Triphyophyllum: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 2 beschnitten (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg|thumb|Unfurling tip of a juvenile insectivorous leaf with stalked glands in the SEM]]
[[File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 2 beschnitten (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg|thumb|Unfurling tip of a juvenile insectivorous leaf with stalked glands in the SEM]]
===Vegetative characteristics===
===Vegetative characteristics===
It is a facultatively carnivorous,<ref name = "Walker, 2023" /> heterophyllous,<ref name = "Green et al., 1979" /> up to 60 m tall vine<ref name = "Cross & Krueger, 2020" /> with glabrous, terete stems.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> It has a three-stage lifecycle, each with a different shaped leaf, as indicated by its Greek name. In the first stage, ''T. peltatum'' forms a rosette of simple lanceolate [[Dracaena (plant)|Dracaena]]-like leaves about seven inches (18 cm) in length with undulate margins. At times when there is insufficient [[phosphorus]] in the soil<ref name=winkelmann>{{cite journal | last1=Winkelmann | first1=Traud | last2=Bringmann | first2=Gerhard | last3=Herwig | first3=Anne | last4=Hedrich | first4=Rainer | title=Carnivory on demand: phosphorus deficiency induces glandular leaves in the African liana ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' | journal=New Phytologist | volume=239 | issue=3 | date=2023 | issn=0028-646X | doi=10.1111/nph.18960|doi-access=free| pages=1140–1152| pmid=37191044 |quote=confirmation of phosphorus starvation to be essential and sufficient}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Simons | first=Paul | title=Plantwatch: why does a rainforest vine turn into a part-time carnivore? |newspaper=The Guardian | date=17 April 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/17/plantwatch-why-does-a-rainforest-vine-turn-into-a-part-time-carnivore}}</ref> it develops long, slender, glandular, [[circinate]] leaves up to fourteen inches (35 cm) in length and bearing two sorts of glands, and resembling those of the related ''[[Drosophyllum]]'', which capture insects; there being one to three of these leaves in each rosette.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |title=''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' - Redfern Natural History |website=www.redfernnaturalhistory.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022540/http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |archive-date=2017-03-19}}</ref>  In the plant's adult liana form it has short non-carnivorous leaves bearing a pair of "[[grappling hook]]s" <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | title=Image of ''Triphyophyllum'' leaves | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216144030/http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | archive-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> at their tips on a long twining stem which can become {{convert|165|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length and {{convert|4|in|cm|spell=in}} thick.<ref>George Cheer, A GUIDE TO CARNIVOROUS PLANTS OF THE WORLD (Pymble, New South Wales, Aust.: Angus and Robertson, 1992) p. 122.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Slack | first= Adrian | date= 1980 | title= Carnivorous Plants | location= Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher= Massachusetts Institute of Technology | page= 231-232 (Appendix 2) | ISBN= 9781899296132 }}</ref> ''T. peltatum'' is the largest of all confirmed [[Carnivorous plant|carnivorous plants]] in the world, but its carnivorous nature did not become known until 1979, some 51 years after the plant's discovery.<ref name = "Green et al., 1979">Green, S., Green, T. L., & Heslop-Harrison, Y. (1979). [https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/78/2/99/2680576 Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in ''Triphyophyllum'' (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus.] Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 78(2), 99-116.</ref>
It is a facultatively carnivorous,<ref name = "Walker, 2023" /> heterophyllous,<ref name = "Green et al., 1979" /> up to 60 m tall vine<ref name = "Cross & Krueger, 2020" /> with glabrous, terete stems.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> It has a three-stage lifecycle, each with a different shaped leaf, as indicated by its Greek name. In the first stage, ''T. peltatum'' forms a rosette of simple lanceolate [[Dracaena (plant)|Dracaena]]-like leaves about {{cvt|18|cm}} in length with undulate margins. At times when there is insufficient [[phosphorus]] in the soil<ref name=winkelmann>{{cite journal | last1=Winkelmann | first1=Traud | last2=Bringmann | first2=Gerhard | last3=Herwig | first3=Anne | last4=Hedrich | first4=Rainer | title=Carnivory on demand: phosphorus deficiency induces glandular leaves in the African liana ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' | journal=New Phytologist | volume=239 | issue=3 | date=2023 | issn=0028-646X | doi=10.1111/nph.18960|doi-access=free| pages=1140–1152| pmid=37191044 |quote=confirmation of phosphorus starvation to be essential and sufficient}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Simons | first=Paul | title=Plantwatch: why does a rainforest vine turn into a part-time carnivore? |newspaper=The Guardian | date=17 April 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/17/plantwatch-why-does-a-rainforest-vine-turn-into-a-part-time-carnivore}}</ref> it develops long, slender, glandular, [[circinate]] leaves up to {{cvt|35|cm}} in length and bearing two sorts of glands, and resembling those of the related ''[[Drosophyllum]]'', which capture insects; there being one to three of these leaves in each rosette.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |title=''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' - Redfern Natural History |website=www.redfernnaturalhistory.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022540/http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |archive-date=2017-03-19}}</ref>  In the plant's adult liana form it has short non-carnivorous leaves bearing a pair of "[[grappling hook]]s" <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | title=Image of ''Triphyophyllum'' leaves | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216144030/http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | archive-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> at their tips on a long twining stem which can become {{convert|50|m}} in length and {{convert|10|cm}} thick.<ref>George Cheer, A GUIDE TO CARNIVOROUS PLANTS OF THE WORLD (Pymble, New South Wales, Aust.: Angus and Robertson, 1992) p. 122.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Slack | first= Adrian | date= 1980 | title= Carnivorous Plants | location= Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher= Massachusetts Institute of Technology | page= 231-232 (Appendix 2) | ISBN= 9781899296132 }}</ref> ''T. peltatum'' is the largest of all confirmed [[Carnivorous plant|carnivorous plants]] in the world, but its carnivorous nature did not become known until 1979, over 50 years after the plant's scientific description.<ref name = "Green et al., 1979">Green, S., Green, T. L., & Heslop-Harrison, Y. (1979). [https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/78/2/99/2680576 Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in ''Triphyophyllum'' (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus.] Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 78(2), 99-116.</ref>


===Generative characteristics===
===Generative characteristics===
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''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' was first described as ''Dioncophyllum peltatum'' {{au|Hutch. & Dalziel}}  by [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] and [[John McEwan Dalziel]] in 1927.<ref name = "POWO a">''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317595-1</ref> It was moved to a new monotypic genus ''Triphyophyllum'' {{au|Airy Shaw}} as ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' {{au|(Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw}} by [[Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw]] in 1952.<ref name = "POWO b">''Triphyophyllum'' Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14246-1</ref><ref name = "POWO a" />
''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' was first described as ''Dioncophyllum peltatum'' {{au|Hutch. & Dalziel}}  by [[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] and [[John McEwan Dalziel]] in 1927.<ref name = "POWO a">''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317595-1</ref> It was moved to a new monotypic genus ''Triphyophyllum'' {{au|Airy Shaw}} as ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' {{au|(Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw}} by [[Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw]] in 1952.<ref name = "POWO b">''Triphyophyllum'' Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14246-1</ref><ref name = "POWO a" />
===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The generic name ''Triphyophyllum'' is derived from ''tri'' meaning ''three'',<ref>HarperCollins Publishers Limited. (n.d.). Definition of “tri-.” Collins Online Dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tri</ref> ''phyo'' meaning ''to grow'',<ref>Auden, H. W., & Taylor, A. E. (1906). [https://ia801306.us.archive.org/7/items/minimumofgreekha00audeuoft/minimumofgreekha00audeuoft.pdf A Minimum of Greek: A Hand Book of Greek Derivatives for the Greek-less Classes of Schools and for Students of Science.] p. 28. Morang & Company, Limited.</ref> and ''phyllum'' meaning ''leaf''.<ref>Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). -phyllum. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/-phyllum</ref> It refers to the three growth stages of the plant with three different types of leaves.<ref name=winkelmann /> The specific epithet ''peltatum'' means ''shield-like''<ref>South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). (n.d.-c). ''Pelargonium peltatum'' (L) L’Hér. PlantZAfrica. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://pza.sanbi.org/pelargonium-peltatum</ref> and refers to the discoid seeds,<ref name = "Stach & Timmann, 2006">Stach, G., & Timmann, L. (2006, February 11). Species: ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Hutchinson & Dalziel) Airy Shaw, {1952}. Die Karnivoren-Datenbank. Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.fleischfressendepflanzen.de/db/species.ffp?id=35</ref> which have a long stalk that extends the seed beyond the capsule fruit.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" />
The generic name ''Triphyophyllum'' is derived from ''triphyes'' meaning ''of threefold form'',<ref name = "The Alkaloids">[https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Alkaloids/XifqEAAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA14&printsec=frontcover The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology.] p. 14. (2024). Niederlande: Academic Press.</ref> and ''phyllum'' meaning ''leaf''.<ref>Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). -phyllum. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/-phyllum</ref> It refers to the three growth stages of the plant with three different types of leaves.<ref name=winkelmann /> The specific epithet ''peltatum'' means ''shield-like''<ref>South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). (n.d.-c). ''Pelargonium peltatum'' (L) L’Hér. PlantZAfrica. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://pza.sanbi.org/pelargonium-peltatum</ref> and refers to the discoid seeds,<ref name = "Stach & Timmann, 2006">Stach, G., & Timmann, L. (2006, February 11). Species: ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (Hutchinson & Dalziel) Airy Shaw, {1952}. Die Karnivoren-Datenbank. Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.fleischfressendepflanzen.de/db/species.ffp?id=35</ref> which have a long stalk that extends the seed beyond the capsule fruit.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" />


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
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[[Category:Taxa named by John Hutchinson (botanist)]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Hutchinson (botanist)]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John McEwan Dalziel]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John McEwan Dalziel]]
{{Caryophyllales-stub}}

Latest revision as of 14:24, 18 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox

Triphyophyllum peltatum is a facultatively carnivorous,[1] up to 60 m tall vine[2] in the monotypic genus Triphyophyllum Template:IPAc-en in the family Dioncophyllaceae native to tropical western Africa, in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone[3] where it grows in tropical rainforest.[2]

Description

File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 8 (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg
Flower, Fruit and ripe seed of the adult plant
File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 13 (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg
Juvenile non climbing insectivorous stage of Triphyophyllum with entire leaves and a single glandular insectivorous leaf resembling those of Drosophyllum
File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 2 beschnitten (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg
Unfurling tip of a juvenile insectivorous leaf with stalked glands in the SEM

Vegetative characteristics

It is a facultatively carnivorous,[1] heterophyllous,[4] up to 60 m tall vine[2] with glabrous, terete stems.[5] It has a three-stage lifecycle, each with a different shaped leaf, as indicated by its Greek name. In the first stage, T. peltatum forms a rosette of simple lanceolate Dracaena-like leaves about Template:Cvt in length with undulate margins. At times when there is insufficient phosphorus in the soil[6][7] it develops long, slender, glandular, circinate leaves up to Template:Cvt in length and bearing two sorts of glands, and resembling those of the related Drosophyllum, which capture insects; there being one to three of these leaves in each rosette.[8] In the plant's adult liana form it has short non-carnivorous leaves bearing a pair of "grappling hooks" [9] at their tips on a long twining stem which can become Template:Convert in length and Template:Convert thick.[10][11] T. peltatum is the largest of all confirmed carnivorous plants in the world, but its carnivorous nature did not become known until 1979, over 50 years after the plant's scientific description.[4]

Generative characteristics

The axillary,[12][13] branched,[14] cymose, few-flowered[13] or many-flowered inflorescence bears up to 80 small, ephemeral,[14] fragrant,[12] white to pink,[14] bisexual, actinomorphic, pedicellate flowers.[13] The pedicel is up to 3 cm long. The flower has 5 triangular, 2 mm long sepals, and 5 obovate, 13 mm long petals.[13] The androecium consists of 10 stamens.[13][5] The style is very short.[5] The up to 4 cm wide, 1-seeded,[13] 4–5-valved capsule fruit[5][13] bears discoid, papery,[13] flat, winged, circular, pink to red,[12] 5–8[5](–10) cm wide seeds[15][12] with an up to 5.5 cm long funiculus extending beyond the fruit.[13] Most of the seed's development occurs outside the fruit.[16] The seeds are wind-dispersed.[5][17]

Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 24,[5][13] 36.[13]

Taxonomy

Triphyophyllum peltatum was first described as Dioncophyllum peltatum Template:Au by John Hutchinson and John McEwan Dalziel in 1927.[18] It was moved to a new monotypic genus Triphyophyllum Template:Au as Triphyophyllum peltatum Template:Au by Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw in 1952.[3][18]

Etymology

The generic name Triphyophyllum is derived from triphyes meaning of threefold form,[19] and phyllum meaning leaf.[20] It refers to the three growth stages of the plant with three different types of leaves.[6] The specific epithet peltatum means shield-like[21] and refers to the discoid seeds,[17] which have a long stalk that extends the seed beyond the capsule fruit.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Triphyophyllum is found in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone,[3] where it occurs in primary[5] and old secondary dry evergreen rainforests. The habitat has a 6–7 month dry season. The acid, nutrient-poor soil is shallow.[4]

Conservation

It is a rare and endangered species.[6]

Cultivation

Triphyophylum peltatum is difficult to cultivate.[6][22] It is cultivated in several botanical gardens: Würzburg, Hannover,[23] Abidjan, Bonn, Cambridge University and WürzburgScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., and is exceedingly rare in private collections.

Uses

File:Triphyophyllum compounds.svg
Triphyophyllum compounds; top left: R = -H: Habropetalin A; R = -OH: Dioncophyllin A.; bottom left: Dioncophyllin; bottom right: Dioncophyllin C.

Triphyophyllum peltatum is traditionally used in folk medicine in the treatment of elephantiasis,[13][5] and malaria.[5] It produces many pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites, some of which have been found to have strong antiplasmodial activity. Some metabolites were found to have antitumoral and anti-multiple myeloma activity.[6] The stems are used as tying material.[13]

References

Template:Reflist

External links

  • The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: About Triphyophyllum
  • Bringmann, G., H. Rischer, J. Schlauer, K. Wolf, A. Kreiner, M. Duschek & L.A. Assi 2002. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (1.30 MiB)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 31(2): 44–52.
  • Bringmann, G., J. Schlauer, K. Wolf, H. Rischer, U. Buschbom, A. Kreiner, F. Thiele, M. Duschek & L.A. Assi 1999. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (1.25 MiB)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 28(1): 7–13.
  • Bringmann, G., M. Wenzel, H.P. Bringmann & J. Schlauer 2001. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (434 KiB)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 30(1): 15–21.
  • Jonathan 1992. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (541 KiB)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 21(3): 51–53.
  • Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(1): 23–27.
  • Simons, P. 1981. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (1.10 MiB)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 10(3): 65–68, 79–80.

Template:CarnivorousPlants Template:Taxonbar

  1. ↑ a b Walker, C. (2023). Triggered by phosphorous [sic deficiency.] Nature Plants, 9(6), 853-853.
  2. ↑ a b c Cross, A., Krueger, T., Restoration Ecology Lab, Ecological Health Network, & Missouri Botanical Garden. (2020, November 26). Save me, Seymour! The increasingly dire plight of Darwin’s “Most wonderful plants in the world.” Natural History of Ecological Restoration. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://mbgecologicalrestoration.wordpress.com/2020/11/26/save-me-seymour-the-increasingly-dire-plight-of-darwins-most-wonderful-plants-in-the-world/
  3. ↑ a b c Triphyophyllum Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14246-1
  4. ↑ a b c Green, S., Green, T. L., & Heslop-Harrison, Y. (1979). Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in Triphyophyllum (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 78(2), 99-116.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Porembski, S., Barthlott, W. (2003). Dioncophyllaceae. In: Kubitzki, K., Bayer, C. (eds) Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  6. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ George Cheer, A GUIDE TO CARNIVOROUS PLANTS OF THE WORLD (Pymble, New South Wales, Aust.: Angus and Robertson, 1992) p. 122.
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c d Slack, A. (2000). Carnivorous Plants. pp. 231–232. Vereinigtes Königreich: MIT Press.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fibres. pp. 438–440. (2012). Niederlande: Prota Foundation.
  14. ↑ a b c Triphyophyllum, das Hakenblatt. (n.d.). Gesellschaft Für Fleischfressende Pflanzen. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://www.carnivoren.org/karnivoren/gattungen/triphyophyllum/
  15. ↑ Schmid-Hollinger, R. (n.d.). Triphyophyllum peltatum (“Hakenblatt”). Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/de/Fleischfressende_Pflanzen/triphyophyllum
  16. ↑ John Hutchinson and J. M. Dalziel, "Tropical African Plants II" KEW BULLETIN (1928) pp. 31-32. (Under the name Dioncophyllum peltatum).
  17. ↑ a b Stach, G., & Timmann, L. (2006, February 11). Species: Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutchinson & Dalziel) Airy Shaw, {1952}. Die Karnivoren-Datenbank. Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.fleischfressendepflanzen.de/db/species.ffp?id=35
  18. ↑ a b Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317595-1
  19. ↑ The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. p. 14. (2024). Niederlande: Academic Press.
  20. ↑ Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). -phyllum. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/-phyllum
  21. ↑ South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). (n.d.-c). Pelargonium peltatum (L) L’Hér. PlantZAfrica. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://pza.sanbi.org/pelargonium-peltatum
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Mangel weckt den Appetit auf Fleisch. (2023, May 16). Universität Würzburg. Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/single/news/mangel-weckt-den-appetit-auf-fleisch/
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