2001 Mars Odyssey: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Previous edit
VisualWikitext
imported>GreenC bot
imported>JakuBZ13
m end of mission date
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|NASA orbiter for geology and hydrology}}
{{Short description|NASA orbiter for geology and hydrology}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020|cs1-dates=ly}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026|cs1-dates=ly}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = ''2001 Mars Odyssey''
| name                  = ''2001 Mars Odyssey''
Line 26: Line 26:
| manufacturer          = [[Lockheed Martin]]
| manufacturer          = [[Lockheed Martin]]
| dry_mass              = {{convert|376.3|kg|lb}}
| dry_mass              = {{convert|376.3|kg|lb}}
| launch_mass          = 725 kg<ref name="nssdc_gsfc_nasa_gov">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-013A |title=2001 Mars Odyssey |publisher=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] |access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref>
| launch_mass          = 725 kg<ref name="nssdc_gsfc_nasa_gov">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-013A |title=2001 Mars Odyssey |publisher=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] |access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref>
| power                = 750&nbsp;W
| power                = 750&nbsp;W


Line 34: Line 34:
| launch_contractor    = [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing]]
| launch_contractor    = [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing]]


| last_contact          =  Q4 2025 (planned)
| last_contact          =  2026 (planned)
| decay_date            =
| decay_date            =


Line 62: Line 62:
| next_mission          = [[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]
| next_mission          = [[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]
}}
}}
'''''2001 Mars Odyssey''''' is a [[robotic spacecraft]] [[orbit]]ing the [[planet]] [[Mars]]. The project was developed by [[NASA]], and contracted out to [[Lockheed Martin]], with an expected cost for the entire mission of US$297&nbsp;million. Its mission is to use [[spectrometer]]s and a [[thermal imager]] to detect evidence of past or present [[Water on Mars|water]] and ice, as well as study the [[Geology of Mars|planet's geology]] and radiation environment.<ref name="NASA JPL">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/science/goals/ | title=Mars Odyssey Goals | work=NASA JPL | date=April 16, 2024 }}</ref> The data ''Odyssey'' obtains is intended to help answer the question of whether [[life on Mars (planet)|life]] once existed on Mars and create a risk-assessment of the radiation that future astronauts on Mars might experience. It also acts as a relay for communications between the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]], and previously the [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s and [[Phoenix lander|''Phoenix'' lander]], to [[Earth]]. The mission was named as a tribute to [[Arthur C. Clarke]], evoking the name of his and [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s 1968 film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref name="jpl_overview">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/overview/ | title=Mars Odyssey: Overview | publisher=JPL, CIT | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919002232/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/overview/ | archive-date=2011-09-19 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="odyssey_press_release">{{Cite press release | url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/00-09-14.html | title=It's "2001 Mars Odyssey" for NASA's next trip to the red planet | publisher=NASA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418045044/https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/00-09-14.html| archive-date=2021-04-18 | url-status=live }}</ref>


'''''2001 Mars Odyssey''''' is a [[robotic spacecraft]] [[orbit]]ing the [[planet]] [[Mars]]. The project was developed by [[NASA]], and contracted out to [[Lockheed Martin]], with an expected cost for the entire mission of US$297&nbsp;million. Its mission is to use [[spectrometer]]s and a [[thermal imager]] to detect evidence of past or present [[Water on Mars|water]] and ice, as well as study the [[Geology of Mars|planet's geology]] and radiation environment.<ref name="NASA JPL">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/science/goals/ | title=Mars Odyssey Goals | work=NASA JPL | date=April 16, 2024 }}</ref> The data ''Odyssey'' obtains is intended to help answer the question of whether [[life on Mars (planet)|life]] once existed on Mars and create a risk-assessment of the radiation that future astronauts on Mars might experience. It also acts as a relay for communications between the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]], and previously the [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s and [[Phoenix lander|''Phoenix'' lander]], to [[Earth]]. The mission was named as a tribute to [[Arthur C. Clarke]], evoking the name of his and [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s 1968 film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref name="jpl_overview">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/overview/ | title=Mars Odyssey: Overview | publisher=JPL, CIT | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919002232/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/overview/ | archive-date=September 19, 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="odyssey_press_release">{{Cite press release | url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/00-09-14.html | title=It's "2001 Mars Odyssey" for NASA's next trip to the red planet | publisher=NASA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418045044/https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/00-09-14.html| archive-date=April 18, 2021 | url-status=live }}</ref>
''Odyssey'' was launched April 7, 2001, on a [[Delta II]] rocket from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]], and reached Mars orbit on October 24, 2001, at 02:30 [[UTC]] (October 23, 19:30 [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]], 22:30 [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 Mars Odyssey Quick Facts |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/odyssey/ |website=2001 Mars Odyssey |date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref> It was estimated to have enough propellant to function until the end of 2025,<ref name="jpl-20230315">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/engineers-keep-an-eye-on-fuel-supply-of-nasas-oldest-mars-orbiter |title=Engineers Keep an Eye on Fuel Supply of NASA's Oldest Mars Orbiter |work=[[JPL]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-15}}</ref> and as of April 2026, it is still collecting data.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-odyssey |title= Mars Odyssey |via=[[JPL]] |access-date=2026-04-07 |quote=STATUS Current}}</ref>  It currently holds the record for the longest-surviving continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, ahead of the [[Pioneer Venus Orbiter]] (served 14 years<ref>{{cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-venus-1/in-depth/|title=Pioneer Venus 1: In Depth|newspaper=NASA Solar System Exploration |date=December 21, 2017 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>) and the ''[[Mars Express]]'' (serving over 20 years), at {{Age in years, months and days| year=2001| month=10| day=24}}. {{As of|2019|10}} it is in a [[polar orbit]] around Mars with a semi-major axis of about 3,800&nbsp;km or 2,400 miles.


''Odyssey'' was launched April 7, 2001, on a [[Delta II]] rocket from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]], and reached Mars orbit on October 24, 2001, at 02:30 [[UTC]] (October 23, 19:30 [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]], 22:30 [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 Mars Odyssey Quick Facts |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/odyssey/ |website=2001 Mars Odyssey |date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>  As of March 2025, it is still collecting data, and is estimated to have enough propellant to function until the end of 2025.<ref name="jpl-20230315">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/engineers-keep-an-eye-on-fuel-supply-of-nasas-oldest-mars-orbiter |title=Engineers Keep an Eye on Fuel Supply of NASA's Oldest Mars Orbiter |work=[[JPL]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref>  It currently holds the record for the longest-surviving continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, ahead of the [[Pioneer Venus Orbiter]] (served 14 years<ref>{{cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-venus-1/in-depth/|title=Pioneer Venus 1: In Depth|newspaper=NASA Solar System Exploration |date=December 21, 2017 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>) and the ''[[Mars Express]]'' (serving over 20 years), at {{Age in years, months and days| year=2001| month=10| day=24}}. {{As of|2019|10}} it is in a [[polar orbit]] around Mars with a semi-major axis of about 3,800&nbsp;km or 2,400 miles.
On May 28, 2002 (sol {{age in sols|2001|10|24|2002|05|28}}), NASA reported that ''Odyssey''{{'}}s GRS instrument had detected large amounts of [[hydrogen]], a sign that there must be ice lying within a meter of the planet's surface, and proceeded to map the distribution of water below the shallow surface.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/latestresults.jsp|title=January, 2008: Hydrogen Map|publisher=Lunar & Planetary Lab at The University of Arizona|access-date=2015-06-30 |archive-date=2008-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013115534/http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/latestresults.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The orbiter also discovered vast deposits of bulk water ice near the surface of equatorial regions.<ref name='Jack Wilson'>[https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00518 Equatorial locations of water on Mars: Improved resolution maps based on Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer data] (PDF). Jack T. Wilson, Vincent R. Eke, Richard J. Massey, Richard C. Elphic, William C. Feldman, Sylvestre Maurice, Luıs F. A. Teodoroe. ''Icarus'',  299, 148–160. January 2018.</ref>
 
On May 28, 2002 (sol {{age in sols|2001|10|24|2002|05|28}}), NASA reported that ''Odyssey''{{'}}s GRS instrument had detected large amounts of [[hydrogen]], a sign that there must be ice lying within a meter of the planet's surface, and proceeded to map the distribution of water below the shallow surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/latestresults.jsp|title=January, 2008: Hydrogen Map|publisher=Lunar & Planetary Lab at The University of Arizona|access-date=2015-06-30 |archive-date=2008-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013115534/http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/latestresults.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The orbiter also discovered vast deposits of bulk water ice near the surface of equatorial regions.<ref name='Jack Wilson'>[https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00518 Equatorial locations of water on Mars: Improved resolution maps based on Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer data] (PDF). Jack T. Wilson, Vincent R. Eke, Richard J. Massey, Richard C. Elphic, William C. Feldman, Sylvestre Maurice, Luıs F. A. Teodoroe. ''Icarus'',  299, 148–160. January 2018.</ref>
 
''Odyssey'' has also served as the primary means of communications for NASA's Mars surface explorers in the past decade, up to the [[Mars Science Laboratory|''Curiosity'' rover]].


== Naming ==
== Naming ==
In August 2000, NASA solicited candidate names for the mission. Out of 200 names submitted, the committee chose Astrobiological Reconnaissance and Elemental Surveyor, abbreviated ARES (a tribute to [[Ares]], the Greek god of war). Faced with criticism that this name was not very compelling, and too aggressive, the naming committee reconvened. The candidate name "2001 Mars Odyssey" had earlier been rejected because of copyright and trademark concerns. However, NASA e-mailed [[Arthur C. Clarke]] in Sri Lanka, who responded that he would be delighted to have the mission named after his books, and he had no objections. On September 20, NASA associate administrator [[Ed Weiler]] wrote to the associate administrator for public affairs recommending a name change from ARES to ''2001 Mars Odyssey''. Peggy Wilhide then approved the name change.<ref name="Hubbard2011">{{cite book|last=Hubbard|first=Scott|title=Exploring Mars: Chronicles from a Decade of Discovery|url=https://archive.org/details/exploringmarschr0000hubb|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]]|isbn=978-0-8165-2896-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/exploringmarschr0000hubb/page/149 149]–51}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2000/00-155.txt |date=September 28, 2000 |access-date=March 12, 2016 |publisher=NASA HQ/JPL |title=It's "2001 Mars Odyssey" for NASA's Next Trip to the Red Planet |archive-date=2016-06-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604093627/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2000/00-155.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In August 2000, NASA solicited candidate names for the mission. Out of 200 names submitted, the committee chose Astrobiological Reconnaissance and Elemental Surveyor, abbreviated ARES (a tribute to [[Ares]], the Greek god of war). Faced with criticism that this name was not very compelling, and too aggressive, the naming committee reconvened. The candidate name "2001 Mars Odyssey" had earlier been rejected because of copyright and trademark concerns. However, NASA e-mailed [[Arthur C. Clarke]] in Sri Lanka, who responded that he would be delighted to have the mission named after his books, and he had no objections. On September 20, NASA associate administrator [[Ed Weiler]] wrote to the associate administrator for public affairs recommending a name change from ARES to ''2001 Mars Odyssey''. Peggy Wilhide then approved the name change.<ref name="Hubbard2011">{{cite book|last=Hubbard|first=Scott|title=Exploring Mars: Chronicles from a Decade of Discovery|url=https://archive.org/details/exploringmarschr0000hubb|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]]|isbn=978-0-8165-2896-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/exploringmarschr0000hubb/page/149 149]–51}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2000/00-155.txt |date=September 28, 2000 |access-date=2016-03-12 |publisher=NASA HQ/JPL |title=It's "2001 Mars Odyssey" for NASA's Next Trip to the Red Planet |archive-date=2016-06-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604093627/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2000/00-155.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== Mission objectives ==
== Mission objectives ==
Line 80: Line 77:
* Develop a library of high-resolution images and spectroscopy for the mineral composition of the Martian surface  
* Develop a library of high-resolution images and spectroscopy for the mineral composition of the Martian surface  
* Provide information on the morphology of the Martian surface  
* Provide information on the morphology of the Martian surface  
* Identify the "radiation-induced risk to human explorers" through a characterization of the "near-space radiation environment" on the Martian surface<ref name="objective">{{cite web |title=Objectives |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/science/objectives/ |website=mars.nasa.gov |date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Identify the "radiation-induced risk to human explorers" through a characterization of the "near-space radiation environment" on the Martian surface<ref name="objective">{{cite web |title=Objectives |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/science/objectives/ |website=mars.nasa.gov |date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=2021-01-27 |language=en}}</ref>


== Scientific instruments ==
== Scientific instruments ==
Line 87: Line 84:


* '''[[Thermal Emission Imaging System]]''' (THEMIS).<ref name="themis">{{cite journal | title=The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the Mars 2001 Odyssey Mission | first1=P. R. | last1=Christensen | first2=B. M. | last2=Jakosky | first3=H. H. | last3=Kieffer | first4=M. C. | last4=Malin | first5=H. Y. | last5=McSween Jr. | first6=K. | last6=Nealson | first7=G. L. | last7=Mehall | first8=S. H. | last8=Silverman | first9=S. | last9=Ferry | first10=M. | last10=Caplinger | first11=M. | last11=Ravine | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=110 | issue=1–2 | doi=10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021008.16305.94 | date=2004 | pages=85 | bibcode=2004SSRv..110...85C | s2cid=3629716 }}</ref> It is an onboard camera that provides visible and infrared imaging to characterize how minerals are distributed on the surface of Mars.<ref name="objective" />
* '''[[Thermal Emission Imaging System]]''' (THEMIS).<ref name="themis">{{cite journal | title=The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the Mars 2001 Odyssey Mission | first1=P. R. | last1=Christensen | first2=B. M. | last2=Jakosky | first3=H. H. | last3=Kieffer | first4=M. C. | last4=Malin | first5=H. Y. | last5=McSween Jr. | first6=K. | last6=Nealson | first7=G. L. | last7=Mehall | first8=S. H. | last8=Silverman | first9=S. | last9=Ferry | first10=M. | last10=Caplinger | first11=M. | last11=Ravine | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=110 | issue=1–2 | doi=10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021008.16305.94 | date=2004 | pages=85 | bibcode=2004SSRv..110...85C | s2cid=3629716 }}</ref> It is an onboard camera that provides visible and infrared imaging to characterize how minerals are distributed on the surface of Mars.<ref name="objective" />
* '''[[Gamma Ray Spectrometer (2001 Mars Odyssey)|Gamma Ray Spectrometer]]''' (GRS),<ref name="mogrsis">{{cite journal | title=The Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite | first1=W.V. | last1=Boynton | first2=W.C. | last2=Feldman | first3=I.G. | last3=Mitrofanov | first4=L.G. | last4=Evans | first5=R.C. | last5=Reedy | first6=S.W. | last6=Squyres | first7=R. | last7=Starr | first8=J.I. | last8=Trombka | first9=C. | last9=d'Uston | first10=J.R. | last10=Arnold | first11=P.A.J. | last11=Englert | first12=A.E. | last12=Metzger | first13=H. | last13=Wänke | first14=J. | last14=Brückner | first15=D.M. | last15=Drake | first16=C. | last16=Shinohara | first17=C. | last17=Fellows | first18=D.K. | last18=Hamara | first19=K. | last19=Harshman | first20=K. | last20=Kerry | first21=C. | last21=Turner | first22=M. | last22=Ward | first23=H. | last23=Barthe | first24=K.R. | last24=Fuller | first25=S.A. | last25=Storms | first26=G.W. | last26=Thornton | first27=J.L. | last27=Longmire | first28=M.L. | last28=Litvak | first29=A.K. | last29=Ton'chev | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=110 | issue=1–2 | doi=10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021007.76126.15 | year=2004 | pages=37 | bibcode = 2004SSRv..110...37B | s2cid=121206223 }}</ref> including the '''High Energy Neutron Detector''' (HEND), provided by Russia. '''GRS''' is a collaboration between [[University of Arizona]]'s [[Lunar and Planetary Laboratory|Lunar and Planetary Lab.]], the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], and Russia's [[Space Research Institute]].<ref name="Profile Boynton">{{cite web |title=Profile: Dr. William Boynton |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/team/profileBoynton/ |website=2001 Mars Odyssey |date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510205632/https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/team/profileBoynton/ |archive-date=10 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a spectrometer focussed on the gamma-ray portion of the spectrum in order to search for various elements in the Martian atmosphere, including carbon, silicon, iron and magnesium.<ref name="objective" />
* '''[[Gamma Ray Spectrometer (2001 Mars Odyssey)|Gamma Ray Spectrometer]]''' (GRS),<ref name="mogrsis">{{cite journal | title=The Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite | first1=W.V. | last1=Boynton | first2=W.C. | last2=Feldman | first3=I.G. | last3=Mitrofanov | first4=L.G. | last4=Evans | first5=R.C. | last5=Reedy | first6=S.W. | last6=Squyres | first7=R. | last7=Starr | first8=J.I. | last8=Trombka | first9=C. | last9=d'Uston | first10=J.R. | last10=Arnold | first11=P.A.J. | last11=Englert | first12=A.E. | last12=Metzger | first13=H. | last13=Wänke | first14=J. | last14=Brückner | first15=D.M. | last15=Drake | first16=C. | last16=Shinohara | first17=C. | last17=Fellows | first18=D.K. | last18=Hamara | first19=K. | last19=Harshman | first20=K. | last20=Kerry | first21=C. | last21=Turner | first22=M. | last22=Ward | first23=H. | last23=Barthe | first24=K.R. | last24=Fuller | first25=S.A. | last25=Storms | first26=G.W. | last26=Thornton | first27=J.L. | last27=Longmire | first28=M.L. | last28=Litvak | first29=A.K. | last29=Ton'chev | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=110 | issue=1–2 | doi=10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021007.76126.15 | year=2004 | pages=37 | bibcode = 2004SSRv..110...37B | s2cid=121206223 }}</ref> including the '''High Energy Neutron Detector''' (HEND), provided by Russia. '''GRS''' is a collaboration between [[University of Arizona]]'s [[Lunar and Planetary Laboratory|Lunar and Planetary Lab.]], the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], and Russia's [[Space Research Institute]].<ref name="Profile Boynton">{{cite web |title=Profile: Dr. William Boynton |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/team/profileBoynton/ |website=2001 Mars Odyssey |date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510205632/https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/team/profileBoynton/ |archive-date=2021-05-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a spectrometer focussed on the gamma-ray portion of the spectrum in order to search for various elements in the Martian atmosphere, including carbon, silicon, iron and magnesium.<ref name="objective" />
* '''[[Mars Radiation Environment Experiment]]''' (MARIE). An "energetic particle spectrometer", measuring the radiation levels around Mars.<ref name="objective" />
* '''[[Mars Radiation Environment Experiment]]''' (MARIE). An "energetic particle spectrometer", measuring the radiation levels around Mars.<ref name="objective" />


== Mission ==
== Mission ==
{{outdated section|date=April 2026}}
[[Image:Odyssey summary br.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Summary of ''Mars Odyssey'' mission start]]
[[Image:Odyssey summary br.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Summary of ''Mars Odyssey'' mission start]]
[[File:2001 Mars Odyssey being encapsulated in Delta II rocket fairing (KSC-01PP-0699).jpg|thumb|The spacecraft encapsulated in Delta II rocket fairing]]
[[File:2001 Mars Odyssey being encapsulated in Delta II rocket fairing (KSC-01PP-0699).jpg|thumb|The spacecraft encapsulated in Delta II rocket fairing]]


''Mars Odyssey'' launched from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] on April 7, 2001, and arrived at Mars about 200 days later on October 24. Upon arrival, the spacecraft's main engine fired<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NASA Facts: 2001 Mars Odyssey|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/files/odyssey/Odyssey0302.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[NASA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905091733/http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/files/odyssey/Odyssey0302.pdf |archive-date=September 5, 2015 }}</ref> in order to decelerate, which allowed it to be captured into orbit around Mars. ''Odyssey'' then spent about 76 days [[aerobraking]], using [[aerodynamic drag]] from the upper reaches of the Martian atmosphere to gradually slow down and reduce and circularize its orbit.<ref name=":0" /> By planning to use the atmosphere of Mars to slow the spacecraft in its orbit rather than firing its engine or thrusters, ''Odyssey'' did not need an additional 200 kilograms (440 lb) of propellant on board. This reduction in spacecraft weight allowed the mission to be launched on a Delta II 7925 launch vehicle, rather than a larger, more expensive launcher.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/02jan11.html| title=Mars Odyssey Mission Status |date=11 January 2002| publisher=[[NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref>
''Mars Odyssey'' launched from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] on April 7, 2001, and arrived at Mars about 200 days later on October 24. Upon arrival, the spacecraft's main engine fired<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NASA Facts: 2001 Mars Odyssey|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/files/odyssey/Odyssey0302.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[NASA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905091733/http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/files/odyssey/Odyssey0302.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-05 }}</ref> in order to decelerate, which allowed it to be captured into orbit around Mars. ''Odyssey'' then spent about 76 days [[aerobraking]], using [[aerodynamic drag]] from the upper reaches of the Martian atmosphere to gradually slow down and reduce and circularize its orbit.<ref name=":0" /> By planning to use the atmosphere of Mars to slow the spacecraft in its orbit rather than firing its engine or thrusters, ''Odyssey'' did not need an additional 200 kilograms (440 lb) of propellant on board. This reduction in spacecraft weight allowed the mission to be launched on a Delta II 7925 launch vehicle, rather than a larger, more expensive launcher.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/02jan11.html| title=Mars Odyssey Mission Status |date=January 11, 2002| publisher=[[NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref>


Aerobraking ended in January 2002, and Odyssey began its science mapping mission on February 19, 2002. ''Odyssey''{{'}}s original, nominal mission lasted until August 2004, but repeated mission extensions have kept the mission active.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/timeline/|title=Mission Timeline – Mars Odyssey|date=April 16, 2024 | publisher=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}</ref>
Aerobraking ended in January 2002, and Odyssey began its science mapping mission on February 19, 2002. ''Odyssey''{{'}}s original, nominal mission lasted until August 2004, but repeated mission extensions have kept the mission active.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/timeline/|title=Mission Timeline – Mars Odyssey|date=April 16, 2024 | publisher=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}</ref>


The payload's MARIE radiation experiment stopped taking measurements after a large solar event bombarded the ''Odyssey'' spacecraft on October 28, 2003. Engineers believe the most likely cause is that a computer chip was damaged by a solar particle smashing into the MARIE computer board.<ref name="marie">{{cite web |title=MARIE |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/instruments/marie/ |website=2001 Mars Odyssey |date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510210531/https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/instruments/marie/ |archive-date=10 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The payload's MARIE radiation experiment stopped taking measurements after a large solar event bombarded the ''Odyssey'' spacecraft on October 28, 2003. Engineers believe the most likely cause is that a computer chip was damaged by a solar particle smashing into the MARIE computer board.<ref name="marie">{{cite web |title=MARIE |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/instruments/marie/ |website=2001 Mars Odyssey |date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510210531/https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/instruments/marie/ |archive-date=2021-05-10 |url-status=live}}</ref>


About 85% of images and other data from NASA's twin [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s, ''[[Spirit rover|Spirit]]'' and ''[[Opportunity rover|Opportunity]]'', have reached Earth via communications relay by ''Odyssey''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/timeline/communicationsrelay/|title=Communications Relay – Mars Odyssey|last=NASA|first=JPL|website=mars.nasa.gov|access-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref> The orbiter helped analyze potential landing sites for the rovers and performed the same task for NASA's [[Phoenix mission]], which landed on Mars in May 2008. ''Odyssey'' aided NASA's ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'', which reached Mars in March 2006, by monitoring atmospheric conditions during months when the newly arrived orbiter used aerobraking to alter its orbit into the desired shape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars Odyssey Begins Overtime After Successful Mission |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/mars-odyssey-begins-overtime-after-successful-mission |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) |language=en-US}}</ref>
About 85% of images and other data from NASA's twin [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s, ''[[Spirit rover|Spirit]]'' and ''[[Opportunity rover|Opportunity]]'', have reached Earth via communications relay by ''Odyssey''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/timeline/communicationsrelay/|title=Communications Relay – Mars Odyssey|last=NASA|first=JPL|website=mars.nasa.gov|access-date=2018-10-31}}</ref> The orbiter helped analyze potential landing sites for the rovers and performed the same task for NASA's [[Phoenix mission]], which landed on Mars in May 2008. ''Odyssey'' aided NASA's ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'', which reached Mars in March 2006, by monitoring atmospheric conditions during months when the newly arrived orbiter used aerobraking to alter its orbit into the desired shape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars Odyssey Begins Overtime After Successful Mission |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/mars-odyssey-begins-overtime-after-successful-mission |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) |language=en-US}}</ref>


''Odyssey'' is in a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]],<ref name="NASA Science 2001 e840">{{cite web | title=Mars Odyssey | website=NASA Science | date=October 24, 2001 | url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/ | access-date=March 20, 2024}}</ref> which provides consistent lighting for its photographs. On September 30, 2008 (sol {{age in sols|2001|10|24|2008|09|30}}) the spacecraft altered its orbit to gain better sensitivity for its infrared mapping of Martian minerals. The new orbit eliminated the use of the gamma ray detector, due to the potential for overheating the instrument at the new orbit.<ref name="odyssey alters orbit">{{cite web |last1=Martinez |first1=Carolina |last2=Webster |first2=Guy |title=NASA's Mars Odyssey Alters Orbit to Study Warmer Ground |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-mars-odyssey-alters-orbit-to-study-warmer-ground |website=JPL News |publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510211844/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-mars-odyssey-alters-orbit-to-study-warmer-ground |archive-date=10 May 2021 |location=[[Pasadena, California]] |date=22 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
''Odyssey'' is in a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]],<ref name="NASA Science 2001 e840">{{cite web | title=Mars Odyssey | website=NASA Science | date=October 24, 2001 | url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/ | access-date=2024-03-20}}</ref> which provides consistent lighting for its photographs. On September 30, 2008 (sol {{age in sols|2001|10|24|2008|09|30}}) the spacecraft altered its orbit to gain better sensitivity for its infrared mapping of Martian minerals. The new orbit eliminated the use of the gamma ray detector, due to the potential for overheating the instrument at the new orbit.<ref name="odyssey alters orbit">{{cite web |last1=Martinez |first1=Carolina |last2=Webster |first2=Guy |title=NASA's Mars Odyssey Alters Orbit to Study Warmer Ground |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-mars-odyssey-alters-orbit-to-study-warmer-ground |website=JPL News |publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]] |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510211844/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-mars-odyssey-alters-orbit-to-study-warmer-ground |archive-date=2021-05-10 |location=[[Pasadena, California]] |date=June 22, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>


By December 15, 2010, it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3,340 days of operation.<ref name="jpl-1091">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1091 | title=NASA's Odyssey Spacecraft Sets Exploration Record on Mars | work=Press Releases | date=December 15, 2010 | publisher=JPL, NASA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425065346/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1091 | archive-date=April 25, 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=July 23, 2018 |title=Mars Odyssey: Record-Breaking Mission to Mars |url=https://www.space.com/18270-mars-odyssey.html |access-date=March 13, 2024 |website=space.com}}</ref>  
By December 15, 2010, it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3,340 days of operation.<ref name="jpl-1091">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1091 | title=NASA's Odyssey Spacecraft Sets Exploration Record on Mars | work=Press Releases | date=December 15, 2010 | publisher=JPL, NASA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425065346/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1091 | archive-date=2011-04-25 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=July 23, 2018 |title=Mars Odyssey: Record-Breaking Mission to Mars |url=https://www.space.com/18270-mars-odyssey.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=space.com}}</ref>  


The orbiter's orientation is controlled by a set of three [[reaction wheels]] and a spare. When one failed in June 2012, the fourth was spun up and successfully brought into service. Since July 2012, ''Odyssey'' has been back in full, nominal operation mode following three weeks of 'safe' mode on remote maintenance.<ref name="jpl_1242">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1242 | title=Longest-Lived Mars Orbiter Is Back in Service | date=June 27, 2012 | work=Status Reports | publisher=JPL | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703221048/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1242 | archive-date=July 3, 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/spacecraft/parts/guidancenavcontrol/|title=Guidance, Navigation, and Control – Mars Odyssey|last=NASA|first=JPL|website=mars.nasa.gov|date=December 4, 2017 |access-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref>
The orbiter's orientation is controlled by a set of three [[reaction wheels]] and a spare. When one failed in June 2012, the fourth was spun up and successfully brought into service. Since July 2012, ''Odyssey'' has been back in full, nominal operation mode following three weeks of 'safe' mode on remote maintenance.<ref name="jpl_1242">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1242 | title=Longest-Lived Mars Orbiter Is Back in Service | date=June 27, 2012 | work=Status Reports | publisher=JPL | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703221048/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1242 | archive-date=2012-07-03 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/spacecraft/parts/guidancenavcontrol/|title=Guidance, Navigation, and Control – Mars Odyssey|last=NASA|first=JPL|website=mars.nasa.gov|date=December 4, 2017 |access-date=2018-10-31}}</ref>


''Mars Odyssey''{{'}}s THEMIS instrument was used to help select a landing site for the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] (MSL).<ref name="themis_sites">{{cite web | url=http://themis.asu.edu/landingsites | title=THEMIS Support for MSL Landing Site Selection | work=THEMIS | date=July 28, 2006 | publisher=Arizona State University | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814062323/http://themis.asu.edu/landingsites/ | archive-date=August 14, 2006 | url-status=live }}</ref> Several days before MSL's landing in August 2012, ''Odyssey''{{'}}s orbit was altered to ensure that it would be able to capture signals from the rover during its first few minutes on the Martian surface.<ref name="latimes">{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-aug-07-la-sci-mars-seven-minutes-20120807-story.html | title=Curiosity's perilous landing? 'Cleaner than any of our tests' | work=Los Angeles Times | date=August 7, 2012 | first=Scott | last=Gold | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809094601/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/07/science/la-sci-mars-seven-minutes-20120807 | archive-date=August 9, 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref>   ''Odyssey'' also acted as a relay for UHF radio signals from the (MSL) rover ''[[Curiosity rover|Curiosity]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mars Science Laboratory Landing |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/internal_resources/785/ |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=22 January 2021 |date=July 2012}}</ref> Because ''Odyssey'' is in a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]],<ref name="NASA Science 2001 e840" /> it passes over ''Curiosity''{{'}}s location twice per day, enabling regular contact with Earth.<ref name="Howell 2012 a497">{{cite web | last=Howell | first=Elizabeth | title=How NASA's New Mars Rover Will Phone Home | website=Space.com | date=August 3, 2012 | url=https://www.space.com/16893-mars-rover-curiosity-brain.html | access-date=March 20, 2024}}</ref>
''Mars Odyssey''{{'}}s THEMIS instrument was used to help select a landing site for the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] (MSL).<ref name="themis_sites">{{cite web | url=http://themis.asu.edu/landingsites | title=THEMIS Support for MSL Landing Site Selection | work=THEMIS | date=July 28, 2006 | publisher=Arizona State University | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814062323/http://themis.asu.edu/landingsites/ | archive-date=2006-08-14 | url-status=live }}</ref> Several days before MSL's landing in August 2012, ''Odyssey''{{'}}s orbit was altered to ensure that it would be able to capture signals from the rover during its first few minutes on the Martian surface.<ref name="latimes">{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-aug-07-la-sci-mars-seven-minutes-20120807-story.html | title=Curiosity's perilous landing? 'Cleaner than any of our tests' | work=Los Angeles Times | date=August 7, 2012 | first=Scott | last=Gold | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809094601/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/07/science/la-sci-mars-seven-minutes-20120807 | archive-date=2012-08-09 | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Odyssey'' also acted as a relay for UHF radio signals from the (MSL) rover ''[[Curiosity rover|Curiosity]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mars Science Laboratory Landing |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/internal_resources/785/ |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=2021-01-22 |date=July 2012}}</ref> Because ''Odyssey'' is in a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]],<ref name="NASA Science 2001 e840" /> it passes over ''Curiosity''{{'}}s location twice per day, enabling regular contact with Earth.<ref name="Howell 2012 a497">{{cite web | last=Howell | first=Elizabeth | title=How NASA's New Mars Rover Will Phone Home | website=Space.com | date=August 3, 2012 | url=https://www.space.com/16893-mars-rover-curiosity-brain.html | access-date=2024-03-20}}</ref>


On February 11, 2014, mission control accelerated ''Odyssey''{{'}}s drift toward a morning-daylight orbit to "enable observation of changing ground temperatures after sunrise and after sunset in thousands of places on Mars". The orbital change occurred gradually until November 2015.<ref name="drift">{{cite news | last=Staff | title=NASA Moves Longest-Serving Mars Spacecraft for New Observations | date=February 12, 2014 | publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory | url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-047&2 | work=Press Releases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226161657/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-047&2 | archive-date=February 26, 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Those observations could yield insight about the composition of the ground and about temperature-driven processes, such as [[Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes|warm seasonal flows]] observed on some slopes, and [[Martian geyser|geysers]] fed by spring thawing of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) ice near Mars's poles.<ref name="drift" />
On February 11, 2014, mission control accelerated ''Odyssey''{{'}}s drift toward a morning-daylight orbit to "enable observation of changing ground temperatures after sunrise and after sunset in thousands of places on Mars". The orbital change occurred gradually until November 2015.<ref name="drift">{{cite news | last=Staff | title=NASA Moves Longest-Serving Mars Spacecraft for New Observations | date=February 12, 2014 | publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory | url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-047&2 | work=Press Releases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226161657/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-047&2 | archive-date=2014-02-26 | url-status=live }}</ref> Those observations could yield insight about the composition of the ground and about temperature-driven processes, such as [[Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes|warm seasonal flows]] observed on some slopes, and [[Martian geyser|geysers]] fed by spring thawing of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) ice near Mars's poles.<ref name="drift" />


On October 19, 2014, NASA reported that the ''Mars Odyssey'' Orbiter,<ref name="NASA-20141019-ODY">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA's Mars Odyssey Orbiter Watches Comet Fly Near |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4346 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref> as well as the ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]''<ref name="NASA-20141019-MRO">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Studies Comet Flyby |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4344 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref> and ''[[MAVEN]]'',<ref name="NASA-20141019-MAV">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Nancy |last2=Steigerwald |first2=Bill |last3=Webster |first3=Guy |last4=Brown |first4=Dwayne |title=NASA's MAVEN Studies Passing Comet and Its Effects |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4345 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref> were healthy after the [[C/2013 A1|Comet Siding Spring]] flyby.<ref name="NASA-20141019">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Jones |first3=Nancy |last4=Steigerwald |first4=Bill |title=All Three NASA Mars Orbiters Healthy After Comet Flyby |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4347 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141019">{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |title=A Comet's Brush With Mars |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/science/a-comets-brush-with-mars.html |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref>
On October 19, 2014, NASA reported that the ''Mars Odyssey'' Orbiter,<ref name="NASA-20141019-ODY">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA's Mars Odyssey Orbiter Watches Comet Fly Near |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4346 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> as well as the ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]''<ref name="NASA-20141019-MRO">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Studies Comet Flyby |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4344 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> and ''[[MAVEN]]'',<ref name="NASA-20141019-MAV">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Nancy |last2=Steigerwald |first2=Bill |last3=Webster |first3=Guy |last4=Brown |first4=Dwayne |title=NASA's MAVEN Studies Passing Comet and Its Effects |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4345 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref> were healthy after the [[C/2013 A1|Comet Siding Spring]] flyby.<ref name="NASA-20141019">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Jones |first3=Nancy |last4=Steigerwald |first4=Bill |title=All Three NASA Mars Orbiters Healthy After Comet Flyby |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4347 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141019">{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |title=A Comet's Brush With Mars |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/science/a-comets-brush-with-mars.html |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref>


In 2010, a spokesman for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory stated that ''Odyssey'' could continue operating until at least 2016.<ref name="ut-81675">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/81675/the-longest-martian-odyssey-ever | title=The Longest Martian Odyssey Ever | work=Universe Today | date=December 13, 2010 | first=Ken | last=Kremer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220000650/http://www.universetoday.com/81675/the-longest-martian-odyssey-ever/ | archive-date=December 20, 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref> This estimate has since been extended to the end of 2025.<ref name="jpl-20230315" />
In 2010, a spokesman for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory stated that ''Odyssey'' could continue operating until at least 2016.<ref name="ut-81675">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/81675/the-longest-martian-odyssey-ever | title=The Longest Martian Odyssey Ever | work=Universe Today | date=December 13, 2010 | first=Ken | last=Kremer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220000650/http://www.universetoday.com/81675/the-longest-martian-odyssey-ever/ | archive-date=2010-12-20 | url-status=live }}</ref> This estimate has since been extended to the end of 2025.<ref name="jpl-20230315" />


<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
Line 126: Line 124:
{{further|Water on Mars}}
{{further|Water on Mars}}


By 2008, ''Mars Odyssey'' had mapped the basic distribution of water below the shallow surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/latestresults.jsp|title=January, 2008: Hydrogen Map|publisher=Lunar & Planetary Lab at The University of Arizona|access-date=2015-06-30 |archive-date=2008-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013115534/http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/latestresults.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ground truth for its measurements came on July 31, 2008, when NASA announced that the [[Phoenix lander]] confirmed the presence of water on Mars,<ref name="nasa-20080620">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080620.html | title=Confirmation of Water on Mars | work=Phoenix Mars Lander | date=June 20, 2008 | publisher=NASA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701104400/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080620.html | archive-date=July 1, 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> as predicted in 2002 based on data from the ''Odyssey'' orbiter. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for microscopic life, and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NASA's Phoenix touches, tastes Martian water |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nasas-phoenix-touches-tastes-martian-water/articleshow/3313142.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-24}}</ref>
By 2008, ''Mars Odyssey'' had mapped the basic distribution of water below the shallow surface.<ref name=":1" /> The ground truth for its measurements came on July 31, 2008, when NASA announced that the [[Phoenix lander]] confirmed the presence of water on Mars,<ref name="nasa-20080620">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080620.html | title=Confirmation of Water on Mars | work=Phoenix Mars Lander | date=June 20, 2008 | publisher=NASA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701104400/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080620.html | archive-date=2008-07-01 | url-status=live }}</ref> as predicted in 2002 based on data from the ''Odyssey'' orbiter. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for microscopic life, and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NASA's Phoenix touches, tastes Martian water |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nasas-phoenix-touches-tastes-martian-water/articleshow/3313142.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-24}}</ref>


The orbiter also discovered vast deposits of bulk water ice near the surface of equatorial regions.<ref name='Jack Wilson'/> Evidence for equatorial hydration is both morphological and compositional and is seen at both the [[Medusae Fossae]] formation and the [[Tharsis Montes]].<ref name='Jack Wilson'/>
The orbiter also discovered vast deposits of bulk water ice near the surface of equatorial regions.<ref name='Jack Wilson'/> Evidence for equatorial hydration is both morphological and compositional and is seen at both the [[Medusae Fossae]] formation and the [[Tharsis Montes]].<ref name='Jack Wilson'/>


[[File:PIA26203-Mars-HorizonViews-OdysseyTHEMIS-20230509.webm|thumb|center|600px|<div align="center">Mars—horizon views (video; 1:24; Odyssey orbiter; [[Thermal Emission Imaging System|THEMIS camera]]; 9 May 2023)</div>]]
[[File:PIA26203-Mars-HorizonViews-OdysseyTHEMIS-20230509.webm|thumb|center|600px|<div align="center">Mars—horizon views (video; 1:24; Odyssey orbiter; [[Thermal Emission Imaging System|THEMIS camera]]; May 9, 2023)</div>]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 146: Line 144:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 166: Line 164:
[[Category:Geography of Mars]]
[[Category:Geography of Mars]]
[[Category:Mars Exploration Program]]
[[Category:Mars Exploration Program]]
[[Category:Missions to Mars|Odyssey]]
[[Category:NASA space probes|Mars Odyssey]]
[[Category:Satellites orbiting Mars|Odyssey]]
[[Category:Satellites orbiting Mars|Odyssey]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2001|Mars Odyssey]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2001|Mars Odyssey]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets|Mars Odyssey]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets|Mars Odyssey]]
[[Category:Jet Propulsion Laboratory space probes]]
[[Category:NASA missions to Mars]]

Latest revision as of 21:14, 8 June 2026

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Italic title". Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Infobox spaceflight 2001 Mars Odyssey is a robotic spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars. The project was developed by NASA, and contracted out to Lockheed Martin, with an expected cost for the entire mission of US$297 million. Its mission is to use spectrometers and a thermal imager to detect evidence of past or present water and ice, as well as study the planet's geology and radiation environment.[1] The data Odyssey obtains is intended to help answer the question of whether life once existed on Mars and create a risk-assessment of the radiation that future astronauts on Mars might experience. It also acts as a relay for communications between the Curiosity rover, and previously the Mars Exploration Rovers and Phoenix lander, to Earth. The mission was named as a tribute to Arthur C. Clarke, evoking the name of his and Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey.[2][3]

Odyssey was launched April 7, 2001, on a Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and reached Mars orbit on October 24, 2001, at 02:30 UTC (October 23, 19:30 PDT, 22:30 EDT).[4] It was estimated to have enough propellant to function until the end of 2025,[5] and as of April 2026, it is still collecting data.[6] It currently holds the record for the longest-surviving continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, ahead of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (served 14 years[7]) and the Mars Express (serving over 20 years), at Script error: No such module "age".. As of October 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". it is in a polar orbit around Mars with a semi-major axis of about 3,800 km or 2,400 miles.

On May 28, 2002 (sol Template:Age in sols), NASA reported that OdysseyTemplate:'s GRS instrument had detected large amounts of hydrogen, a sign that there must be ice lying within a meter of the planet's surface, and proceeded to map the distribution of water below the shallow surface.[8] The orbiter also discovered vast deposits of bulk water ice near the surface of equatorial regions.[9]

Naming

In August 2000, NASA solicited candidate names for the mission. Out of 200 names submitted, the committee chose Astrobiological Reconnaissance and Elemental Surveyor, abbreviated ARES (a tribute to Ares, the Greek god of war). Faced with criticism that this name was not very compelling, and too aggressive, the naming committee reconvened. The candidate name "2001 Mars Odyssey" had earlier been rejected because of copyright and trademark concerns. However, NASA e-mailed Arthur C. Clarke in Sri Lanka, who responded that he would be delighted to have the mission named after his books, and he had no objections. On September 20, NASA associate administrator Ed Weiler wrote to the associate administrator for public affairs recommending a name change from ARES to 2001 Mars Odyssey. Peggy Wilhide then approved the name change.[10][11]

Mission objectives

  • Mapping the levels of elements across the entire Martian surface
  • Determine how much hydrogen exists within the "shallow subsurface"
  • Develop a library of high-resolution images and spectroscopy for the mineral composition of the Martian surface
  • Provide information on the morphology of the Martian surface
  • Identify the "radiation-induced risk to human explorers" through a characterization of the "near-space radiation environment" on the Martian surface[12]

Scientific instruments

The three primary instruments Odyssey uses are the:

Mission

Template:Outdated section

File:Odyssey summary br.jpg
Summary of Mars Odyssey mission start
File:2001 Mars Odyssey being encapsulated in Delta II rocket fairing (KSC-01PP-0699).jpg
The spacecraft encapsulated in Delta II rocket fairing

Mars Odyssey launched from Cape Canaveral on April 7, 2001, and arrived at Mars about 200 days later on October 24. Upon arrival, the spacecraft's main engine fired[16] in order to decelerate, which allowed it to be captured into orbit around Mars. Odyssey then spent about 76 days aerobraking, using aerodynamic drag from the upper reaches of the Martian atmosphere to gradually slow down and reduce and circularize its orbit.[16] By planning to use the atmosphere of Mars to slow the spacecraft in its orbit rather than firing its engine or thrusters, Odyssey did not need an additional 200 kilograms (440 lb) of propellant on board. This reduction in spacecraft weight allowed the mission to be launched on a Delta II 7925 launch vehicle, rather than a larger, more expensive launcher.[17]

Aerobraking ended in January 2002, and Odyssey began its science mapping mission on February 19, 2002. OdysseyTemplate:'s original, nominal mission lasted until August 2004, but repeated mission extensions have kept the mission active.[18]

The payload's MARIE radiation experiment stopped taking measurements after a large solar event bombarded the Odyssey spacecraft on October 28, 2003. Engineers believe the most likely cause is that a computer chip was damaged by a solar particle smashing into the MARIE computer board.[19]

About 85% of images and other data from NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, have reached Earth via communications relay by Odyssey.[20] The orbiter helped analyze potential landing sites for the rovers and performed the same task for NASA's Phoenix mission, which landed on Mars in May 2008. Odyssey aided NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which reached Mars in March 2006, by monitoring atmospheric conditions during months when the newly arrived orbiter used aerobraking to alter its orbit into the desired shape.[21]

Odyssey is in a Sun-synchronous orbit,[22] which provides consistent lighting for its photographs. On September 30, 2008 (sol Template:Age in sols) the spacecraft altered its orbit to gain better sensitivity for its infrared mapping of Martian minerals. The new orbit eliminated the use of the gamma ray detector, due to the potential for overheating the instrument at the new orbit.[23]

By December 15, 2010, it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3,340 days of operation.[24][25]

The orbiter's orientation is controlled by a set of three reaction wheels and a spare. When one failed in June 2012, the fourth was spun up and successfully brought into service. Since July 2012, Odyssey has been back in full, nominal operation mode following three weeks of 'safe' mode on remote maintenance.[26][27]

Mars OdysseyTemplate:'s THEMIS instrument was used to help select a landing site for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL).[28] Several days before MSL's landing in August 2012, OdysseyTemplate:'s orbit was altered to ensure that it would be able to capture signals from the rover during its first few minutes on the Martian surface.[29] Odyssey also acted as a relay for UHF radio signals from the (MSL) rover Curiosity.[30] Because Odyssey is in a Sun-synchronous orbit,[22] it passes over CuriosityTemplate:'s location twice per day, enabling regular contact with Earth.[31]

On February 11, 2014, mission control accelerated OdysseyTemplate:'s drift toward a morning-daylight orbit to "enable observation of changing ground temperatures after sunrise and after sunset in thousands of places on Mars". The orbital change occurred gradually until November 2015.[32] Those observations could yield insight about the composition of the ground and about temperature-driven processes, such as warm seasonal flows observed on some slopes, and geysers fed by spring thawing of carbon dioxide (CO2) ice near Mars's poles.[32]

On October 19, 2014, NASA reported that the Mars Odyssey Orbiter,[33] as well as the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter[34] and MAVEN,[35] were healthy after the Comet Siding Spring flyby.[36][37]

In 2010, a spokesman for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory stated that Odyssey could continue operating until at least 2016.[38] This estimate has since been extended to the end of 2025.[5]

Major discoveries

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote".

By 2008, Mars Odyssey had mapped the basic distribution of water below the shallow surface.[8] The ground truth for its measurements came on July 31, 2008, when NASA announced that the Phoenix lander confirmed the presence of water on Mars,[39] as predicted in 2002 based on data from the Odyssey orbiter. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for microscopic life, and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.[40]

The orbiter also discovered vast deposits of bulk water ice near the surface of equatorial regions.[9] Evidence for equatorial hydration is both morphological and compositional and is seen at both the Medusae Fossae formation and the Tharsis Montes.[9]

File:PIA26203-Mars-HorizonViews-OdysseyTHEMIS-20230509.webm
Mars—horizon views (video; 1:24; Odyssey orbiter; THEMIS camera; May 9, 2023)

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal". Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c Equatorial locations of water on Mars: Improved resolution maps based on Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer data (PDF). Jack T. Wilson, Vincent R. Eke, Richard J. Massey, Richard C. Elphic, William C. Feldman, Sylvestre Maurice, Luıs F. A. Teodoroe. Icarus, 299, 148–160. January 2018.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

Script error: No such module "Side box".

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Solar System probes Script error: No such module "navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Orbital launches in 2001

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=2001_Mars_Odyssey&oldid=9666122"