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| {{Short description|Family of sea snails}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Cone snail]] |
| {{Mergefrom|Cone snail|date=November 2024}}
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| {{Automatic taxobox
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| | taxon = Conidae
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| | image = Stożki2.jpg
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| | image_caption = A group of [[gastropod shell|shell]]s of various species of cone snails
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| | authority = [[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1822<ref>[[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming J.]] (June 1822). ''The philosophy of zoology, a general view of the structure, functions and classification of animals'' '''2'''. Constable & Co., Edinburgh, 618 pp., Conidae is on the page 490.</ref>
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| | synonyms_ref=
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| | synonyms=
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| * Californiconinae <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
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| * Conilithidae <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
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| * Profundiconinae <small>Limpalaër & Monnier, 2018</small>· accepted, alternate representation
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| * Puncticulinae <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
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| * Taranteconidae <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
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| | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and genera
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| | subdivision = ''See text''
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| }}
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| '''Conidae''', with the current [[common name]] of "[[cone snail]]s", is a [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] family (previously subfamily) of predatory [[sea snail]]s, marine [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]]s in the superfamily [[Conoidea]].
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| The 2014 classification of the superfamily Conoidea groups only cone snails in the family Conidae. Some previous classifications grouped the cone snails in a subfamily, Coninae.
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| As of March 2015 Conidae contained over 800 recognized species, varying widely in size from lengths of 1.3 cm to 21.6 cm. Working in 18th-century Europe, [[Carl Linnaeus]] knew of only 30 species that are still considered valid.
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| The snails within this family are sophisticated [[predatory]] animals.<ref>[[Ross Piper|Piper R.]] (2007). ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'', [[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]].</ref> They hunt and immobilize prey using a modified [[radula]]r tooth along with a venom gland containing [[neurotoxin]]s; the tooth is launched out of the snail's mouth in a [[harpoon]]-like action.
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| Because all cone snails are venomous and capable of [[stinging]] humans, live ones should be handled with great care or preferably not at all.
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| ==Current taxonomy==
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| In the ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'', in 2014, Puillandre, Duda, Meyer, Olivera & Bouchet presented a new classification for the old genus ''[[Conus]]''. Using 329 species, the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results suggested that the authors should place all living cone snails in a single family, Conidae, containing the following genera:
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| * ''[[Californiconus]]'' <small>J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
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| * ''[[Conasprella]]'' <small>Thiele, 1929</small>
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| * † ''[[Conilithes]]'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
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| * † ''[[Contraconus]]'' <small>Olsson & Harbison, 1953</small>
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| * ''[[Conus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
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| * † ''[[Eoconus]]'' <small>J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
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| * † ''[[Hemiconus]]'' <small>Cossmann, 1889</small>
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| * † ''[[Herndliconus]]'' <small>Petuch & Drolshagen, 2015</small>
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| * ''[[Kenyonia]]'' <small>Brazier, 1896</small>
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| * ''[[Lilliconus]]'' <small>G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994</small>
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| * ''[[Malagasyconus]]'' <small>Monnier & Tenorio, 2015</small>
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| * † ''[[Papilliconus]]'' <small>Tracey & Craig, 2017</small>
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| * ''[[Profundiconus]]'' <small>Kuroda, 1956</small>
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| * ''[[Pseudolilliconus]]'' <small>J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
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| * ''[[Pygmaeconus]]'' <small>Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017</small>
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| * † ''[[Tequestaconus]]'' <small>Petuch & Drolshagen, 2015</small> †
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| The authors grouped 85% of all known cone snail species under ''Conus''. They recognized 57 subgenera within ''Conus'', and 11 subgenera within the genus ''Conasprella''.<ref name="Puillandre">{{cite journal | last1 = Puillandre | first1 = N. | last2 = Duda | first2 = T.F. | last3 = Meyer | first3 = C. | last4 = Olivera | first4 = B.M. | last5 = Bouchet | first5 = P. | year = 2015 | title = One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails | doi = 10.1093/mollus/eyu055 | pmid = 26300576 | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 81 | issue = 1| pages = 1–23 | pmc = 4541476 }}</ref>
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| ==History of the taxonomy==
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| ===Overview===
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| Prior to 1993, the family Conidae contained only ''Conus'' species. In 1993 significant taxonomic changes were proposed by Taylor, et al.,:<ref name="Taylor">Taylor J. D., Kantor Y. I. & Sysoev A. V. (1993). "Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships and classification of Conoidea (Toxoglossa) (Gastropoda)." Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 59: 125–169.</ref> the family Conidae was redefined as several subfamilies. The subfamilies included many subfamilies that had previously been classified in the family [[Turridae]], and the ''Conus'' species were moved to the subfamily [[Coninae]].
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| In further taxonomic changes that took place in 2009 and 2011, based upon [[molecular phylogeny]] (see below), the subfamilies that were previously in the family [[Turridae]] were elevated to the status of families in their own right. This left the family Conidae once again containing only those species that were traditionally placed in that family: the cone snail species.
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| ===1993, Taylor et al., Bouchet & Rocroi===
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| According to Taylor, et al. (1993),<ref name="Taylor" /> and the [[Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)|taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005]],<ref>{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref> this family consisted of seven subfamilies.
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| * [[Coninae]] Fleming, 1822 — synonyms: Conulinae Rafinesque, 1815 (inv.); Textiliinae da Motta, 1995 (n.a.)
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| * [[Clathurellinae]] H. Adams & [[Arthur Adams (zoologist)|A. Adams]], 1858 — synonyms: Defranciinae Gray, 1853 (inv.); Borsoniinae A. Bellardi, 1875; Pseudotominae A. Bellardi, 1888; Diptychomitrinae L. Bellardi, 1888; Mitrolumnidae Sacco, 1904; Mitromorphinae Casey, 1904; Lorinae Thiele, 1925
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| * [[Conorbiinae]] de Gregorio, 1880—synonym: Cryptoconinae Cossmann, 1896
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| * [[Mangeliinae]] P. Fischer, 1883—synonym: Cytharinae Thiele, 1929
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| * [[Oenopotinae]] Bogdanov, 1987—synonym: Lorinae Thiele, 1925 sensu Thiele
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| * [[Raphitominae]] A. Bellardi, 1875—synonyms: Daphnellinae Casey, 1904; Taraninae Casey, 1904; Thatcheriidae Powell, 1942; Pleurotomellinae F. Nordsieck, 1968; Andoniinae Vera-Pelaez, 2002
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| * † [[Siphopsinae]] Le Renard, 1995
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| ===2009, Tucker & Tenorio===
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| In 2009 John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies (which resorb their inner walls during growth) was based upon a [[cladistic]]al analysis of anatomical characters including the [[Radula|radular tooth]], the [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] (i.e., shell characters), as well as an analysis of prior [[molecular phylogeny]] studies, all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees.<ref name="Systematic">Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp., at p. 133</ref> In their phylogeny, Tucker and Tenorio noted the close relationship of the cone species within the various clades, corresponding to their proposed families and genera; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by Puillandre ''et al.'' and others.<ref name="Bandy">P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), ''The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.</ref><ref name="Williams">S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), ''Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific?'' Evolution 62:1618-1634.</ref><ref name="Cunha">R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), ''Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands'' Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.</ref><ref name="Duda & Kohn">T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), ''Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus'', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.</ref><ref name="Duda & Rolan">T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), ''Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock'', Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.</ref><ref name="Vallejo">B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), ''Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae)'', Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439.</ref><ref name="Puillandre et al." /> This 2009 proposed classification system also outlined the taxonomy for the other clades of [[Conoidea|Conoidean gastropods]] (that do ''not'' resorb their inner walls), also based upon morphological, anatomical, and molecular studies, and removes the [[Turridae|turrid snails]] (which are a distinct large and diverse group) from the cone snails, and creates a number of new families.<ref name="Systematic" /> Tucker and Tenorio’s proposed classification system for the cone shells and their allies (and the other clades of [[Conoidea|Conoidean gastropods]] ) is shown in [[Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009]].
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| ===2011, Bouchet et al.===
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| In 2011 Bouchet et al. proposed a new classification in which several subfamilies were raised to the rank of family:<ref name="Bouchet 2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Bouchet | first1 = P. | last2 = Kantor | first2 = Yu.I. | last3 = Sysoev | first3 = A. | last4 = Puillandre | first4 = N. | year = 2011 | title = A new operational classification of the Conoidea | journal = [[Journal of Molluscan Studies]] | volume = 77 | issue = 3| pages = 273–308 | doi = 10.1093/mollus/eyr017 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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| * Clathurellinae was split into three families: [[Borsoniidae]] (also including species from [[Turridae]]), [[Mitromorphidae]] and [[Clathurellidae]] (all previously lumped under the [[Turridae]]).<ref name="Bouchet 2011"/>
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| * Conorbiinae was raised to the rank of family [[Conorbidae]], consisting of three genera: ''[[Artemidiconus]]'' da Motta, 1991, ''[[Benthofascis]]'' Iredale, 1936, and ''[[Conorbis]]'' Swainson, 1840.<ref name="Bouchet 2011"/>
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| * Mangeliinae and Oenopotinae were combined and raised to the rank of family [[Mangeliidae]], which had previously been lumped in the [[Turridae]]).<ref name="Bouchet 2011"/>
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| * [[Raphitominae]] was raised to the rank of family [[Raphitomidae]] (also previously lumped in the [[Turridae]]).<ref name="Bouchet 2011"/>
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| The classification by Bouchet et al. (2011)<ref name="Bouchet 2011"/> was based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA testing, and built on the prior work by J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), but did not include fossil taxa.<ref name="Systematic" /><ref name="Bouchet 2011"/>
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| [[Molecular phylogeny]], particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to the mDNA testing (testing in the Conidae initially began by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn<ref>Interview of Professor Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology {{cite web |url=http://www.seashell-collector.com/articles/interviews/2009-kohn.html |title=SEASHELL COLLECTOR | Interview of Pr Alan Kohn, Professor Emeritus, Zoology |access-date=2011-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227030848/http://www.seashell-collector.com/articles/interviews/2009-kohn.html |archive-date=2012-02-27 }}</ref>), is continuing on the Conidae.<ref name="Bandy" /><ref name="Williams" /><ref name="Cunha" /><ref name="Duda & Kohn" /><ref name="Duda & Rolan" /><ref name="Vallejo" /><ref name="Puillandre et al.">N. Puillandre, S. Samadi, M. Boesselier, A. Sysoev, Y. Kantor, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, & P. Bouchett (2008), ''Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the "turrid" (Neogastropoda: Conoidea),'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47:1122-1134.</ref><ref name="T&S 2010">Tucker, J. K. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2010) ''A second species of Pseudoconorbis (Gastropoda: Conoidea) from India. Miscellanea Malacologica'' 4(3):31-34.</ref><ref>Watkins, M., Corneli, P.S., Hillyard, D., & Olivera, B.M. (2010) ''Molecular phylogeny of Conus chiangi (Azuma, 1972) (Gastropods:Conidae).'' The Nautilus 124(3):129-136.</ref><ref name="TTS 2011">Tucker, J. K., Tenorio, M. J. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2011) ''The genus Benthofascis (Gastropoda: Conoidea): a revision with descriptions of new species.'' Zootaxa 2796:1-14.</ref><ref name="T&T 2011">Tucker, J. K. & Tenorio, M. J. (2011) ''New species of Gradiconus and Kohniconus from the western Atlantic (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Conidae, Conilithidae).'' [[Miscellanea Malacologica]] 5(1):1-16.</ref><ref name="P&S 2011">Petuch, E. J. & Sargent, D. M. (2011) ''New species of Conidae and Conilithidae (Gastropoda) from the tropical Americas and Philippines. With notes on some poorly-known Floridian species.'' Visaya 3(3):116-137.</ref><ref name="P&D 2011">Petuch & Drolshage (2011) ''Compendium of Florida Fossil Shells, Volume 1'' MDM Publications, Wellington, Florida, 432 pp.</ref><ref name="C.M.L. Afonso 2011">C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), ''A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa'', Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135</ref>
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| ===2009, 2011, list of genera from Tucker & Tenorio, and Bouchet et al.===
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| This is a list of what were recognized extant genera within Conidae as per J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011):<ref name="Systematic" /><ref name="Bouchet 2011"/> However, all these genera have become synonyms of subgenera within the genus ''Conus'' as per the revision of the taxonomy of the Conidae in 2015<ref name="Puillandre" />
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| * ''[[Afonsoconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Afonsoconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Africonus]]'' Petuch, 1975: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Arubaconus]]'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Conus|Asprella]]'' Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Atlanticonus]]'' Petuch & Sargent, 2012: synonym of ''Conus (Atlanticonus)'' Petuch & Sargent, 2012 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Attenuiconus]]'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Attenuiconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Austroconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of ''Conus (Austroconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Bathyconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' Thiele, 1929, represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| * ''[[Bermudaconus]]'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Bermudaconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Boucheticonus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Boucheticonus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| * ''[[Brasiliconus]]'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Brasiliconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Calamiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' Wils, 1970 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Calibanus (gastropod)|Calibanus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Calibanus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Cariboconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Californiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
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| * ''[[Chelyconus]]'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Chelyconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Cleobula'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''[[Dendroconus]]'' Swainson, 1840
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| * ''Coltroconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Coltroconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| * ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929: accepted name
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| * ''[[Conasprelloides]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * † ''[[Conilithes]]'' Swainson, 1840
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| * ''[[Continuconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
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| *''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758: accepted name
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| * ''Cornutoconus'' Suzuki, 1972: synonym of ''[[Taranteconus]]'' Azuma, 1972
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| * ''Coronaxis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Conus)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Cucullus'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Conus (Conus)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Cylinder (gastropod)|Cylinder]]'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Conus (Cylinder)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Cylindrella'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Cylindrus'' Batsch, 1789: synonym of ''Cylinder'' Montfort, 1810synonym of ''Conus (Cylinder)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Dalliconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Dalliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| * ''[[Darioconus]]'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Dauciconus]]'' Cotton, 1945: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Dendroconus]]'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Dendroconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Ductoconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Duodenticonus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Conasprella)'' Thiele, 1929 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| * ''[[Dyraspis]]'' Iredale, 1949: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small> represented as ''Conus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
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| * ''Elisaconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Elisaconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Embrikena'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Conus (Embrikena)'' Iredale, 1937 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Endemoconus]]'' Iredale, 1931: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| * ''[[Eremiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Eremiconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Erythroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''[[Eugeniconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Eugeniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Floraconus]]'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Fraterconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Fraterconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Fulgiconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus ''(Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Fumiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| *''[[Fusiconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| *''[[Gastridium (gastropod)|Gastridium]]'' Modeer, 1793: synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Genuanoconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Gladioconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Globiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| *''[[Gradiconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Graphiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Harmoniconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Harmoniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Hermes (gastropod)|Hermes]]'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Conus (Hermes)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Heroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Isoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Jaspidiconus]]'' Petuch, 2004: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| *''[[Kalloconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Kellyconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Kellyconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Kenyonia]]'' Brazier, 1896: genus [[incertae sedis]]
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| * ''Kermasprella'' Powell, 1958: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| *''[[Ketyconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Kioconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| * ''Klemaeconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Klemaeconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Kohniconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Kohniconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
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| *''[[Kurodaconus]]'' Shikama & Habe, 1968: synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Lamniconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Lamniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Lautoconus]]'' Monterosato, 1923: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
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| *''[[Leporiconus]]'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Leporiconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Leptoconus]]'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Lilliconus]]'' Raybaudi Massilia, 1994: synonym of ''Conasprella (Lilliconus)'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
| |
| *''[[Lindaconus]]'' Petuch, 2002: synonym of ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' Petuch, 2002 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Lithoconus]]'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Lithoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Lividoconus]]'' Wils, 1970: synonym of ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' Wils, 1970 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Lizaconus'' da Motta, 1991synonym of ''[[Profundiconus]]'' Kuroda, 1956
| |
| * ''Magelliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Malagasyconus'' Monnier & Tenorio, 2015
| |
| * ''Mamiconus'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of ''Endemoconus'' Iredale, 1931synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
| |
| *''[[Miliariconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Mitraconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Monteiroconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Nataliconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Nimboconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Nitidoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Ongoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Papyriconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Papyriconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Parviconus]]'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of ''Conasprella (Parviconus)'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
| |
| *''[[Perplexiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
| |
| *''[[Phasmoconus]]'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Pionoconus]]'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Plicaustraconus]]'' Moolenbeek, 2008: synonym of ''Conus (Plicaustraconus)'' Moolenbeek, 2008 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Poremskiconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Profundiconus]]'' Kuroda, 1956: accepted name
| |
| *''Protoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''[[Tenorioconus]]'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011
| |
| *''[[Protostrioconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Pseudoconorbis]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Pseudoconorbis)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
| |
| * ''Pseudohermes'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Pseudolilliconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudolilliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Pseudonoduloconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudonoduloconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Pseudopterygia'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudopterygia)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Puncticulis]]'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Puncticulis)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Purpuriconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''[[Pygmaeconus]]'' <small>Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017</small>
| |
| *''[[Pyruconus]]'' Olsson, 1967: synonym of ''Conus (Pyruconus)'' Olsson, 1967 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Quasiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Quasiconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Regiconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Rhizoconus]]'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Rhizoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Rhombiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Rhombus'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''[[Rhombiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Rolaniconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Rollus'' Montfort, 1810 :synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Rubroconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Rubroconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Sandericonus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Sandericonus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Sciteconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Sciteconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Seminoleconus]]'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Socioconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Splinoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''Spuriconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' Petuch, 2002 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Stellaconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Stephanoconus]]'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Strategoconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Strioconus'' Thiele, 1929: synonym of ''[[Pionoconus]]'' Mörch, 1852, synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Sulciconus'' Bielz, 1869: synonym of ''Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869, synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Taranteconus]]'' Azuma, 1972: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Tenorioconus]]'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Tesselliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Tesselliconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Textilia]]'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Textilia)'' Swainson, 1840 represented ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Thalassiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Calibanus'' da Motta, 1991, synonym of ''Conus (Calibanus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Theliconus'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of [[Hermes (gastropod)|Hermes]] Montfort, 1810, synonym of ''Conus (Hermes)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Thoraconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''[[Fulgiconus]]'' da Motta, 1991, synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus'') Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Trovaoconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Tuckericonus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Tuliparia'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793, synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Turriconus]]'' Shikama & Habe, 1968, synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''Utriculus'' Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793, synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Varioconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Viminiconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
| |
| *''[[Virgiconus]]'' Cotton, 1945: synonym of ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Virroconus]]'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Vituliconus]]'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| *''[[Ximeniconus]]'' Emerson & Old, 1962: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
| |
| *''[[Yeddoconus]]'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929
| |
| | |
| ===1993 to 2011 list of genera===
| |
| Following Taylor et al., from 1993 to 2011, the family Conidae was defined as including not only the cone snails, but also a large number of other genera which are commonly known as [[Turridae|"turrids"]]. However, as a result of [[molecular phylogeny]] studies in 2011, many of those genera were moved back to the [[Turridae]], or were placed in new "turrid" families within the superfamily [[Conoidea]]. The following list of genera that used to be included in Conidae is retained as a historical reference:
| |
| {{div col|colwidth=20em}}
| |
| * ''[[Abyssobela]]'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1986
| |
| * ''[[Acamptodaphne]]'' Shuto, 1971
| |
| * ''[[Agathotoma]]'' Cossman, 1899
| |
| * ''[[Aliceia]]'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897
| |
| * ''[[Antimitra]]'' Iredale, 1917
| |
| * ''[[Asperdaphne]]'' Hedley, 1922
| |
| * ''Asprella'' (considered a synonym of ''Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Austrodaphnella]]'' Laseron, 1954
| |
| * ''[[Bactrocythara]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Bathybela]]'' Kobelt, 1905
| |
| * ''[[Bathytoma]]'' Harris & Burrows 1891
| |
| * ''[[Bela (gastropod)|Bela]]'' Gray, 1847
| |
| * ''[[Belaturricula]]'' Powell, 1951
| |
| * ''[[Benthomangelia]]'' Thiele, 1925
| |
| * ''[[Borsonella]]'' Dall, 1908
| |
| * ''[[Brachycythara]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Buccinaria]]'' Kittl, 1887
| |
| * ''[[Cenodagreutes]]'' E.H. Smith, 1967
| |
| * ''Chelyconus'' (synonym of'' Conus'')
| |
| * ''[[Clathromangelia]]'' Monterosato, 1884
| |
| * ''[[Clathurella]]'' Carpenter, 1857
| |
| * ''Cleobula'' (synonym of'' Conus'')
| |
| * ''[[Clinura]]'' Bellardi, 1875
| |
| * ''[[Clinuropsis]]'' Vincent, 1913
| |
| * ''[[Columbarium (gastropod)|Columbarium]]'' Martens, 1881
| |
| * ''Conasprella'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Conopleura]]'' Hinds, 1844
| |
| * ''[[Conorbis]]'' Swainson, 1840
| |
| * ''[[Conospirus]]'' Gregorio, 1890
| |
| * ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758
| |
| * ''[[Crockerella]]'' Hertlein & Strong 1951
| |
| * ''[[Cryoturris]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Cryptodaphne]]'' Powell, 1942
| |
| * ''[[Curtitoma]]'' Bartsch, 1941
| |
| * ''[[Daphnella]]'' Hinds 1844
| |
| * ''[[Daphnellopsis]]'' Schepman, 1913
| |
| * ''Darioconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''Dauciconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''Dendroconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Diaugasma]]'' Melvill, 1917
| |
| * ''[[Drilliola]]'' Locard, 1897
| |
| * ''Endemoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Eubela]]'' Dall, 1889
| |
| * ''[[Eucyclotoma]]'' Boettger, 1895
| |
| * ''[[Euryentmema]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Exomilus]]'' Hedley, 1918
| |
| * ''[[Fehria]]'' van Aartsen, 1988
| |
| * ''[[Fusidaphne]]'' Laseron, 1954
| |
| * ''[[Gastridium (gastropod)|Gastridium]]'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Glyphostoma]]'' Gabb, 1872
| |
| * ''[[Glyphostomops]]'' Bartsch, 1934
| |
| * ''[[Glyphoturris]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Glyptaesopus]]'' Pilsbry & Olsson 1941
| |
| * ''[[Granoturris]]'' Fargo, 1953
| |
| * ''[[Gymnobela]]'' Verrill, 1884
| |
| * ''[[Isodaphne]]'' Laseron, 1954
| |
| * ''[[Ithycythara]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Jaspidiconus]]'' Clench, 1942
| |
| * ''[[Kermia]]'' Oliver, 1915
| |
| * ''[[Kuroshiodaphne]]'' Shuto, 1965
| |
| * ''[[Kurtzia]]'' Bartsch, 1944
| |
| * ''[[Kurtziella]]'' Dall, 1918
| |
| * ''[[Leufroyia]]'' Monterosato 1884
| |
| * ''Lithoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Mangelia]]'' [[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1826
| |
| * ''[[Microdaphne]]'' McLean, 1971
| |
| * ''[[Microgenia (gastropod)|Microgenia]]'' Laseron, 1954
| |
| * ''[[Mioawateria]]'' Vella, 1954
| |
| * ''[[Mitramorpha]]'' Adams, 1865
| |
| * ''[[Mitrolumna]]'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1883
| |
| * ''[[Mitromorpha]]'' Adams, 1865
| |
| * ''[[Nannodiella]]'' Dall, 1918
| |
| * ''[[Neopleurotomoides]]'' Shuto, 1971
| |
| * ''[[Nepotilla]]'' Hedley, 1918
| |
| * ''[[Nipponaphera]]'' Habe, 1961
| |
| * ''[[Obesotoma]]'' Bartsch, 1941
| |
| * ''[[Oenopota]]'' Mörch, 1852
| |
| * ''[[Ophiodermella]]'' Bartsch, 1944
| |
| * ''[[Pagodidaphne]]'' Shuto, 1983
| |
| * ''[[Perplicaria]]'' Dall, 1890
| |
| * ''[[Phymorhynchus]]'' Dall, 1908
| |
| * ''[[Platycythara]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Pleurotomella]]'' verrill, 1873
| |
| * ''[[Pontiothauma]]'' E.A. Smith, 1895
| |
| * ''[[Propebela]]'' Iredale, 1918
| |
| * ''[[Pseudodaphnella]]'' Boettger, 1895
| |
| * ''[[Puncticulis]]'' Swainson, 1840
| |
| * ''[[Pyrgocythara]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Raphitoma]]'' Bellardi, 1847
| |
| * ''Rhizoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Rimosodaphnella]]'' Cossmann, 1915
| |
| * ''[[Rocroithys]]'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001
| |
| * ''[[Rubellatoma]]'' Bartsch & Rehder 1939
| |
| * ''[[Rugobela]]'' Finlay, 1924
| |
| * ''[[Scalptia]]'' Jousseaume 1887
| |
| * ''[[Spergo]]'' Dall, 1895
| |
| * ''Stephanoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Stilla]]'' Finlay, 1926
| |
| * ''[[Suavodrillia]]'' Dall, 1918
| |
| * ''[[Taranidaphne]]'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2001
| |
| * ''[[Taranis (gastropod)|Taranis]]'' Jeffreys, 1870
| |
| * ''[[Tasmadaphne]]'' Laseron, 1954
| |
| * ''[[Teleochilus]]'' Harris, 1897
| |
| * ''[[Tenaturris]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Teretia]]'' Norman, 1888
| |
| * ''[[Teretiopsis]]'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1989
| |
| * ''[[Thatcheria]]'' Angas, 1877
| |
| * ''[[Thatcheriasyrinx]]'' Powell, 1969
| |
| * ''[[Thatcherina]]'' Vera-Pelaez, 1998
| |
| * ''[[Thelecythara]]'' Woodring, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Thesbia]]'' Jeffreys, 1867
| |
| * ''[[Theta (gastropod)|Theta]]'' A.H. Clarke, 1959
| |
| * ''[[Tritonoturris]]'' Dall, 1924
| |
| * ''[[Truncadaphne]]'' McLean, 1971
| |
| * ''[[Tuskaroria]]'' Sysoev, 1988
| |
| * ''[[Typhlodaphne]]'' Powell, 1951
| |
| * ''[[Typhlomangelia]]'' Sars G.O., 1878
| |
| * ''[[Veprecula]]'' Melvill, 1917
| |
| * ''[[Vepridaphne]]'' Shuto, 1983
| |
| * ''Virgiconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''Virroconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors)
| |
| * ''[[Xanthodaphne]]'' Powell, 1942
| |
| * ''[[Zenepos]]'' Finlay, 1928
| |
| * ''[[Zierliana]]'' Gray, 1847
| |
| {{div col end}}
| |
| | |
| ==Distribution and habitat==
| |
| Species in the family Conidae are found in the tropical and subtropical seas of the world, in four [[Biogeography|biogeographic regions]], including: the [[Indo-Pacific]] (with 60% of all species), the [[Tropical Eastern Pacific]], the western [[Tropical Atlantic]], and the eastern Tropical Atlantic, plus 10 species in the warm temperate [[Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone#South coast|Agulhas bioregion]] on the southern coast of South Africa. Fewer than one percent of fossil species have been found in more than one of the above regions.<ref name=Duda>{{Cite journal |last1=Duda |first1=Thomas F. Jr. |last2=Kohn |first2=Alan J. |date=February 2005 |title=Species-level pylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus ''Conus'' |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S105579030400291X |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=2 |at=Abstract, Introduction |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.09.012 |pmid=15619440 |bibcode=2005MolPE..34..257D |via=Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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| ==Paleontology==
| |
| The oldest known fossil of Conidae is from the lower [[Eocene]], about 55 million years ago. Analysis of [[Nucleic acid sequence|nucleotide sequences]] indicate that all living species of Conidae belong to one of two [[clade]]s that diverged about 33 million years ago. One clade includes most of the species in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic regions, which were connected by the [[Central American Seaway]] until the emergence of the [[Isthmus of Panama]] less than three million years ago. The other clade includes most of the species in the eastern Atlantic and Indo-Pacific regions, which were connected by the [[Tethys Ocean|Neo-Tethys Sea]] until 21 to 24 million years ago.<ref name=Duda/>
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| ==Cone snail reproduction==
| |
| Most cone snails appear to reproduce sexually, with separate sexes and internal fertilization. varying numbers of eggs in egg capsules laid in substrate by cone snails. Hatchlings are of two types, the veligers (larvae that swim freely) and veliconcha (baby snail).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/cone_snails_general_description#:~:text=Although%20reproduction%20in%20cone%20snails,a%20varying%20number%20of%20eggs | title=Cone Snails (General Description) }}</ref>
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| | |
| ==Cone snail venom characteristics and biotech==
| |
| [[File:Cone shell venom apparatus.jpg|thumb|Cone snail venom apparatus]]
| |
| There are approximately 30 records of humans killed by cone snails. Human victims suffer little pain, because the venom contains an analgesic component. Some species reportedly can kill a human in under five minutes, thus the name "cigarette snail" as supposedly one only has time to smoke a cigarette before dying. Cone snails can sting through a wetsuit with their harpoon-like radular tooth, which resembles a transparent needle.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/429798a | volume=429 | issue=6994 | title=Venomous snails: One slip, and you're dead... | journal=Nature | pages=798–799 | pmid=15215832 | last1 = Nelson | first1 = L| year=2004 | bibcode=2004Natur.429..798N | s2cid=1698214 }}</ref>
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| | |
| Normally, cone snails (and many species in the superfamily [[Conoidea]]) use their venom to immobilize prey before engulfing it. The venom consists of a mixture of [[peptide]]s, called [[conopeptide]]s. The venom is typically made up of 10 to 30 [[amino acid]]s, but in some species as many as 60. The venom of each cone snail species may contain as many as 200 pharmacologically active components. It is estimated that more than 50,000 conopeptides can be found, because every species of cone snail is thought to produce its own specific venom.
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| | |
| Cone-snail venom has come to interest biotechnologists and pharmacists because of its potential medicinal properties. Production of synthetic conopeptides has started, using [[Peptide synthesis#Solid-phase synthesis|solid-phase peptide synthesis]].
| |
| | |
| A component of the venom of ''[[Conus magus]]'', ω-conotoxin, is now marketed as the [[analgesic]] [[ziconotide]], which is used as a last resort in chronic and severe pain. Conopeptides are also being looked at as anti-epileptic agents and to help stop nerve-cell death after a stroke or head injury. Conopeptides also have potential in helping against spasms due to [[spinal cord]] injuries, and may be helpful in diagnosing and treating small cell [[carcinoma]]s in the lung.
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| The [[biotechnology]] surrounding cone snails and their venom has promise for medical breakthroughs; with more than 50,000 [[Conotoxin|conopeptides]] to study, the possibilities are numerous.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Becker | first1 = S. | last2 = Terlau | first2 = H. | year = 2008 | title = Toxins from Cone Snails: Properties, Applications and Biotechnological Production | journal = [[Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology]] | volume = 79 | issue = 1| pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1007/s00253-008-1385-6 | pmid = 18340446 | pmc = 2755758 }}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[ConoServer]], a database of cone snail toxins, known as ''conopeptides''.<ref name="pmid22058133">{{cite journal |last=Kaas|first=Quentin|author2=Yu Rilei |author3=Jin Ai-Hua |author4=Dutertre Sébastien |author5=Craik David J |date=Jan 2012|title=ConoServer: updated content, knowledge, and discovery tools in the conopeptide database|journal = Nucleic Acids Res.|volume=40|issue=Database issue|pages=D325-30|location = England| pmid = 22058133|doi = 10.1093/nar/gkr886| pmc =3245185 }}</ref> These toxins are of importance to medical research.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| * Kohn A. A. (1992). "Chronological Taxonomy of ''Conus'', 1758-1840". Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
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| * Monteiro A. (ed.) (2007). [http://www.seashell-collector.com/Html/theconecollector/The%20Cone%20Collector%201.pdf The Cone Collector '''1''']: 1-28.
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| * {{cite journal | last1 = Taylor | first1 = J. D. | last2 = Kantor | first2 = Yu. I. | last3 = Sysoev | first3 = A. V. | year = 1993 | title = Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships and classification of Conoidea (Toxoglossa) (Gastropoda) | journal = [[Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus.]] | volume = 59 | pages = 125–169 }}
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| * Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009), ''Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods'', ConchBooks, Hankenheim, Germany, 295 pp.
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| * Berschauer D. (2010). ''Technology and the Fall of the Mono-Generic Family'' [http://www.seashell-collector.com/Html/theconecollector/tcc_15.pdf The Cone Collector '''15''']: pp. 51–54
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| * {{cite journal | last1 = Puillandre | first1 = N. | last2 = Meyer | first2 = C.P. | last3 = Bouchet | first3 = P. | last4 = Olivera | first4 = B.M. | year = 2011 | title = Genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep-water Conus orbignyi complex (Mollusca: Conoidea) | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 40 | issue = 4| pages = 350–363 | doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00478.x | pmid=21712968 | pmc=3123138}}
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| * {{cite journal | last1 = Puillandre | first1 = N. | last2 = Duda | first2 = T.F. | last3 = Meyer | first3 = C. | last4 = Olivera | first4 = B.M. | last5 = Bouchet | first5 = P. | year = 2015 | title = One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails | journal = Journal of Molluscan Studies | volume = 81 | issue = 1| pages = 1–23 | doi = 10.1093/mollus/eyu055 | pmid = 26300576 | pmc = 4541476 }}
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| * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Jimenez-Tenorio/publication/259973984_CONODAYS_2011_Cone_radular_anatomy_as_a_proxy_for_phylogeny_and_for_conotoxin_diversity/links/00b7d52eccd9ae312d000000.pdf M.J. Tenorio, Cone radular anatomy as a proxy for phylogeny and for conotoxin diversity; researchgate.net]
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| * {{cite journal | last1 = Puillandre | first1 = N. |display-authors=et al | year = 2014 | title = Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the cone snails (Gastropoda, Conoidea) | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.023 | pmid = 24878223 | pmc = 5556946 | journal = Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. | volume = 78| pages = 290–303| bibcode = 2014MolPE..78..290P }}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Commons category|Conidae}}
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| * [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v429/n6994/full/429798a.html Nature article on the venom]
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| {{Taxonbar|from=Q140435}}
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| {{Authority control}}
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| [[Category:Conidae| ]] | | [[Category:Conidae| ]] |
| [[Category:Gastropod families]] | | [[Category:Gastropod families]] |