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[[File:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|thumb|A BGM-109 [[Tomahawk (missile family)|Tomahawk]] flying in November 2002]]
[[File:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg|thumb|A BGM-109 [[Tomahawk (missile family)|Tomahawk]] flying in November 2002]]


A '''cruise missile''' is an unmanned self-propelled guided missile that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large payload over long distances with high precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of traveling at high [[Aerodynamics#Incompressible aerodynamics|subsonic]], [[Supersonic speed|supersonic]], or [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic]] speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-[[Ballistics|ballistic]], extremely low-altitude trajectory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Cruise missile {{!}} Definition, Speed, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/cruise-missile |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
A '''cruise missile''' is an unmanned self-propelled guided [[missile]] that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large payload over long distances with high precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of traveling at high [[Aerodynamics#Incompressible aerodynamics|subsonic]], [[supersonic]], or [[hypersonic]] speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-[[Ballistics|ballistic]], extremely low-altitude trajectory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Cruise missile {{!}} Definition, Speed, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/cruise-missile |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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The idea of an "aerial torpedo" was shown in the British 1909 film ''[[The Airship Destroyer]]'' in which flying torpedoes controlled wirelessly are used to bring down airships bombing [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav_britain.html |title=Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles : The 'Aerial Target' and 'Aerial Torpedo' in Britain |publisher=Ctie.monash.edu.au |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
The idea of an "aerial torpedo" was shown in the British 1909 film ''[[The Airship Destroyer]]'' in which flying torpedoes controlled wirelessly are used to bring down airships bombing [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/rpav_britain.html |title=Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles : The 'Aerial Target' and 'Aerial Torpedo' in Britain |publisher=Ctie.monash.edu.au |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>


In 1916, the [[Americans|American]] [[Aircraft pilot|aviator]] [[Lawrence Sperry]] built and patented an "aerial torpedo", the [[Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane]], a small [[biplane]] carrying a [[TNT]] charge, a Sperry [[autopilot]] and barometric altitude control. Inspired by the experiments, the [[United States Army]] developed a similar flying bomb called the [[Kettering Bug]]. Germany had also flown trials with remote-controlled aerial gliders ''([[Siemens torpedo glider|Torpedogleiter]])'' built by [[Siemens-Schuckert]] beginning in 1916.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger Branfill-Cook|title= Torpedo|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location= Great Britain|year= 2014}}</ref>
In 1916, the American aviator [[Lawrence Sperry]] built and patented an "aerial torpedo", the [[Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane]], a small [[biplane]] carrying a [[TNT]] charge, a Sperry [[autopilot]] and barometric altitude control. Inspired by the experiments, the [[United States Army]] developed a similar flying bomb called the [[Kettering Bug]]. Germany had also flown trials with remote-controlled aerial gliders ''([[Siemens torpedo glider|Torpedogleiter]])'' built by [[Siemens-Schuckert]] beginning in 1916.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger Branfill-Cook|title= Torpedo|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location= Great Britain|year= 2014}}</ref>


In the Interwar Period, Britain's [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] developed the [[RAE Larynx|Larynx (Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine)]], which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/twcruz_1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813001620/http://www.vectorsite.net/twcruz_1.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 August 2007|title=[1.0] The Aerial Torpedo|date=13 August 2007}}</ref>
In the Interwar Period, Britain's [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] developed the [[RAE Larynx|Larynx (Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine)]], which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/twcruz_1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813001620/http://www.vectorsite.net/twcruz_1.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 August 2007|title=[1.0] The Aerial Torpedo|date=13 August 2007}}</ref>


In the [[Soviet Union]], [[Sergei Korolev]] headed the [[Group for the Study of Reactive Motion|GIRD]]-06 cruise missile project from 1932 to 1939, which used a rocket-powered boost-[[glide bomb]] design. The 06/III (RP-216) and 06/IV (RP-212) contained [[Gyroscope|gyroscopic]] guidance systems.<ref>"Object No. 212", 1936 report in _Tvorcheskoi Nasledie Akedemika Sergeya Pavlovicha Koroleva_</ref> The vehicle was designed to boost to {{cvt|28|km}} altitude and glide a distance of {{cvt|280|km}}, but test flights in 1934 and 1936 only reached an altitude of {{convert|500|m}}.
In the [[Soviet Union]], [[Sergei Korolev]] headed the [[GIRD]]-06 cruise missile project from 1932 to 1939, which used a rocket-powered boost-[[glide bomb]] design. The 06/III (RP-216) and 06/IV (RP-212) contained [[gyroscopic]] guidance systems.<ref>"Object No. 212", 1936 report in _Tvorcheskoi Nasledie Akedemika Sergeya Pavlovicha Koroleva_</ref> The vehicle was designed to boost to {{cvt|28|km}} altitude and glide a distance of {{cvt|280|km}}, but test flights in 1934 and 1936 only reached an altitude of {{convert|500|m}}.


In 1944, during [[World War II]], Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles. The [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]], often called a [[flying bomb]], contained a gyroscope guidance system and was propelled by a simple [[pulsejet]] engine, the sound of which gave it the nickname of "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug".<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven |title=German V-Weapon Sites 1943–45 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-84603-247-9}}</ref> Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very large targets (the general area of a city), while the range of {{cvt|250|km}} was significantly lower than that of a bomber carrying the same payload. The main advantages were speed (although not sufficient to outperform contemporary propeller-driven interceptors) and expendability. The production cost of a V-1 was only a small fraction of that of a [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] [[Supersonic speed|supersonic]] [[ballistic missile]] with a similar-sized warhead.<ref>Both missiles were manufactured under the heavy use of [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|Nazi slave labour]].</ref> Unlike the V-2, the initial deployments of the V-1 required stationary launch ramps which were susceptible to bombardment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantikwall.org.uk/v1_light_stes.htm |title=V1 Light Sites |publisher=Atlantic Wall |access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref> Nazi Germany, in 1943, also developed the [[Mistel]] [[composite aircraft]] program, which can be seen as a rudimentary air-launched cruise missile, where a piloted fighter-type aircraft was mounted atop an unpiloted bomber-sized aircraft that was packed with explosives to be released while approaching the target. Bomber-launched variants of the V-1 saw limited operational service near the end of the war, with the pioneering V-1's design reverse-engineered by the Americans as the [[Republic-Ford JB-2]] cruise missile.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven |title= American Guided Missiles of World War II |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=2020 |isbn=9781472839268}}</ref>
In 1944, during [[World War II]], Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles. The [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]], often called a [[flying bomb]], contained a gyroscope guidance system and was propelled by a simple [[pulsejet]] engine, the sound of which gave it the nickname of "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug".<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven |title=German V-Weapon Sites 1943–45 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-84603-247-9}}</ref> Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very large targets (the general area of a city), while the range of {{cvt|250|km}} was significantly lower than that of a bomber carrying the same payload. The main advantages were speed (although not sufficient to outperform contemporary propeller-driven interceptors) and expendability. The production cost of a V-1 was only a small fraction of that of a [[V-2]] [[supersonic]] [[ballistic missile]] with a similar-sized warhead.<ref>Both missiles were manufactured under the heavy use of [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|Nazi slave labour]].</ref> Unlike the V-2, the initial deployments of the V-1 required stationary launch ramps which were susceptible to bombardment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlantikwall.org.uk/v1_light_stes.htm |title=V1 Light Sites |publisher=Atlantic Wall |access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref> Nazi Germany, in 1943, also developed the [[Mistel]] [[composite aircraft]] program, which can be seen as a rudimentary air-launched cruise missile, where a piloted fighter-type aircraft was mounted atop an unpiloted bomber-sized aircraft that was packed with explosives to be released while approaching the target. Bomber-launched variants of the V-1 saw limited operational service near the end of the war, with the pioneering V-1's design reverse-engineered by the Americans as the [[Republic-Ford JB-2]] cruise missile.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven |title= American Guided Missiles of World War II |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=2020 |isbn=9781472839268}}</ref>


Immediately after World War II, the [[United States Air Force]] had 21 different guided missile projects, including proposed cruise missiles. By 1948, all but four of these projects had been canceled: the [[Air Materiel Command]] Banshee, the [[SM-62 Snark]], the [[SM-64 Navaho]], and the MGM-1 Matador. The Banshee design was similar to [[Operation Aphrodite]]; like Aphrodite, it failed, and was canceled in April 1949.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070303204907/http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA162646 The Evolution of the Cruise Missile by Werrell, Kenneth P.] see PDF page 92</ref> Concurrently, the US Navy's [[Operation Bumblebee]], was conducted at [[Topsail Island]], [[North Carolina]], from c. 1 June 1946, to 28 July 1948. Bumblebee produced proof-of-concept technologies that influenced the US military's other missile projects.
Immediately after World War II, the [[United States Air Force]] had 21 different guided missile projects, including proposed cruise missiles. By 1948, all but four of these projects had been canceled: the [[Air Materiel Command]] Banshee, the [[SM-62 Snark]], the [[SM-64 Navaho]], and the MGM-1 Matador. The Banshee design was similar to [[Operation Aphrodite]]; like Aphrodite, it failed, and was canceled in April 1949.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070303204907/http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA162646 The Evolution of the Cruise Missile by Werrell, Kenneth P.] see PDF page 92</ref> Concurrently, the US Navy's [[Operation Bumblebee]], was conducted at [[Topsail Island]], [[North Carolina]], from c. 1 June 1946, to 28 July 1948. Bumblebee produced proof-of-concept technologies that influenced the US military's other missile projects.
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The United States Air Force's first operational surface-to-surface missile was the winged, mobile, nuclear-capable [[MGM-1 Matador]], also similar in concept to the V-1. Deployment overseas began in 1954, first to [[West Germany]] and later to the [[Republic of China]] and South Korea. On 7 November 1956, the U.S. Air Force deployed Matador units in West Germany, whose missiles were capable of striking targets in the [[Warsaw Pact]], from their fixed day-to-day sites to unannounced dispersed launch locations. This alert was in response to the crisis posed by the Soviet attack on Hungary which suppressed the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]].
The United States Air Force's first operational surface-to-surface missile was the winged, mobile, nuclear-capable [[MGM-1 Matador]], also similar in concept to the V-1. Deployment overseas began in 1954, first to [[West Germany]] and later to the [[Republic of China]] and South Korea. On 7 November 1956, the U.S. Air Force deployed Matador units in West Germany, whose missiles were capable of striking targets in the [[Warsaw Pact]], from their fixed day-to-day sites to unannounced dispersed launch locations. This alert was in response to the crisis posed by the Soviet attack on Hungary which suppressed the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]].


Between 1957 and 1961 the United States followed an ambitious and well-funded program to develop a nuclear-powered cruise missile, [[Supersonic Low Altitude Missile]] (SLAM). It was designed to fly below the enemy's radar at speeds above [[Mach number|Mach]] 3 and carry [[Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bombs]] that it would drop along its path over enemy territory. Although the concept was proven sound and the {{convert|500|MW|adj=on}} engine finished a successful test run in 1961, no airworthy device was ever completed. The project was finally abandoned in favor of [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]] development.
Between 1957 and 1961 the United States followed an ambitious and well-funded program to develop a nuclear-powered cruise missile, [[Supersonic Low Altitude Missile]] (SLAM). It was designed to fly below the enemy's radar at speeds above [[Mach]] 3 and carry [[hydrogen bombs]] that it would drop along its path over enemy territory. Although the concept was proven sound and the {{convert|500|MW|adj=on}} engine finished a successful test run in 1961, no airworthy device was ever completed. The project was finally abandoned in favor of [[ICBM]] development.


While [[ballistic missile]]s were the preferred weapons for land targets, heavy nuclear and [[conventional weapon]] tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy United States naval [[carrier battle group]]s. Large submarines (for example, [[Echo-class submarine|Echo]] and [[Oscar-class submarine|Oscar]] classes) were developed to carry these weapons and shadow United States battle groups at sea, and large bombers (for example, [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Backfire]], [[Tupolev Tu-95|Bear]], and [[Tupolev Tu-160|Blackjack]] models) were equipped with the weapons in their air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) configuration.
While [[ballistic missile]]s were the preferred weapons for land targets, heavy nuclear and [[conventional weapon]] tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy United States naval [[carrier battle group]]s. Large submarines (for example, [[Echo-class submarine|Echo]] and [[Oscar-class submarine|Oscar]] classes) were developed to carry these weapons and shadow United States battle groups at sea, and large bombers (for example, [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Backfire]], [[Tupolev Tu-95|Bear]], and [[Tupolev Tu-160|Blackjack]] models) were equipped with the weapons in their air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) configuration.
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===Hypersonic===
===Hypersonic===
{{See also|Hypersonic weapon|Hypersonic flight}}
{{See also|Hypersonic weapon|Hypersonic flight}}
A [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic]] cruise missile travels at least five times the [[speed of sound]] ([[Mach number|Mach]] 5).
A [[hypersonic]] cruise missile travels at least five times the [[speed of sound]] ([[Mach]] 5).
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<!-- Please maintain list in alphabetical order -->


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*[[BrahMos-II]] (≈800–1500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|India}} / {{flagicon|Russia}} – hypersonic cruise missile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=95|title=India to develop BrahMos-II missile|website=Brahmos.com}}</ref><ref name=NavalNews /> under development {{as of | 2011 | lc = on}} in India and Russia<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-09/news/30260244_1_air-version-stealth-supersonic-cruise-missile-india-s-defence-research|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130103092457/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-09/news/30260244_1_air-version-stealth-supersonic-cruise-missile-india-s-defence-research|url-status= dead|archive-date= 3 January 2013|title=Hypersonic version of Brahmos on the way|date=9 October 2011|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102|title=India, Russia to develop new hypersonic cruise missile|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100628020619/http://brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102|archive-date= 28 June 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref>
*[[BrahMos-II]] (≈800–1500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|India}} / {{flagicon|Russia}} – hypersonic cruise missile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=95|title=India to develop BrahMos-II missile|website=Brahmos.com}}</ref><ref name=NavalNews /> under development {{as of | 2011 | lc = on}} in India and Russia<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-09/news/30260244_1_air-version-stealth-supersonic-cruise-missile-india-s-defence-research|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130103092457/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-09/news/30260244_1_air-version-stealth-supersonic-cruise-missile-india-s-defence-research|url-status= dead|archive-date= 3 January 2013|title=Hypersonic version of Brahmos on the way|date=9 October 2011|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102|title=India, Russia to develop new hypersonic cruise missile|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100628020619/http://brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102|archive-date= 28 June 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref>
<!--- DO NOT REMOVE BRAHMOS-II FROM THIS LIST. IT IS CITED BY RELIABLE SOURCES, INCLUDING IT'S OWN MANUFACTURER AS A CRUISE MISSILE. -->
<!--- DO NOT REMOVE BRAHMOS-II FROM THIS LIST. IT IS CITED BY RELIABLE SOURCES, INCLUDING IT'S OWN MANUFACTURER AS A CRUISE MISSILE. -->
*[[CJ-1000 (missile)|CJ-1000]] {{flagicon|China}} – hypersonic [[scramjet]] [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]]/[[land-attack missile|land-attack]] cruise missile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3322176/new-missiles-drones-and-tanks-whats-been-rolling-through-beijings-streets |title=New missiles, drones and tanks: what's been rolling through Beijing's streets? |website=South China Moring Post |date=18 August 2025 |first=Liu |last=Zhen }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-reveals-new-weapons-sink-us-ships-2114865 |title=China To Reveal New Weapons To Sink US Ships |website=Newsweek |date=18 August 2025 |first=Ryan |last=Chan }}</ref>
*[[CJ-1000 (missile)|CJ-1000]] {{flagicon|China}} – hypersonic [[scramjet]] [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]]/[[land-attack missile|land-attack]] cruise missile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3322176/new-missiles-drones-and-tanks-whats-been-rolling-through-beijings-streets |title=New missiles, drones and tanks: what's been rolling through Beijing's streets? |website=South China Morning Post |date=18 August 2025 |first=Liu |last=Zhen }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-reveals-new-weapons-sink-us-ships-2114865 |title=China To Reveal New Weapons To Sink US Ships |website=Newsweek |date=18 August 2025 |first=Ryan |last=Chan }}</ref>
*Hycore (South Korea)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/south-korea-develops-hycore-hypersonic-cruise-missile | title=South Korea develops Hycore hypersonic cruise missile | date=25 January 2022 }}</ref>
*Hycore (South Korea)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/south-korea-develops-hycore-hypersonic-cruise-missile | title=South Korea develops Hycore hypersonic cruise missile | date=25 January 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle|HSTDV]] {{flagicon|India}} – hypersonic scramjet demonstrator. A carrier vehicle for hypersonic long-range cruise missiles is being developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://theprint.in/defence/drdo-test-fires-futuristic-missile-tech-but-its-success-is-in-doubt/249386/|title= DRDO test-fires futuristic missile tech, but its success is in doubt|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2019-06-12|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date= 2020-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-starts-work-on-hypersonic-weapon/story-NAg6ViN9W94ll4CsfGDNYP.html|title=DRDO starts work on 'next-gen' hypersonic weapon|date=2019-10-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>
*[[HSTDV]] {{flagicon|India}} – hypersonic scramjet demonstrator. A carrier vehicle for hypersonic long-range cruise missiles is being developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://theprint.in/defence/drdo-test-fires-futuristic-missile-tech-but-its-success-is-in-doubt/249386/|title= DRDO test-fires futuristic missile tech, but its success is in doubt|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2019-06-12|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date= 2020-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-starts-work-on-hypersonic-weapon/story-NAg6ViN9W94ll4CsfGDNYP.html|title=DRDO starts work on 'next-gen' hypersonic weapon|date=2019-10-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>
*[[ET-LDHCM]] {{flagicon|India}} – long range hypersonic cruise missile being developed by [[DRDO]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=India testing a missile that flies at eight times the speed of sound, hits targets 1,500 km away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/india-testing-a-missile-that-flies-at-eight-times-the-speed-of-sound-hits-targets-1500-km-away/articleshow/122432167.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Vaishnav |first=Akash |date=2025-07-15 |title=India's 'Project Vishnu' Unleashes Missile That Can Hit Enemy 1,500 Km Away at 8x Speed of Sound |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/india/india-unleashes-missile-that-can-hit-enemy-1500-km-away-at-8-speed-of-sound-z8wgl1w |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=newsable.asianetnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Diksha |date=2025-07-15 |title=Faster Than BrahMos, Deadlier Than Agni: How India's New Hypersonic Missile Changes The Game |url=https://www.news18.com/india/faster-than-brahmos-deadlier-than-agni-how-indias-new-hypersonic-missile-changes-the-game-ws-dkl-9442036.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[ET-LDHCM]] {{flagicon|India}} – long range hypersonic cruise missile being developed by [[DRDO]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=India testing a missile that flies at eight times the speed of sound, hits targets 1,500 km away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/india-testing-a-missile-that-flies-at-eight-times-the-speed-of-sound-hits-targets-1500-km-away/articleshow/122432167.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Vaishnav |first=Akash |date=2025-07-15 |title=India's 'Project Vishnu' Unleashes Missile That Can Hit Enemy 1,500 Km Away at 8x Speed of Sound |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/india/india-unleashes-missile-that-can-hit-enemy-1500-km-away-at-8-speed-of-sound-z8wgl1w |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=newsable.asianetnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Diksha |date=2025-07-15 |title=Faster Than BrahMos, Deadlier Than Agni: How India's New Hypersonic Missile Changes The Game |url=https://www.news18.com/india/faster-than-brahmos-deadlier-than-agni-how-indias-new-hypersonic-missile-changes-the-game-ws-dkl-9442036.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
*Hyfly-2 {{flagicon|USA}} – hypersonic [[air-launched cruise missile]] first displayed at Sea Air Space 2021, developed by [[Boeing]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/sea-air-space-2021/2021/08/sea-air-space-2021-boeing-unveils-new-hypersonic-cruise-missile-concept/|title = Sea Air Space 2021: Boeing Unveils New Hypersonic Cruise Missile Concept|date = 4 August 2021}}</ref>
*Hyfly-2 {{flagicon|USA}} – hypersonic [[air-launched cruise missile]] first displayed at Sea Air Space 2021, developed by [[Boeing]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/sea-air-space-2021/2021/08/sea-air-space-2021-boeing-unveils-new-hypersonic-cruise-missile-concept/|title = Sea Air Space 2021: Boeing Unveils New Hypersonic Cruise Missile Concept|date = 4 August 2021}}</ref>
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*[[Hypersonic Air Launched Offensive Anti-Surface]] (HALO) {{flagicon|USA}} – [[air-launched cruise missile|air-launched]] [[anti-ship missile]] under Offensive Anti-Surface Warfare Increment 2 (OASuW Inc 2) program for the [[US Navy]] (Navy)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/09/halo-us-navy-hypersonic-capability/ | title=HALO programme accelerates US Navy hypersonic capability drive | date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FY18 Navy Programs – Offensive Anti-Surface Warfare (OASuW) Increment 1 |website=[[Director, Operational Test and Evaluation]] |url=https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2018/navy/2018oasuw.pdf?ver=2019-08-21-155650-680 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201164929/https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2018/navy/2018oasuw.pdf?ver=2019-08-21-155650-680 |archive-date=2020-02-01}}</ref>
*[[Hypersonic Air Launched Offensive Anti-Surface]] (HALO) {{flagicon|USA}} – [[air-launched cruise missile|air-launched]] [[anti-ship missile]] under Offensive Anti-Surface Warfare Increment 2 (OASuW Inc 2) program for the [[US Navy]] (Navy)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/09/halo-us-navy-hypersonic-capability/ | title=HALO programme accelerates US Navy hypersonic capability drive | date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FY18 Navy Programs – Offensive Anti-Surface Warfare (OASuW) Increment 1 |website=[[Director, Operational Test and Evaluation]] |url=https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2018/navy/2018oasuw.pdf?ver=2019-08-21-155650-680 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201164929/https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2018/navy/2018oasuw.pdf?ver=2019-08-21-155650-680 |archive-date=2020-02-01}}</ref>
*[[Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile]] (HACM) {{flagicon|USA}} – planned for use by the [[United States Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raytheon/Northrop Grumman team selected for HACM hypersonic weapon |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/raytheonnorthrop-grumman-team-selected-for-hacm-hypersonic-weapon |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Air Force Selects Raytheon Missiles & Defense, Northrop Grumman to Deliver First Hypersonic Air-Breathing Missile |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/us-air-force-selects-raytheon-missiles-defense-northrop-grumman-to-deliver-first-hypersonic-air-breathing-missile |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile]] (HACM) {{flagicon|USA}} – planned for use by the [[United States Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raytheon/Northrop Grumman team selected for HACM hypersonic weapon |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/raytheonnorthrop-grumman-team-selected-for-hacm-hypersonic-weapon |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Air Force Selects Raytheon Missiles & Defense, Northrop Grumman to Deliver First Hypersonic Air-Breathing Missile |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/us-air-force-selects-raytheon-missiles-defense-northrop-grumman-to-deliver-first-hypersonic-air-breathing-missile |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |language=en}}</ref>
*[[SCIFiRE]] {{flagicon|USA}} / {{flagicon|AUS}} – Southern Cross Integrated Flight Research Experiment (SCIFiRE) is a joint program between the [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]] and the Australian [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] for a Mach 5 scramjet-powered missile.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Department of Defense Announces New Allied Prototyping Initiative Effort With Australia to Continue Partnership in Developing Air Breathing Hypersonic Vehicles |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2429061/department-of-defense-announces-new-allied-prototyping-initiative-effort-with-a/ |website=United States Department of Defense |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author1=Defence Minister Linda Reynolds |title=Australia collaborates with the US to develop and test high speed long-range hypersonic weapons |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/lreynolds/media-releases/australia-collaborates-us-develop-and-test-high-speed-long-range |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=19 January 2022 |date=1 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SCIFiRE Hypersonics |url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/our-mission/scifire-hypersonics |website=Royal Australian Air Force |date=16 July 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref> In September 2021, the US Department of Defense awarded [[Design review (U.S. government)|Preliminary Design Review]] contracts to [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]] and [[Raytheon Missiles & Defense]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Contracts For Sept. 3, 2021 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2764928/ |website=United States Department of Defence |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=3 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Contracts For Sept. 1, 2021 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2762096/ |website=United States Department of Defence |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
*[[SCIFiRE]] {{flagicon|USA}} / {{flagicon|AUS}} – Southern Cross Integrated Flight Research Experiment (SCIFiRE) is a joint program between the [[US Department of Defense]] and the Australian [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] for a Mach 5 scramjet-powered missile.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Department of Defense Announces New Allied Prototyping Initiative Effort With Australia to Continue Partnership in Developing Air Breathing Hypersonic Vehicles |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2429061/department-of-defense-announces-new-allied-prototyping-initiative-effort-with-a/ |website=United States Department of Defense |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author1=Defence Minister Linda Reynolds |title=Australia collaborates with the US to develop and test high speed long-range hypersonic weapons |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/lreynolds/media-releases/australia-collaborates-us-develop-and-test-high-speed-long-range |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=19 January 2022 |date=1 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SCIFiRE Hypersonics |url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/our-mission/scifire-hypersonics |website=Royal Australian Air Force |date=16 July 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref> In September 2021, the US Department of Defense awarded [[Preliminary Design Review]] contracts to [[Boeing]], [[Lockheed Martin]] and [[Raytheon Missiles & Defense]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Contracts For Sept. 3, 2021 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2764928/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929103100/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2764928/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2021 |website=United States Department of Defence |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=3 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Contracts For Sept. 1, 2021 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2762096/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929131018/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2762096/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2021 |website=United States Department of Defence |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
*[[YJ-19]] {{flagicon|China}} – hypersonic [[scramjet]] [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] cruise missile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/chinese-victory-day-parade-spotlights-new-weapon-priorities |title=Chinese Victory Day Parade Spotlights New Weapon Priorities |website=Aviation Week |date=10 September 2025 |first=Chuanren |last=Chen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910205227/https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/chinese-victory-day-parade-spotlights-new-weapon-priorities |archive-date=10 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3324050/breathtaking-science-behind-yj-19-chinas-first-hypersonic-cruise-missile |title=The breathtaking science behind YJ-19, China's first hypersonic cruise missile |website=South China Moring Post |date=2 September 2025 |last=Zhang |first=Tong }}</ref>
*[[YJ-19]] {{flagicon|China}} – hypersonic [[scramjet]] [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] cruise missile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/chinese-victory-day-parade-spotlights-new-weapon-priorities |title=Chinese Victory Day Parade Spotlights New Weapon Priorities |website=Aviation Week |date=10 September 2025 |first=Chuanren |last=Chen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910205227/https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/chinese-victory-day-parade-spotlights-new-weapon-priorities |archive-date=10 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3324050/breathtaking-science-behind-yj-19-chinas-first-hypersonic-cruise-missile |title=The breathtaking science behind YJ-19, China's first hypersonic cruise missile |website=South China Morning Post |date=2 September 2025 |last=Zhang |first=Tong }}</ref>


===Supersonic===
===Supersonic===
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*[[Air-Sol Moyenne Portée]] (300–500&nbsp;km+, Mach 3) {{flagicon|France}}&nbsp;– supersonic [[Standoff missile|stand-off]] nuclear missile
*[[Air-Sol Moyenne Portée]] (300–500&nbsp;km+, Mach 3) {{flagicon|France}}&nbsp;– supersonic [[Standoff missile|stand-off]] nuclear missile
*[[ASM-3]] (400&nbsp;km, Mach 3+) {{flagicon|JAP}}
*[[ASM-3]] (400&nbsp;km, Mach 3+) {{flagicon|JAP}}
*[[Blyskavka (missile)|Blyskavka]] (100–370&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Ukraine}}&nbsp;– Artem Luch [[Pivdenmash]]
*[[BrahMos]] (290–800&nbsp;km, Mach 3) {{flagicon|India}} / {{flagicon|Russia}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=India now working on 1,500-km range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-now-working-on-1500-km-range-brahmos-supersonic-cruise-missile/550924/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204100808/https://theprint.in/defence/india-now-working-on-1500-km-range-brahmos-supersonic-cruise-missile/550924/ |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=27 January 2021 |website=The Print |language=en}}</ref>
*[[BrahMos]] (290–800&nbsp;km, Mach 3) {{flagicon|India}} / {{flagicon|Russia}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=India now working on 1,500-km range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-now-working-on-1500-km-range-brahmos-supersonic-cruise-missile/550924/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204100808/https://theprint.in/defence/india-now-working-on-1500-km-range-brahmos-supersonic-cruise-missile/550924/ |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=27 January 2021 |website=The Print |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Blyskavka (missile)|Blyskavka]] (100–370&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Ukraine}}&nbsp;– Artem Luch [[Yuzhmash|Pivdenmash]]
*[[C-101]] (50&nbsp;km, Mach 2) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[C-301]] (100+&nbsp;km, Mach) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[C-803]] (230&nbsp;km, Mach 1.4) {{flagicon|China}}&nbsp;– supersonic terminal stage only
*[[C-805]] {{flagicon|China}}
*[[CX-1 Missile Systems|CX-1]] (280&nbsp;km, Mach 3) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[CX-1 Missile Systems|CX-1]] (280&nbsp;km, Mach 3) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[DF-100|CJ-100 / DF-100]] (2000–3000&nbsp;km, Mach 5) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[DF-100|CJ-100 / DF-100]] (2000–3000&nbsp;km, Mach 5) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon|FC/ASW]] (under development)&nbsp;– transnational cruise missile programme {{flagicon|France}} / {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} / {{flagicon|Italy}}<ref name="Janes">[http://home.janes.com/events/exhibitions/dsei2011/sections/daily/day1/perseus-mbdas-missile-of-.shtml Janes – Perseus: MBDA's missile of the future?] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113133922/http://home.janes.com/events/exhibitions/dsei2011/sections/daily/day1/perseus-mbdas-missile-of-.shtml |date=13 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-experts-commentary/from-the-paris-air-show-enter-perseus/ |title= International Institute for Strategic Studies – IISS |access-date=8 October 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628163208/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-experts-commentary/from-the-paris-air-show-enter-perseus/ |archive-date=28 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8587357/New-British-missile-three-times-as-fast-as-current-weapons.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8587357/New-British-missile-three-times-as-fast-as-current-weapons.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=New British missile three times as fast as current weapons|date= 21 June 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date= 8 October 2015|last1= Harding|first1= Thomas}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="MBDA Systems">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/cvs401-perseus-_datasheet-1315926538.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130512144417/http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/cvs401-perseus-_datasheet-1315926538.pdf|url-status=dead|title=MBDA Systems|archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-perseus-set-to-go-on-the-attack-358513/|title= PARIS: Perseus set to go on the attack|work= Flightglobal.com|access-date= 8 October 2015 |date=22 June 2011}}</ref>
*[[FC/ASW]] (under development)&nbsp;– transnational cruise missile programme {{flagicon|France}} / {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} / {{flagicon|Italy}}<ref name="Janes">[http://home.janes.com/events/exhibitions/dsei2011/sections/daily/day1/perseus-mbdas-missile-of-.shtml Janes – Perseus: MBDA's missile of the future?] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113133922/http://home.janes.com/events/exhibitions/dsei2011/sections/daily/day1/perseus-mbdas-missile-of-.shtml |date=13 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-experts-commentary/from-the-paris-air-show-enter-perseus/ |title= International Institute for Strategic Studies – IISS |access-date=8 October 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628163208/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-experts-commentary/from-the-paris-air-show-enter-perseus/ |archive-date=28 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8587357/New-British-missile-three-times-as-fast-as-current-weapons.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8587357/New-British-missile-three-times-as-fast-as-current-weapons.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=New British missile three times as fast as current weapons|date= 21 June 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date= 8 October 2015|last1= Harding|first1= Thomas}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="MBDA Systems">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/cvs401-perseus-_datasheet-1315926538.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130512144417/http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/cvs401-perseus-_datasheet-1315926538.pdf|url-status=dead|title=MBDA Systems|archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-perseus-set-to-go-on-the-attack-358513/|title= PARIS: Perseus set to go on the attack|work= Flightglobal.com|access-date= 8 October 2015 |date=22 June 2011}}</ref>
*[[Hsiung Feng III]] (100–150&nbsp;km, Mach 3.5) {{flagicon|Republic of China}}
*[[Hsiung Feng III]] (100–150&nbsp;km, Mach 3.5) {{flagicon|Republic of China}}
*[[Hyunmoo-3]] (1500&nbsp;km, Mach 1.2) {{flagicon|South Korea}}
*[[Hyunmoo-3]] (1500&nbsp;km, Mach 1.2) {{flagicon|South Korea}}
*[[KD-88]] (200&nbsp;km, Mach 0.85) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[Kh-20]] (380–600&nbsp;km, Mach 2) {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
*[[Kh-20]] (380–600&nbsp;km, Mach 2) {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
*[[Kh-31]] (25–110&nbsp;km, Mach 3.5) {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Kh-31]] (25–110&nbsp;km, Mach 3.5) {{flagicon|Russia}}
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[[File:Nirbhay missiles during Republic Day Parade 2018.jpg|alt=|thumb|India's Nirbhay missiles mounted on a truck-based launcher]]
[[File:Nirbhay missiles during Republic Day Parade 2018.jpg|alt=|thumb|India's Nirbhay missiles mounted on a truck-based launcher]]


China, France, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the United States have developed several long-range subsonic cruise missiles. These missiles have a range of over {{convert|1000|km|mi}} and fly at about {{convert|800|km/h|mph}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug-6DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT314|title=The Modern Weaponry of the World's Armed Forces|last=(Retd.)|first=Col Y. Udaya Chandar|date=2017|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-946983-79-4|page=314}}</ref> They typically have a launch weight of about {{convert|1500|kg|lb}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern Weaponry of the World's Armed Forces|last=Chandar|first=Col. Y Udaya|publisher=Notion Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-946983-79-4}}</ref> and can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead. Earlier versions of these missiles used [[Inertial navigation system|inertial navigation]]; later versions use much more accurate [[TERCOM]] and [[TERCOM#DSMAC|DSMAC]] systems. Most recent versions can use [[satellite navigation]].
China, France, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the United States have developed several long-range subsonic cruise missiles. These missiles have a range of over {{convert|1000|km|mi}} and fly at about {{convert|800|km/h|mph}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug-6DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT314|title=The Modern Weaponry of the World's Armed Forces|last=(Retd.)|first=Col Y. Udaya Chandar|date=2017|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-946983-79-4|page=314}}</ref> They typically have a launch weight of about {{convert|1500|kg|lb}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern Weaponry of the World's Armed Forces|last=Chandar|first=Col. Y Udaya|publisher=Notion Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-946983-79-4}}</ref> and can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead. Earlier versions of these missiles used [[inertial navigation]]; later versions use much more accurate [[TERCOM]] and [[TERCOM#DSMAC|DSMAC]] systems. Most recent versions can use [[satellite navigation]].


Examples:<!-- Please maintain list in alphabetical order -->
Examples:<!-- Please maintain list in alphabetical order -->
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*[[AGM-129 ACM]] (from 3,450 to 3,700&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[AGM-129 ACM]] (from 3,450 to 3,700&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[AGM-181 LRSO]] (>2,500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[AGM-181 LRSO]] (>2,500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[Tomahawk (missile family)|BGM-109 Tomahawk]] (up to 1,700&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[BGM-109 Tomahawk]] (up to 1,700&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile]] (2,500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile]] (2,500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[Kh-55]] (3,000&nbsp;km) and Kh-65 {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Kh-55]] (3,000&nbsp;km) and Kh-65 {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Kh-101]] (4,500–5,500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Kh-101]] (4,500–5,500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Iskander-K]] (not less than 3,500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Iskander-K]] (not less than 3,500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Hwasal-1]] (1,500–2,000 km) {{flagicon|PRK}}
*[[Hwasal-2]] (> 2,000&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|PRK}}
*[[Hwasal-2]] (> 2,000&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|PRK}}
*[[RK-55]] (3,000&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
*[[RK-55]] (3,000&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
*[[Nirbhay]] (up to 1,500&nbsp;km)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nirbhay-cruise-missile-test-fired-drdo-says-indigenous-engine-a-success-101628656458294.html|title = Nirbhay cruise missile test-fired; indigenous engine a success, say officials| work=Hindustan Times |date = 11 August 2021}}</ref> {{flagicon|India}}
*[[Nirbhay]] (up to 1,500&nbsp;km)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nirbhay-cruise-missile-test-fired-drdo-says-indigenous-engine-a-success-101628656458294.html|title = Nirbhay cruise missile test-fired; indigenous engine a success, say officials| work=Hindustan Times |date = 11 August 2021}}</ref> {{flagicon|India}}
*[[Missile de Croisière Naval|MdCN]] (up to 1,400&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|France}}
*[[MdCN]] (up to 1,400&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|France}}
*[[Paveh cruise missile|Paveh]] (1,650&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Iran}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-unveils-new-paveh-cruise-missile-that-can-reach-israel|title = Iran unveils new 'Paveh' cruise missile that can reach Israel| website=[[The Times of Israel]] |date = 25 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[Paveh cruise missile|Paveh]] (1,650&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Iran}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-unveils-new-paveh-cruise-missile-that-can-reach-israel|title = Iran unveils new 'Paveh' cruise missile that can reach Israel| website=[[The Times of Israel]] |date = 25 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)|Hoveyzeh]] (1,350&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Iran}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/432567/Iran-unveils-long-range-Hoveyzeh-cruise-missile|title = Iran unveils long-range Hoveyzeh cruise missile|date = 2 February 2019}}</ref>
*[[Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)|Hoveyzeh]] (1,350&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Iran}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/432567/Iran-unveils-long-range-Hoveyzeh-cruise-missile|title = Iran unveils long-range Hoveyzeh cruise missile|date = 2 February 2019}}</ref>
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====Intercontinental-range subsonic====
====Intercontinental-range subsonic====
<!-- Please maintain list in alphabetical order -->
<!-- Please maintain list in alphabetical order -->
*[[9M730 Burevestnik]] (unlimited range) {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[9M730 Burevestnik]] {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[SM-62 Snark]] (10,200&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[SM-62 Snark]] (10,200&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}


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*[[KD-63]] {{flagicon|China}}
*[[KD-63]] {{flagicon|China}}
*[[NASM-MR]] {{flagicon | India}}
*[[NASM-MR]] {{flagicon | India}}
*[[KEPD 350|Taurus KEPD 350]] (500+ km) {{flagicon|Germany}} / {{flagicon|Sweden}} / {{flagicon|Spain}}
*[[Taurus KEPD 350]] (500+ km) {{flagicon|Germany}} / {{flagicon|Sweden}} / {{flagicon|Spain}}
*[[Kh-55|Kh-50]] (Kh-SD) and Kh-101 Kh-65 variants {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Kh-50]] (Kh-SD) and Kh-101 Kh-65 variants {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[MGM-1 Matador]] (700&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[MGM-1 Matador]] (700&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[Ra'ad ALCM]] (350&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Pakistan}}
*[[Ra'ad ALCM]] (350&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Pakistan}}
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*[[SOM (missile)|SOM]] (SOM B Block I) – 500&nbsp;km, 1500&nbsp;km and 2500&nbsp;km versions (350&nbsp;km range under serial production, 500&nbsp;km+ range under development)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-aims-to-increase-ballistic-missile-ranges.aspx?pageID=238&nID=12731&NewsCatID=345|title=BUSINESS – Turkey aims to increase ballistic missile ranges|author=Ümit Enginsoy|date=February 2012 |publisher=Hurriyetdailynews.com|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/19680119.asp|title=Tübıta: Hedefimiz 2 bin 500 kilometre menzilli füze yapmak |date=14 January 2012|publisher=Hurriyet.com.tr|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trt.net.tr/trtavaz/turk-fuzesi-som-icin-geri-sayim-basladi--haber-detay,tr,24107.aspx|title=Türk Füzesi SOM İçin Geri Sayım Başladı – Haber – TRT Avaz|publisher=Trt.net.tr|access-date=13 February 2012|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510220244/http://www.trt.net.tr/trtavaz/turk-fuzesi-som-icin-geri-sayim-basladi--haber-detay,tr,24107.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flagicon|Turkey}}
*[[SOM (missile)|SOM]] (SOM B Block I) – 500&nbsp;km, 1500&nbsp;km and 2500&nbsp;km versions (350&nbsp;km range under serial production, 500&nbsp;km+ range under development)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-aims-to-increase-ballistic-missile-ranges.aspx?pageID=238&nID=12731&NewsCatID=345|title=BUSINESS – Turkey aims to increase ballistic missile ranges|author=Ümit Enginsoy|date=February 2012 |publisher=Hurriyetdailynews.com|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/19680119.asp|title=Tübıta: Hedefimiz 2 bin 500 kilometre menzilli füze yapmak |date=14 January 2012|publisher=Hurriyet.com.tr|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trt.net.tr/trtavaz/turk-fuzesi-som-icin-geri-sayim-basladi--haber-detay,tr,24107.aspx|title=Türk Füzesi SOM İçin Geri Sayım Başladı – Haber – TRT Avaz|publisher=Trt.net.tr|access-date=13 February 2012|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510220244/http://www.trt.net.tr/trtavaz/turk-fuzesi-som-icin-geri-sayim-basladi--haber-detay,tr,24107.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{flagicon|Turkey}}
*[[SSM-N-8 Regulus]] (926&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[SSM-N-8 Regulus]] (926&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[SS-N-3 Shaddock|P-5 Pyatyorka]] (450–750&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} / {{flagicon|Russia}} / {{flagicon|North Korea}}
*[[P-5 Pyatyorka]] (450–750&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} / {{flagicon|Russia}} / {{flagicon|North Korea}}
*[[S8000 Banderol]] {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[S8000 Banderol]] {{flagicon|Russia}}
*[[Storm Shadow|Storm Shadow / SCALP-EG]] (550&nbsp;km, Mach 0.65) {{flagicon|France}} / {{flagicon|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=SCALP EG / Storm Shadow / SCALP Naval / Black Shaheen / APACHE AP|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/apache-ap/#:~:text=SCALP%20EG%2F%20Storm%20Shadow%20Specifications&text=The%20missiles%20are%205.1%20m,250-400%20km.13.|website=CSIS Missile Threat}}</ref>
*[[Storm Shadow|Storm Shadow / SCALP-EG]] (550&nbsp;km, Mach 0.65) {{flagicon|France}} / {{flagicon|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=SCALP EG / Storm Shadow / SCALP Naval / Black Shaheen / APACHE AP|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/apache-ap/#:~:text=SCALP%20EG%2F%20Storm%20Shadow%20Specifications&text=The%20missiles%20are%205.1%20m,250-400%20km.13.|website=CSIS Missile Threat}}</ref>
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*[[Ya-Ali (missile)|Ya-Ali]] (700&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Iran}}
*[[Ya-Ali (missile)|Ya-Ali]] (700&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Iran}}
*[[Zarb missile|Zarb]] (320&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Pakistan}}
*[[Zarb missile|Zarb]] (320&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Pakistan}}
*[[Ragnarök (missile)|Ragnarök]] (926&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}<ref>https://www.kratosdefense.com/newsroom/kratos-unveils-revolutionary-low-cost-cruise-missile-system-ragnarok</ref><ref>https://www.twz.com/air/ragnarok-mini-cruise-missile-with-big-range-targets-150k-price-tag</ref>
*[[Ragnarök (missile)|Ragnarök]] (926&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}<ref>{{cite web | title=kratos-unveils-revolutionary-low-cost-cruise-missile-system-ragnarok | url=https://www.kratosdefense.com/newsroom/kratos-unveils-revolutionary-low-cost-cruise-missile-system-ragnarok }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=ragnarok-mini-cruise-missile-with-big-range-targets-150k-price-tag | url=https://www.twz.com/air/ragnarok-mini-cruise-missile-with-big-range-targets-150k-price-tag }}</ref>
*[[LPP Narwhal|Narwhal]] {{flagicon|Czech Republic}}(680 km&nbsp;km)<ref>{{cite web | title=what_is_the_new_narwhal_cruise_missile_for_ukraine_that_can_strike_moscow_and_engels | url=https://en.defence-ua.com/weapon_and_tech/what_is_the_new_narwhal_cruise_missile_for_ukraine_that_can_strike_moscow_and_engels-16752.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=czech-defense-tech-company-lpp-readies-first-cruise-missile | url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/czech-defense-tech-company-lpp-readies-first-cruise-missile }}</ref>
*[[Taimoor]] (600&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Pakistan}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/pakistan-test-launches-taimoor-cruise-missile-from-mirage/165837.article|title=Pakistan test launches Taimoor cruise missile from Mirage|first=Greg|last=Waldron|first2=|last2=|date=5 January 2026}}</ref>
*[[Lanca (missile)]] (600&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Poland}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/wb-group-reveals-lanca-cruise-missile-with-payload-capacity-of-hundreds-of-kilograms|title=WB Group reveals Lanca cruise missile with payload capacity of hundreds of kilograms|first=Jakub |last=Link-Lenczowski |first2=|last2=|date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[Ruta (missile)]] (450&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Switzerland}}<ref>{{cite web | title=destinus-ruta | url=https://www.destinus.com/page/destinus-ruta }}</ref>


===Short-range subsonic===
===Short-range subsonic===
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*[[Korshun (cruise missile)|Korshun]] {{flagicon|Ukraine}} – local derivative of Kh-55 and RK-55
*[[Korshun (cruise missile)|Korshun]] {{flagicon|Ukraine}} – local derivative of Kh-55 and RK-55
*[[Neptune (cruise missile)|Neptune]] {{flagicon|Ukraine}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine Tests Advanced Subsonic Cruise Missile 'Neptune' |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21881 |website=Defense World |date=31 January 2018 |access-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180201082450/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21881#.WnLO3-jP38A |archive-date=1 February 2018}}</ref>
*[[Neptune (cruise missile)|Neptune]] {{flagicon|Ukraine}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine Tests Advanced Subsonic Cruise Missile 'Neptune' |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21881 |website=Defense World |date=31 January 2018 |access-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180201082450/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21881#.WnLO3-jP38A |archive-date=1 February 2018}}</ref>
*[[V-1 flying bomb]] (250&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}}


[[File:Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling 20111009a.jpg|thumb|200px|Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in [[Chengkungling History Museum|Chengkungling]]]]
[[File:Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling 20111009a.jpg|thumb|200px|Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in [[Chengkungling History Museum|Chengkungling]]]]
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*[[AIST (missile)|Aist]] (100–300&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Belarus}}  
*[[AIST (missile)|Aist]] (100–300&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Belarus}}  
*[[Sea Killer / Marte|Marte]] (100+ km) {{flagicon|Italy}}
*[[Sea Killer / Marte|Marte]] (100+ km) {{flagicon|Italy}}
**[[Sea Killer / Marte|Sea Killer]] export variant {{flagicon|Italy}}
**[[Sea Killer]] export variant {{flagicon|Italy}}
*[[Otomat]] (180&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|France}} / {{flagicon|Italy}}
*[[Otomat]] (180&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|France}} / {{flagicon|Italy}}
**Otomat Mk2 E / Teseo Mk2/E (360&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Italy}}
**Otomat Mk2 E / Teseo Mk2/E (360&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Italy}}
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*[[Gabriel missile|Gabriel IV]] (200&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Israel}}
*[[Gabriel missile|Gabriel IV]] (200&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Israel}}
*[[Popeye missile|Popeye turbo ALCM]] (78&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Israel}}
*[[Popeye missile|Popeye turbo ALCM]] (78&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Israel}}
*[[Sea Breaker (missile)|Sea Breaker]] (300&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Israel}}
*[[Sea Breaker]] (300&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Israel}}
*[[Harpoon (missile)|RGM-84 Harpoon]] (124–310&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[RGM-84 Harpoon]] (124–310&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile]] (110&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile]] (110&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER]] (270&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER]] (270&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|United States}}
*[[Silkworm missile|Silkworm]] (100–500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[Silkworm missile|Silkworm]] (100–500&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|China}}
*[[SOM (missile)|SOM]] {{flagicon|Turkey}}<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2011 |title=Yerli seyir füzesi, 180 kilometreden hedefini vuracak – Hürriyet Gündem |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/17954640.asp?gid=381 |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=Hurriyet.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yerli seyir füzesi, 180 kilometreden hedefinin vuracak – Kirpi HABER Cesur &#124; Özgür &#124; Tarafsız Habercilik |url=http://www.kirpihaber.com/teknoloji-bilim/yerli-seyir-fuzesi-180-kilometreden-hedefinin-vuracak.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033259/http://www.kirpihaber.com/teknoloji-bilim/yerli-seyir-fuzesi-180-kilometreden-hedefinin-vuracak.htm |archive-date=2011-06-07 |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=Kirpihaber.com}}</ref>
*[[SOM (missile)|SOM]] {{flagicon|Turkey}}<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2011 |title=Yerli seyir füzesi, 180 kilometreden hedefini vuracak – Hürriyet Gündem |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/17954640.asp?gid=381 |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=Hurriyet.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yerli seyir füzesi, 180 kilometreden hedefinin vuracak – Kirpi HABER Cesur &#124; Özgür &#124; Tarafsız Habercilik |url=http://www.kirpihaber.com/teknoloji-bilim/yerli-seyir-fuzesi-180-kilometreden-hedefinin-vuracak.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033259/http://www.kirpihaber.com/teknoloji-bilim/yerli-seyir-fuzesi-180-kilometreden-hedefinin-vuracak.htm |archive-date=2011-06-07 |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=Kirpihaber.com}}</ref>
*[[V-1 flying bomb]] (250&nbsp;km) {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}}


==Deployment==
==Deployment==
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The most common mission for cruise missiles is to attack relatively high-value targets such as ships, command bunkers, bridges and dams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/tomahawk/|title=Raytheon: Tomahawk Cruise Missile|website=www.raytheon.com|access-date=2016-09-19}}</ref> Modern guidance systems permit accurate attacks.
The most common mission for cruise missiles is to attack relatively high-value targets such as ships, command bunkers, bridges and dams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/tomahawk/|title=Raytheon: Tomahawk Cruise Missile|website=www.raytheon.com|access-date=2016-09-19}}</ref> Modern guidance systems permit accurate attacks.


{{As of|2001}}, the BGM-109 [[Tomahawk (missile family)|Tomahawk missile]] model has become a significant part of the United States naval arsenal. It gives ships and submarines a somewhat accurate, long-range, conventional land attack weapon. Each costs about US$1.99 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=FY 2017 Program Acquisition Costs by Weapon System - Tactical Tomahawk Cruise Missile |url=https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf#page=63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424113923/http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-24 |url-status=live |website=comptroller.defense.gov}}</ref> Both the Tomahawk and the AGM-86 were used extensively during [[Gulf War|Operation Desert Storm]]. On 7 April 2017, during the [[Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2017)#April 2017|Syrian Civil War]], U.S. warships fired more than 50 cruise missiles into a Syrian airbase in retaliation for a Syrian chemical weapons attack against a rebel stronghold.<ref>{{cite web |title=US missiles blast Syria; Trump demands 'end the slaughter' |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-syria-ap-top-news-international-news-politics-de1b6e80a0cf4d84bca38835e9bb3310 |website=AP News|date=20 April 2021 }}</ref>
{{As of|2001}}, the BGM-109 [[Tomahawk missile]] model has become a significant part of the United States naval arsenal. It gives ships and submarines a somewhat accurate, long-range, conventional land attack weapon. Each costs about US$1.99 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=FY 2017 Program Acquisition Costs by Weapon System - Tactical Tomahawk Cruise Missile |url=https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/FY2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424113923/http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2017/FY2017_Weapons.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-24 |url-status=live |website=United States Department of Defense}}</ref> Both the Tomahawk and the AGM-86 were used extensively during [[Operation Desert Storm]]. On 7 April 2017, during the [[Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2017)#April 2017|Syrian Civil War]], U.S. warships fired more than 50 cruise missiles into a Syrian airbase in retaliation for a Syrian chemical weapons attack against a rebel stronghold.<ref>{{cite web |title=US missiles blast Syria; Trump demands 'end the slaughter' |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-syria-ap-top-news-international-news-politics-de1b6e80a0cf4d84bca38835e9bb3310 |website=AP News|date=20 April 2021 }}</ref>


The [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) deploys an air-launched cruise missile, the [[AGM-86 ALCM]]. The [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]] is the exclusive delivery vehicle for the AGM-86 and [[AGM-129 ACM]]. Both missile types are configurable for either conventional or nuclear warheads.
The [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) deploys an air-launched cruise missile, the [[AGM-86 ALCM]]. The [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]] is the exclusive delivery vehicle for the AGM-86 and [[AGM-129 ACM]]. Both missile types are configurable for either conventional or nuclear warheads.
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[[File:BRAHMOS Launcher.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Indian Army]]'s BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles mounted on Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL)]]
[[File:BRAHMOS Launcher.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Indian Army]]'s BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles mounted on Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL)]]


India and Russia have jointly developed the supersonic cruise missile [[BrahMos]]. There are three versions of the Brahmos: ship/land-launched, air-launched, and sub-launched. The ship/land-launched version was operational as of late 2007. The Brahmos have the capability to attack targets on land. Russia also continues to operate other cruise missiles: the [[SS-N-12 Sandbox]], [[SS-N-19 Shipwreck]], [[SS-N-22 Sunburn]] and [[Kh-35|SS-N-25 Switchblade]]. Germany and Spain operate the [[KEPD 350|Taurus missile]] while Pakistan has made the [[Babur missile]]<ref name="CSIS Missile Threat3"/> Both the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) have designed several cruise missile variants, such as the well-known [[C-802]], some of which are capable of carrying biological, chemical, nuclear, and conventional warheads.
India and Russia have jointly developed the supersonic cruise missile [[BrahMos]]. There are three versions of the Brahmos: ship/land-launched, air-launched, and sub-launched. The ship/land-launched version was operational as of late 2007. The Brahmos have the capability to attack targets on land. Russia also continues to operate other cruise missiles: the [[SS-N-12 Sandbox]], [[SS-N-19 Shipwreck]], [[SS-N-22 Sunburn]] and [[SS-N-25 Switchblade]]. Germany and Spain operate the [[KEPD 350|Taurus missile]] while Pakistan has made the [[Babur missile]]<ref name="CSIS Missile Threat3"/> Both the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) have designed several cruise missile variants, such as the well-known [[C-802]], some of which are capable of carrying biological, chemical, nuclear, and conventional warheads.


===Nuclear warhead versions===
===Nuclear warhead versions===


====China====
====China====
{{see also|China and weapons of mass destruction}}
{{see also|Nuclear weapons of China}}
China has the [[CJ-10 (missile)|CJ-10]] land attack cruise missile which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bommakanti|first=Kartik|date=December 4, 2020|title=China's Cruise Missile Capabilities: Implications for the Indian Army and Air Force|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/chinas-cruise-missile-capabilities/?amp#|url-status=live|access-date=December 18, 2021|website=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204151239/https://www.orfonline.org/research/chinas-cruise-missile-capabilities/?amp |archive-date=4 December 2020 }}</ref> Additionally, China appears to have tested a hypersonic cruise missile in August 2021, a claim it denies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58953352|title=China Denies Testing Nuclear-Capable Hypersonic Cruise Missile|work=BBC News |date=18 October 2021 |access-date=Oct 18, 2021}}</ref>
 
China has the [[CJ-10]] land attack cruise missile which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bommakanti|first=Kartik|date=December 4, 2020|title=China's Cruise Missile Capabilities: Implications for the Indian Army and Air Force|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/chinas-cruise-missile-capabilities/?amp#|url-status=live|access-date=December 18, 2021|website=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204151239/https://www.orfonline.org/research/chinas-cruise-missile-capabilities/?amp |archive-date=4 December 2020 }}</ref> Additionally, China appears to have tested a hypersonic cruise missile in August 2021, a claim it denies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58953352|title=China Denies Testing Nuclear-Capable Hypersonic Cruise Missile|work=BBC News |date=18 October 2021 |access-date=Oct 18, 2021}}</ref>


====France====
====France====
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====Pakistan====
====Pakistan====
{{see also|Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction}}
{{see also|Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction}}
Pakistan currently has four cruise missile systems: the [[Air-launched cruise missile|air-launched]] [[Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad)|Ra'ad-I]] and its enhanced version [[Ra'ad-II]]; the ground and [[Submarine-launched cruise missile|submarine launched]] [[Babur (cruise missile)|Babur]];<ref name="CSIS Missile Threat3">{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/|title=Hatf 7 "Babur" – Missile Threat|website=CSIS.org|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/south-asian-strategic-stability-and-pakistans-babur-3-submarine-launched-cruise-missile/|title=South Asian Strategic Stability and Pakistan's Babur-3 Submarine-Launched Cruise Missile|first1=Ankit |last1=Panda |first2=Prashanth |last2=Parameswaran|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-12-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38563330|title=Pakistan announces cruise missile success|date=2017|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-12-01|language=en-GB}}</ref> ship-launched [[Harbah]] missile<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/pakistan-tests-an-indigenously-developed-anti-ship-cruise-missile/|title=Pakistan Tests An Indigenously Developed Anti-Ship Cruise Missile|first=Ankit |last=Panda|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-US}}</ref> and surface launched [[YJ-62|Zarb missile]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1251049|title=Pakistan Navy inducts coastal anti-ship 'Zarb' missile after successful test|last=Haider|first=Mateen|date=9 April 2016|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-01-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Both, [[Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad)|Ra'ad]] and [[Babur (cruise missile)|Babur]], can carry nuclear warheads between 10 and 25 kt, and deliver them to targets at a range of up to {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|450|km|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nuclear-capable-nirbhay-cruise-missiles-test-fails-for-the-fourth-time/articleshow/56105444.cms|title=Nirbhay: Nuclear-capable Nirbhay cruise missile's test fails for the fourth time &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Babur has been in service with the [[Pakistan Army]] since 2010, and [[Pakistan Navy]] since 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/pakistans-babur-and-raad-cruise-missiles-strategic-implications-for-india-3681.html|title=Pakistan's Babur and Ra'ad Cruise Missiles: Strategic Implications for India|last1=Mason|first1=Shane|website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>
Pakistan currently has five cruise missile systems: the [[Air-launched cruise missile|air-launched]] [[Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad)|Ra'ad-I]] and its enhanced version [[Ra'ad-II]] as well as [[Taimoor]]; the ground and [[Submarine-launched cruise missile|submarine launched]] [[Babur (cruise missile)|Babur]];<ref name="CSIS Missile Threat3">{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/|title=Hatf 7 "Babur" – Missile Threat|website=CSIS.org|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/south-asian-strategic-stability-and-pakistans-babur-3-submarine-launched-cruise-missile/|title=South Asian Strategic Stability and Pakistan's Babur-3 Submarine-Launched Cruise Missile|first1=Ankit |last1=Panda |first2=Prashanth |last2=Parameswaran|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-12-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38563330|title=Pakistan announces cruise missile success|date=2017|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-12-01|language=en-GB}}</ref> ship-launched [[Harbah]] missile<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/pakistan-tests-an-indigenously-developed-anti-ship-cruise-missile/|title=Pakistan Tests An Indigenously Developed Anti-Ship Cruise Missile|first=Ankit |last=Panda|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-US}}</ref> and surface launched [[YJ-62|Zarb missile]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1251049|title=Pakistan Navy inducts coastal anti-ship 'Zarb' missile after successful test|last=Haider|first=Mateen|date=9 April 2016|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-01-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Both, [[Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad)|Ra'ad]] and [[Babur (cruise missile)|Babur]], can carry nuclear warheads between 10 and 25 kt, and deliver them to targets at a range of up to {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|450|km|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nuclear-capable-nirbhay-cruise-missiles-test-fails-for-the-fourth-time/articleshow/56105444.cms|title=Nirbhay: Nuclear-capable Nirbhay cruise missile's test fails for the fourth time |website=The Times of India|date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Babur has been in service with the [[Pakistan Army]] since 2010, and [[Pakistan Navy]] since 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/pakistans-babur-and-raad-cruise-missiles-strategic-implications-for-india-3681.html|title=Pakistan's Babur and Ra'ad Cruise Missiles: Strategic Implications for India|last1=Mason|first1=Shane|website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>


====Russia====
====Russia====
{{see also|Russia and weapons of mass destruction}}
{{see also|Russia and weapons of mass destruction}}
[[File:3M-54E1.jpg|thumb|Export variant of the [[3M-54 Kalibr|Kalibr]] missile]]
[[File:3M-54E1.jpg|thumb|Export variant of the [[3M-54 Kalibr|Kalibr]] missile]]
Russia has [[Raduga Kh-55|Kh-55SM]] cruise missiles, with a range similar to the United States' [[AGM-129 ACM|AGM-129]] range of 3000&nbsp;km, but are able to carry a more powerful warhead of 200&nbsp;kt. They are equipped with a [[TERCOM]] system which allows them to cruise at an altitude lower than 110 meters at subsonic speeds while obtaining a [[Circular error probable|CEP]] accuracy of 15 meters with an [[inertial navigation system]]. They are air-launched from either [[Tupolev Tu-95]]s, [[Tupolev Tu-22M]]s, or [[Tupolev Tu-160]]s, each able to carry 16 for the Tu-95, 12 for the Tu-160, and 4 for the Tu-22M. A [[Stealth technology|stealth]] version of the missile, the Kh-101 is in development. It has similar qualities as the Kh-55, except that its range has been extended to 5,000&nbsp;km, is equipped with a 1,000&nbsp;kg conventional warhead, and has stealth features which reduce its probability of intercept.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kh-101 – Russian and Soviet Nuclear Forces |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/bomber/kh-101.htm |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
Russia has [[Raduga Kh-55|Kh-55SM]] cruise missiles, with a range similar to the United States' [[AGM-129]] range of 3000&nbsp;km, but are able to carry a more powerful warhead of 200&nbsp;kt. They are equipped with a [[TERCOM]] system which allows them to cruise at an altitude lower than 110 meters at subsonic speeds while obtaining a [[Circular error probable|CEP]] accuracy of 15 meters with an [[inertial navigation system]]. They are air-launched from either [[Tupolev Tu-95]]s, [[Tupolev Tu-22M]]s, or [[Tupolev Tu-160]]s, each able to carry 16 for the Tu-95, 12 for the Tu-160, and 4 for the Tu-22M. A [[Stealth technology|stealth]] version of the missile, the Kh-101 is in development. It has similar qualities as the Kh-55, except that its range has been extended to 5,000&nbsp;km, is equipped with a 1,000&nbsp;kg conventional warhead, and has stealth features which reduce its probability of intercept.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kh-101 – Russian and Soviet Nuclear Forces |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/bomber/kh-101.htm |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>


After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most recent cruise missile developed was the [[3M-54 Kalibr|Kalibr missile]] which entered production in the early 1990s and was officially inducted into the Russian arsenal in 1994. However, it only saw its combat debut on 7 October 2015, in [[Syria]] as a part of the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|Russian military campaign in Syria]]. The missile has been used 14 more times in combat operations in Syria since its debut.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most recent cruise missile developed was the [[Kalibr missile]] which entered production in the early 1990s and was officially inducted into the Russian arsenal in 1994. However, it only saw its combat debut on 7 October 2015, in [[Syria]] as a part of the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|Russian military campaign in Syria]]. The missile has been used 14 more times in combat operations in Syria since its debut.


In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union was attempting to develop cruise missiles. In this short time frame, the Soviet Union was working on nearly ten different types of cruise missiles. However, due to resources, most of the initial types of cruise missiles developed by the Soviet Union were Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles or Submarine-Launched Cruise Missiles ([[Submarine-launched cruise missile|SLCMs]]). The [[KSShch|SS-N-1]] cruise missile was developed to have different configurations to be fired from a submarine or a ship. However, as time progressed, the Soviet Union began to work on air-launched cruise missiles as well ([[Air-launched cruise missile|ALCM]]). These ACLM missiles were typically delivered via bombers designated as "Blinders" or "Backfire". The missiles in this configuration were called the AS-1, and AS-2 with eventual new variants with more development time. The main purpose of Soviet-based cruise missiles was to have defense and offensive mechanisms against enemy ships; in other words, most of the Soviet cruise missiles were anti-ship missiles. In the 1980s the Soviet Union had developed an arsenal of cruise missiles nearing 600 platforms which consisted of land, sea, and air delivery systems.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arkin|first=William|date=May 1983|title=Soviet Cruise Missile Programs|journal=Arms Control Today|volume=13|issue=4|pages=3–4|jstor=23623103}}</ref>
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union was attempting to develop cruise missiles. In this short time frame, the Soviet Union was working on nearly ten different types of cruise missiles. However, due to resources, most of the initial types of cruise missiles developed by the Soviet Union were Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles or Submarine-Launched Cruise Missiles ([[Submarine-launched cruise missile|SLCMs]]). The [[SS-N-1]] cruise missile was developed to have different configurations to be fired from a submarine or a ship. However, as time progressed, the Soviet Union began to work on air-launched cruise missiles as well ([[ALCM]]). These ACLM missiles were typically delivered via bombers designated as "Blinders" or "Backfire". The missiles in this configuration were called the AS-1, and AS-2 with eventual new variants with more development time. The main purpose of Soviet-based cruise missiles was to have defense and offensive mechanisms against enemy ships; in other words, most of the Soviet cruise missiles were anti-ship missiles. In the 1980s the Soviet Union had developed an arsenal of cruise missiles nearing 600 platforms which consisted of land, sea, and air delivery systems.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arkin|first=William|date=May 1983|title=Soviet Cruise Missile Programs|journal=Arms Control Today|volume=13|issue=4|pages=3–4|jstor=23623103}}</ref>


====United States====
====United States====
Line 280: Line 281:
*[[AGM-129 ACM]] air-launched missile, out of service<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tinker.af.mil/News/story/id/123299303/ |title=Cruise missile career comes to a close |publisher=U.S. Air Force, Tinker Air Force Base public affairs |date=24 April 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220061518/http://www.tinker.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123299303 |archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>
*[[AGM-129 ACM]] air-launched missile, out of service<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tinker.af.mil/News/story/id/123299303/ |title=Cruise missile career comes to a close |publisher=U.S. Air Force, Tinker Air Force Base public affairs |date=24 April 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220061518/http://www.tinker.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123299303 |archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>
*[[AGM-86 ALCM]] air-launched cruise missile, 350 to 550 missiles and [[W80 (nuclear warhead)|W80]] warheads still in service
*[[AGM-86 ALCM]] air-launched cruise missile, 350 to 550 missiles and [[W80 (nuclear warhead)|W80]] warheads still in service
*[[Tomahawk (missile family)|BGM-109 Tomahawk]] cruise missile in nuclear submarine-, surface ship-, and ground-launched models, nuclear models out of service but warheads kept in reserve.
*[[BGM-109 Tomahawk]] cruise missile in nuclear submarine-, surface ship-, and ground-launched models, nuclear models out of service but warheads kept in reserve.
 
===Efficiency in modern warfare===
Currently, cruise missiles are among the most expensive of single-use weapons, up to several million dollars apiece. One consequence of this is that its users face difficult choices in [[targeting (warfare)|target allocation]], to avoid expending the missiles on targets of low value. For instance, during [[Operation Enduring Freedom|the 2001 strikes on Afghanistan]] the United States attacked targets of very low monetary value with cruise missiles, which led many to question the efficiency of the weapon. However, proponents of the cruise missile counter that the weapon can not be blamed for poor target selection, and the same argument applies to other types of [[unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]]s: they are cheaper than human pilots when total training and infrastructure costs are taken into account, not to mention the risk of loss of personnel. As demonstrated in [[Operation Odyssey Dawn|Libya in 2011]] and prior conflicts, cruise missiles are much more difficult to detect and intercept than other aerial assets (reduced radar cross-section, infrared and visual signature due to smaller size), suiting them to attacks against static air defense systems.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Affordable Weapon System]]
* [[Cruise missile submarine]]
* [[Cruise missile submarine]]
* [[Eugene Vielle]] (pioneer of technology that led to the Cruise missile)
* [[Glide bomb]]{{snd}}similar in concept but unpowered
* [[Expendable launch system]]
* [[One-way attack drone]]
* [[List of cruise missiles]]
* [[List of cruise missiles]]
* [[List of rocket aircraft]]
* [[List of rocket aircraft]]
* [[Lists of weapons]]
* [[Lists of weapons]]
* [[Low Cost Miniature Cruise Missile]]
* [[NATO reporting name]]{{snd}}includes lists of Soviet missiles
* [[NATO reporting name]] (has lists of various Soviet missiles)
* [[Eugene Vielle]]{{snd}}pioneer of technology that led to the cruise missile
* [[Weapon of mass destruction]]
* [[Weapon of mass destruction]]


Latest revision as of 20:40, 10 March 2026

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File:Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile -crop.jpg
A BGM-109 Tomahawk flying in November 2002

A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled guided missile that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large payload over long distances with high precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of traveling at high subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low-altitude trajectory.[1]

History

File:Fieseler Fi-103.jpg
The V-1 flying bomb, the first operational cruise missile

The idea of an "aerial torpedo" was shown in the British 1909 film The Airship Destroyer in which flying torpedoes controlled wirelessly are used to bring down airships bombing London.[2]

In 1916, the American aviator Lawrence Sperry built and patented an "aerial torpedo", the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, a small biplane carrying a TNT charge, a Sperry autopilot and barometric altitude control. Inspired by the experiments, the United States Army developed a similar flying bomb called the Kettering Bug. Germany had also flown trials with remote-controlled aerial gliders (Torpedogleiter) built by Siemens-Schuckert beginning in 1916.[3]

In the Interwar Period, Britain's Royal Aircraft Establishment developed the Larynx (Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine), which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s.[4]

In the Soviet Union, Sergei Korolev headed the GIRD-06 cruise missile project from 1932 to 1939, which used a rocket-powered boost-glide bomb design. The 06/III (RP-216) and 06/IV (RP-212) contained gyroscopic guidance systems.[5] The vehicle was designed to boost to Template:Cvt altitude and glide a distance of Template:Cvt, but test flights in 1934 and 1936 only reached an altitude of Script error: No such module "convert"..

In 1944, during World War II, Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles. The V-1, often called a flying bomb, contained a gyroscope guidance system and was propelled by a simple pulsejet engine, the sound of which gave it the nickname of "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug".[6] Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very large targets (the general area of a city), while the range of Template:Cvt was significantly lower than that of a bomber carrying the same payload. The main advantages were speed (although not sufficient to outperform contemporary propeller-driven interceptors) and expendability. The production cost of a V-1 was only a small fraction of that of a V-2 supersonic ballistic missile with a similar-sized warhead.[7] Unlike the V-2, the initial deployments of the V-1 required stationary launch ramps which were susceptible to bombardment.[8] Nazi Germany, in 1943, also developed the Mistel composite aircraft program, which can be seen as a rudimentary air-launched cruise missile, where a piloted fighter-type aircraft was mounted atop an unpiloted bomber-sized aircraft that was packed with explosives to be released while approaching the target. Bomber-launched variants of the V-1 saw limited operational service near the end of the war, with the pioneering V-1's design reverse-engineered by the Americans as the Republic-Ford JB-2 cruise missile.[9]

Immediately after World War II, the United States Air Force had 21 different guided missile projects, including proposed cruise missiles. By 1948, all but four of these projects had been canceled: the Air Materiel Command Banshee, the SM-62 Snark, the SM-64 Navaho, and the MGM-1 Matador. The Banshee design was similar to Operation Aphrodite; like Aphrodite, it failed, and was canceled in April 1949.[10] Concurrently, the US Navy's Operation Bumblebee, was conducted at Topsail Island, North Carolina, from c. 1 June 1946, to 28 July 1948. Bumblebee produced proof-of-concept technologies that influenced the US military's other missile projects.

During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union experimented further with the concept, of deploying early cruise missiles from land, submarines, and aircraft. The main outcome of the United States Navy submarine missile project was the SSM-N-8 Regulus missile, based upon the V-1 but powered by an Allison J33 jet engine. The Regulus entered service but was phased out with the advent of submarine launched ballistic missiles that did not require the submarine to surface in order to launch the missile and guide it to its target.

The United States Air Force's first operational surface-to-surface missile was the winged, mobile, nuclear-capable MGM-1 Matador, also similar in concept to the V-1. Deployment overseas began in 1954, first to West Germany and later to the Republic of China and South Korea. On 7 November 1956, the U.S. Air Force deployed Matador units in West Germany, whose missiles were capable of striking targets in the Warsaw Pact, from their fixed day-to-day sites to unannounced dispersed launch locations. This alert was in response to the crisis posed by the Soviet attack on Hungary which suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

Between 1957 and 1961 the United States followed an ambitious and well-funded program to develop a nuclear-powered cruise missile, Supersonic Low Altitude Missile (SLAM). It was designed to fly below the enemy's radar at speeds above Mach 3 and carry hydrogen bombs that it would drop along its path over enemy territory. Although the concept was proven sound and the Script error: No such module "convert". engine finished a successful test run in 1961, no airworthy device was ever completed. The project was finally abandoned in favor of ICBM development.

While ballistic missiles were the preferred weapons for land targets, heavy nuclear and conventional weapon tipped cruise missiles were seen by the USSR as a primary weapon to destroy United States naval carrier battle groups. Large submarines (for example, Echo and Oscar classes) were developed to carry these weapons and shadow United States battle groups at sea, and large bombers (for example, Backfire, Bear, and Blackjack models) were equipped with the weapons in their air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) configuration.

Categories

Cruise missiles can be categorized by payload/warhead size, speed, range, and launch platform. Often variants of the same missile are produced for different launch platforms (for instance, air- and submarine-launched versions).

Guidance systems can vary across missiles. Some missiles can be fitted with any of a variety of navigation systems (Inertial navigation, TERCOM, or satellite navigation). Larger cruise missiles can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead, while smaller ones carry only conventional warheads.

Hypersonic

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". A hypersonic cruise missile travels at least five times the speed of sound (Mach 5).

Supersonic

File:Brahmos imds.jpg
BrahMos shown at IMDS 2007.

These missiles travel faster than the speed of sound, usually using ramjet engines. The range is typically 100–500 km, but can be greater. Guidance systems vary.

Examples:

Intercontinental-range supersonic

Long-range subsonic

File:Nirbhay missiles during Republic Day Parade 2018.jpg
India's Nirbhay missiles mounted on a truck-based launcher

China, France, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the United States have developed several long-range subsonic cruise missiles. These missiles have a range of over Script error: No such module "convert". and fly at about Script error: No such module "convert"..[48] They typically have a launch weight of about Script error: No such module "convert".[49] and can carry either a conventional or a nuclear warhead. Earlier versions of these missiles used inertial navigation; later versions use much more accurate TERCOM and DSMAC systems. Most recent versions can use satellite navigation.

Examples:

Intercontinental-range subsonic

Medium-range subsonic

File:Storm Shadow p1220865.jpg
Storm Shadow (France / UK)
File:Babur Cruise Missle at Ideas 2008.jpg
A Pakistani Babur cruise missile launcher

These subsonic missiles have ranges between 300 km and 1000 km.

Examples:

Short-range subsonic

These are subsonic missiles that weigh around Script error: No such module "convert". and have a range of up to Script error: No such module "convert"..Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:NSM PICT0001.JPG
A Naval Strike Missile of the Norwegian Navy

Examples:

File:Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling 20111009a.jpg
Hsiung Feng II Anti-Ship Missile Display in Chengkungling
File:Hsiung-Feng-2-sketch.svg
Hsiung Feng II

Deployment

File:AGM-129A - 2006 0306 b52 2lg.jpg
AGM-129 ACM being secured on a B-52H bomber

The most common mission for cruise missiles is to attack relatively high-value targets such as ships, command bunkers, bridges and dams.[72] Modern guidance systems permit accurate attacks.

since 2001Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the BGM-109 Tomahawk missile model has become a significant part of the United States naval arsenal. It gives ships and submarines a somewhat accurate, long-range, conventional land attack weapon. Each costs about US$1.99 million.[73] Both the Tomahawk and the AGM-86 were used extensively during Operation Desert Storm. On 7 April 2017, during the Syrian Civil War, U.S. warships fired more than 50 cruise missiles into a Syrian airbase in retaliation for a Syrian chemical weapons attack against a rebel stronghold.[74]

The United States Air Force (USAF) deploys an air-launched cruise missile, the AGM-86 ALCM. The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is the exclusive delivery vehicle for the AGM-86 and AGM-129 ACM. Both missile types are configurable for either conventional or nuclear warheads.

The USAF adopted the AGM-86 for its bomber fleet while AGM-109 was adapted to launch from trucks and ships and adopted by the USAF and Navy. The truck-launched versions, and also the Pershing II and SS-20 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles, were later destroyed under the bilateral INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) treaty with the USSR.

The British Royal Navy (RN) also operates cruise missiles, specifically the U.S.-made Tomahawk, used by the RN's nuclear submarine fleet. UK conventional warhead versions were first fired in combat by the RN in 1999, during the Kosovo War (the United States fired cruise missiles in 1991). The Royal Air Force uses the Storm Shadow cruise missile on its Typhoon and previously its Tornado GR4 aircraft. It is also used by France, where it is known as SCALP EG, and carried by the Armée de l'Air's Mirage 2000 and Rafale aircraft.

File:BRAHMOS Launcher.JPG
The Indian Army's BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles mounted on Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL)

India and Russia have jointly developed the supersonic cruise missile BrahMos. There are three versions of the Brahmos: ship/land-launched, air-launched, and sub-launched. The ship/land-launched version was operational as of late 2007. The Brahmos have the capability to attack targets on land. Russia also continues to operate other cruise missiles: the SS-N-12 Sandbox, SS-N-19 Shipwreck, SS-N-22 Sunburn and SS-N-25 Switchblade. Germany and Spain operate the Taurus missile while Pakistan has made the Babur missile[75] Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) have designed several cruise missile variants, such as the well-known C-802, some of which are capable of carrying biological, chemical, nuclear, and conventional warheads.

Nuclear warhead versions

China

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China has the CJ-10 land attack cruise missile which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.[76] Additionally, China appears to have tested a hypersonic cruise missile in August 2021, a claim it denies.[77]

France

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The French Script error: No such module "Lang". nuclear forces include both land and sea-based bombers with Script error: No such module "Lang". (ASMP) high-speed medium-range nuclear cruise missiles. Two models are in use, ASMP and a newer ASMP-Amelioré (ASMP-A), which was developed in 1999. An estimated 40 to 50 were produced.[78][79]

India

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". India in 2017 successfully flight-tested its indigenous Nirbhay ('Fearless') land-attack cruise missile, which can deliver nuclear warheads to a strike range of 1,000 km.[80] Nirbhay had been flight-tested successfully.[80][81]

Israel

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Israel Defense Forces reportedly deploy the medium-range air-launched Popeye Turbo ALCM and the Popeye Turbo SLCM medium-long range cruise missile with nuclear warheads on Dolphin class submarines.[82]

Pakistan

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Pakistan currently has five cruise missile systems: the air-launched Ra'ad-I and its enhanced version Ra'ad-II as well as Taimoor; the ground and submarine launched Babur;[75][83][84] ship-launched Harbah missile[85] and surface launched Zarb missile.[86] Both, Ra'ad and Babur, can carry nuclear warheads between 10 and 25 kt, and deliver them to targets at a range of up to Script error: No such module "convert". and Script error: No such module "convert". respectively.[87] Babur has been in service with the Pakistan Army since 2010, and Pakistan Navy since 2018.[88]

Russia

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File:3M-54E1.jpg
Export variant of the Kalibr missile

Russia has Kh-55SM cruise missiles, with a range similar to the United States' AGM-129 range of 3000 km, but are able to carry a more powerful warhead of 200 kt. They are equipped with a TERCOM system which allows them to cruise at an altitude lower than 110 meters at subsonic speeds while obtaining a CEP accuracy of 15 meters with an inertial navigation system. They are air-launched from either Tupolev Tu-95s, Tupolev Tu-22Ms, or Tupolev Tu-160s, each able to carry 16 for the Tu-95, 12 for the Tu-160, and 4 for the Tu-22M. A stealth version of the missile, the Kh-101 is in development. It has similar qualities as the Kh-55, except that its range has been extended to 5,000 km, is equipped with a 1,000 kg conventional warhead, and has stealth features which reduce its probability of intercept.[89]

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most recent cruise missile developed was the Kalibr missile which entered production in the early 1990s and was officially inducted into the Russian arsenal in 1994. However, it only saw its combat debut on 7 October 2015, in Syria as a part of the Russian military campaign in Syria. The missile has been used 14 more times in combat operations in Syria since its debut.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union was attempting to develop cruise missiles. In this short time frame, the Soviet Union was working on nearly ten different types of cruise missiles. However, due to resources, most of the initial types of cruise missiles developed by the Soviet Union were Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles or Submarine-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCMs). The SS-N-1 cruise missile was developed to have different configurations to be fired from a submarine or a ship. However, as time progressed, the Soviet Union began to work on air-launched cruise missiles as well (ALCM). These ACLM missiles were typically delivered via bombers designated as "Blinders" or "Backfire". The missiles in this configuration were called the AS-1, and AS-2 with eventual new variants with more development time. The main purpose of Soviet-based cruise missiles was to have defense and offensive mechanisms against enemy ships; in other words, most of the Soviet cruise missiles were anti-ship missiles. In the 1980s the Soviet Union had developed an arsenal of cruise missiles nearing 600 platforms which consisted of land, sea, and air delivery systems.[90]

United States

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File:Agm-129 acm.jpg
An AGM-129 ACM of the United States Air Force

The United States has deployed nine nuclear cruise missiles at one time or another.

See also

References

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External links

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