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The '''Think City''' (stylized as the '''TH!NK City''') is an [[electric car|electric]] [[city car]] that was produced by [[Norway|Norwegian]] carmaker [[Think Global]], and production partner [[Valmet Automotive]] from 2008 to 2012. It is a small two-seater/2+2-seater highway capable vehicle, with a top speed of {{convert|110|km/h}}, and an [[all-electric range]] of {{convert|160|km}} on a full charge.<ref name=worldcarfans.com/><ref name=GCC0911/>
The '''Think City''' (stylized as the '''TH!NK City''') is an [[electric car|electric]] [[city car]] that was produced by [[Norway|Norwegian]] carmaker [[Think Global]], and production partner [[Valmet Automotive]] from 2008 to 2012. It is a small two-seater/2+2-seater highway capable vehicle, with a top speed of {{convert|110|km/h}}, and an [[all-electric range]] of {{convert|160|km}} on a full charge.<ref name=worldcarfans.com/><ref name=GCC0911/>


As of early 2011, the Th!nk was one of only five [[crash test|crash-tested]], mass-produced, and highway-certified [[electric car]]s in the world, together with the [[Tesla Roadster (2008)]], the [[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]], the [[Nissan Leaf]] and the [[Smart ED]]. The Th!nk City was sold in [[Norway]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Finland]], the [[United Kingdom]]  and the [[United States]].<ref name=GCC0911>{{cite news|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/09/thinkev-20100911.html#more|title=THINK Begins EV Sales in Finland|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-09-11|accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref><ref name=ABG0913>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/09/13/think-kicks-off-sales-of-city-electric-vehicle-in-finland/|title=Think kicks off sales of City electric vehicle in Finland|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|author=Eric Loveday|date=2010-09-13|accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref> {{As of|2010|10}}, a total of 2,500 units had been manufactured at Oslo-based TH!NK's production facility.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.energytrend.com/news/20101012-592.html |title= Electric Vehicle Maker Think Builds 2,500th World's Best-Selling City Model |author= Staff|publisher= Energy Trend |date=2010-10-12 |accessdate=2016-03-12}}</ref> Norway was the leading market with 1,120 units registered through September 2013.<ref name=NorwaySales2011/>
As of early 2011, the Th!nk was one of only five [[crash test|crash-tested]], mass-produced, and highway-certified [[electric car]]s in the world, together with the [[Tesla Roadster (2008)]], the [[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]], the [[Nissan Leaf]] and the [[Smart ED]]. The Th!nk City was sold in [[Norway]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Finland]], the [[United Kingdom]]  and the [[United States]].<ref name=GCC0911>{{cite news|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/09/thinkev-20100911.html#more|title=THINK Begins EV Sales in Finland|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-09-11|access-date=2010-09-12}}</ref><ref name=ABG0913>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/09/13/think-kicks-off-sales-of-city-electric-vehicle-in-finland/|title=Think kicks off sales of City electric vehicle in Finland|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|author=Eric Loveday|date=2010-09-13|access-date=2010-09-14}}</ref> {{As of|2010|10}}, a total of 2,500 units had been manufactured at Oslo-based TH!NK's production facility.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.energytrend.com/news/20101012-592.html |title= Electric Vehicle Maker Think Builds 2,500th World's Best-Selling City Model |author=<!--Not stated-->|publisher= Energy Trend |date=2010-10-12 |access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Norway was the leading market with 1,120 units registered through September 2013.<ref name=NorwaySales2011/>


Due to financial difficulties, production of the Th!nk City in Finland was stopped in March 2011, and the company filed for bankruptcy on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years.<ref name=Bankruptcy2011>{{cite news|url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110622/COPY01/306229798/1193|title=Norwegian EV maker Think files for bankruptcy|author=Douglas A. Bolduc|work=[[Automotive News]]|date=2011-06-22 |accessdate=2011-06-23}}</ref> Think Global was purchased soon after by Electric Mobility Solutions AS, which announced production to resume in early 2012 with a refined Think City.<ref name=EMS2012/> However, production never resumed, and the Indiana plant completed its final car in August 2012.<ref name=GreenCar>{{cite web|last=Ingram|first=Anthony|title=Last Few Think City Electric Cars Being Finished in Indiana|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1078613_last-few-think-city-electric-cars-being-finished-in-indiana|publisher=The Green Car Report |accessdate=2012-08-22 |date=2012-08-20}}</ref>
Due to financial difficulties, production of the Th!nk City in Finland was stopped in March 2011, and the company filed for bankruptcy on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years.<ref name=Bankruptcy2011>{{cite news|url=http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110622/COPY01/306229798/1193|title=Norwegian EV maker Think files for bankruptcy|author=Douglas A. Bolduc|work=[[Automotive News]]|date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2011-06-23}}</ref> Think Global was purchased soon after by Electric Mobility Solutions AS, which announced production to resume in early 2012 with a refined Think City.<ref name=EMS2012/> However, production never resumed, and the Indiana plant completed its final car in August 2012.<ref name=GreenCar>{{cite web|last=Ingram|first=Anthony|title=Last Few Think City Electric Cars Being Finished in Indiana|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1078613_last-few-think-city-electric-cars-being-finished-in-indiana|publisher=The Green Car Report |access-date=2012-08-22 |date=2012-08-20}}</ref>


__TOC__
__TOC__
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The vehicle was known as the Pivco PIV4 in its prototype phase. Ford bought the Norwegian company in 1999 in anticipation of the incoming [[California Air Resources Board#Zero-Emission Vehicle Program|California Air Resources Board zero emissions vehicle mandate]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Dell |first1=John |title=Ford's Think City Trying a Power Play |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-oct-17-fi-58174-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=17 Oct 2001}}</ref> After the laws partially wound back and made less stringent, Ford ceased production of the vehicle in 2002 with 1,005 units produced. Ford sold the Norwegian electric car company the following year.<ref name="The Driven"/>
The vehicle was known as the Pivco PIV4 in its prototype phase. Ford bought the Norwegian company in 1999 in anticipation of the incoming [[California Air Resources Board#Zero-Emission Vehicle Program|California Air Resources Board zero emissions vehicle mandate]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Dell |first1=John |title=Ford's Think City Trying a Power Play |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-oct-17-fi-58174-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=17 Oct 2001}}</ref> After the laws partially wound back and made less stringent, Ford ceased production of the vehicle in 2002 with 1,005 units produced. Ford sold the Norwegian electric car company the following year.<ref name="The Driven"/>


The Th!nk City was exhibited for the first time in the [[UK]] in July 2008.<ref name="worldcarfans.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/9080723.008/new-thnk-city-ev-makes-uk-show-debut |title=New TH!NK city EV Makes UK Show Debut|publisher=Worldcarfans |date= |accessdate=2009-08-27}}</ref> At the 2008 [[Geneva Motor Show]], Think announced that the Th!nk City would be launched in Denmark and Sweden in 2008, followed by launching in the UK, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.think.no/think/Press-Pictures/Press-releases/Norwegian-Design-to-Geneve |title=Think Geneva motor show press release |publisher=Think.no |accessdate=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819180426/http://www.think.no/think/Press-Pictures/Press-releases/Norwegian-Design-to-Geneve |archivedate=2009-08-19 }}</ref>
The Th!nk City was exhibited for the first time in the [[UK]] in July 2008.<ref name="worldcarfans.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/9080723.008/new-thnk-city-ev-makes-uk-show-debut |title=New TH!NK city EV Makes UK Show Debut|publisher=Worldcarfans |access-date=2009-08-27}}</ref> At the 2008 [[Geneva Motor Show]], Think announced that the Th!nk City would be launched in Denmark and Sweden in 2008, followed by launching in the UK, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.think.no/think/Press-Pictures/Press-releases/Norwegian-Design-to-Geneve |title=Think Geneva motor show press release |publisher=Think.no |access-date=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819180426/http://www.think.no/think/Press-Pictures/Press-releases/Norwegian-Design-to-Geneve |archive-date=2009-08-19 }}</ref>


At the 2008 [[British International Motor Show]] at the [[ExCeL Exhibition Centre]], London, THINK announced that the Th!nk City will be available to UK customers from the summer of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newspress.co.uk/DAILY_LINKS/arc_jul_2008/210708think.htm |title=Think British International Motor Show press release |publisher=Newspress.co.uk |accessdate=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724142004/http://www.newspress.co.uk/DAILY_LINKS/arc_jul_2008/210708think.htm |archivedate=2011-07-24 }}</ref> Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] joined Transport Minister [[Geoff Hoon]] for a presentation by managing director of Think UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/9081028.008/prime-minister-gordon-brown-samples-thnk-city-ev-at-downing-street |title=Prime Minister Gordon Brown Samples TH!NK city EV at Downing Street |publisher=Worldcarfans |date= |accessdate=2009-08-27}}</ref>
At the 2008 [[British International Motor Show]] at the [[ExCeL Exhibition Centre]], London, THINK announced that the Th!nk City will be available to UK customers from the summer of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newspress.co.uk/DAILY_LINKS/arc_jul_2008/210708think.htm |title=Think British International Motor Show press release |publisher=Newspress.co.uk |access-date=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724142004/http://www.newspress.co.uk/DAILY_LINKS/arc_jul_2008/210708think.htm |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] joined Transport Minister [[Geoff Hoon]] for a presentation by managing director of Think UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/9081028.008/prime-minister-gordon-brown-samples-thnk-city-ev-at-downing-street |title=Prime Minister Gordon Brown Samples TH!NK city EV at Downing Street |publisher=Worldcarfans |access-date=2009-08-27}}</ref>


==First generation (2000)==
==First generation (2000)==
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|name=Second generation
|name=Second generation
|manufacturer=[[Think Global]]
|manufacturer=[[Think Global]]
|production = 2008 – March 2011 (Europe)<br> November 2010 – August 2012 (US) (2500 produced)
|production = 2008 – March 2011 (Europe)<br> November 2010 – August 2012 (US) (2,500 produced)
|image=Th!nk city.jpg
|image=Th!nk city.jpg
|caption=A Th!nk City in [[Denmark]]
|caption=A Th!nk City in [[Denmark]]
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|weight={{convert|1038|kg|lb||abbr=on}}
|weight={{convert|1038|kg|lb||abbr=on}}
|assembly=[[Aurskog]], Norway<br>[[Uusikaupunki]], Finland ([[Valmet Automotive]])<br>[[Elkhart, Indiana]], United States
|assembly=[[Aurskog]], Norway<br>[[Uusikaupunki]], Finland ([[Valmet Automotive]])<br>[[Elkhart, Indiana]], United States
|motor = {{Convert|34|kW|hp|abbr=on}} 3-phase [[induction motor]]<ref name="Official technical specifications">{{cite web|url=http://think.no/nor/THINK-City/Spesifikasjoner/Tekniske-data |title=Official technical specifications |publisher=Think |date=2011-05-22 |accessdate=2011-05-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142646/http://think.no/nor/THINK-City/Spesifikasjoner/Tekniske-data |archivedate=2011-07-03 }}</ref>
|motor = {{Convert|34|kW|hp|abbr=on}} 3-phase [[induction motor]]<ref name="Official technical specifications">{{cite web|url=http://think.no/nor/THINK-City/Spesifikasjoner/Tekniske-data |title=Official technical specifications |publisher=Think |date=2011-05-22 |access-date=2011-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142646/http://think.no/nor/THINK-City/Spesifikasjoner/Tekniske-data |archive-date=2011-07-03 }}</ref>
|range={{convert|160|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="Official technical specifications"/>
|range={{convert|160|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="Official technical specifications"/>
|battery=24 kWh [[molten salt battery|zebra battery]] (NaAlCl<sub>4</sub>),<br> 23 kWh [[EnerDel Li-ion battery]],<br> 18.7 kWh [[A123 Li-ion battery]]<ref name="Official technical specifications"/>
|battery=24 kWh [[molten salt battery|zebra battery]] (NaAlCl<sub>4</sub>),<br> 23 kWh [[EnerDel Li-ion battery]],<br> 18.7 kWh [[A123 Li-ion battery]]<ref name="Official technical specifications"/>
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===Production===
===Production===
[[Think Global]] originally planned to start deliveries to Norwegian customers in the last quarter of 2007. That target was missed, but as of August 2008 some 100 electric cars had been manufactured for customers in [[Norway]].<ref name="thegreenwombat.com">{{Cite web|url=http://thegreenwombat.com/2008/08/12/ford-exec-jumps-to-think-global/|title=Ford exec jumps to Think Global|accessdate=2010-12-28|year=2008|author=Todd Woody|work=thegreenwombat.com}}</ref>
[[Think Global]] originally planned to start deliveries to Norwegian customers in the last quarter of 2007. That target was missed, but as of August 2008 some 100 electric cars had been manufactured for customers in [[Norway]].<ref name="thegreenwombat.com">{{Cite web|url=http://thegreenwombat.com/2008/08/12/ford-exec-jumps-to-think-global/|title=Ford exec jumps to Think Global|access-date=2010-12-28|year=2008|author=Todd Woody|work=thegreenwombat.com}}</ref>
On December 15, 2008, the carmaker suspended all vehicle production and laid off 50% of its staff pending negotiation of up to {{USD|29}} million in funding for working capital, citing "urgent financial distress."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/electric-carmaker-suddenly-on-the-brink/|work=New York Times|title=Electric Carmaker Suddenly in Trouble|date=2008-12-07|accessdate=2010-09-14}}</ref> Production of the Th!nk City restarted on December 10, 2009, at [[Valmet Automotive]] in [[Uusikaupunki]], [[Finland]].<ref name="valmet-automotive.com/automotive">{{cite web|url=http://www.valmet-automotive.com/automotive/bulletin.nsf/PEBD/0D0E1E14E3072B3FC225768800344C46?opendocument|title=THINK City production starts at Valmet Automotive|accessdate=2009-12-11|work=valmet-automotive.com/automotive}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/think-restarts-production-in-finland/?scp=1&sq=Think%20Restarts%20Production%20in%20Finland&st=cse|title=Think Restarts Production in Finland|work=New York Times|author=Jim Montavalli|date=2009-12-11|accessdate=2010-04-04}}</ref> In October 2010 production had reached 2,500 units, making the Th!nk City one of the world's best selling pure electric cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/10/11/think-builds-2-500th-think-city-in-europe-u-s-operations-are-a/|title=Think builds 2,500th Think City in Europe; U.S. operations are ahead of schedule|publisher=[[Autoblog.com|Autoblog Green]]|date=2010-10-11|accessdate=2010-10-12}}</ref>
On December 15, 2008, the carmaker suspended all vehicle production and laid off 50% of its staff pending negotiation of up to {{USD|29}} million in funding for working capital, citing "urgent financial distress."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/electric-carmaker-suddenly-on-the-brink/|work=The New York Times|title=Electric Carmaker Suddenly in Trouble|date=2008-12-07|access-date=2010-09-14}}</ref> Production of the Th!nk City restarted on December 10, 2009, at [[Valmet Automotive]] in [[Uusikaupunki]], [[Finland]].<ref name="valmet-automotive.com/automotive">{{cite web|url=http://www.valmet-automotive.com/automotive/bulletin.nsf/PEBD/0D0E1E14E3072B3FC225768800344C46?opendocument|title=THINK City production starts at Valmet Automotive|access-date=2009-12-11|work=valmet-automotive.com/automotive}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/think-restarts-production-in-finland/?scp=1&sq=Think%20Restarts%20Production%20in%20Finland&st=cse|title=Think Restarts Production in Finland|work=The New York Times|author=Jim Montavalli|date=2009-12-11|access-date=2010-04-04}}</ref> In October 2010 production had reached 2,500 units, making the Th!nk City one of the world's best selling pure electric cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/10/11/think-builds-2-500th-think-city-in-europe-u-s-operations-are-a/|title=Think builds 2,500th Think City in Europe; U.S. operations are ahead of schedule|publisher=[[Autoblog.com|Autoblog Green]]|date=2010-10-11|access-date=2010-10-12}}</ref>


On November 24, 2010, Think North America began manufacturing in the Magnum Drive plant located in [[Elkhart, Indiana]]. Initially the Finland plant manufactures the body and wheels on the chassis, then ships them to the United States. The [[lithium-ion battery]], made by [[Ener1|EnerDel]] in Indianapolis, the motor and gearbox, seats, headlights and other components are assembled in the Elkhart plant. Each car takes about a week to complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etruth.com/Know/News/Story.aspx?ID=528772|title=Elkhart goes to work building the world's best-selling electric car (video)|publisher=eTruth.com|date=2010-11-24|accessdate=2010-11-27|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124235226/http://www.etruth.com/Know/News/Story.aspx?ID=528772|archivedate=2010-11-24}}</ref>
On November 24, 2010, Think North America began manufacturing in the Magnum Drive plant located in [[Elkhart, Indiana]]. Initially the Finland plant manufactures the body and wheels on the chassis, then ships them to the United States. The [[lithium-ion battery]], made by [[Ener1|EnerDel]] in Indianapolis, the motor and gearbox, seats, headlights and other components are assembled in the Elkhart plant. Each car takes about a week to complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etruth.com/Know/News/Story.aspx?ID=528772|title=Elkhart goes to work building the world's best-selling electric car (video)|publisher=eTruth.com|date=2010-11-24|access-date=2010-11-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124235226/http://www.etruth.com/Know/News/Story.aspx?ID=528772|archive-date=2010-11-24}}</ref>


Due to financial difficulties, production of the Th!nk City in Finland was stopped in March 2011, and the company filed for bankruptcy in Norway on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years. Although Think North America is a separate entity, its future also is in doubt because it is financially supported by the headquarters in Norway.<ref name=Bankruptcy2011/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/06/23/inside-think-bankruptcy/|title=Inside the Think bankruptcy: was the plastic electric too late, too expensive?|author=Sebastian Blanco|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-06-23|accessdate=2011-06-23}}</ref> Production in the Elkhart plant was halted a few days before the bankruptcy filing due to delays in the delivery of parts required to assemble the electric cars.<ref name=IndyStar>{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/201106231346/BUSINESS/106230437|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208093949/http://www.indystar.com/article/201106231346/BUSINESS/106230437|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-08|title=Future of Elkhart's electric car plant dimming|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|date=2011-06-23|accessdate=2011-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/06/24/will-the-think-bankruptcy-affect-operations-in-elkhart-in/|title=Will the Think bankruptcy affect operations in Elkhart, IN?|author=Eric Loveday|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-06-24|accessdate=2011-06-25}}</ref>
Due to financial difficulties, production of the Th!nk City in Finland was stopped in March 2011, and the company filed for bankruptcy in Norway on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years. Although Think North America is a separate entity, its future also is in doubt because it is financially supported by the headquarters in Norway.<ref name=Bankruptcy2011/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/06/23/inside-think-bankruptcy/|title=Inside the Think bankruptcy: was the plastic electric too late, too expensive?|author=Sebastian Blanco|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-06-23|access-date=2011-06-23}}</ref> Production in the Elkhart plant was halted a few days before the bankruptcy filing due to delays in the delivery of parts required to assemble the electric cars.<ref name=IndyStar>{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/201106231346/BUSINESS/106230437|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208093949/http://www.indystar.com/article/201106231346/BUSINESS/106230437|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-08|title=Future of Elkhart's electric car plant dimming|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|date=2011-06-23|access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/06/24/will-the-think-bankruptcy-affect-operations-in-elkhart-in/|title=Will the Think bankruptcy affect operations in Elkhart, IN?|author=Eric Loveday|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-06-24|access-date=2011-06-25}}</ref>


Think Global's assets were bought by [[Electric Mobility Solutions AS]] in July 2011, including [[shares]] of wholly owned [[subsidiaries]] THINK North America and THINK UK. The new owners announced that production is scheduled to restart in early 2012 with a refined Think City.<ref name=EMS2012>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/07/25/official-think-global-purchased-by-electric-mobility-solutions/|title=Official: Think Global purchased by Electric Mobility Solutions AS
Think Global's assets were bought by [[Electric Mobility Solutions AS]] in July 2011, including [[shares]] of wholly owned [[subsidiaries]] THINK North America and THINK UK. The new owners announced that production is scheduled to restart in early 2012 with a refined Think City.<ref name=EMS2012>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/07/25/official-think-global-purchased-by-electric-mobility-solutions/|title=Official: Think Global purchased by Electric Mobility Solutions AS
|author=Sebastian Blanco|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-07-25|accessdate=2011-08-01}}</ref>
|author=Sebastian Blanco|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=2011-07-25|access-date=2011-08-01}}</ref>


===Specifications===
===Specifications===
{{prose|section|date=May 2015|reason=this should highlight the specifications for the car, and not all the features of bucket seats}}
{{prose|section|date=May 2015|reason=this should highlight the specifications for the car, and not all the features of bucket seats}}
The car has a 24&nbsp;[[Kilowatt hour|kWh]] traction battery and inbuilt charger, and will re-charge from a standard 230&nbsp;volt, 10 or 16&nbsp;[[Ampere|amp]] supply in 9.5–10 hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thinkev.com/The-THINK-City/Charging |title=Charging / The THINK City / THINK Electric Car - the all electric and highway safe THINK City |publisher=Thinkev.com |accessdate=2010-06-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623075826/http://www.thinkev.com/The-THINK-City/Charging |archivedate=2010-06-23 }}</ref>
The car has a 24&nbsp;[[Kilowatt hour|kWh]] traction battery and inbuilt charger, and will re-charge from a standard 230&nbsp;volt, 10 or 16&nbsp;[[Ampere|amp]] supply in 9.5–10 hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thinkev.com/The-THINK-City/Charging |title=Charging / The THINK City / THINK Electric Car - the all electric and highway safe THINK City |publisher=Thinkev.com |access-date=2010-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623075826/http://www.thinkev.com/The-THINK-City/Charging |archive-date=2010-06-23 }}</ref>


* Motor: 3-phase electric induction motor. It is capable of delivering {{convert|34|kW|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|66|lbft|Nm|abbr=on|0}} of torque.
* Motor: 3-phase electric induction motor. It is capable of delivering {{convert|34|kW|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|66|lbft|Nm|abbr=on|0}} of torque.
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;Norway
;Norway
The list price for the car in Norway was {{NOK|link=yes|244,000}} before optional features, which is approximately {{USD|38,000}}, or {{GBP|25,400}}, or {{euro|30,700}}. During 2011 a total of 133 units were sold in Norway. {{As of|2013|09|30}}, [[Th!nk City]]/PIV 4 registrations totaled 1,120 units.<ref name=NorwaySales2011>{{cite web|url=http://gronnbil.no/nyheter/eventyrlig-elbilsalg-i-2011-article218-239.html|title=Eventyrlig elbilsalg i 2011|trans-title=Adventurous electric vehicle sales in 2011|author=Ole Henrik Hannisdahl|publisher=Grønn bil|date=2012-01-09|accessdate=2012-01-14|language=Norwegian|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207090813/http://gronnbil.no/nyheter/eventyrlig-elbilsalg-i-2011-article218-239.html|archivedate=2012-02-07}} ''See table "Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke" (Electric vehicle sales in 2011, by onth and brand) to see monthly sales for 2011.''{{dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref><ref name=NorwayEVs092013>{{cite web|url=http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/statistikk/3103-sa-mange-elbiler-er-det-i-norge-na|title=Så mange elbiler er det i Norge nå|language=Norwegian|trans-title=So many electric cars are in Norway's reach|author=Norsk Elbilforening|publisher=Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association)|date=2013-10-22|accessdate=2016-03-13|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616221430/http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/statistikk/3103-sa-mange-elbiler-er-det-i-norge-na|archivedate=2016-06-16}} ''{{As of|2013|09|30}}, [[Th!nk City]]/PIV 4 registrations totaled 1,120 units in Norway.''</ref>
The list price for the car in Norway was {{NOK|link=yes|244,000}} before optional features, which is approximately {{USD|38,000}}, or {{GBP|25,400}}, or {{euro|30,700}}. During 2011 a total of 133 units were sold in Norway. {{As of|2013|09|30}}, [[Th!nk City]]/PIV 4 registrations totaled 1,120 units.<ref name=NorwaySales2011>{{cite web|url=http://gronnbil.no/nyheter/eventyrlig-elbilsalg-i-2011-article218-239.html|title=Eventyrlig elbilsalg i 2011|trans-title=Adventurous electric vehicle sales in 2011|author=Ole Henrik Hannisdahl|publisher=Grønn bil|date=2012-01-09|access-date=2012-01-14|language=Norwegian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207090813/http://gronnbil.no/nyheter/eventyrlig-elbilsalg-i-2011-article218-239.html|archive-date=2012-02-07}} ''See table "Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke" (Electric vehicle sales in 2011, by month and brand) to see monthly sales for 2011.''{{dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref><ref name=NorwayEVs092013>{{cite web|url=http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/statistikk/3103-sa-mange-elbiler-er-det-i-norge-na|title=Så mange elbiler er det i Norge nå|language=Norwegian|trans-title=So many electric cars are in Norway's reach|author=Norsk Elbilforening|publisher=Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association)|date=2013-10-22|access-date=2016-03-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616221430/http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/statistikk/3103-sa-mange-elbiler-er-det-i-norge-na|archive-date=2016-06-16}} ''{{As of|2013|09|30}}, [[Th!nk City]]/PIV 4 registrations totaled 1,120 units in Norway.''</ref>


;Finland
;Finland
The list price for the car in Finland was {{euro|49,600}}.<ref name=HS0209>{{cite news|url=http://www.hs.fi/autot/artikkeli/Think+City+-s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6autojen+myynti+alkoi/1135259833034|title=Think City -sähköautojen myynti alkoi (in Finnish)|publisher=Helsingin Sanomat|date=2010-09-02|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref>
The list price for the car in Finland was {{euro|49,600}}.<ref name=HS0209>{{cite news|url=http://www.hs.fi/autot/artikkeli/Think+City+-s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6autojen+myynti+alkoi/1135259833034|title=Think City -sähköautojen myynti alkoi (in Finnish)|publisher=Helsingin Sanomat|date=2010-09-02|access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref>


;France
;France
During 2010 a total of 11 units were registered in France.<ref name=SalesFR2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobile-propre.com/dossiers/voitures-electriques/chiffres-vente-immatriculations-france/|title=Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France|trans-title=Sales figures & electric car registrations in France|author=Autoactu.com|publisher=Automobile Proper|date=|accessdate=2012-01-14|language=French}}</ref> A total of 110 units were sold in 2011.<ref name=SalesFr2011>{{cite web|url=http://automobile.fr.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=160203136|title=2630 voitures électriques immatriculées en 2011|trans-title=2630 electric cars registered in 2011|language=French|author=Laurent Meillaud|publisher=MSN France|date=2012-01-14|accessdate=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606161359/http://automobile.fr.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=160203136|archive-date=2013-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
During 2010 a total of 11 units were registered in France.<ref name=SalesFR2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobile-propre.com/dossiers/voitures-electriques/chiffres-vente-immatriculations-france/|title=Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France|trans-title=Sales figures & electric car registrations in France|author=Autoactu.com|publisher=Automobile Proper|access-date=2012-01-14|language=French}}</ref> A total of 110 units were sold in 2011.<ref name=SalesFr2011>{{cite web|url=http://automobile.fr.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=160203136|title=2630 voitures électriques immatriculées en 2011|trans-title=2630 electric cars registered in 2011|language=French|author=Laurent Meillaud|publisher=MSN France|date=2012-01-14|access-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606161359/http://automobile.fr.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=160203136|archive-date=2013-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>


====United States====
====United States====
The Th!nk City retail price was {{USD|36,495}} before any applicable [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#United States|federal and local incentives]].<ref name=ThinkSales>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2011/03/think-announces-36495-msrp-for-city-ev.html |title=Think Announces $36,495 MSRP for City EV |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |author=Scott Doggett |date=2011-03-30 |accessdate=2011-04-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404093812/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2011/03/think-announces-36495-msrp-for-city-ev.html |archivedate=2011-04-04 }}</ref> However, due to the higher cost of low production, Think USA announced that the price of the first 100 units was {{USD|41,695}} before any incentives. The first 100 Th!nks were delivered in late 2010 mostly to fleet customers in [[Indiana]]. Sales to the general public were expected to begin by mid-2011.<ref name=ThinkSales/><ref name=Pluin1115>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/exclusive-think-reveals-marketing-city-strategy-its-small-electric-car-106450.html|title=Think Reveals City Marketing Strategy for Its Small Electric Car|publisher=PluginCars.com|author=Brad Berman|date=2010-11-15|accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref><ref name=Pluin0325>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/think-quietly-raised-price-city-electric-car-41695-106966.html|title=Think Quietly Sets Price of City Electric Car at $41,695 (Update)|publisher=PluginCars.com|author=Brad Berman|date=2011-03-25|accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref> Think North America issued three recalls on the first cars produced at the Elkhart plant for defects to its gear shift levers, seat belts and defrosting systems.<ref name=IndyStar/>
The Th!nk City retail price was {{USD|36,495}} before any applicable [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#United States|federal and local incentives]].<ref name=ThinkSales>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2011/03/think-announces-36495-msrp-for-city-ev.html |title=Think Announces $36,495 MSRP for City EV |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |author=Scott Doggett |date=2011-03-30 |access-date=2011-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404093812/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2011/03/think-announces-36495-msrp-for-city-ev.html |archive-date=2011-04-04 }}</ref> However, due to the higher cost of low production, Think USA announced that the price of the first 100 units was {{USD|41,695}} before any incentives. The first 100 Th!nks were delivered in late 2010 mostly to fleet customers in [[Indiana]]. Sales to the general public were expected to begin by mid-2011.<ref name=ThinkSales/><ref name=Pluin1115>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/exclusive-think-reveals-marketing-city-strategy-its-small-electric-car-106450.html|title=Think Reveals City Marketing Strategy for Its Small Electric Car|publisher=PluginCars.com|author=Brad Berman|date=2010-11-15|access-date=2010-11-27}}</ref><ref name=Pluin0325>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/think-quietly-raised-price-city-electric-car-41695-106966.html|title=Think Quietly Sets Price of City Electric Car at $41,695 (Update)|publisher=PluginCars.com|author=Brad Berman|date=2011-03-25|access-date=2011-03-28}}</ref> Think North America issued three recalls on the first cars produced at the Elkhart plant for defects to its gear shift levers, seat belts and defrosting systems.<ref name=IndyStar/>


The company expected to sell 2,000 to 3,000 cars in 2011 via three to five branded stores in five markets: [[Southern California]], the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], [[New York City]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Indianapolis]], and planned to market the electric car as an urban [[city car]].<ref name=Pluin1115/>
The company expected to sell 2,000 to 3,000 cars in 2011 via three to five branded stores in five markets: [[Southern California]], the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], [[New York City]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Indianapolis]], and planned to market the electric car as an urban [[city car]].<ref name=Pluin1115/>


Following the bankruptcy of [[Think Global]], the remaining 150 Th!nk cars in stock in the U.S. were put on nationwide sale at a discounted price of {{USD|22,500}} before any federal and local incentives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1074719_discontinued-2011-think-city-electric-cars-for-sale-22500|title=Discontinued 2011 Think City Electric Cars For Sale: $22,500|author=John Voelcker|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-03-30|accessdate=2012-04-02}}</ref>  
Following the bankruptcy of [[Think Global]], the remaining 150 Th!nk cars in stock in the U.S. were put on nationwide sale at a discounted price of {{USD|22,500}} before any federal and local incentives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1074719_discontinued-2011-think-city-electric-cars-for-sale-22500|title=Discontinued 2011 Think City Electric Cars For Sale: $22,500|author=John Voelcker|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-03-30|access-date=2012-04-02}}</ref>  
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


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[[Category:Cars of Norway]]

Latest revision as of 17:20, 24 August 2025

Template:Short description Template:Infobox electric vehicle

The Think City (stylized as the TH!NK City) is an electric city car that was produced by Norwegian carmaker Think Global, and production partner Valmet Automotive from 2008 to 2012. It is a small two-seater/2+2-seater highway capable vehicle, with a top speed of Script error: No such module "convert"., and an all-electric range of Script error: No such module "convert". on a full charge.[1][2]

As of early 2011, the Th!nk was one of only five crash-tested, mass-produced, and highway-certified electric cars in the world, together with the Tesla Roadster (2008), the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, the Nissan Leaf and the Smart ED. The Th!nk City was sold in Norway, the Netherlands, Spain, France, Austria, Switzerland, Finland, the United Kingdom and the United States.[2][3] since October 2010Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., a total of 2,500 units had been manufactured at Oslo-based TH!NK's production facility.[4] Norway was the leading market with 1,120 units registered through September 2013.[5]

Due to financial difficulties, production of the Th!nk City in Finland was stopped in March 2011, and the company filed for bankruptcy on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years.[6] Think Global was purchased soon after by Electric Mobility Solutions AS, which announced production to resume in early 2012 with a refined Think City.[7] However, production never resumed, and the Indiana plant completed its final car in August 2012.[8]

History

The vehicle was known as the Pivco PIV4 in its prototype phase. Ford bought the Norwegian company in 1999 in anticipation of the incoming California Air Resources Board zero emissions vehicle mandate.[9] After the laws partially wound back and made less stringent, Ford ceased production of the vehicle in 2002 with 1,005 units produced. Ford sold the Norwegian electric car company the following year.[10]

The Th!nk City was exhibited for the first time in the UK in July 2008.[1] At the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, Think announced that the Th!nk City would be launched in Denmark and Sweden in 2008, followed by launching in the UK, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands in 2009.[11]

At the 2008 British International Motor Show at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre, London, THINK announced that the Th!nk City will be available to UK customers from the summer of 2009.[12] Prime Minister Gordon Brown joined Transport Minister Geoff Hoon for a presentation by managing director of Think UK.[13]

First generation (2000)

Template:Infobox electric vehicle

The original Think City was produced by the Ford Motor Company's Norwegian subsidiary TH!NK from 2000 until 2002.[10][14] It was leased in limited numbers in Europe and the United States.

More than 370 vehicles were delivered to customers in North America. They were largely leased to individuals and companies as part of station car trials in California and New York. NHTSA regulations stipulated that these vehicles could not legally remain in the United States beyond the three-year time frame for these trials. Around half of the North American units were scrapped while the other half were exported back to Norway as used cars.[15]

Second generation (2008)

Template:Infobox electric vehicle

Production

Think Global originally planned to start deliveries to Norwegian customers in the last quarter of 2007. That target was missed, but as of August 2008 some 100 electric cars had been manufactured for customers in Norway.[16] On December 15, 2008, the carmaker suspended all vehicle production and laid off 50% of its staff pending negotiation of up to Template:USD million in funding for working capital, citing "urgent financial distress."[17] Production of the Th!nk City restarted on December 10, 2009, at Valmet Automotive in Uusikaupunki, Finland.[18][19] In October 2010 production had reached 2,500 units, making the Th!nk City one of the world's best selling pure electric cars.[20]

On November 24, 2010, Think North America began manufacturing in the Magnum Drive plant located in Elkhart, Indiana. Initially the Finland plant manufactures the body and wheels on the chassis, then ships them to the United States. The lithium-ion battery, made by EnerDel in Indianapolis, the motor and gearbox, seats, headlights and other components are assembled in the Elkhart plant. Each car takes about a week to complete.[21]

Due to financial difficulties, production of the Th!nk City in Finland was stopped in March 2011, and the company filed for bankruptcy in Norway on June 22, 2011, for the fourth time in 20 years. Although Think North America is a separate entity, its future also is in doubt because it is financially supported by the headquarters in Norway.[6][22] Production in the Elkhart plant was halted a few days before the bankruptcy filing due to delays in the delivery of parts required to assemble the electric cars.[23][24]

Think Global's assets were bought by Electric Mobility Solutions AS in July 2011, including shares of wholly owned subsidiaries THINK North America and THINK UK. The new owners announced that production is scheduled to restart in early 2012 with a refined Think City.[7]

Specifications

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The car has a 24 kWh traction battery and inbuilt charger, and will re-charge from a standard 230 volt, 10 or 16 amp supply in 9.5–10 hours.[25]

  • Motor: 3-phase electric induction motor. It is capable of delivering Script error: No such module "convert". and Script error: No such module "convert". of torque.
  • Gear box: Fixed reduction gear, permanently connected to drive wheels. Ratio 1:10,15.
  • Front disc brakes and rear drum brakes. ABS Power brakes with electric pump w/ regenerative braking.
  • Steering Type: Electrohydraulic power steering with fluid reservoir in motor compartment. Steering rack with power steering. Turning diameter: 29.5 ft.
  • Curb weight: Script error: No such module "convert".; load capacity with passengers: Script error: No such module "convert".; Total weight Script error: No such module "convert".

Sales and price

File:Think City WAS 2010 8917.JPG
Th!nk City exhibited at the 2010 Washington Auto Show.
File:Think City EDTA DC 04 2011 1826.jpg
Th!nk City electric cars at a test drive event in Washington, D.C.

Europe

As of September 2010 the Th!nk City was on sale in Norway, the Netherlands, Spain, France, Austria, Switzerland and Finland.[2][3]

Norway

The list price for the car in Norway was Template:NOK before optional features, which is approximately Template:USD, or Template:GBP, or Template:Euro. During 2011 a total of 133 units were sold in Norway. since 30 September 2013Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Th!nk City/PIV 4 registrations totaled 1,120 units.[5][26]

Finland

The list price for the car in Finland was Template:Euro.[27]

France

During 2010 a total of 11 units were registered in France.[28] A total of 110 units were sold in 2011.[29]

United States

The Th!nk City retail price was Template:USD before any applicable federal and local incentives.[30] However, due to the higher cost of low production, Think USA announced that the price of the first 100 units was Template:USD before any incentives. The first 100 Th!nks were delivered in late 2010 mostly to fleet customers in Indiana. Sales to the general public were expected to begin by mid-2011.[30][31][32] Think North America issued three recalls on the first cars produced at the Elkhart plant for defects to its gear shift levers, seat belts and defrosting systems.[23]

The company expected to sell 2,000 to 3,000 cars in 2011 via three to five branded stores in five markets: Southern California, the San Francisco Bay Area, New York City, Washington, D.C. and Indianapolis, and planned to market the electric car as an urban city car.[31]

Following the bankruptcy of Think Global, the remaining 150 Th!nk cars in stock in the U.S. were put on nationwide sale at a discounted price of Template:USD before any federal and local incentives.[33]

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". See table "Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke" (Electric vehicle sales in 2011, by month and brand) to see monthly sales for 2011.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". since 30 September 2013Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Th!nk City/PIV 4 registrations totaled 1,120 units in Norway.
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

Template:Sister project

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