Manakin: Difference between revisions
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The '''manakins''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]], '''Pipridae''', of small [[Tyranni|suboscine]] [[passerine]] birds. The group contains 55 [[species]] distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch | The '''manakins''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]], '''Pipridae''', of small [[Tyranni|suboscine]] [[passerine]] birds. The group contains 55 [[species]] distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch {{Lang|dum|mannekijn}} "little man" (also the source of the different bird name ''[[Munia|mannikin]]'').<ref>''New Oxford American Dictionary'' (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1032.</ref> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
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===Reproduction=== | ===Reproduction=== | ||
Many manakin species have spectacular [[Lek (animal behavior)|lekking]] courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera ''[[Pipra]]'' and ''[[Chiroxiphia]]''. The rituals are characterized by a unique, species-specific pattern of vocalizations and movements such as jumping, bowing, wing vibration, wing snapping, and acrobatic flight.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schwark |first1=Ryan W |last2=Fuxjager |first2=Matthew J |last3=Schmidt |first3=Marc F |date=2022-05-31 |editor-last=McCarthy |editor-first=Margaret M |editor2-last=Dulac |editor2-first=Catherine |title=Proposing a neural framework for the evolution of elaborate courtship displays |journal=eLife |volume=11 |pages=e74860 |doi=10.7554/eLife.74860 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=9154748 |pmid=35639093 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The members of the genera ''[[Machaeropterus]]'' and ''[[Manacus]]'' have heavily modified [[flight feather|wing feathers]], which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Members of ''[[Manacus]]'' and ''[[Ceratopipra]]'' have superfast wing movements.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pease, J|author2=Driver, R|author3 = de la Cerda, D|author4 = Day, L|author5 = Lindsay, W|author6 = Schinger, B|author7 = Schuppe, E|author8 = Balakrishnan, C|author9 =Fuxjager, M|year=2022|title= Layered evolution of gene expression in "superfast" muscles for courtship |journal= PNAS|volume=119|issue= 14|pages=e2119671119|doi=10.1073/pnas.2119671119|doi-access=free |pmid=35363565|pmc=9168950 |s2cid=247865808}}</ref> The ability to produce these wing movements is supported by specialized peripheral androgen receptors in the muscular tissue.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fuxjager |first1=Matthew J |last2=Miles |first2=Meredith C |last3=Goller |first3=Franz |last4=Petersen |first4=John |last5=Yancey |first5=Julia |date=2017-11-01 |title=Androgens Support Male Acrobatic Courtship Behavior by Enhancing Muscle Speed and Easing the Severity of Its Tradeoff With Force |journal=Endocrinology |language=en |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=4038–4046 |doi=10.1210/en.2017-00599 |issn=0013-7227|doi-access=free |pmid=28938418 }}</ref> | Many manakin species have spectacular [[Lek (animal behavior)|lekking]] courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera ''[[Pipra]]'' and ''[[Chiroxiphia]]''. The rituals are characterized by a unique, species-specific pattern of vocalizations and movements such as jumping, bowing, wing vibration, wing snapping, and acrobatic flight.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schwark |first1=Ryan W |last2=Fuxjager |first2=Matthew J |last3=Schmidt |first3=Marc F |date=2022-05-31 |editor-last=McCarthy |editor-first=Margaret M |editor2-last=Dulac |editor2-first=Catherine |title=Proposing a neural framework for the evolution of elaborate courtship displays |journal=eLife |volume=11 |pages=e74860 |doi=10.7554/eLife.74860 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=9154748 |pmid=35639093 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The members of the genera ''[[Machaeropterus]]'' and ''[[Manacus]]'' have heavily modified [[flight feather|wing feathers]], which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Members of ''[[Manacus]]'' and ''[[Ceratopipra]]'' have superfast wing movements.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pease, J|author2=Driver, R|author3 = de la Cerda, D|author4 = Day, L|author5 = Lindsay, W|author6 = Schinger, B|author7 = Schuppe, E|author8 = Balakrishnan, C|author9 =Fuxjager, M|year=2022|title= Layered evolution of gene expression in "superfast" muscles for courtship |journal= PNAS|volume=119|issue= 14|pages=e2119671119|doi=10.1073/pnas.2119671119|doi-access=free |pmid=35363565|pmc=9168950 |s2cid=247865808}}</ref> The ability to produce these wing movements is supported by specialized peripheral androgen receptors in the muscular tissue.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fuxjager |first1=Matthew J |last2=Miles |first2=Meredith C |last3=Goller |first3=Franz |last4=Petersen |first4=John |last5=Yancey |first5=Julia |date=2017-11-01 |title=Androgens Support Male Acrobatic Courtship Behavior by Enhancing Muscle Speed and Easing the Severity of Its Tradeoff With Force |journal=Endocrinology |language=en |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=4038–4046 |doi=10.1210/en.2017-00599 |issn=0013-7227|doi-access=free |pmid=28938418 |hdl=10339/96037 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | ||
Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The [[helmeted manakin]] does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two [[bird egg|eggs]], which are buff or dull white, marked with brown.<ref name=P&S/> | Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The [[helmeted manakin]] does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two [[bird egg|eggs]], which are buff or dull white, marked with brown.<ref name=P&S/> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Commons category|Pipridae}} | {{Commons category|Pipridae}} | ||
* [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature | * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/deep-jungle-new-frontiers-jungle-dancers-kim-bostwick-and-manakin-birds/1370/ "Jungle Dancers"], ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]'' article about manakin behaviour, from the [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] website | ||
* [ | * [https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article-abstract/206/20/3693/9330/High-speed-video-analysis-of-wing-snapping-in-two?redirectedFrom=fulltext "High-speed videos of two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves)"], from the ''[[Journal of Experimental Biology]]'' website | ||
* [ | * [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1111701 Videos of ''Machaeropterus deliciosus'' making a "tick-tick-ting" sound through wing motion], from the ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' website | ||
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/manakins-pipridae Manakin videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323185445/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/manakins-pipridae Manakin videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection | ||
*[http://www.ecology.info/manakins-melastomataceae.htm "Manakins and the Plant Family Melastomataceae"], from the Ecology Online Sweden website | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160327220842/http://www.ecology.info/manakins-melastomataceae.htm "Manakins and the Plant Family Melastomataceae"], from the Ecology Online Sweden website | ||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q379200}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q379200}} | ||
Latest revision as of 00:49, 16 June 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Automatic taxobox The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of small suboscine passerine birds. The group contains 55 species distributed through the American tropics. The name is from Middle Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang". "little man" (also the source of the different bird name mannikin).[1]
Description
Manakins range in size from Template:Convert and in weight from Template:Convert. Species in the genus Tyranneutes are the smallest manakins, those in the genus Antilophia are believed to be the largest (since the genus Schiffornis are no longer considered manakins). They are compact stubby birds with short tails, broad and rounded wings, and big heads. The bill is short and has a wide gap. Females and first-year males have dull green plumage; most species are sexually dichromatic in their plumage,[2] the males being mostly black with striking colours in patches,[3] and in some species having long, decorative tail or crown feathers or erectile throat feathers. In some species, males from two to four years old have a distinctive subadult plumage.[2]
The syrinx or "voicebox" is distinctive in manakins, setting them apart from the related families Cotingidae and Tyrannidae. Furthermore, it is so acutely variable within the group that genera and even species may be identified by the syrinx alone, unlike birds of most oscine families. The sounds made are whistles, trills, and buzzes.[2]
Distribution and habitat
Manakins occur from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil, and on Trinidad and Tobago as well. They are highly arboreal and are almost exclusively forest and woodland birds. Most species live in humid tropical lowlands, with a few in dry forests, river forests,[2] and the subtropical Andes.[4] Some highland species have altitudinal migrations.
Behaviour and ecology
Feeding
Manakins feed in the understory on small fruit (but often remarkably large for the size of the bird[4]) including berries, and to a lesser degree, insects. Since they take fruit in flight as other species "hawk" for insects, they are believed to have evolved from insect-eating birds. Females have big territories from which they do not necessarily exclude other birds of their species, instead feeding somewhat socially. Males spend much of their time together at courtship sites. Manakins sometimes join mixed feeding flocks.[2]
Reproduction
Many manakin species have spectacular lekking courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera Pipra and Chiroxiphia. The rituals are characterized by a unique, species-specific pattern of vocalizations and movements such as jumping, bowing, wing vibration, wing snapping, and acrobatic flight.[5] The members of the genera Machaeropterus and Manacus have heavily modified wing feathers, which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Members of Manacus and Ceratopipra have superfast wing movements.[6] The ability to produce these wing movements is supported by specialized peripheral androgen receptors in the muscular tissue.[7]
Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), the incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The helmeted manakin does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two eggs, which are buff or dull white, marked with brown.[2]
Lekking polygyny seems to have been a characteristic of the family's original ancestor, and the associated sexual selection led to an adaptive radiation in which relationships may be traced by similarities in displays. Manakin sexual displays within these leks among the ancestral subfamily Neopelminae are the most simple, while displays among the more evolutionarily recent subfamily Piprinae are the most complex.[8] An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed.[2]
Species list
The family Pipridae was introduced (as Pipraria) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[9][10] The members of the genus Schiffornis were previously placed in this family, but are now placed in Tityridae.[11]
| Image | Genus | Living Species |
|---|---|---|
| File:Dixiphia pipra - male.jpg | Pseudopipra Kirwan et al, 2016Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Rabo de arame.jpg | Pipra Linnaeus, 1764Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Golden-headed Manakin RWD.jpg | Ceratopipra Bonaparte, 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Lepidothrix coronata 1.jpg | Lepidothrix Bonaparte, 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Long-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis).jpg | Chiroxiphia Cabanis, 1847Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Pin-tailed manakin (Ilicura militaris).jpg | Ilicura L. Reichenbach, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Masius chrysopterus - male.jpg | Masius Bonaparte, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:White-Ruffed Manakin.jpg | Corapipo Bonaparte, 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:White-collared Manakin - Sarapiqui - Costa Rica MG 0596 (26585018422).jpg | Manacus Brisson, 1760Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Machaeropterus deliciosus -NW Ecuador-6.jpg | Machaeropterus Hahn, 1819Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Xenopipo atronitens Black Manakin (male); Machadinho d'Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil (cropped).jpg | Xenopipo Cabanis, 1847Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Green Manakin fem - South Ecuador S4E1153 (16638948837).jpg | Cryptopipo Ohlson et al., 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Chloropipo unicolor Jet Manakin (male); Chontabamba, Oxapampa, Peru (cropped).jpg | Chloropipo Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Heterocercus flavivertex - Yellow-crowned Manakin.JPG | Heterocercus Strickland, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Neopelma chrysolophum - Serra do Mar Tyrant-Manakin.jpg | Neopelma P.L. Sclater, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tyranneutes virescens - Tiny tyrant Manakin.JPG | Tyranneutes P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1881Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
|
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References
Further reading
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External links
- "Jungle Dancers", Nature article about manakin behaviour, from the PBS website
- "High-speed videos of two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves)", from the Journal of Experimental Biology website
- Videos of Machaeropterus deliciosus making a "tick-tick-ting" sound through wing motion, from the Science website
- Manakin videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
- "Manakins and the Plant Family Melastomataceae", from the Ecology Online Sweden website
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- ↑ New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1032.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Snow, D. W. (2004). Family Pipridae (Manakins). Pp. 110-169 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A. eds (2004). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Template:Webarchive American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.