Gabriel: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>VenusFeuerFalle →{{anchor|Gabriel in Islam|Jibril}}Islam: include other spellings of the name common throughout Islamic scripture, and naming the origin of the Jibril variant. |
imported>Bleebus mNo edit summary |
||
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) | |||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
{{Infobox saint | {{Infobox saint | ||
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]] | |honorific_prefix = [[Saint]] | ||
|name = Gabriel | |name = Gabriel | ||
|honorific_suffix = | |honorific_suffix = | ||
|image =Leonardo da Vinci Annunciazione (dettaglio).jpg | |image = Leonardo da Vinci Annunciazione (dettaglio).jpg | ||
|imagesize = | |imagesize = | ||
|caption = Detail of ''[[Annunciation (Leonardo da Vinci)|Annunciation]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], c. 1472–1476 | |caption = Detail of ''[[Annunciation (Leonardo da Vinci)|Annunciation]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], c. 1472–1476 | ||
|birth_date = | |birth_date = | ||
|death_date = | |death_date = | ||
|feast_day = {{plainlist| | |feast_day = {{plainlist| | ||
* | * 29 September with angels [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]] (Catholic Church) (post-1969) | ||
* | * 24 March ([[Western Rite Orthodoxy]] and General Roman Calendar before 1969) | ||
* | * 26 March, 13 July (Eastern Orthodox Church) | ||
* | * 13 [[Paoni]], 22 [[Koiak]] and 26 [[Paoni]] (Coptic Church)}} | ||
* 28 December (Tahsas 19) and 26 July (Hamle 19) Ethiopian Calendar | * 28 December (Tahsas 19) and 26 July (Hamle 19) Ethiopian Calendar | ||
|venerated_in = {{Plain list| | |venerated_in = {{Plain list| | ||
* All Christian denominations which [[Veneration of saints|venerate saints]] | * All Christian denominations which [[Veneration of saints|venerate saints]] | ||
* [[Samaritanism]] | * [[Samaritanism]] | ||
* Judaism | * [[Judaism]] | ||
* Islam | * [[Islam]] | ||
* and others{{refn|Including, but not limited to: [[Yazidism]], [[Mormonism]], [[Rastafari]], [[Bábism]], and the [[Baháʼí Faith]].|group="N"}} | * and others{{refn|Including, but not limited to: [[Yazidism]], [[Mormonism]], [[Rastafari]], [[Bábism]], and the [[Baháʼí Faith]].|group="N"}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
|titles = Archangel <br> Divine Herald <br> Angel of Revelation | |titles = Archangel <br> Divine Herald <br> Angel of Revelation | ||
|beatified_by = | |beatified_by = | ||
|canonized_date = | |canonized_date = | ||
|canonized_place = | |canonized_place = | ||
|canonized_by = | |canonized_by = | ||
|attributes = Carrying a lily,<ref name= Ronner1993>{{ | |attributes = Carrying a lily, a trumpet, a shining lantern, a branch from Paradise, a scroll, and a scepter<ref name=Ronner1993>{{cite book|last=Ronner|first=John|title=Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac with Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-and Much More!|pages=70–72, 73|publisher=Mamre Press|location=Murfreesboro, Tennessee|year=1993|isbn=978-0932945402|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mj5UcUpU8TcC}}</ref> | ||
|patronage = messengers (including telecommunication workers, postal workers, radio broadcasters, diplomats, and ambassadors), stamp collectors, [[Santander, Cebu]]<ref name=Guiley2004>{{cite book|last=Guiley|first=Rosemary Ellen|title=The Encyclopedia of Angels|edition=2|page=140|publisher=Facts on File, Incorporated|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=0-8160-5023-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15XABtvHcEsC}}</ref> | |||
|major_shrine = | |major_shrine = | ||
|suppressed_date = | |suppressed_date = | ||
|issues = | |issues = | ||
}} | }} | ||
In the [[Abrahamic religions]] ([[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]]), '''Gabriel''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|eɪ|b|r|i|ə|l}} {{respell|GAY|bree|uhl}}){{refn|{{langx|he|גַּבְרִיאֵל|lit=Man of El [God]|Gaḇrīʾēl}}; {{langx|grc|Γαβριήλ|translit=Gabriḗl}}; {{langx|la|Gabriel}}; {{langx|cop|Ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ|translit=Gabriêl}}; {{langx|am|ገብርኤል|translit=Gabrəʾel}}; {{langx|arc|ܓ݁ܰܒ݂ܪܺܝܐܝܶܠ|translit=Gaḇrīʾēl}}; {{langx|ar|جِبْرِيل|Jibrīl}}, {{IPA|ar|dʒiˈbriːl|IPA}}, also {{langx|ar|جبرائيل|Jibrāʾīl}} {{IPA|ar|dʒibræːˈʔiːl|}} or {{Transliteration|ar|Jabrāʾīl}}.|group="N"}} is an [[archangel]] with the power to announce God's will to mankind, as the messenger of God. He is mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[New Testament]] and the [[Quran]]. | |||
In the [[ | In the [[Book of Daniel]], Gabriel appears to the prophet [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] to explain his visions. The archangel also appears in the [[Book of Enoch]] and other ancient Jewish writings not preserved in Hebrew. Alongside the archangel [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], Gabriel is described as the [[guardian angel]] of the [[Israelites]], defending them against the angels of the other peoples. | ||
In the | In the New Testament, the [[Gospel of Luke]], Gabriel appears to [[Zechariah, father of John the Baptist|Zechariah]] foretelling the birth of [[John the Baptist]]. Gabriel later appears to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] to announce that she would conceive and bear [[Jesus|a son]] through a [[Virgin birth of Jesus|virgin birth]]. Many Christian traditions – including [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], [[Lutheranism]], and [[Anglicanism]] – revere Gabriel as a [[saint]]. | ||
Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent by God to various prophets, including [[Muhammad]]. The first five verses of the ''[[Al-Alaq]]'', the 96th chapter of the Quran, are believed by Muslims to have been the first verses [[Revelation|revealed]] by Gabriel to Muhammad. | |||
Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent by | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
The name Gabriel ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew:]] גַּבְרִיאֵל, ''Gaḇrīʾēl'') is composed of the first person singular possessive form of the Hebrew noun ''gever'' (גֶּבֶר), meaning "man", and ''[[El (deity)|ʾĒl]]'', meaning "God" | The name Gabriel ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew:]] גַּבְרִיאֵל, ''Gaḇrīʾēl'') is composed of the first person singular possessive form of the Hebrew noun ''gever'' (גֶּבֶר), meaning "man",<ref name=BH1397>{{cite web|author=<!--unknown-->|title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance – 1397. geber|website=Bible Hub|publisher=Online Parallel Bible Project|location=Glassport, Pennsylvania|year=2025|url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1397.htm|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> and ''[[El (deity)|ʾĒl]]'', meaning "God" or "mighty one".<ref name=BH410>{{cite web|author=<!--unknown-->|title=Strong's Hebrew Concordance – 410. El|website=Bible Hub|publisher=Online Parallel Bible Project|location=Glassport, Pennsylvania|year=2025|url=https://biblehub.com/hebrew/410.htm|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> This would translate the archangel's name as "man of God". [[Proclus of Constantinople]], in his Homily 1, stated that the meaning of Gabriel's name prefigured that Jesus, whose birth was [[Annunciation|announced]] by Gabriel, would be both man and God.<ref name=PPI2021>{{Cite web|author=<!--not stated-->|title=Proclus of Constantinople and His Homily on the Theotokos Delivered in the Presence of Nestorius|website=The Pappas Patristic Institute|publisher=Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology|location=Brookline, Massachusetts|date=6 December 2021|url=https://www.pappaspatristicinstitute.com/post/proclus-of-constantinople-and-his-homily-on-the-theotokos-delivered-in-the-presence-of-nestorius|access-date=21 June 2025|quote=You should also pay attention to the name of the archangel. He who brought the glad tidings to Mary was called Gabriel (Lk. 1.26). What is the meaning of “Gabriel”? God and man. Now he of whom Gabriel was bringing these tidings was God and man, and thus his name was an anticipation of the miracle, given to assure us of the incarnation.}}</ref> | ||
In his work, the ''four homilies on the Missus Est''", [[Bernard of Clairvaux|Saint Bernard]] (1090–1153 AD) interpreted Gabriel's name as "the strength of God", and his symbolic function in the gospel story as announcement of the strength or virtue of Christ, both as the strength of God incarnate and as the strength given by God to the timorous people who would bring into the world a fearful and troublesome event. "Therefore it was an opportune choice that designated Gabriel for the work he had to accomplish, or rather, because he was to accomplish it therefore he was called Gabriel."<ref>[[Bernard of Clairvaux|Saint Bernard]], ''Four homilies on the Missus Est'' [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Hom%C3%A9lies_sur_les_gloires_de_la_Vierge_m%C3%A8re/Premi%C3%A8re_hom%C3%A9lie], first homily, paragraph 2.</ref> | |||
[[ | |||
==Judaism== | ==Judaism== | ||
===Hebrew Bible=== | ===Hebrew Bible=== | ||
The only book in the [[Hebrew Bible]] that explicitly mentions Gabriel is the [[Book of Daniel]]. Gabriel appears to the prophet [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] to explain his visions ([[Daniel 8]]:15–26, [[Prophecy of Seventy Weeks|9]]:21–27). Later, in [[Daniel's final vision]], an angel, not named but likely Gabriel again, appears to him and speaks of receiving help from [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] in battle against the prince of Persia and also Michael's role in times to come. The Book of Daniel contains the first instances of named angels in the Hebrew Bible. Gabriel's main function in the Book of Daniel is that of revealer, responsible for interpreting Daniel's visions, a role he continues to have in later traditions. | |||
Though he is not specifically named, the "man clothed with linen" mentioned in chapters [[Ezekiel 9|9]] and [[Ezekiel 10|10]] of the [[Book of Ezekiel]] is interpreted as Gabriel in [[Yoma]] 77a of the [[Talmud|Babylonian Talmud]].<ref name=JE1912>{{cite book|editor-last=Singer|editor-first=Isidore|editor-link=Isidore Singer|last=Hirsch|first=Emil Gustav|author-link=Emil G. Hirsch|title=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]|edition=3|volume=V|chapter=Gabriel|pages=540–543|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|location=New York|year=1912|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/the-jewish-encyclopedia-vol.-5/page/539/mode/2up}}</ref> | |||
=== | ===Intertestamental literature=== | ||
Gabriel is not referred to as an archangel in the Hebrew Bible or the New Testament. However, a wealth of [[Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible|Jewish literature]] was written during the [[Second Temple period]] (516 BC–70 AD). Much of the literature produced during this [[intertestamental period]] was of the [[Apocalyptic literature|apocalyptic]] [[Literary genre|genre]]. The [[List of angels in theology|names and ranks of angels]] and [[List of theological demons|demons]] were greatly expanded in this literature, and each had particular duties and status before God. Gabriel was first referred to as an archangel in these texts. | |||
In particular, there are many references to Gabriel in the [[Book of Enoch]]. According to the book, Michael, [[Uriel]], [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], and Gabriel complain to God about the many wrongs perpetrated by [[Azazel]] and [[Samyaza]] (especially the fact that they revealed "eternal secrets" and sins to mankind and defiled themselves with women who later gave birth to [[Nephilim|giant offspring]]).{{sfn|Charles|1913|pp=192-193}} As a result, God decides to destroy the Earth (which has been corrupted by the [[fallen angel]]s, led by Azazel and Samyaza) and all of its inhabitants except for [[Noah]]. He sends Gabriel and the other archangels to go after the fallen angels and cast them into the darkness until [[Last Judgment|the day of their judgment]].{{sfn|Charles|1913|pp=193-195}} In Chapter 20, Gabriel is listed as one of seven holy angels (Uriel, Raphael, [[Raguel (angel)|Raguel]], Michael, [[Sariel|Saraqâêl]], Gabriel, and [[Jerahmeel (archangel)|Remiel]]) who [[Watcher (angel)|watch]].{{sfn|Charles|1913|p=201}} In Chapter 40, Gabriel is listed as one of four presences (Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, and [[Phanuel (angel)|Phanuel]]) who stand on the four sides of God.{{sfn|Charles|1913|pp=211-212}} These four archangels will be the ones to cast the fallen angels into the abyss of condemnation on Judgment Day.{{sfn|Charles|1913|pp=220-221}} The final reference to Gabriel in the Book of Enoch is found in Chapter 71: "And that Head of Days came with Michael and Gabriel, Raphael and Phanuel, thousands and ten thousands of angels without number."{{sfn|Charles|1913|p=237}} | |||
The Book of Enoch is not considered to be [[Biblical canon|canonical]] scripture by most Jewish or Christian church bodies, although it is part of the biblical canon used by the [[Beta Israel|Ethiopian Jewish community]], as well as the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian]] and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]es. | |||
== | ===Rabbinic Judaism=== | ||
According to [[Rabbinic Judaism]], Gabriel — along with Michael, Uriel, and Raphael — is one of the four angels that stand at the four sides of God’s throne and serve as [[guardian angel]]s of the four parts of the Earth. Michael stands at the right hand of God, while Gabriel (who ranks beneath Michael) stands at the left. Michael and Gabriel often work together, but Michael is mainly occupied in heaven, while Gabriel (as the messenger of God) typically executes God’s will on earth. Like all the angels, Gabriel has wings, but otherwise takes the form of a man. Gabriel is also associated with the metal gold (the color of fire).<ref name=JE1912/> | |||
[[Shimon ben Lakish]] (an ''[[Amoraim|amora]]'' of the third century) concluded that the angelic names of Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel came out of the Babylonian exile (Gen. Rab. 48:9). Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending the Israelites against the angels of the other nations.<ref name=Everson>{{cite web|last=Everson|first=David L.|title=Gabriel Blow Your Horn! – A Short History of Gabriel within Jewish Literature|website=The Bible and Interpretation|publisher=The University of Arizona|location=Tucson, Arizona|date=December 2009|url=https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/2009/12/eve278002|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> | |||
===Mystical Judaism=== | |||
[[ | Gabriel is one of God's archangels in the [[Primary texts of Kabbalah|Kabbalah literature]]. He is portrayed as working in concert with Michael as part of God's court, and he is identified with the [[Counting of the Omer|sefira]] of [[Yesod]]. Gabriel is not to be prayed to because only God can answer prayers and sends Gabriel as his agent.<ref name=JE1912/> | ||
According to [[Jewish mythology]], in the [[Garden of Eden]] there is a [[Tree of life (biblical)|tree of life]] or the "tree of souls"<ref name=Scholem1990>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dRi8v-j7OMC&q=%22Tree+of+Souls%22&pg=PA153|title=Origins of the Kabbalah|isbn=0691020477|year=1990|last=Scholem|first=Gershom Gerhard|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref> that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into the [[Guf]], the treasury of souls. Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand. | |||
=== | ==Christianity== | ||
===New Testament=== | |||
[[File:Alexandr Ivanov 010.jpg|thumb|Gabriel announcing the birth of [[John the Baptist]] to [[Zechariah, father of John the Baptist|Zechariah]], by [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov]], 1824]] | |||
[[File:ANGELICO, Fra Annunciation, 1437-46 (2236990916).jpg|thumb|Gabriel announcing the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|incarnation]] to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], [[Annunciation (Fra Angelico, San Marco)|by Fra Angelico]], c. 1440{{ndash}}1445]] | |||
Gabriel's first appearance in the [[New Testament]] is found in [[Luke_1#John_the_Baptist's_parents_(1:5–25)|the first part]] of [[Luke 1|Chapter 1]] of the [[Gospel of Luke]], in which he relates the annunciation of the birth of [[John the Baptist]]. John's father [[Zechariah, father of John the Baptist|Zechariah]] was childless because his wife [[Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist|Elizabeth]] was barren. An angel appears to Zechariah to announce the birth of his son. When Zechariah questions the angel, the angel identifies himself as Gabriel.({{bibleverse|Luke|1:5-25|KJV}}) | |||
{{ | |||
Gabriel appears again in [[Luke_1#The_annunciation_(1:26–38)|the second part]] of Chapter 1 of the Gospel of Luke, this time to [[Annunciation|announce the birth of Jesus]] to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]].({{bibleverse|Luke|1:26-38|KJV}}) While in the first passage the angel identifies himself as Gabriel, in the second passage it is the author of Luke who identifies the angel as Gabriel. | |||
The only other named angels in the New Testament are Michael (in {{bibleverse|Jude|1:9|9}} and {{bibleverse|Revelation|12:7|7}}) and [[Abaddon#Christianity|Abaddon]] (in {{bibleverse|Revelation|9:11|9}}). | |||
==== | ===Non-canonical texts=== | ||
Gabriel is more frequently referenced in early Christian [[Pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphic texts]] than in any of the [[Biblical canon|canonical]] Biblical texts. For example, Gabriel is mentioned in some of the [[infancy gospels]] (e.g., Chapter 7 of the [[Libellus de Nativitate Sanctae Mariae|Nativity Gospel of Mary]],{{sfn|Hone|1880|p=22}} Chapter 9 of the [[Gospel of James|Protevangelium of James]],{{sfn|Hone|1880|p=30}} and Chapter 1 of the [[Arabic Infancy Gospel|First Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus Christ]]{{sfn|Hone|1880|p=38}}). Gabriel is also mentioned in some of the early Christian [[Apocalypse|apocalyptic]] texts, such as the [[Greek Apocalypse of Ezra]]<ref name=BHEsdras>{{cite web|author=<!--unknown-->|title=Revelation of Esdras|website=Bible Hub|publisher=Online Parallel Bible Project|location=Glassport, Pennsylvania|year=2025|url=https://biblehub.com/library/unknown/revelation_of_esdras/revelation_of_esdras.htm|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> and the [[2 Enoch|Second Book of Enoch]] (e.g., Chapter 21{{sfn|Charles|1896|pp=26,27}} and Chapter 24{{sfn|Charles|1896|p=31}}). | |||
In [[Gnosticism]], angels are portrayed as belonging to a pantheon of spiritual beings involved in the creation of the world. According to one ancient [[List of Gnostic texts|Gnostic manuscript]], the [[Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit]], Gabriel is a divine being and inhabitant of the [[Pleroma#Gnosticism|pleroma]] that existed before the [[Demiurge#Gnosticism|demiurge]].<ref name=Robinson2007>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=James M.|author-link=James M. Robinson|title=The Nag Hammadi Scriptures|chapter=The Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebxHP6RPNTUC|isbn=978-0060523787}}</ref> There is also a reference to Gabriel in Chapter 17 of the [[Gospel of Judas]], a Gnostic text dated to 280 AD.<ref name=Kasser2006>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kasser|editor-first1=Rodolphe|editor-link1=Rodolphe Kasser|editor-last2=Meyer|editor-first2=Marvin|editor-link2=Marvin Meyer|editor-last3=Wurst|editor-first3=Gregor|others=Commentary by Bart D. Ehrman|title=The Gospel of Judas|page=40|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington D.C.|year=2006|isbn=978-1426200427|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelofjudasfro00kass/page/40/mode/2up|quote="Jesus said, "This is why God ordered Michael to give the spirits of people to them as a loan, so that they might offer service, but the Great One ordered Gabriel to grant spirits to the great generation with no ruler over it—that is, the spirit and the soul."}}</ref> | |||
===Latter-day Saints=== | |||
In the theology of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophet [[Noah]]. The two are regarded as the same individual; Noah being his mortal name and Gabriel being his heavenly name.<ref name=Skinner1992>{{cite book|last=Skinner|first=Andrew C.|editor-last=Ludlow|editor-first=Daniel H.|editor-link=Daniel H. Ludlow|title=[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]|chapter=Noah|pages=1016–1017|publisher=Macmillan Publishing|location=New York|year=1992|isbn=0-02-879602-0}}.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1998/02/noah-the-great-preacher-of-righteousness?lang=eng|title=Noah, The Great Preacher of Righteousness|last=Romney|first=Joseph B.|website=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|access-date=22 September 2019|quote=the Prophet Joseph Smith said: “Noah, who is Gabriel, … stands next in authority to Adam in the Priesthood;}}</ref> | |||
The | ===Feast day=== | ||
The feast day of Saint Gabriel the Archangel was exclusively celebrated on 18 March according to many sources dating between 1588 and 1921; unusually, a source published in 1856<ref>{{cite web|title=The Catholic Directory, Ecclasiastical Register, and Almanac|year = 1856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XG42AAAAMAAJ&q=18th+of+march+archangel+gabriel+day&pg=PA9|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> has the feast celebrated on 7 April for unknown reasons (a parenthetical note states that the day is normally celebrated on 18 March). Writer [[Elizabeth Drayson]] mentions the feast being celebrated on 18 March 1588 in her 2013 book "The Lead Books of Granada".<ref name=Drayson2016>{{cite book|last=Drayson|first=Elizabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwRfCwAAQBAJ&q=archangel+gabriel+18+march&pg=PA3|title=The Lead Books of Granada|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1137358844|page=3}}</ref> | |||
One of the oldest out-of-print sources placing the feast on 18 March, first published in 1608, is ''Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica ...'' by the Spanish writer [[Alonso de Villegas]]; a newer edition of this book was published in 1794.<ref name=Villegas1794>{{cite book|last=de Villegas|first=Alonso|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-MIM9Quh_sC&q=el+arc%C3%A1ngel+del+bautismo+gabriel+18+marzo&pg=PA250|title=Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ...|year=1794|publisher=Imprenta de Isidro Aguasvivas|location=Spain|page=250|language=es}}</ref> Another source published in Ireland in 1886 the ''[[Irish Ecclesiastical Record]]'' also mentions 18 March.<ref name=Irish1886>{{cite book|year=1886|title=The Irish Ecclesiastical Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKM9AAAAYAAJ&q=archangel+gabriel+18th+of+march+commemoration&pg=PA1112|publisher=Browne and Nolan|page=1112}}</ref> | |||
Saint Gabriel the | The Feast of Saint Gabriel was included by [[Pope Benedict XV]] in the [[General Roman Calendar]] in 1921, for celebration on 24 March.<ref>''Butler's Lives of the Saints'', vol. 1, edited by [[Herbert Thurston]] and [[Donald Attwater]], Christian Classics, 1981 {{ISBN|9780870610455}}.</ref> In 1969, the day was officially transferred to 29 September for celebration in conjunction with the feast of the archangels Ss. Michael and Raphael.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 119.</ref> Today, the 29 September date (known as [[Michaelmas]]) has been adopted by not only the Catholic Church, but also the [[Church of England]], the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran churches]], the [[Anglican Communion]], and the [[Western Rite Orthodoxy|Western Orthodox churches]]. | ||
The [[ | The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and those [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] that follow the [[Byzantine Rite]] celebrate the [[Michaelmas|Feast of the Archangels]] (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers) on 8 November. For those churches that follow the traditional [[Julian Calendar]], 8 November currently falls on 21 November of the modern [[Gregorian Calendar]], a difference of 13 days. Eastern Orthodox commemorate Gabriel not only at the Feast of the Archangels, but also on two other days: | ||
* 26 March, the "[[Synaxis]] of the Archangel Gabriel" and celebrates his role in the [[Annunciation]] | |||
* 13 July, also known as the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel", which celebrates all the appearances and miracles attributed to Gabriel throughout history. The feast was first established on [[Mount Athos]] when, in the 9th century, during the reign of Emperor [[Basil II]] and Empress Constantina Porphyrogenitus and while [[Nicholas II Chrysoberges|Nicholas Chrysoverges]] was [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]], Gabriel appeared in a cell<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keliaxionestin.com/eng/?page_id=760|title=Ιερό Κελλί "Άξιον Εστί"|access-date=18 January 2015|archive-date=16 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116101352/http://www.keliaxionestin.com/eng/?page_id=760|url-status=dead}}</ref> near [[Karyes]], where he wrote with his finger on a stone tablet the hymn to the [[Theotokos]], "[[Axion Estin|It is truly meet ...]]".<ref name=Velimirovic1985>{{Cite book|last=Velimirovic|first=Nikolai|chapter=13 July: The Holy Archangel Gabriel|year=1985|title=Prologue from Ochrid|location=Birmingham, UK|publisher=Lazarica Press|isbn=978-0948298059}}</ref> | |||
Saint Gabriel the Archangel is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on the [[Vigil (liturgy)|vigil]] of the [[Feast of the Annunciation]] by [[Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2012 |title=Calendar |url=http://www.stgregoryoc.org/calendar/ |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=St. Gregory the Great Orthodox Church}}</ref> and [[Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia#Western_Rite_in_the_ROCOR|Western Rite in the ROCOR]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCOR Western Rite (Home) |url=https://www.rocor-wr.org/ |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=rocorwr}}</ref> | |||
The [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] celebrates Gabriel's feast on 13 [[Paoni]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://st-takla.org/Full-Free-Coptic-Books/Synaxarium-or-Synaxarion/Saints-Feasts/10-Bawoonah/13-Bawoonah-1-Gabriel-Angel.html|title=تذكار رئيس الملائكة الجليل جبرائيل "غبريال" - عيد سنكسار يوم 13 بؤونة، شهر بؤونة، الشهر القبطي |website=st-takla.org}}</ref> 22 [[Koiak]], and 26 Paoni.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alex |first=Michael Ghaly |title=رئيس الملائكة الجليل جبرائيل - كتاب الملائكة |url=https://st-takla.org/Full-Free-Coptic-Books/FreeCopticBooks-014-Various-Authors/001-Al-Mala2ka/The-Angels__37-Archangel-Gabriel.html |website=st-takla.org}}</ref> One medieval Coptic work, the ''[[Investiture of the Archangel Gabriel]]'', attributes the feast day of 22 Koiak to the day Gabriel was given the rank of archangel in heaven.<ref name=Jenott2020>{{cite book|last=Jenott|first=Lance|chapter=The Investiture of the Archangel Gabriel: A New Translation and Introduction|title=New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures|volume=2|editor-last=Burke|editor-first=Tony|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2020|isbn=978-0-8028-7290-6|pages=559–575}}</ref> | |||
The [[Ethiopian Church]] celebrates Gabriel's feast on 18 December (in the Ethiopian calendar), with a sizeable number of its believers making a pilgrimage to a church dedicated to "Saint Gabriel" in [[Kulubi]] and Wonkshet on that day.<ref>Nega Mezlekia, ''Notes from the Hyena's Belly: An Ethiopian Childhood'' (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 266. {{ISBN|0-312-28914-6}}.</ref> | |||
===Gabriel's horn=== | |||
A familiar [[literary trope]] of Gabriel has him blowing a [[trumpet]] blast to announce the resurrection of the dead at the end of time. However, though the Bible mentions a trumpet blast preceding the resurrection of the dead, it never specifies Gabriel as the trumpeter. Different passages state different things: the angels of the Son of Man ([[Matthew 24]]:31); the voice of the Son of God ([[John 5]]:25–29); God's trumpet ([[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|I Thessalonians]] 4:16); seven angels sounding a series of blasts ([[Revelation 8]]–[[Revelation 11|11]]); or simply "a trumpet will sound" ([[First Epistle to the Corinthians|I Corinthians]] 15:52).<ref name="svm">S. Vernon McCasland, "Gabriel's Trumpet", ''Journal of Bible and Religion'' '''9''':3:159–161 (August 1941) {{JSTOR|1456405}}.</ref> Likewise the early Christian [[Church Fathers]] do not mention Gabriel as a trumpeter; and in Jewish and Muslim traditions, Gabriel is again not identified as a trumpeter.<ref>In Judaism, trumpets are prominent, and they seem to be blown by God himself, or sometimes Michael. In Islamic tradition, it is [[Israfil]] who blows the trumpet, though he is not named in the [[Qur'an]].</ref> | |||
A familiar [[ | |||
The earliest known identification of Gabriel as a trumpeter comes from the "Hymn for Protection in the Night", attributed to the Armenian Saint [[Nerses IV the Gracious]] (1102 – 1173):<ref name=orthodoxchristianity>{{Cite web|title=Peace Hour (After Sunset)|url=http://forums.orthodoxchristianity.net/attachments/the-peace-hour-pdf.18766/|url-status=dead|website=orthodoxchristianity.net|access-date=22 August 2021|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822213239/http://forums.orthodoxchristianity.net/attachments/the-peace-hour-pdf.18766/}}</ref> | |||
<blockquote>The sound of Gabriel's trumpet on the last night, make us worthy to hear, and to stand on your right hand among the sheep with lanterns of inextinguishable light; to be like the five wise virgins, so that with the bridegroom in the bride chamber we, his spiritual brides may enter into glory.</blockquote> | <blockquote>The sound of Gabriel's trumpet on the last night, make us worthy to hear, and to stand on your right hand among the sheep with lanterns of inextinguishable light; to be like the five wise virgins, so that with the bridegroom in the bride chamber we, his spiritual brides may enter into glory.</blockquote> | ||
A 1455 Armenian manuscript shows Gabriel sounding his trumpet as the dead climb out of their graves.<ref>Walters MS 543, fol. 14.</ref> | |||
Another example occurs in [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' (1667):<ref name="svm" /><ref>Milton, ''Paradise Lost'', XI.72ff</ref> | |||
<blockquote><poem> | <blockquote><poem> | ||
Betwixt these rockie pillars Gabriel sat | Betwixt these rockie pillars Gabriel sat | ||
| Line 176: | Line 127: | ||
</poem></blockquote> | </poem></blockquote> | ||
It is unclear | It is unclear whether Milton was inspired by the Armenian works, though they presumably have a common source.<ref name="svm"/> | ||
The image of Gabriel's trumpet blast to announce the end of time was taken up in [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christianity]], where it became widespread, notably in [[Spirituals|African American spirituals]].<ref>The widespread understanding of Gabriel's horn as a symbol of the end of time in U.S. Southern culture, is apparent from its appearance in the University of Texas's school spirit song, ''[[The Eyes of Texas]]'' (1903): [https://texassports.com/sports/2013/7/28/traditions_0728131333.aspx?id=267"The eyes of Texas are upon you, until Gabriel blows his horn."] Likewise in [[Marc Connelly]]'s play based on negro spirituals, ''[[The Green Pastures]]'' (1930), Gabriel has his beloved trumpet constantly with him, and the Lord has to warn him not to blow it too soon.</ref> | |||
== {{anchor|Gabriel in Islam|Jibril}}Islam == | =={{anchor|Gabriel in Islam|Jibril}}Islam== | ||
{{See also|Rūḥ}} | {{See also|Rūḥ}} | ||
{{redirect-multi|2|Gibril|Jibril}} | {{redirect-multi|2|Gibril|Jibril}} | ||
[[File:Miniatura Maometto.jpg|thumb|A 16th-century Siyer-i Nebi image of the archangel Jibril (Gabriel) visiting | [[File:Miniatura Maometto.jpg|thumb|A 16th-century Siyer-i Nebi image of the archangel Jibril (Gabriel) visiting Muhammad]] | ||
Gabriel ([[Hejaz|Hejazis]] {{langx|ar|جِبْرِيل|Jibrīl}};<ref>Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177</ref> also {{langx|ar|جبرائيل|Jibrāʾīl}}; other canonical writings include: ''Jabrāʾīl'', ''''Jabrīl'', ''Jabrāyīl'', and ''Jibrāʾīn''<ref>Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177</ref>) derived from the {{langx|he|גַּבְרִיאֵל|Gaḇrīʾēl}})<ref name="EoQ">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Gabriel |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |publisher= | Gabriel ([[Hejaz|Hejazis]] {{langx|ar|جِبْرِيل|Jibrīl}};<ref>Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177</ref> also {{langx|ar|جبرائيل|Jibrāʾīl}}; other canonical writings include: ''Jabrāʾīl'', ''''Jabrīl'', ''Jabrāyīl'', and ''Jibrāʾīn''<ref>Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177</ref>) derived from the {{langx|he|גַּבְרִיאֵל|Gaḇrīʾēl}})<ref name="EoQ">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Gabriel |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |publisher=Brill Publisher|location=Leiden|author-link=Gisela Webb |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |volume=II |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00071 |isbn=978-90-04-14743-0 |author-last=Webb |author-first=Gisela}}</ref><ref name=Reynolds2014>{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Reynolds | ||
|author-first=Gabriel Said|author-link=Gabriel Said Reynolds|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor2-link=Gudrun Krämer|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett K.|editor5-link=Everett K. Rowson|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam - Three]]|edition=3|entry=Gabriel|publisher=Brill Publisher|location=Leiden|year=2014|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27359|isbn=978-9004269620}}</ref><ref name="EI2">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1965 |title=D̲j̲abrāʾīl |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |publisher=Brill Publishers|location=Leiden|editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |volume=2 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1903 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |author-last=Pedersen |author-first=Jan |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |editor6-last=Schacht |editor6-first=J. |editor6-link=Joseph Schacht}}</ref><ref>[[Christoph Luxenberg|Luxenberg, Christoph]]. 2007. ''[[The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran|The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran]]''. Verlag Hans Schiler. {{ISBN|9783899300888}} p. 39</ref> in many places in the Qur'an, is revered as one of the primary archangels and as the Angel of Revelation in Islam.<ref name="EoQ"/><ref name=Reynolds2014/><ref name="EI2"/> He is primarily mentioned in the verses {{qref|2|97|pl=y}}, {{qref|2|98|pl=y}} and {{qref|66|4|pl=y}} of the Quran. However, the Quranic text doesn't refer to him as an angel.<ref name=Reynolds2014/> In the Quran, the archangel Gabriel appears named in {{qref|2|97|pl=y}} and {{qref|66|4|pl=y}}, as well as in {{qref|2|98|pl=y}}, where he is mentioned along with the archangel Michael.<ref name="EoQ"/> | |||
[[Tafsir]] (Exegetical Quranic literature) narrates that | [[Tafsir]] (Exegetical Quranic literature) narrates that Muhammad saw the archangel Gabriel in his full angelic splendor only twice, the first time being when he received his first revelation.<ref name="EI2"/> Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel was sent to numerous pre-Islamic Biblical prophets with revelation and divine injunctions, including [[Adam#In Islam|Adam]], whom Muslims believe was consoled by Gabriel sometime after [[fall of man|the Fall]], too.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|last = Glasse|first = Cyril|publisher = Suhail Academy|year = 2000|isbn = 969-519-018-9|location = Lahore|pages = 136}}</ref> He is known by many names in Islam, such as "keeper of holiness".<ref>von Hammer-Purgstall, Josef. [1852] 2010. ''Die Geisterlehre der Moslimen'' [''The Doctrine of Spirits of Muslims'']. [[Bayerische Staatsbibliothek]].</ref> In Hadith traditions, Jibril is said to have six hundred wings.<ref name="Sunnah.com Muslim">{{cite web |title=1 The Book of Faith (76) Chapter: About (The Lote-Tree of the Utmost Boundary) |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:174b |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=9 February 2022 |language=en, ar |quote=Sahih Muslim 174b In-book reference: Book 1, Hadith 338 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Book 1, Hadith 331 (deprecated numbering scheme)}}</ref> | ||
In Islam, the tree of souls is referred to as the [[Sidrat al-Muntaha]] (and is identified as a ''[[Ziziphus spina-christi]]''). | |||
===As a messenger=== | |||
Muslims believe that Gabriel was tasked with transmitting the scriptures from God to the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets and messengers]], as [[Asbab al-Nuzul]] or revelation.<ref>{{qref|2|97|b=y}}</ref> When Muhammad was questioned which angel is revealing the holy scriptures, he told the Jews they are revealed by Gabriel.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2002|p=218}} | |||
Gabriel | Muslims also revere Gabriel for several events that predate what they regard as the first revelation narrated in the Quran. Muslims believe that Gabriel was the angel who informed [[Zechariah in Islam|Zechariah]] of the [[Nativity of John the Baptist]], as well as [[Mary in Islam|Mary]] about the future [[nativity of Jesus]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn Kathīr|first=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar|publisher=Darussalam |title=Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā'(Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) - Story of Zakariyyā (Zechariah) |year=2003|isbn=9960892263 |edition=2|location=Riyadh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn Kathīr|first=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar|publisher=Darussalam |title=Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' (Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) – Story of ʻĪsá (Jesus) |year=2003 |isbn=9960892263 |edition=2|location=Riyadh}}</ref> and that Gabriel was one of three angels who had earlier informed [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] of the birth of [[Isaac in Islam|Isaac]] ({{qref|51|24–30|pl=y}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibn Kathīr |first1=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar|publisher=Darussalam |title=Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' (Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) – Story of Ismāʻīl (Ishmael) |date=2003 |isbn=9960892263 |edition=2nd |location=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}}</ref> Gabriel also makes a famous appearance in the [[Hadith of Gabriel]], in which he questions Muhammad on the core tenets of Islam.<ref name="EoQ"/> | ||
Gabriel is also believed to have delivered punishment [[Sodomites in Islam|from God to the Sodomites]] by leveling the entire city of [[Sodom and Gomorrah|Sodom]] with the tip of his wing.<ref name="Nabi-Nabi Allah: Kisah Para Nabi dan Rasul Allah dalam Al-Qur'an">{{cite book|last=Bahgat|first=Ahmad|author-link=Ahmad Bahgat|editor-last=Ayu|editor-first=Sudjilah|translator1=Muhtadi Kadi|translator2=Musthofa Sukawi|title=Nabi-Nabi Allah Kisah Para Nabi dan Rasul Allah dalam Al-Qur'an |trans-title=Prophets of Allah Stories of the Prophets and Messengers of Allah in the Qur'an|year=2007|publisher=Qisthi Press|isbn=9789791303101|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JLcDwAAQBAJ|language=id, ar}}</ref> According to a Hadith narrated by [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari]], which is compiled by [[al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi]], Gabriel has the ability to regulate feeling or perception in humans, particularly happiness or sadness.<ref name="Suyuti; angel Jibril">{{cite book|last=Al-Suyuti|first=Jalal al-Din|author-link=Al-Suyuti|editor1-last=Muhammad as Said Basyuni|editor1-first=Abu Hajir|editor2-last=Yasir|editor2-first=Muhammad|translator=Mishabul Munir|title=Misteri Alam Malaikat|year=2021|publisher=Pustaka al-Kautsar|page=20|isbn=9789795929512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDxQEAAAQBAJ|language=id|quote=Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book of ''az-Zuhd''; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn Shihab (1/92)}}</ref> | |||
Gabriel is believed to have | |||
===As a warrior=== | |||
[[File:Muhammad at Badr.jpg|thumb|Muhammad at the [[Battle of Badr]], advised by an angel ([[Siyer-i Nebi]], 16th century)]] | |||
Gabriel is believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries significantly against an [[ifrit]] during the [[Isra and Mi'raj|Night Journey]].<ref>{{cite book|last=al-Yahsubi|first=Al-Qadi Iyad|title=الشفا بتعريف حقوق المصطفى (ص) [عربي/انكليزي] ترجمة(Ash-Shifa: Healing Through Defining the Rights of Prophet Muhammad [may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him]) |year=2013 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |location=Beirut|isbn=978-2-745-16073-7 |edition=2}}</ref><ref>[[Islam Issa (academic)|Issa, Islam]]. 2016. ''Milton in the Arab-Muslim World''. Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|978-1-317-09592-7}}. p. 111.</ref> Gabriel is also believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries during the [[Battle of Badr]], where according to scholars and clerics of Islam, the various hadiths, both authentics and inauthentics, has mentioned that Gabriel,<ref name=Misri2015>{{cite book|last=al-Misri|first=Mahmud|title=Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah|trans-title=Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam|volume=1: Zubair bin Awwan|page=|publisher=Pustaka Ibnu Katsir|location=Jawa Barat, Indonesia|year=2015|isbn=978-9791294386|language=id, ar|url=https://kalemtayeb.com/safahat/item/36531}}</ref> Michael, [[Israfil|Raphael]],<ref name=Israfil/>{{#tag:ref|Found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.<ref>{{cite book|last=al-Nishapuri|first=al-Hakim |title=al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn |publisher=Islamweb |location=Islamweb|url=https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&idfrom=4305&idto=4307&bk_no=74&ID=1899|chapter=Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr. |quote=4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi, on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub, who reported Abu Huwayrith, that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him}}</ref> The complete narration from [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] were: "Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty …" {{ill|Ibn al Mulqin|id|Ibnu Al-Mulaqqin}}, Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith that he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.<ref name="Al Mulqin Mukhtaras">{{cite web |last1=Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i |first1=Sirajuddin |title=كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي|trans-title=kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/33911/1160 |website=Islamweb |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> However, recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi has noted there is another hadith which supported the participation of Raphael in Badr<ref name="Israfil">{{cite web |last1=Hakim |first1=Saifuddin |title=Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1) |url=https://muslim.or.id/24549-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-1.html |website=Muslim.or.id |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=id|date=2015 |quote=[ يا آدم بر حجك ] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."}}</ref>|group="N"}}{{#tag:ref|According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Raphael were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower of [[Armageddon]] trumpet, and one of archangels who bear the [[Throne of God]] on their back.<ref name="Israfil2">{{cite web |last1=Hakim |first1=Saifuddin |title=Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)|trans-title=Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2) |url=https://muslim.or.id/24567-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-2.html |website=Muslim.or.id |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=id|date=2015 |quote=Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba’dal Maut, p. 112. ; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-‘Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-‘Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).}}</ref>|group="N"}} and thousands of [[Angels in Islam|best angels]] from third level of heaven, all came to the battle of Badr by impersonating the appearance of [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]], a [[Companions of the Prophet|Companion of the Prophet]] and bodyguard of the prophet.{{#tag:ref|According to one Hadith, Muhammad were told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel in Hadith narrated by Muhammad.<ref name="Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01">{{cite web |last1=Qadhi |first1=Yasir|author-link1=Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi |title=Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01 |url=https://muslimcentral.com/yasir-qadhi-lives-sahaba-az-zubayr-ibn-al-awwam/ |website=Muslim Central Audio |access-date=4 December 2021 |date=2016}}</ref>|group="N"}}<ref name="Tarikh Dimashq 2">{{harvtxt|Bin Al-Hassan|Al-Dimashqi|first2=Ibn Asaker|2012|p=622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban}}.</ref> This is deemed as Zubayr's honor according to Islamic belief.{{sfn|Rizqullah|2005|p=410}}{{sfn|Abasoomar|Abasoomar|2016}}{{#tag:ref|According to one narration, during the battle, Muhammad found an angel whom he thought was Zubayr standing next to him, which then prompted Muhammad to command him to attack, which the angel, in Zubayr's appearance, simply replied, "I am not Zubayr". Thus, this is another indication that the angels truly came down with the appearance of Zubayr during Badr.<ref name="Kisah Teladan 20 Shahabat Nabi untuk Anak">{{cite book|last=Ahmad Ath-Thahir|first=Hamid|title=Kisah Teladan 20 Shahabat Nabi untuk Anak |year=2017 |publisher=Hikam Pustaka |isbn=9786236843703 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-61VEAAAQBAJ |access-date=29 December 2021 |language=id}}</ref>|group="N"}} Meanwhile, [[Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri]] has recorded in his [[historiography]] works of Quran and Hadith revelation in [[Prophetic biography]], that [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] testified he saw two unidentified warriors clad in white had protected Muhammad during the [[Battle of Uhud]], that later being confirmed by Muhammad those two unidentified warriors were Jibril and Michael in disguise.<ref name="eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab">{{cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWhgEAAAQBAJ |title=Periode Madinah; Aktivitas Militer Menjelang Perang Uhud dan Perang Ahzab |year=2021 |publisher=Hikam Pustaka |isbn=9786233114158 |editor-last=Nayra|editor-first=Abu|pages=78–79 |language=id |translator=Abu Ahsan |trans-title=Medina period: military activity on the eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab |type=Religion / General, Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History, Religion / Reference |format=ebook |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> | |||
Moreover, he is believed to have further encouraged Muhammad to wage war and attack the [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribe]] of [[Banu Qurayza]].<ref name=Reynolds2014/><ref name="Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English · Volume 5">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Muhsin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdclAQAAMAAJ |title=Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic–English |year=1997 |publisher=Darussalam Publishers|isbn=9789960717319 |volume=5 |page=269|type=Hadith – Early works to 1800 |author1-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Another appearance of Gabriel in Islamic religious texts were found in numerous Hadiths during the [[Battle of Hunayn]], where the Gabriel stood next to Muhammad.<ref name="The Book of the Jihad of 'Ali Ibn Tahir Al-Sulami (d. 1106)">{{cite book|last=Christie|first=Niall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ii5EDwAAQBAJ |title=The Book of the Jihad of 'Ali Ibn Tahir Al-Sulami (d. 1106) Text, Translation and Commentary |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317040118 |editor1-last=Christie |editor1-first=Niall |page=302|type=History / Europe / Medieval, History / Middle East / General, Jihad – Early works to 1800 |format=ebook |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Gabriel is also said to have fought [[Iblis]], when the latter tempted [[Jesus in Islam|ʿĪsā]] (Jesus).<ref>Islam Issa Milton in the Arab-Muslim World Taylor & Francis 2016 ISBN 978-1-317-09592-7 page 111</ref> [[Ibn Barrajan]] regards Gabriel to be an angel created from fire, like Iblis, thus settling Gabriel symbolically into the head of opposition to the leader of the devils.<ref>Gallorini, L. (2025). The Functions of Angels in Sufi Literature (Vol. 218). Brill. p. 125</ref> | |||
== | Other [[Islamic holy books|Islamic texts]] and some [[apocryphal literature]] also supported Gabriel's role as a celestial warrior.<ref name=Reynolds2014/><ref>Burge, Stephen. 2015. ''Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik''. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1-136-50473-0}} p. 204.</ref> Though alternate theories exist, whether the occurrence of the [[Holy Spirit]] in the Quran refers to Gabriel or not, remains an issue of scholarly debate.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} However, a clear distinction between apocryphal and Quranic references to Gabriel is that the former doesn't designate him as the Holy Spirit in the [[Book of Enoch|First Book of Enoch]], which narrates the story of Gabriel defeating the [[Nephilim]].<ref name=Reynolds2014/> | ||
[[Yazidis | |||
==Other traditions== | |||
The [[Yazidis]] worship [[Seven Archangels]], including Jabra'il (Gabriel), Mikha'il (Michael), Rapha'il (Raphael), [[Dedra'il]], [[Azrael|Azra'il]], [[Shamka'il]], and [[Azazil]], who are [[Emanationism|emanations from God]] with which God entrusted the world. Other angels in [[Yazidism]] include [[Israfil|Azrafil]], Nekir and Nukir.<ref name=Empson1928>{{cite book|last=Empson|first=Ralph Horatio Woolnough|title=The Cult of the Peacock Angel|chapter=Secular and Religious Orders|page=101|publisher=H. F. & G. Witherby|location=London|year=1928|url=https://dn790005.ca.archive.org/0/items/MN40203ucmf_2/MN40203ucmf_2.pdf}}</ref> The Yazidis associate Gabriel with [[Tawûsî Melek]] (the "Peacock Angel").<ref name=Asatrian2003>{{cite journal|last1=Asatrian|first1=Garnik|last2=Arakelova|first2=Victoria|title=Malak-Tāwūs: The Peacock Angel of the Yezidis|journal=Iran & the Caucasus|volume=7|issue=1/2|pages=1–36|year=2003|doi=10.1163/157338403X00015 |jstor=4030968|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030968}}</ref> | |||
[[Yazdânism]] and [[Yarsanism]] share many elements with Yazidism, including seven secondary divine manifestations, emanationism and the [[incarnation]] of the archangel Gabriel (''Pir Benjamin'' in Yarsanism). | |||
[[Mandaeism|Mandaeans]] venerate [[Ptahil]] as the "Fourth Life" (the third of three emanations from the First Life). Ptahil is an ''[[uthra]]'', identified with Gabriel, who creates the poorly made material world with the help of [[Ruha]], a sinful and fallen female ruler who inhabits the [[World of Darkness (Mandaeism)|World of Darkness]]. Ruha and Ptahil's roles in creation vary, with each gaining control when the other's power subsides.<ref name=Buckley1982>{{cite journal|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|author-link=Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley|title=A Rehabilitation of Spirit Ruha in Mandaean Religion|journal=History of Religions|volume=22|issue=1|pages=60–84|year=1982|doi=10.1086/462910|jstor=1062203|s2cid=162087047|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062203|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to [[Brikha Nasoraia]], the creation of [[tibil|the material world]] occurs by [[Hayyi Rabbi|God's]] command, but is delegated to Ptahil (a subservient emanation or ''uthra'') with the assistance of Gabriel and others.<ref name=Nasoraia2012>{{cite book|editor-last=Çetinkaya|editor-first=Bayram|last=Nasoraia|first=Brikhah S.|title=Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion|volume=1|chapter=Religious and Philosophical Texts: Rereading, Understanding and Comprehending Them in the 21st Century|pages=27–53|publisher=Sultanbeyli Belediyesi|location=Istanbul|year=2012|isbn=978-6058974449|chapter-url=http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf}}</ref> | |||
==Art, entertainment, and media== | ==Art, entertainment, and media== | ||
Angels are described as pure spirits.<ref name="gorgievski">{{Cite book |last=Gorgievski |first=Sandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYareuHCAu0C&dq=angels+in+art+history&pg=PA1 |title=Face to Face with Angels: Images in Medieval Art and in Film |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5756-4 | Angels are described as pure spirits.<ref name="gorgievski">{{Cite book|last=Gorgievski|first=Sandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYareuHCAu0C&dq=angels+in+art+history&pg=PA1 |title=Face to Face with Angels: Images in Medieval Art and in Film |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5756-4}}</ref><ref name="longhurst">{{citation |author=Longhurst, Dr. |first=Christopher Evan |title="The Science of Angelology in the Modern World: The Revival of Angels in Contemporary Culture", ''The Catholic Response'', September/October 2012 |date=1 January 1970 |volume=IX, No. 2 |pages=32–36 |publisher=Academia.edu |issn=1553-0221}}</ref> The lack of a defined form allows artists wide latitude in depicting them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1185507/angels-exist-but-have-no-wings-says-church |title=Angels Exist But Have No Wings, Says Church |publisher=News.sky.com |date=20 December 2013 |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> Amelia R. Brown draws comparisons in Byzantine iconography between portrayals of angels and the conventions used to depict court eunuchs. Mainly from the Caucasus, they tended to have light eyes, hair, and skin; and those "castrated in childhood developed a distinctive skeletal structure, lacked full masculine musculature, body hair and beards ..." As officials, they would wear a white tunic decorated with gold. Brown suggests that "Byzantine artists drew, consciously or not, on this iconography of the court eunuch".<ref name=brown>Brown, Amelia. ''Painting the Bodiless: Angels and Eunuchs in Byzantine Art and Culture'', University of Queensland (2007)</ref> Some recent popular works on angels consider Gabriel to be female or [[androgynous]].<ref name="Giovetti1993">{{cite book|last=Giovetti|first=Paola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svkGyVmZyEEC |title=Angels: The Role of Celestial Guardians and Beings of Light |publisher=Samuel Weiser |others=Translated by Toby McCormick |year=1993 |isbn=978-0877287797 |location=York Beach, Maine}}</ref><ref name="Godwin1990">{{cite book|last=Godwin|first=Malcolm|url=https://archive.org/details/angelsendangered00godw |title=Angels An Endangered Species |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1990 |isbn=0671706500 |location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/angelsendangered00godw/page/43 43]|quote="But Gabri-el is unique amongst an otherwise male or androgynous host, for it is almost certain that this great Archangel is the only female in the higher echelons."|url-access=registration}}</ref> | ||
===Painting and sculpture=== | |||
Gabriel is most often portrayed in the context of the [[Annunciation]]. In 2008, a 16th-century drawing by Lucas van Leyden of the Netherlands was discovered. George R. Goldner, chairman of the department of prints and drawings at New York's [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], suggested that the sketch was for a stained glass window. "The fact that the archangel is an ordinary-looking person and not an idealized boy is typical of the artist", said Goldner.<ref>Vogel, Carol. 25 July 2008. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/arts/design/25voge.html?_r=0 Angels Appear, and Museums Rejoice]" ''New York Times''.</ref> | |||
The Military Order of Saint Gabriel was established to recognize "individuals who have made significant contributions to the U.S. Army Public Affairs community and practice". The medallion depicts St. Gabriel sounding a trumpet, while the obverse displays the Army Public Affairs emblem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armypaa.org/saintgabriel|title=Military Order of Saint Gabriel|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201727/http://www.armypaa.org/saintgabriel|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File:Gabor arkangyal.jpg|Archangel Gabriel Millennium Monument at [[Hősök tere|Heroes' Square]] in [[Budapest]] | File:Gabor arkangyal.jpg|Archangel Gabriel Millennium Monument at [[Hősök tere|Heroes' Square]] in [[Budapest]] | ||
| Line 218: | Line 179: | ||
File:To the victims of the german occupation.jpg|Archangel Gabriel at the Liberty Square, Budapest | File:To the victims of the german occupation.jpg|Archangel Gabriel at the Liberty Square, Budapest | ||
File:Archanděl Gabriel z Nedvědic, AJG Hluboká nad Vltavou.jpg|[[Archangel Gabriel of Nedvědice]] | File:Archanděl Gabriel z Nedvědic, AJG Hluboká nad Vltavou.jpg|[[Archangel Gabriel of Nedvědice]] | ||
File:Annunciation (Leonardo).jpg|alt=Painting of the annunciation by Leonardo|Gabriel and Mary in [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Annunciation (Leonardo)|Annunciation]]'', c. 1472–1475 | |||
File:Titian - Polyptych of the Resurrection - Archangel Gabriel - WGA22785.jpg|Angel of the [[Averoldi Polyptych#Annunciation|Annunciation]] by [[Titian]] (1520–1522) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| Line 229: | Line 192: | ||
*In ''[[Heaven Only Knows (1947 film)|Heaven Only Knows]]'' (1947), Gabriel was portrayed by [[William Farnum]]. | *In ''[[Heaven Only Knows (1947 film)|Heaven Only Knows]]'' (1947), Gabriel was portrayed by [[William Farnum]]. | ||
*In ''The Littlest Angel'' (1969; television film), Gabriel is portrayed by [[Cab Calloway]]. | *In ''The Littlest Angel'' (1969; television film), Gabriel is portrayed by [[Cab Calloway]]. | ||
*In horror film ''[[The Prophecy]]'' (1995), Gabriel (portrayed by [[Christopher Walken]]) searches for an evil soul on Earth during an [[ | *In the horror film ''[[The Prophecy]]'' (1995), Gabriel (portrayed by [[Christopher Walken]]) searches for an evil soul on Earth during an [[Eschatology|end-of-days]] angelic civil war. He is also a character in ''[[The Prophecy II]]'' (1998) and ''[[The Prophecy 3: The Ascent]]'' (2000). | ||
*In ''[[Mary, Mother of Jesus (film)|Mary, Mother of Jesus]]'' (1999; television film), Gabriel is portrayed by [[John Light (actor)|John Light]]. | *In ''[[Mary, Mother of Jesus (film)|Mary, Mother of Jesus]]'' (1999; television film), Gabriel is portrayed by [[John Light (actor)|John Light]]. | ||
*In the fantasy/horror film ''[[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]]'' (2004), the title character played by [[Hugh Jackman]] is hinted to be an incarnation of Gabriel. | *In the fantasy/horror film ''[[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]]'' (2004), the title character played by [[Hugh Jackman]] is hinted to be an incarnation of Gabriel. | ||
| Line 235: | Line 198: | ||
*In the fantasy/horror film ''[[Constantine (film)|Constantine]]'' (2005), [[Tilda Swinton]] portrays an androgynous archangel Gabriel. | *In the fantasy/horror film ''[[Constantine (film)|Constantine]]'' (2005), [[Tilda Swinton]] portrays an androgynous archangel Gabriel. | ||
*In the action/horror film ''[[Gabriel (2007 film)|Gabriel]]'' (2007), the eponymous character (portrayed by [[Andy Whitfield]]) fights to save the [[soul]]s in [[purgatory]] by defeating the evil [[fallen angel]]s. | *In the action/horror film ''[[Gabriel (2007 film)|Gabriel]]'' (2007), the eponymous character (portrayed by [[Andy Whitfield]]) fights to save the [[soul]]s in [[purgatory]] by defeating the evil [[fallen angel]]s. | ||
*In the apocalyptic supernatural action film ''[[Legion (2010 film)|Legion]]'' (2010), [[Kevin Durand]] plays the role of | *In the apocalyptic supernatural action film ''[[Legion (2010 film)|Legion]]'' (2010), [[Kevin Durand]] plays the role of archangel Gabriel, the leader of the angel army, and the main antagonist. The story was continued in the TV series ''[[Dominion (TV series)|Dominion]]''. | ||
*In the analog horror series ''[[The Mandela Catalogue]]'', Gabriel is portrayed as the main antagonist, seemingly being the Antichrist or Satan disguised as Gabriel, | *In the analog horror series ''[[The Mandela Catalogue]]'', Gabriel is portrayed as the main antagonist, seemingly being the Antichrist or Satan disguised as Gabriel, who manipulates the shepherds to be their saviour instead of Jesus in the first episode, Overthrone. This leads to the events of the series having hostile organisms called Alternates. | ||
===Games=== | ===Games=== | ||
*2005 | *In the 2005 Spanish [[role-playing game]] ''[[Anima: Beyond Fantasy]]'', Gabriel is one of the seven "Beryls" (godlike beings of light), and is identified with the archangel of the same name. He is associated with love, friendship, the arts, and peace. | ||
*In the Japanese [[role-playing game]] ''[[Shin Megami Tensei]]'', Gabriel is one of the Demons the player can | *In the Japanese [[role-playing game]] ''[[Shin Megami Tensei]]'', Gabriel is one of the Demons the player can summon to assist in battle. | ||
*In the 2011 video game ''[[El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron]]'', based on the Book of Enoch, Gabriel is featured alongside Michael, Raphael, and Uriel as a guide for Enoch on his quest. All four archangels take the form of swans while on Earth. Gabriel is depicted as female in this interpretation and implied to be an angel of wisdom. She is associated with the Veil weapon Enoch uses. | *In the 2011 video game ''[[El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron]]'', based on the Book of Enoch, Gabriel is featured alongside Michael, Raphael, and Uriel as a guide for Enoch on his quest. All four archangels take the form of swans while on Earth. Gabriel is depicted as female in this interpretation and is implied to be an angel of wisdom. She is associated with the Veil weapon Enoch uses. | ||
*Gabriel appears in the retro first-person shooter ''[[Ultrakill]]'', and is voiced by Gianni Matragrano. He is featured as the final boss of the first two acts and a primary story character. | *Gabriel appears in the retro first-person shooter ''[[Ultrakill]]'', and is voiced by Gianni Matragrano. He is featured as the final boss of the first two acts and a primary story character. | ||
*In ''[[The Binding of Isaac (video game)|The Binding of Isaac]]'' (2011), a roguelike dungeon crawler, the player is able to fight Gabriel and Uriel to obtain their key pieces | *In ''[[The Binding of Isaac (video game)|The Binding of Isaac]]'' (2011), a roguelike dungeon crawler, the player is able to fight Gabriel and Uriel to obtain their key pieces to fight Mega Satan. | ||
*In ''[[In Death: Unchained (video game)|In Death: Unchained]]'', a virtual reality rougelike archery game, God has abandoned | *In ''[[In Death: Unchained (video game)|In Death: Unchained]]'', a virtual reality rougelike archery game, God has abandoned Heaven, and Gabriel has lost his sanity. He is the boss of the Paradise Lost area. | ||
===Literature=== | ===Literature=== | ||
| Line 250: | Line 213: | ||
* In his [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', [[John Milton]] made Gabriel chief of the angelic guards placed over [[Garden of Eden|Paradise]]. | * In his [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', [[John Milton]] made Gabriel chief of the angelic guards placed over [[Garden of Eden|Paradise]]. | ||
* The Hebrew poem "{{ill|Elifelet (poem)|lt=Elifelet|he|אליפלט (שיר)}}" by [[Nathan Alterman]], put to music and often heard on the [[Kol Yisrael|Israeli Radio]], tells of a heroic, self-sacrificing Israeli soldier being killed in battle. Upon the protagonist's death, the angel Gabriel descends to Earth, in order to comfort the spirit of the fallen hero and take him to Heaven.<ref>{{cite web |title=התרנגולים – אליפלט – שירונט |url=http://www.shiron.net/songView.aspx?song_id=307&singer_id=352&song_title=6cd6 |access-date=16 August 2010 |publisher=Shiron.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haayal.co.il/story_1720 |title=אין לו אופי אפילו במיל |publisher=Haayal.co.il |access-date=16 August 2010}}</ref> | * The Hebrew poem "{{ill|Elifelet (poem)|lt=Elifelet|he|אליפלט (שיר)}}" by [[Nathan Alterman]], put to music and often heard on the [[Kol Yisrael|Israeli Radio]], tells of a heroic, self-sacrificing Israeli soldier being killed in battle. Upon the protagonist's death, the angel Gabriel descends to Earth, in order to comfort the spirit of the fallen hero and take him to Heaven.<ref>{{cite web |title=התרנגולים – אליפלט – שירונט |url=http://www.shiron.net/songView.aspx?song_id=307&singer_id=352&song_title=6cd6 |access-date=16 August 2010 |publisher=Shiron.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haayal.co.il/story_1720 |title=אין לו אופי אפילו במיל |publisher=Haayal.co.il |access-date=16 August 2010}}</ref> | ||
* In [[August Wilson]]'s ''[[Fences (play)|Fences]]'' (1985), the mentally handicapped character Gabriel believes with every fiber of his soul that he is the | * In [[August Wilson]]'s ''[[Fences (play)|Fences]]'' (1985), the mentally handicapped character Gabriel believes with every fiber of his soul that he is the archangel Gabriel. He carries a trumpet and strives to chase away the "hellhounds". In the last scene of the play, he calls for [[Saint Peter]] to open the gates. | ||
* The main character of [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988) believes that he is the modern incarnation of Gabriel. | * The main character of [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988) believes that he is the modern incarnation of Gabriel. | ||
* In the humorous fantasy novel ''[[Good Omens]]'' (1990) by [[Terry Pratchett]] and [[Neil Gaiman]], Gabriel is the head of an inefficient heavenly bureaucracy. | * In the humorous fantasy novel ''[[Good Omens]]'' (1990) by [[Terry Pratchett]] and [[Neil Gaiman]], Gabriel is the head of an inefficient heavenly bureaucracy. | ||
*In the Japanese [[light novel]] series ''[[No Game No Life]]'' (2012), Jibril is a member of the Flügel race and was a member of the Council of 18 Wings, a prominent section in the government. She is depicted as loving knowledge and books. | *In the Japanese [[light novel]] series ''[[No Game No Life]]'' (2012), Jibril is a member of the Flügel race and was a member of the Council of 18 Wings, a prominent section in the government. She is depicted as loving knowledge and books. | ||
* In volume 3 of the Japanese light novel series ''[[The Devil Is a Part-Timer!]]'', an archangel named Gabriel appears and is the guardian of the [[Sephirah]] [[Yesod]]. | * In volume 3 of the Japanese light novel series ''[[The Devil Is a Part-Timer!]]'', an archangel named Gabriel appears and is the guardian of the [[Sephirah]] [[Yesod]]. | ||
* In the Japanese light novel ''[[High School DxD]],'' Gabriel is featured as one of the Four Great | * In the Japanese light novel ''[[High School DxD]],'' Gabriel is featured as one of the Four Great Seraphim who are the highest ranking [[seraph]]im alongside Michael, Uriel, and Raphael. In the novel, Gabriel is depicted as a female angel with immense angelic beauty, and is given the titles of "The Strongest Woman in Heaven" and "The Most Beautiful Woman in Heaven". | ||
* In the Japanese light novel series [[Date A Live]], Gabriel is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as angels within the series), belonging to Miku Izayoi. Gabriel takes the form of an organ that can control sound. It can play various songs including March, which enhances the targets physical abilities, and Solo, which can brainwash those who listen to it, among others. | * In the Japanese light novel series [[Date A Live]], Gabriel is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as angels within the series), belonging to Miku Izayoi. Gabriel takes the form of an organ that can control sound. It can play various songs including "March", which enhances the targets physical abilities, and "Solo", which can brainwash those who listen to it, among others. | ||
===Music=== | ===Music=== | ||
* The eccentric English [[Hagiography|hagiographer]] and [[antiquarian]], [[Sabine Baring-Gould]] (1834–1924) wrote "[[Gabriel's Message]]", the English translation of the [[Basque music|Basque]] | * The eccentric English [[Hagiography|hagiographer]] and [[antiquarian]], [[Sabine Baring-Gould]] (1834–1924) wrote "[[Gabriel's Message]]", the English translation of the [[Basque music|Basque]] Christmas carol ''Birjina gaztetto bat zegoen''. The original carol is likely related to the 13th or 14th-century Latin chant ''[[Angelus ad virginem|Angelus Ad Virginem]]'', which itself is based on the biblical account of the Annunciation in the Gospel of Luke. | ||
*"Blow, Gabriel, Blow" was sung by [[Ethel Merman]] in [[Cole Porter]]'s 1934 musical ''[[Anything Goes]]''. | *"Blow, Gabriel, Blow" was sung by [[Ethel Merman]] in [[Cole Porter]]'s 1934 musical ''[[Anything Goes]]''. | ||
* In the 1997 song "[[My Own Prison (song)|My Own Prison]]" by [[Creed (band)|Creed]], Gabriel is mentioned as deciphering the visions to the song's main character. | * In the 1997 song "[[My Own Prison (song)|My Own Prison]]" by [[Creed (band)|Creed]], Gabriel is mentioned as deciphering the visions to the song's main character. | ||
* "Blow Your Trumpets Gabriel" was performed by Polish [[black metal]] band [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]]. | * "Blow Your Trumpets Gabriel" was performed by Polish [[black metal]] band [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]]. | ||
* The 1996 garage/house song "Gabriel" by [[Roy Davis Jr.]] (featuring vocals from Peven Everett) is about the archangel Gabriel. In the chorus, Everett can be heard singing "Gabriel play" in reference to Gabriel's trumpet. A trumpet is also heard in the song right after this line is sung. | * The 1996 garage/house song "Gabriel" by [[Roy Davis Jr.]] (featuring vocals from Peven Everett) is about the archangel Gabriel. In the chorus, Everett can be heard singing "Gabriel play" in reference to Gabriel's trumpet. A trumpet is also heard in the song right after this line is sung. | ||
===Television=== | ===Television=== | ||
*''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' (1960) episode "[[A Passage for Trumpet]]" – The down-and-out musician Joey Crown ([[Jack Klugman]]) meets an enigmatic trumpet player named "Gabe" (played by [[John Anderson (actor)|John Anderson]]), in what has been described as [[Rod Serling]]'s version of ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=T.V.com |date=22 November 2011 |title=A Passage for Trumpet – the Twilight Zone |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/the-twilight-zone/a-passage-for-trumpet-12616/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417032701/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-twilight-zone/a-passage-for-trumpet-12616/ |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Tv.com}}</ref> | *''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' (1960) episode "[[A Passage for Trumpet]]" – The down-and-out musician Joey Crown ([[Jack Klugman]]) meets an enigmatic trumpet player named "Gabe" (played by [[John Anderson (actor)|John Anderson]]), in what has been described as [[Rod Serling]]'s version of ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=T.V.com |date=22 November 2011 |title=A Passage for Trumpet – the Twilight Zone |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/the-twilight-zone/a-passage-for-trumpet-12616/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417032701/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-twilight-zone/a-passage-for-trumpet-12616/ |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Tv.com}}</ref> | ||
*''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]'' (2005) – Gabriel, portrayed by [[Richard Speight Jr.]], is a runaway archangel who kills people he deems evil, also interacting with [[List of angels in Supernatural|other angels]], including his siblings Michael, Raphael, and Lucifer. | *''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]'' (2005) – Gabriel, portrayed by [[Richard Speight Jr.]], is a runaway archangel who kills people he deems evil, also interacting with [[List of angels in Supernatural|other angels]], including his siblings Michael, Raphael, and Lucifer. | ||
*''[[Dominion (TV series)|Dominion]]'' (2014) – Gabriel, portrayed by [[Carl Beukes]], is the series antagonist, who plans to kill the | *''[[Dominion (TV series)|Dominion]]'' (2014) – Gabriel, portrayed by [[Carl Beukes]], is the series antagonist, who plans to kill the archangel Michael and annihilate humanity. | ||
*''[[Now Apocalypse]]'' (2019) – Gabriel, portrayed by [[Tyler Posey]], is an enigmatic trumpet player who has a passionate tryst with series protagonist Ulysses Zane before warning him about an impending apocalypse. | *''[[Now Apocalypse]]'' (2019) – Gabriel, portrayed by [[Tyler Posey]], is an enigmatic trumpet player who has a passionate tryst with series protagonist Ulysses Zane before warning him about an impending apocalypse. | ||
*Amazon Prime miniseries ''[[Good Omens (miniseries)|Good Omens]]'' (2019) – Gabriel is portrayed by [[Jon Hamm]]. The show is based on [[Good Omens|the novel]] by [[Terry Pratchett]] and [[Neil Gaiman]]. | *Amazon Prime miniseries ''[[Good Omens (miniseries)|Good Omens]]'' (2019) – Gabriel is portrayed by [[Jon Hamm]]. The show is based on [[Good Omens|the novel]] by [[Terry Pratchett]] and [[Neil Gaiman]]. | ||
== See also == | ==See also== | ||
{{Portal|Saints}} | {{Portal|Saints}} | ||
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}} | {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} | ||
* [[Angel of the Lord]] | * [[Angel of the Lord]] | ||
* [[Angelus]] | * [[Angelus]] | ||
* [[Hermes]] | * [[Hermes]] | ||
* [[Hierarchy of angels]] | |||
* [[List of angels in theology]] | * [[List of angels in theology]] | ||
* [[List of names referring to El]] | * [[List of names referring to El]] | ||
* [[Ptahil|Ptahil-Uthra]]—Also identified as Gabriel in Mandaeism | * [[Ptahil|Ptahil-Uthra]]—Also identified as Gabriel in Mandaeism | ||
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29|Saint Gabriel, patron saint archive]] | * [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29|Saint Gabriel, patron saint archive]] | ||
{{Div col end}} | {{Div col end}} | ||
| Line 327: | Line 257: | ||
===Works cited=== | ===Works cited=== | ||
{{refbegin|30em}} | {{refbegin|30em}} | ||
* {{cite web |last1=Abasoomar |first1=Moulana Muhammad |last2=Abasoomar |first2=Moulana Haroon |title=Virtue of Sayyiduna Zubayr (radiyallahu 'anhu) |url=https://hadithanswers.com/virtue-of-sayyiduna-zubayr-radiyallahu-anhu/ |date=2016 |website=Hadith Answers |publisher=Darul Hadith |access-date=9 November 2021}} | * {{cite web|last1=Abasoomar |first1=Moulana Muhammad |last2=Abasoomar |first2=Moulana Haroon |title=Virtue of Sayyiduna Zubayr (radiyallahu 'anhu) |url=https://hadithanswers.com/virtue-of-sayyiduna-zubayr-radiyallahu-anhu/ |date=2016 |website=Hadith Answers |publisher=Darul Hadith |access-date=9 November 2021}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Bin Al-Hassan |first1=Abi Al-Qasim Ali |last2=Al-Dimashqi |first2=Ibn Asaker |author-link2=Ibn Asakir |title=تاريخ مدينة دمشق 1-37 ج10 |trans-title=History of the city of Damascus |date=2012 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية}} | * {{cite book|last1=Bin Al-Hassan |first1=Abi Al-Qasim Ali |last2=Al-Dimashqi |first2=Ibn Asaker |author-link2=Ibn Asakir |title=تاريخ مدينة دمشق 1-37 ج10 |trans-title=History of the city of Damascus |date=2012 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Noegel |first1=Scott B. |last2=Wheeler |first2=Brannon M. |title=Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780810866102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-QBAwAAQBAJ}} | * {{cite book|editor-last=Charles|editor-first=Robert Henry|editor-link=Robert Charles (scholar)|translator-last=Morfill|translator-first=William Richard|title=The Book Of The Secrets Of Enoch|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1896|url=https://archive.org/details/booksecretsenoc00morfgoog/page/n7/mode/2up?q=Gabriel}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Rizqullah |first1=Ahmad Mahdi |title=A Biography of the Prophet of Islam In the Light of the Original Sources, an Analytical Study · Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers]] |page=410 |isbn=9789960969022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC |access-date=9 November 2021}} | * {{cite book|editor-last=Charles|editor-first=Robert Henry|title=The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English|volume=II:Pseudoepigrapha|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1913|url=https://archive.org/details/apocryphapseudep02charuoft/page/n5/mode/2up?q=Gabriel}} | ||
* {{cite book|editor-last=Hone|editor-first=William|editor-link=William Hone|title=The Apocryphal New Testament|edition=2|chapter=First Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus Christ|page=38|publisher=Gebbie & Company|location=Philadelphia|year=1880|url=https://archive.org/details/apocryphalnewtes00honerich/mode/2up?q=Gabriel}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Noegel |first1=Scott B. |last2=Wheeler |first2=Brannon M. |title=Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780810866102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-QBAwAAQBAJ}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Rizqullah |first1=Ahmad Mahdi |title=A Biography of the Prophet of Islam In the Light of the Original Sources, an Analytical Study · Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers]] |page=410 |isbn=9789960969022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC |access-date=9 November 2021}} | |||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
{{refbegin|30em}} | {{refbegin|30em}} | ||
*{{cite book |last=Bamberger |first=Bernard J. |year=2006 |title=Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm | | *{{cite book|last=Bamberger |first=Bernard J. |year=2006 |title=Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Jewish Publication Society |isbn=978-0-8276-0797-2}} | ||
*{{cite book |last=Bunson |first=Matthew |year=1996 |title=Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host | | *{{cite book|last=Bunson |first=Matthew |year=1996 |title=Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host|location=New York |publisher=Crown Trade Paperbacks |isbn=0-517-88537-9}} | ||
*{{cite book |last=Cruz |first=Joan C. |year=1999 |title=Angels and Devils | | *{{cite book|last=Cruz |first=Joan C. |year=1999 |title=Angels and Devils|location=Rockford, Illinois |publisher=Tan Books & Publishers |isbn=0-89555-638-3}} | ||
*{{cite book |last=Kreeft |first=Peter J. |year=1995 |title=Angels and Demons: What Do We Really Know About Them? | | *{{cite book|last=Kreeft |first=Peter J. |year=1995 |title=Angels and Demons: What Do We Really Know About Them?|location=San Francisco |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-0-89870-550-8}} | ||
*{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=James R. |last2=Oliver |first2=Evelyn Dorothy |year=2008 |title=Angels A to Z |edition= | *{{cite book|last1=Lewis |first1=James R. |last2=Oliver |first2=Evelyn Dorothy |year=2008 |title=Angels A to Z |edition=2|location=Detroit, Michigan |publisher=Visible Ink Press |pages=156–15 |isbn=978-1-578592-12-8}} | ||
*{{cite book |last=Ronner |first=John |year=1993 |title=Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac With Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-And Much More! | | *{{cite book|last=Ronner |first=John |year=1993 |title=Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac With Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-And Much More!|location=Murfreesboro, Tennessee |publisher=Mamre Press |isbn=978-0-932945-40-2}} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
{{Commons category}} | {{Commons category}} | ||
{{Wikiquote}} | {{Wikiquote}} | ||
{{Christmas}} | {{Christmas}} | ||
{{Book of Daniel}} | {{Book of Daniel}} | ||
| Line 355: | Line 285: | ||
{{Coptic saints}} | {{Coptic saints}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
[[Category:Gabriel| ]] | [[Category:Gabriel| ]] | ||
[[Category:Angels in the Book of Enoch]] | [[Category:Angels in the Book of Enoch]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:09, 27 June 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox saint In the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), Gabriel (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell)Template:Refn is an archangel with the power to announce God's will to mankind, as the messenger of God. He is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Quran.
In the Book of Daniel, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions. The archangel also appears in the Book of Enoch and other ancient Jewish writings not preserved in Hebrew. Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of the Israelites, defending them against the angels of the other peoples.
In the New Testament, the Gospel of Luke, Gabriel appears to Zechariah foretelling the birth of John the Baptist. Gabriel later appears to the Virgin Mary to announce that she would conceive and bear a son through a virgin birth. Many Christian traditions – including Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism – revere Gabriel as a saint.
Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent by God to various prophets, including Muhammad. The first five verses of the Al-Alaq, the 96th chapter of the Quran, are believed by Muslims to have been the first verses revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad.
Etymology
The name Gabriel (Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל, Gaḇrīʾēl) is composed of the first person singular possessive form of the Hebrew noun gever (גֶּבֶר), meaning "man",[1] and ʾĒl, meaning "God" or "mighty one".[2] This would translate the archangel's name as "man of God". Proclus of Constantinople, in his Homily 1, stated that the meaning of Gabriel's name prefigured that Jesus, whose birth was announced by Gabriel, would be both man and God.[3]
In his work, the four homilies on the Missus Est", Saint Bernard (1090–1153 AD) interpreted Gabriel's name as "the strength of God", and his symbolic function in the gospel story as announcement of the strength or virtue of Christ, both as the strength of God incarnate and as the strength given by God to the timorous people who would bring into the world a fearful and troublesome event. "Therefore it was an opportune choice that designated Gabriel for the work he had to accomplish, or rather, because he was to accomplish it therefore he was called Gabriel."[4]
Judaism
Hebrew Bible
The only book in the Hebrew Bible that explicitly mentions Gabriel is the Book of Daniel. Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26, 9:21–27). Later, in Daniel's final vision, an angel, not named but likely Gabriel again, appears to him and speaks of receiving help from Michael in battle against the prince of Persia and also Michael's role in times to come. The Book of Daniel contains the first instances of named angels in the Hebrew Bible. Gabriel's main function in the Book of Daniel is that of revealer, responsible for interpreting Daniel's visions, a role he continues to have in later traditions.
Though he is not specifically named, the "man clothed with linen" mentioned in chapters 9 and 10 of the Book of Ezekiel is interpreted as Gabriel in Yoma 77a of the Babylonian Talmud.[5]
Intertestamental literature
Gabriel is not referred to as an archangel in the Hebrew Bible or the New Testament. However, a wealth of Jewish literature was written during the Second Temple period (516 BC–70 AD). Much of the literature produced during this intertestamental period was of the apocalyptic genre. The names and ranks of angels and demons were greatly expanded in this literature, and each had particular duties and status before God. Gabriel was first referred to as an archangel in these texts.
In particular, there are many references to Gabriel in the Book of Enoch. According to the book, Michael, Uriel, Raphael, and Gabriel complain to God about the many wrongs perpetrated by Azazel and Samyaza (especially the fact that they revealed "eternal secrets" and sins to mankind and defiled themselves with women who later gave birth to giant offspring).Template:Sfn As a result, God decides to destroy the Earth (which has been corrupted by the fallen angels, led by Azazel and Samyaza) and all of its inhabitants except for Noah. He sends Gabriel and the other archangels to go after the fallen angels and cast them into the darkness until the day of their judgment.Template:Sfn In Chapter 20, Gabriel is listed as one of seven holy angels (Uriel, Raphael, Raguel, Michael, Saraqâêl, Gabriel, and Remiel) who watch.Template:Sfn In Chapter 40, Gabriel is listed as one of four presences (Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, and Phanuel) who stand on the four sides of God.Template:Sfn These four archangels will be the ones to cast the fallen angels into the abyss of condemnation on Judgment Day.Template:Sfn The final reference to Gabriel in the Book of Enoch is found in Chapter 71: "And that Head of Days came with Michael and Gabriel, Raphael and Phanuel, thousands and ten thousands of angels without number."Template:Sfn
The Book of Enoch is not considered to be canonical scripture by most Jewish or Christian church bodies, although it is part of the biblical canon used by the Ethiopian Jewish community, as well as the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches.
Rabbinic Judaism
According to Rabbinic Judaism, Gabriel — along with Michael, Uriel, and Raphael — is one of the four angels that stand at the four sides of God’s throne and serve as guardian angels of the four parts of the Earth. Michael stands at the right hand of God, while Gabriel (who ranks beneath Michael) stands at the left. Michael and Gabriel often work together, but Michael is mainly occupied in heaven, while Gabriel (as the messenger of God) typically executes God’s will on earth. Like all the angels, Gabriel has wings, but otherwise takes the form of a man. Gabriel is also associated with the metal gold (the color of fire).[5]
Shimon ben Lakish (an amora of the third century) concluded that the angelic names of Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel came out of the Babylonian exile (Gen. Rab. 48:9). Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending the Israelites against the angels of the other nations.[6]
Mystical Judaism
Gabriel is one of God's archangels in the Kabbalah literature. He is portrayed as working in concert with Michael as part of God's court, and he is identified with the sefira of Yesod. Gabriel is not to be prayed to because only God can answer prayers and sends Gabriel as his agent.[5]
According to Jewish mythology, in the Garden of Eden there is a tree of life or the "tree of souls"[7] that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into the Guf, the treasury of souls. Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand.
Christianity
New Testament
.jpg){kind=link}
Gabriel's first appearance in the New Testament is found in the first part of Chapter 1 of the Gospel of Luke, in which he relates the annunciation of the birth of John the Baptist. John's father Zechariah was childless because his wife Elizabeth was barren. An angel appears to Zechariah to announce the birth of his son. When Zechariah questions the angel, the angel identifies himself as Gabriel.(Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".)
Gabriel appears again in the second part of Chapter 1 of the Gospel of Luke, this time to announce the birth of Jesus to Mary.(Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".) While in the first passage the angel identifies himself as Gabriel, in the second passage it is the author of Luke who identifies the angel as Gabriel.
The only other named angels in the New Testament are Michael (in Script error: No such module "Bibleverse". and Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".) and Abaddon (in Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".).
Non-canonical texts
Gabriel is more frequently referenced in early Christian pseudepigraphic texts than in any of the canonical Biblical texts. For example, Gabriel is mentioned in some of the infancy gospels (e.g., Chapter 7 of the Nativity Gospel of Mary,Template:Sfn Chapter 9 of the Protevangelium of James,Template:Sfn and Chapter 1 of the First Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus ChristTemplate:Sfn). Gabriel is also mentioned in some of the early Christian apocalyptic texts, such as the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra[8] and the Second Book of Enoch (e.g., Chapter 21Template:Sfn and Chapter 24Template:Sfn).
In Gnosticism, angels are portrayed as belonging to a pantheon of spiritual beings involved in the creation of the world. According to one ancient Gnostic manuscript, the Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, Gabriel is a divine being and inhabitant of the pleroma that existed before the demiurge.[9] There is also a reference to Gabriel in Chapter 17 of the Gospel of Judas, a Gnostic text dated to 280 AD.[10]
Latter-day Saints
In the theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophet Noah. The two are regarded as the same individual; Noah being his mortal name and Gabriel being his heavenly name.[11][12]
Feast day
The feast day of Saint Gabriel the Archangel was exclusively celebrated on 18 March according to many sources dating between 1588 and 1921; unusually, a source published in 1856[13] has the feast celebrated on 7 April for unknown reasons (a parenthetical note states that the day is normally celebrated on 18 March). Writer Elizabeth Drayson mentions the feast being celebrated on 18 March 1588 in her 2013 book "The Lead Books of Granada".[14]
One of the oldest out-of-print sources placing the feast on 18 March, first published in 1608, is Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica ... by the Spanish writer Alonso de Villegas; a newer edition of this book was published in 1794.[15] Another source published in Ireland in 1886 the Irish Ecclesiastical Record also mentions 18 March.[16]
The Feast of Saint Gabriel was included by Pope Benedict XV in the General Roman Calendar in 1921, for celebration on 24 March.[17] In 1969, the day was officially transferred to 29 September for celebration in conjunction with the feast of the archangels Ss. Michael and Raphael.[18] Today, the 29 September date (known as Michaelmas) has been adopted by not only the Catholic Church, but also the Church of England, the Lutheran churches, the Anglican Communion, and the Western Orthodox churches.
The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches that follow the Byzantine Rite celebrate the Feast of the Archangels (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers) on 8 November. For those churches that follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 8 November currently falls on 21 November of the modern Gregorian Calendar, a difference of 13 days. Eastern Orthodox commemorate Gabriel not only at the Feast of the Archangels, but also on two other days:
- 26 March, the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel" and celebrates his role in the Annunciation
- 13 July, also known as the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel", which celebrates all the appearances and miracles attributed to Gabriel throughout history. The feast was first established on Mount Athos when, in the 9th century, during the reign of Emperor Basil II and Empress Constantina Porphyrogenitus and while Nicholas Chrysoverges was Patriarch of Constantinople, Gabriel appeared in a cell[19] near Karyes, where he wrote with his finger on a stone tablet the hymn to the Theotokos, "It is truly meet ...".[20]
Saint Gabriel the Archangel is commemorated on the vigil of the Feast of the Annunciation by Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate[21] and Western Rite in the ROCOR.[22]
The Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates Gabriel's feast on 13 Paoni,[23] 22 Koiak, and 26 Paoni.[24] One medieval Coptic work, the Investiture of the Archangel Gabriel, attributes the feast day of 22 Koiak to the day Gabriel was given the rank of archangel in heaven.[25]
The Ethiopian Church celebrates Gabriel's feast on 18 December (in the Ethiopian calendar), with a sizeable number of its believers making a pilgrimage to a church dedicated to "Saint Gabriel" in Kulubi and Wonkshet on that day.[26]
Gabriel's horn
A familiar literary trope of Gabriel has him blowing a trumpet blast to announce the resurrection of the dead at the end of time. However, though the Bible mentions a trumpet blast preceding the resurrection of the dead, it never specifies Gabriel as the trumpeter. Different passages state different things: the angels of the Son of Man (Matthew 24:31); the voice of the Son of God (John 5:25–29); God's trumpet (I Thessalonians 4:16); seven angels sounding a series of blasts (Revelation 8–11); or simply "a trumpet will sound" (I Corinthians 15:52).[27] Likewise the early Christian Church Fathers do not mention Gabriel as a trumpeter; and in Jewish and Muslim traditions, Gabriel is again not identified as a trumpeter.[28]
The earliest known identification of Gabriel as a trumpeter comes from the "Hymn for Protection in the Night", attributed to the Armenian Saint Nerses IV the Gracious (1102 – 1173):[29]
The sound of Gabriel's trumpet on the last night, make us worthy to hear, and to stand on your right hand among the sheep with lanterns of inextinguishable light; to be like the five wise virgins, so that with the bridegroom in the bride chamber we, his spiritual brides may enter into glory.
A 1455 Armenian manuscript shows Gabriel sounding his trumpet as the dead climb out of their graves.[30]
Another example occurs in John Milton's Paradise Lost (1667):[27][31]
Betwixt these rockie pillars Gabriel sat
Chief of the Angelic guards (IV.545f) ...
He ended, and the Son gave signal high
To the bright minister that watch'd, he blew
His trumpet, heard in Oreb since perhaps
When God descended, and perhaps once more
To sound at general doom. (XI.72ff).
It is unclear whether Milton was inspired by the Armenian works, though they presumably have a common source.[27]
The image of Gabriel's trumpet blast to announce the end of time was taken up in evangelical Christianity, where it became widespread, notably in African American spirituals.[32]
Script error: No such module "anchor".Islam
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Template:Redirect-multi
Gabriel (Hejazis Template:Langx;[33] also Template:Langx; other canonical writings include: Jabrāʾīl, ''Jabrīl, Jabrāyīl, and Jibrāʾīn[34]) derived from the Template:Langx)[35][36][37][38] in many places in the Qur'an, is revered as one of the primary archangels and as the Angel of Revelation in Islam.[35][36][37] He is primarily mentioned in the verses Template:Qref, Template:Qref and Template:Qref of the Quran. However, the Quranic text doesn't refer to him as an angel.[36] In the Quran, the archangel Gabriel appears named in Template:Qref and Template:Qref, as well as in Template:Qref, where he is mentioned along with the archangel Michael.[35]
Tafsir (Exegetical Quranic literature) narrates that Muhammad saw the archangel Gabriel in his full angelic splendor only twice, the first time being when he received his first revelation.[37] Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel was sent to numerous pre-Islamic Biblical prophets with revelation and divine injunctions, including Adam, whom Muslims believe was consoled by Gabriel sometime after the Fall, too.[39] He is known by many names in Islam, such as "keeper of holiness".[40] In Hadith traditions, Jibril is said to have six hundred wings.[41]
In Islam, the tree of souls is referred to as the Sidrat al-Muntaha (and is identified as a Ziziphus spina-christi).
As a messenger
Muslims believe that Gabriel was tasked with transmitting the scriptures from God to the prophets and messengers, as Asbab al-Nuzul or revelation.[42] When Muhammad was questioned which angel is revealing the holy scriptures, he told the Jews they are revealed by Gabriel.Template:Sfn
Muslims also revere Gabriel for several events that predate what they regard as the first revelation narrated in the Quran. Muslims believe that Gabriel was the angel who informed Zechariah of the Nativity of John the Baptist, as well as Mary about the future nativity of Jesus;[43][44] and that Gabriel was one of three angels who had earlier informed Abraham of the birth of Isaac (Template:Qref).[45] Gabriel also makes a famous appearance in the Hadith of Gabriel, in which he questions Muhammad on the core tenets of Islam.[35]
Gabriel is also believed to have delivered punishment from God to the Sodomites by leveling the entire city of Sodom with the tip of his wing.[46] According to a Hadith narrated by Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, which is compiled by al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, Gabriel has the ability to regulate feeling or perception in humans, particularly happiness or sadness.[47]
As a warrior
Gabriel is believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries significantly against an ifrit during the Night Journey.[48][49] Gabriel is also believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries during the Battle of Badr, where according to scholars and clerics of Islam, the various hadiths, both authentics and inauthentics, has mentioned that Gabriel,[50] Michael, Raphael,[51][N 1][N 2] and thousands of best angels from third level of heaven, all came to the battle of Badr by impersonating the appearance of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, a Companion of the Prophet and bodyguard of the prophet.[N 3][56] This is deemed as Zubayr's honor according to Islamic belief.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn[N 4] Meanwhile, Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri has recorded in his historiography works of Quran and Hadith revelation in Prophetic biography, that Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas testified he saw two unidentified warriors clad in white had protected Muhammad during the Battle of Uhud, that later being confirmed by Muhammad those two unidentified warriors were Jibril and Michael in disguise.[58]
Moreover, he is believed to have further encouraged Muhammad to wage war and attack the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza.[36][59] Another appearance of Gabriel in Islamic religious texts were found in numerous Hadiths during the Battle of Hunayn, where the Gabriel stood next to Muhammad.[60] Gabriel is also said to have fought Iblis, when the latter tempted ʿĪsā (Jesus).[61] Ibn Barrajan regards Gabriel to be an angel created from fire, like Iblis, thus settling Gabriel symbolically into the head of opposition to the leader of the devils.[62]
Other Islamic texts and some apocryphal literature also supported Gabriel's role as a celestial warrior.[36][63] Though alternate theories exist, whether the occurrence of the Holy Spirit in the Quran refers to Gabriel or not, remains an issue of scholarly debate.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". However, a clear distinction between apocryphal and Quranic references to Gabriel is that the former doesn't designate him as the Holy Spirit in the First Book of Enoch, which narrates the story of Gabriel defeating the Nephilim.[36]
Other traditions
The Yazidis worship Seven Archangels, including Jabra'il (Gabriel), Mikha'il (Michael), Rapha'il (Raphael), Dedra'il, Azra'il, Shamka'il, and Azazil, who are emanations from God with which God entrusted the world. Other angels in Yazidism include Azrafil, Nekir and Nukir.[64] The Yazidis associate Gabriel with Tawûsî Melek (the "Peacock Angel").[65]
Yazdânism and Yarsanism share many elements with Yazidism, including seven secondary divine manifestations, emanationism and the incarnation of the archangel Gabriel (Pir Benjamin in Yarsanism).
Mandaeans venerate Ptahil as the "Fourth Life" (the third of three emanations from the First Life). Ptahil is an uthra, identified with Gabriel, who creates the poorly made material world with the help of Ruha, a sinful and fallen female ruler who inhabits the World of Darkness. Ruha and Ptahil's roles in creation vary, with each gaining control when the other's power subsides.[66] According to Brikha Nasoraia, the creation of the material world occurs by God's command, but is delegated to Ptahil (a subservient emanation or uthra) with the assistance of Gabriel and others.[67]
Art, entertainment, and media
Angels are described as pure spirits.[68][69] The lack of a defined form allows artists wide latitude in depicting them.[70] Amelia R. Brown draws comparisons in Byzantine iconography between portrayals of angels and the conventions used to depict court eunuchs. Mainly from the Caucasus, they tended to have light eyes, hair, and skin; and those "castrated in childhood developed a distinctive skeletal structure, lacked full masculine musculature, body hair and beards ..." As officials, they would wear a white tunic decorated with gold. Brown suggests that "Byzantine artists drew, consciously or not, on this iconography of the court eunuch".[71] Some recent popular works on angels consider Gabriel to be female or androgynous.[72][73]
Painting and sculpture
Gabriel is most often portrayed in the context of the Annunciation. In 2008, a 16th-century drawing by Lucas van Leyden of the Netherlands was discovered. George R. Goldner, chairman of the department of prints and drawings at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, suggested that the sketch was for a stained glass window. "The fact that the archangel is an ordinary-looking person and not an idealized boy is typical of the artist", said Goldner.[74]
The Military Order of Saint Gabriel was established to recognize "individuals who have made significant contributions to the U.S. Army Public Affairs community and practice". The medallion depicts St. Gabriel sounding a trumpet, while the obverse displays the Army Public Affairs emblem.[75]
-
Archangel Gabriel Millennium Monument at Heroes' Square in Budapest
-
Archangel Gabriel in the church of St. Georg in Bermatingen
-
Archangel Gabriel in the church of St. Magnus in Waldburg
-
Archangel Gabriel at the façade of the Cathedral of Reims
-
Archangel Gabriel at the Liberty Square, Budapest
-
Gabriel and Mary in Leonardo da Vinci's Annunciation, c. 1472–1475
-
Angel of the Annunciation by Titian (1520–1522)
.jpg){kind=link}
Festivals
- Baltimore's (Maryland) "Little Italy" neighborhood has for over 80 years hosted an annual "end of summer" St. Gabriel Festival that features a procession with a statue of the saint carried through the streets.[76][77]
Film
- In Liliom (1930), Gabriel is portrayed by Harvey Clark.
- In Gabriel Over the White House (1933), Gabriel is an unseen presence indicated by enhanced light.
- In The Green Pastures (1936), Gabriel is portrayed by Oscar Polk.
- In Heaven Only Knows (1947), Gabriel was portrayed by William Farnum.
- In The Littlest Angel (1969; television film), Gabriel is portrayed by Cab Calloway.
- In the horror film The Prophecy (1995), Gabriel (portrayed by Christopher Walken) searches for an evil soul on Earth during an end-of-days angelic civil war. He is also a character in The Prophecy II (1998) and The Prophecy 3: The Ascent (2000).
- In Mary, Mother of Jesus (1999; television film), Gabriel is portrayed by John Light.
- In the fantasy/horror film Van Helsing (2004), the title character played by Hugh Jackman is hinted to be an incarnation of Gabriel.
- The film De-Lovely (2004), based on the life of Cole Porter, has a frame story featuring Jonathan Pryce as Gabriel the Angel of Death, coming to collect Porter (Kevin Kline) in 1964. This subplot culminates in a chorus of the song "Blow, Gabriel, Blow".
- In the fantasy/horror film Constantine (2005), Tilda Swinton portrays an androgynous archangel Gabriel.
- In the action/horror film Gabriel (2007), the eponymous character (portrayed by Andy Whitfield) fights to save the souls in purgatory by defeating the evil fallen angels.
- In the apocalyptic supernatural action film Legion (2010), Kevin Durand plays the role of archangel Gabriel, the leader of the angel army, and the main antagonist. The story was continued in the TV series Dominion.
- In the analog horror series The Mandela Catalogue, Gabriel is portrayed as the main antagonist, seemingly being the Antichrist or Satan disguised as Gabriel, who manipulates the shepherds to be their saviour instead of Jesus in the first episode, Overthrone. This leads to the events of the series having hostile organisms called Alternates.
Games
- In the 2005 Spanish role-playing game Anima: Beyond Fantasy, Gabriel is one of the seven "Beryls" (godlike beings of light), and is identified with the archangel of the same name. He is associated with love, friendship, the arts, and peace.
- In the Japanese role-playing game Shin Megami Tensei, Gabriel is one of the Demons the player can summon to assist in battle.
- In the 2011 video game El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron, based on the Book of Enoch, Gabriel is featured alongside Michael, Raphael, and Uriel as a guide for Enoch on his quest. All four archangels take the form of swans while on Earth. Gabriel is depicted as female in this interpretation and is implied to be an angel of wisdom. She is associated with the Veil weapon Enoch uses.
- Gabriel appears in the retro first-person shooter Ultrakill, and is voiced by Gianni Matragrano. He is featured as the final boss of the first two acts and a primary story character.
- In The Binding of Isaac (2011), a roguelike dungeon crawler, the player is able to fight Gabriel and Uriel to obtain their key pieces to fight Mega Satan.
- In In Death: Unchained, a virtual reality rougelike archery game, God has abandoned Heaven, and Gabriel has lost his sanity. He is the boss of the Paradise Lost area.
Literature
- Baal-e-Jibril (Published in 1935) is a Urdu philosophical poetry book written by Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Jibril-wa-Iblis (Gabriel and Lucifer) is one of its poem, a conversation between Gabriel and Lucifer.
- In his epic poem Paradise Lost, John Milton made Gabriel chief of the angelic guards placed over Paradise.
- The Hebrew poem "Template:Ill" by Nathan Alterman, put to music and often heard on the Israeli Radio, tells of a heroic, self-sacrificing Israeli soldier being killed in battle. Upon the protagonist's death, the angel Gabriel descends to Earth, in order to comfort the spirit of the fallen hero and take him to Heaven.[78][79]
- In August Wilson's Fences (1985), the mentally handicapped character Gabriel believes with every fiber of his soul that he is the archangel Gabriel. He carries a trumpet and strives to chase away the "hellhounds". In the last scene of the play, he calls for Saint Peter to open the gates.
- The main character of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses (1988) believes that he is the modern incarnation of Gabriel.
- In the humorous fantasy novel Good Omens (1990) by Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman, Gabriel is the head of an inefficient heavenly bureaucracy.
- In the Japanese light novel series No Game No Life (2012), Jibril is a member of the Flügel race and was a member of the Council of 18 Wings, a prominent section in the government. She is depicted as loving knowledge and books.
- In volume 3 of the Japanese light novel series The Devil Is a Part-Timer!, an archangel named Gabriel appears and is the guardian of the Sephirah Yesod.
- In the Japanese light novel High School DxD, Gabriel is featured as one of the Four Great Seraphim who are the highest ranking seraphim alongside Michael, Uriel, and Raphael. In the novel, Gabriel is depicted as a female angel with immense angelic beauty, and is given the titles of "The Strongest Woman in Heaven" and "The Most Beautiful Woman in Heaven".
- In the Japanese light novel series Date A Live, Gabriel is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as angels within the series), belonging to Miku Izayoi. Gabriel takes the form of an organ that can control sound. It can play various songs including "March", which enhances the targets physical abilities, and "Solo", which can brainwash those who listen to it, among others.
Music
- The eccentric English hagiographer and antiquarian, Sabine Baring-Gould (1834–1924) wrote "Gabriel's Message", the English translation of the Basque Christmas carol Birjina gaztetto bat zegoen. The original carol is likely related to the 13th or 14th-century Latin chant Angelus Ad Virginem, which itself is based on the biblical account of the Annunciation in the Gospel of Luke.
- "Blow, Gabriel, Blow" was sung by Ethel Merman in Cole Porter's 1934 musical Anything Goes.
- In the 1997 song "My Own Prison" by Creed, Gabriel is mentioned as deciphering the visions to the song's main character.
- "Blow Your Trumpets Gabriel" was performed by Polish black metal band Behemoth.
- The 1996 garage/house song "Gabriel" by Roy Davis Jr. (featuring vocals from Peven Everett) is about the archangel Gabriel. In the chorus, Everett can be heard singing "Gabriel play" in reference to Gabriel's trumpet. A trumpet is also heard in the song right after this line is sung.
Television
- The Twilight Zone (1960) episode "A Passage for Trumpet" – The down-and-out musician Joey Crown (Jack Klugman) meets an enigmatic trumpet player named "Gabe" (played by John Anderson), in what has been described as Rod Serling's version of It's a Wonderful Life.[80]
- Supernatural (2005) – Gabriel, portrayed by Richard Speight Jr., is a runaway archangel who kills people he deems evil, also interacting with other angels, including his siblings Michael, Raphael, and Lucifer.
- Dominion (2014) – Gabriel, portrayed by Carl Beukes, is the series antagonist, who plans to kill the archangel Michael and annihilate humanity.
- Now Apocalypse (2019) – Gabriel, portrayed by Tyler Posey, is an enigmatic trumpet player who has a passionate tryst with series protagonist Ulysses Zane before warning him about an impending apocalypse.
- Amazon Prime miniseries Good Omens (2019) – Gabriel is portrayed by Jon Hamm. The show is based on the novel by Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman.
See also
Script error: No such module "Portal". Template:Div col
- Angel of the Lord
- Angelus
- Hermes
- Hierarchy of angels
- List of angels in theology
- List of names referring to El
- Ptahil-Uthra—Also identified as Gabriel in Mandaeism
- Saint Gabriel, patron saint archive
References
Notes
Citations
Works cited
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Christmas Template:Book of Daniel Template:Qur'anic people Template:Angels in Abrahamic Religions Template:Catholic saints Template:Coptic saints Template:Authority control
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Saint Bernard, Four homilies on the Missus Est [1], first homily, paragraph 2.
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Butler's Lives of the Saints, vol. 1, edited by Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater, Christian Classics, 1981 Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 119.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Nega Mezlekia, Notes from the Hyena's Belly: An Ethiopian Childhood (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 266. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ a b c S. Vernon McCasland, "Gabriel's Trumpet", Journal of Bible and Religion 9:3:159–161 (August 1941) JSTOR 1456405.
- ↑ In Judaism, trumpets are prominent, and they seem to be blown by God himself, or sometimes Michael. In Islamic tradition, it is Israfil who blows the trumpet, though he is not named in the Qur'an.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Walters MS 543, fol. 14.
- ↑ Milton, Paradise Lost, XI.72ff
- ↑ The widespread understanding of Gabriel's horn as a symbol of the end of time in U.S. Southern culture, is apparent from its appearance in the University of Texas's school spirit song, The Eyes of Texas (1903): "The eyes of Texas are upon you, until Gabriel blows his horn." Likewise in Marc Connelly's play based on negro spirituals, The Green Pastures (1930), Gabriel has his beloved trumpet constantly with him, and the Lord has to warn him not to blow it too soon.
- ↑ Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177
- ↑ Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Luxenberg, Christoph. 2007. The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran. Verlag Hans Schiler. Template:ISBN p. 39
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ von Hammer-Purgstall, Josef. [1852] 2010. Die Geisterlehre der Moslimen [The Doctrine of Spirits of Muslims]. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Qref
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Issa, Islam. 2016. Milton in the Arab-Muslim World. Taylor & Francis. Template:ISBN. p. 111.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Harvtxt.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Islam Issa Milton in the Arab-Muslim World Taylor & Francis 2016 ISBN 978-1-317-09592-7 page 111
- ↑ Gallorini, L. (2025). The Functions of Angels in Sufi Literature (Vol. 218). Brill. p. 125
- ↑ Burge, Stephen. 2015. Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. Routledge. Template:ISBN p. 204.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Brown, Amelia. Painting the Bodiless: Angels and Eunuchs in Byzantine Art and Culture, University of Queensland (2007)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Vogel, Carol. 25 July 2008. "Angels Appear, and Museums Rejoice" New York Times.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "N", but no corresponding <references group="N"/> tag was found
Categories:
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with broken file links
- Gabriel
- Angels in the Book of Enoch
- Archangels in Judaism
- Archangels in Christianity
- Archangels in Islam
- Archangels
- Book of Daniel
- Book of Ezekiel
- Christian saints from the New Testament
- Christian saints from the Old Testament
- Individual angels
- Mythological musical instruments
- People in the canonical gospels
- Quranic figures
- Western Rite Orthodoxy
- Yazidi mythology
- Pages with reference errors