute kidney failure may also occur.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
 
Azalea is dangerous to pets, as, if consumed, the toxins within the plant tissue can cause [[central nervous system depression]], which in turn can lead to multi-organ failure. Symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, laryngeal edema and heart rhythm disturbances, which can lead to complete cardiac arrest and therefore death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhododendron {{!}} ASPCA |url=https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/rhododendron |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.aspca.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhododendrons |url=https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/rhododendrons/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Pet Poison Helpline |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Azalea festivals==
==Azalea festivals==
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===Japan===
===Japan===
[[Motoyama, Kōchi]] has a flower festival in which the blooming of Tsutsuji is celebrated. [[Tatebayashi, Gunma]] is famous for its Azalea Hill Park, Tsutsuji-ga-oka.  
[[Motoyama, Kōchi]] has a flower festival in which the blooming of Tsutsuji is celebrated. [[Tatebayashi, Gunma]] is famous for its Azalea Hill Park, Tsutsuji-ga-oka. [[Nezu Shrine]] in [[Bunkyo, Tokyo]], holds a Tsutsuji Matsuri from early April until early May. Higashi Village has hosted an azalea festival each year since 1976.  The village's 50,000 azalea plants draw an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 visitors each year.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
[[Nezu Shrine]] in [[Bunkyo, Tokyo]], holds a Tsutsuji Matsuri from early April until early May.
Higashi Village has hosted an azalea festival each year since 1976.  The village's 50,000 azalea plants draw an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 visitors each year.{{cn|date=August 2024}}


===Korea===
===Korea===
[[File:Azalea(2014).JPG|thumb|upright|[[Korea]]]]
[[File:Azalea(2014).JPG|thumb|upright|Azaleas in [[Korea]]]]
[[Sobaeksan]], one of the 12 well-known [[Sobaek Mountains]], lying on the border between [[Chungbuk]] Province and [[Gyeongbuk]] has a royal azalea (''[[Rhododendron schlippenbachii]]'') festival held on May every year. Sobaeksan has an azalea colony dotted around Biro mountaintop, Gukmang and Yonwha early in May. When royal azaleas have turned pink in the end of May, it looks like Sobaeksan wears a pink [[Jeogori]] (Korean traditional jacket).<ref>Department of Culture & Tourism, Danyang-gun County Office</ref>
[[Sobaeksan]], one of the 12 well-known [[Sobaek Mountains]], lying on the border between [[Chungbuk]] Province and [[Gyeongbuk]] has a royal azalea (''[[Rhododendron schlippenbachii]]'') festival held on May every year. Sobaeksan has an azalea colony dotted around Biro mountaintop, Gukmang and Yonwha early in May. When royal azaleas have turned pink in the end of May, it looks like Sobaeksan wears a pink [[Jeogori]] (Korean traditional jacket).<ref>Department of Culture & Tourism, Danyang-gun County Office</ref>


Line 63: Line 62:


===United States===
===United States===
[[File:Azalea, a member of the genus Rhododendron.jpg|frameless|right|alt=Flowers]]
[[File:Azalea, a member of the genus Rhododendron.jpg|thumb|Azaleas|alt=Flowers]]
Many cities in the United States have festivals in the spring celebrating the blooms of the azalea, including [[Summerville, South Carolina]]; [[Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey|Hamilton, New Jersey]]; [[Mobile, Alabama]]; [[Jasper, Texas]]; [[Tyler, Texas]]; [[Norfolk, Virginia]];<ref>[http://www.azaleafestival.org/ Norfolk NATO Azalea Festival Website]</ref> [[Wilmington, North Carolina]] ([[North Carolina Azalea Festival]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncazaleafestival.org/|title=North Carolina Azalea Festival - A Scene to be Seen!|website=North Carolina Azalea Festival|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> [[Valdosta, Georgia]];<ref>[http://www.azaleafestival.com/ Valdosta, Georgia, Azalea Festival Website]</ref> [[Palatka, Florida]] ([[Florida Azalea Festival]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flazaleafest.com/|title=FLAZALEAFEST.COM|website=www.flazaleafest.com|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> [[Pickens, South Carolina]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pickensazaleafestival.com/|title=Pickens Azalea Festival|website=www.pickensazaleafestival.com|access-date=16 Apr 2023}}</ref> [[Muskogee, Oklahoma]]; [[Brookings, Oregon]]; and [[Nixa, Missouri]].
Many cities in the United States have festivals in the spring celebrating the blooms of the azalea, including [[Summerville, South Carolina]]; [[Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey|Hamilton, New Jersey]]; [[Mobile, Alabama]]; [[Jasper, Texas]]; [[Tyler, Texas]]; [[Norfolk, Virginia]];<ref>[http://www.azaleafestival.org/ Norfolk NATO Azalea Festival Website]</ref> [[Wilmington, North Carolina]] ([[North Carolina Azalea Festival]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncazaleafestival.org/|title=North Carolina Azalea Festival - A Scene to be Seen!|website=North Carolina Azalea Festival|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> [[Valdosta, Georgia]];<ref>[http://www.azaleafestival.com/ Valdosta, Georgia, Azalea Festival Website]</ref> [[Palatka, Florida]] ([[Florida Azalea Festival]]);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flazaleafest.com/|title=FLAZALEAFEST.COM|website=www.flazaleafest.com|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> [[Pickens, South Carolina]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pickensazaleafestival.com/|title=Pickens Azalea Festival|website=www.pickensazaleafestival.com|access-date=16 Apr 2023}}</ref> [[Muskogee, Oklahoma]]; [[Brookings, Oregon]]; and [[Nixa, Missouri]].


The Azalea Trail is a designated path, planted with azaleas in private gardens, through [[Mobile, Alabama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmobile.org/mapsnfacts/map_azaleatrail.php|title=City of Mobile, Azalea Trail Maps}}</ref> The [[Azalea Trail Run]] is an annual road running event held there in late March. Mobile, Alabama is also home to the [[Azalea Trail Maids]], fifty women chosen to serve as ambassadors of the city while wearing [[Antebellum era|antebellum]] dresses, who originally participated in a three-day festival, but now operate throughout the year.{{citation needed|date = May 2016}}
The Azalea Trail is a designated path, planted with azaleas in private gardens, through [[Mobile, Alabama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmobile.org/mapsnfacts/map_azaleatrail.php|title=City of Mobile, Azalea Trail Maps}}</ref> The [[Azalea Trail Run]] is an annual road running event held there in late March. Mobile, Alabama is also home to the [[Azalea Trail Maids]], fifty women chosen to serve as ambassadors of the city while wearing [[Antebellum era|antebellum]] dresses, who originally participated in a three-day festival, but now operate throughout the year.{{citation needed|date = May 2016}}


The Azalea Society of America designated Houston, Texas, an "azalea city".{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} The River Oaks Garden Club has conducted the Houston Azalea Trail every spring since 1935.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
The Azalea Society of America designated Houston, Texas, an "azalea city".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-29 |title=Cut the Crape Myrtle! Texas Deserves a Better State Shrub |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/cut-the-crape-myrtle-texas-deserves-a-better-state-shrub/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250907061229/https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/cut-the-crape-myrtle-texas-deserves-a-better-state-shrub/ |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=Texas Monthly |language=en-US}}</ref> The River Oaks Garden Club has conducted the Houston Azalea Trail every spring since 1935.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}


Valdosta, Georgia is called the Azalea City, as the plant grows in profusion there. The city hosts an annual Azalea Festival in March.
Valdosta, Georgia is called the Azalea City, as the plant grows in profusion there. The city hosts an annual Azalea Festival in March.

Latest revision as of 09:08, 15 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses".

Azaleas (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) are flowering shrubs in the genus Rhododendron, particularly the former sections Tsutsusi (evergreen) and Pentanthera (deciduous). Azaleas bloom in the spring (April and May in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, and October and November in the Southern Hemisphere),[1] their flowers often lasting several weeks. Shade tolerant, they prefer living near or under trees. They are part of the family Ericaceae.

Cultivation

Plant enthusiasts have selectively bred azaleas for hundreds of years. This human selection has produced thousands of different cultivars which are propagated by cuttings.[2] Azalea seeds can also be collected and germinated.

Azaleas are generally slow-growing and do best in well-drained acidic soil (4.5–6.0 pH).[3] Fertilizer needs are low. Some species need regular pruning.

Azaleas are native to several continents including Asia, Europe and North America.[4] They are planted abundantly as ornamentals in the southeastern US, southern Asia, and parts of southwest Europe.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

A flower of the 'George Taber' cultivar
cv. 'George Taber'

According to azalea historian Fred Galle, in the United States, Azalea indica (in this case, the group of plants called Southern indicas) was first introduced to the outdoor landscape in the 1830s at the rice plantation Magnolia-on-the-Ashley in Charleston, South Carolina. From Philadelphia, where they were grown only in greenhouses, John Grimke Drayton (Magnolia's owner) imported the plants for use in his estate garden. With encouragement from Charles Sprague Sargent from Harvard's Arnold Arboretum, Magnolia Plantation and Gardens was opened to the public in 1871,[5] following the American Civil War. Magnolia is one of the oldest public gardens in America.[6] Since the late 19th century, in late March and early April, thousands visit to see the azaleas bloom in their full glory.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Thirty-year-old flowering azalea bush, Maryland, US
Thirty-year-old bush, Maryland, United States

Classification

North American azaleas

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Disease

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Azalea leafy gall can be particularly destructive to azalea leaves during the early spring. Hand picking infected leaves is the recommended method of control.[7]

They can also be subject to Phytophthora root rot in moist, hot conditions.[8]

Azaleas share the economically important disease Phytophthora cinnamomi with more than 3000 other plants.[9]Template:Rp

Pests

Azaleas share the Azalea lace bug (Stephanitis pyrioides) with many other heath species.[10] Shrewsbury & Raupp 2000 find azaleas can be protected from them by companion planting with an overstory above them.[10]

Cultural significance and symbolism

File:2014-05-17 10 24 50 Pink-purple-flowered and red-flowered Azaleas in front of an old house on Spruce Street (Mercer County Route 613) in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG
Azaleas, New Jersey, US

In Chinese culture, the azalea is known as "thinking of home bush" (sixiang shu),[11] and is immortalized in the poetry of Du Fu.[12]

The azalea is also one of the symbols of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.[13]

Azaleas and rhododendrons were once so infamous for their toxicity that to receive a bouquet of their flowers in a black vase was a well-known death threat.[14]Template:Better source needed

Toxicity

In addition to being renowned for its beauty, the azalea is also highly toxic—it contains andromedotoxins in both its leaves and nectar, including honey from the nectar.[15] Bees are deliberately fed on azalea/rhododendron nectar in some parts of Turkey, producing a mind-altering, potentially medicinal, and occasionally lethal honey known as "mad honey".[16]

Azalea is dangerous to pets, as, if consumed, the toxins within the plant tissue can cause central nervous system depression, which in turn can lead to multi-organ failure. Symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, laryngeal edema and heart rhythm disturbances, which can lead to complete cardiac arrest and therefore death.[17][18]

Azalea festivals

File:AzaleaFestivalNezuJinja.jpg
Azalea Festival at Nezu Shrine

Japan

Motoyama, Kōchi has a flower festival in which the blooming of Tsutsuji is celebrated. Tatebayashi, Gunma is famous for its Azalea Hill Park, Tsutsuji-ga-oka. Nezu Shrine in Bunkyo, Tokyo, holds a Tsutsuji Matsuri from early April until early May. Higashi Village has hosted an azalea festival each year since 1976. The village's 50,000 azalea plants draw an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 visitors each year.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Korea

File:Azalea(2014).JPG
Azaleas in Korea

Sobaeksan, one of the 12 well-known Sobaek Mountains, lying on the border between Chungbuk Province and Gyeongbuk has a royal azalea (Rhododendron schlippenbachii) festival held on May every year. Sobaeksan has an azalea colony dotted around Biro mountaintop, Gukmang and Yonwha early in May. When royal azaleas have turned pink in the end of May, it looks like Sobaeksan wears a pink Jeogori (Korean traditional jacket).[19]

Hong Kong

The Ma On Shan Azalea Festival is held in Ma On Shan, where six native species (Rhododendron championae, Rhododendron farrerae, Rhododendron hongkongense, Rhododendron moulmainense, Rhododendron simiarum and Rhododendron simsii [20]) are found in the area. The festival has been held since 2004; it includes activities such as exhibitions, photo contests and carnivals.[21]

United States

Flowers
Azaleas

Many cities in the United States have festivals in the spring celebrating the blooms of the azalea, including Summerville, South Carolina; Hamilton, New Jersey; Mobile, Alabama; Jasper, Texas; Tyler, Texas; Norfolk, Virginia;[22] Wilmington, North Carolina (North Carolina Azalea Festival);[23] Valdosta, Georgia;[24] Palatka, Florida (Florida Azalea Festival);[25] Pickens, South Carolina;[26] Muskogee, Oklahoma; Brookings, Oregon; and Nixa, Missouri.

The Azalea Trail is a designated path, planted with azaleas in private gardens, through Mobile, Alabama.[27] The Azalea Trail Run is an annual road running event held there in late March. Mobile, Alabama is also home to the Azalea Trail Maids, fifty women chosen to serve as ambassadors of the city while wearing antebellum dresses, who originally participated in a three-day festival, but now operate throughout the year.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The Azalea Society of America designated Houston, Texas, an "azalea city".[28] The River Oaks Garden Club has conducted the Houston Azalea Trail every spring since 1935.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Valdosta, Georgia is called the Azalea City, as the plant grows in profusion there. The city hosts an annual Azalea Festival in March.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:US state flowers Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Municipal law of the city of São Paulo nr. 14472 of 2007.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Department of Culture & Tourism, Danyang-gun County Office
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Norfolk NATO Azalea Festival Website
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Valdosta, Georgia, Azalea Festival Website
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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