James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault: Difference between revisions

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James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Châtellerault, 2nd Earl of Arran (Template:C. – 22 January 1575), was a Scottish nobleman and Regent of Scotland during the minority of Mary, Queen of Scots from 1543 to 1554. At first pro-English and Protestant, he converted to Catholicism in 1543 and supported a pro-French policy. He reluctantly agreed to Mary's marriage to Francis, eldest son of King Henry II (Henri II)of France, and was rewarded by Henry by being made Duke of Châtellerault in 1549. During the Scottish Reformation, he joined the Protestant Lords of the Congregation to oppose the regency of Mary of Guise.

Family

James Hamilton was born about 1519 in Hamilton in Lanarkshire.Template:Sfn He was the eldest legitimate son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran by his second wife, Janet Beaton (or Bethune).^[1] His paternal grandmother, Mary, was the eldest daughter of King James II. His father's family descended from Walter FitzGilbert, the founder of the House of Hamilton,Template:Sfn who had received the barony of Cadzow from Robert the Bruce.Template:Sfn His mother was the daughter of Sir David Beaton of Creich. She was the widow of Robert Livingstone of Easter Wemyss, and the second wife of the 1st Earl of Arran. They had married in 1516.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

In 1529 he succeeded his father as Earl of Arran while still a minor.Template:Sfn He was made a ward of James Hamilton of Finnart, his illegitimate elder half-brother.Template:Sfn

Marriage

File:KinneilArmorialStone.png

Arms of the earl of Arran (left) and his wife Margaret Douglas (right), Kinneil House

In 1532 Lord Arran married Margaret Douglas, who was about ten years older than him. She was a daughter of James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton, and Catherine Stewart, herself a natural daughter of James IV.Template:Sfn The marriage was arranged by James Hamilton of Finnart. Margaret Douglas was given the house and lands of Kinneil House for her lifetime should her husband die before her. James Hamilton of Finnart paid Morton 4,000 marks as part of the marriage settlement.Template:Sfn

James and Margaret had five sons:

James (1537–1609), succeeded him as the 3rd Earl of Arran but became insane in 1562;Template:Sfn
Gavin, died young;Template:Sfn
John (1540–1604), became the 1st Marquess of Hamilton;Template:Sfn
David (died 1611);^[2]Template:Sfn
Claud (1546–1621), from whom descend the earls, marquesses and dukes of Abercorn.Template:Sfn

— and three daughters:

Barbara, in February 1549 married or betrothed to Alexander, Lord Gordon,^[3]^[4] and married in 1553 James Fleming, 4th Lord Fleming;Template:Sfn Template:Sfn
Jean, married Hugh Montgomerie, 3rd Earl of Eglinton in 1555;Template:Sfn
Anne (c. 1535 – before April 1574), married George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly in 1558;^[5]

In 1544 Arran tried to divorce his wife. She seemed to have been suffering of poor mental health. Significantly two of their sons, James and Claud, later became insane.^[6]

An inventory of a chest of Margaret Douglas's clothes includes a purple velvet night gown with gold passementerie lined with red taffeta, a gown of black cloth of gold with gold passementerie lined with black taffeta, and other gowns and kirtles.^[7]

Regent of Scotland

In 1536, on the death of John Stewart, Duke of Albany, grandson of King James II, Lord Arran, came to be next in line to the throne after the King's descendants. Several of the children of the immediate royal family proved to be short-lived, so on the death of King James V on 14 December 1542, the Earl of Arran stood next in line to the Scottish throne after the king's six-day-old daughter Mary, Queen of Scots, for whom Arran was appointed Governor and Protector of Scotland.Template:Sfn In 1543, supporters of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, challenged Arran's claim and legitimacy by suggesting that his father's divorce and second marriage were invalid.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Pro-English policy

File:Enrique VIII de Inglaterra, por Hans Holbein el Joven.jpg

Henry VIII by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1540

Initially, Arran was a Protestant and a member of the pro-English party. In 1543 he helped to negotiate the marriage of the young Queen Mary to Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England, who had broken with Rome. In the same year, he authorised the translation and reading of the Bible in the vernacular.Template:Sfn On 27 January 1543 he arrested Cardinal Beaton, who favoured the Auld Alliance. Beaton was imprisoned at Dalkeith Palace and then Blackness Castle. Acting on pro-English advice, in March 1543 Arran prevented Mary of Guise from moving Mary, Queen of Scots from Linlithgow to Stirling Castle.^[8]

However, Henry VIII doubted Arran's commitment to English policy and wanted him deposed. On 18 March 1543, Arran met the English ambassador, Ralph Sadler, in the garden at Holyrood Palace.^[9] Later that day George Douglas of Pittendreich, brother of Lord Angus, told Sadler, that despite their successes:

if there be any motion now to take the Governor from his state, and to bring the government of this realm to the king of England, I assure you it is impossible to be done at this time. For, there is not so little a boy but that he will hurl stones against it, and the wives will handle their distaffs, and the commons universally will rather die in it, yea, and many noblemen and all the clergy be fully against it.Template:Sfn

Pro-French policy

Regent Arran celebrated the Treaty of Greenwich at the Holyrood Abbey on 25 August 1543.^[10] However, in September Arran turned around. He secretly met Cardinal Beaton at Callendar House and reconciled himself with his former enemy. Shortly after he became Catholic and joined the pro-French faction.Template:Sfn^[11] Around this time Friar Mark Hamilton wrote a history of the Hamilton family.^[12]^[13] Arran made penance for his "godly fit" at the Franciscan Friary in Stirling. Mary, Queen of Scots, was crowned at Stirling on 9 September.^[14]

Arran captured Dalkeith Castle in November 1543, but failed to capture the pro-English George Douglas. In December, the Parliament of Scotland declared the Treaty of Greenwich void due to shipping incidents.^[15] The seven-year war with England now called the Rough Wooing was declared on 20 December 1543. Arran spent Christmas with Mary of Guise at Stirling Castle where they played cards.^[16] The declaration of war was brought by Henry Ray to give to Parliament. Arran replied that the parliament was dissolved, and so he thought it expedient not to answer Henry VIII on the points raised at the time.Template:Sfn

In 1544 an attempt was made to transfer the regency from him to Mary of Guise. A convention of nobility at Stirling in June suggested she should be regent instead.^[17] Conflict seemed possible, but Arran when fortified Edinburgh her forces retired.^[18] Later, in March 1545, he agreed to abandon some of his responsibilities to her and she formed an advisory council. Arran and Cardinal Beaton decided to act against the Earl of Lennox and besieged Glasgow Castle in March 1544.^[19]

In June 1547 Arran gathered a large army to expel the English from Langholm and the surrounding area.^[20] He had a banner made from taffeta decorated with gold foil and colours, and another banner for his trumpeter. Horses dragged the artillery and carts laden with cannonballs and tents out of Edinburgh Castle. The guns were dragged toward Langholm with oxen.^[21] Arran had an armoured "jack" covered with purple taffeta, then changed his mind, choosing purple velvet.^[22] A Scottish spy, David Maitland, who signed himself "Ye Wait Quha" wrote of the preparations to Thomas Wharton, that it was "the starkest host and the monest, and with the best order that wes sen Flodwn", that is, "the strongest host and most numerous, in the best order since Flodden."^[23]

File:Francois II Scotland 1558.jpg

A 1558 coin depicting Queen Mary and King Francis

In September 1547 Arran assembled a large Scottish army to resist an English invasion led by Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset but was defeated at the battle of Pinkie.Template:Sfn He was forced to abandon some of his clothes at the battlefield.^[24] He nevertheless held onto the regency and continued to lead forces against the occupying troops. For two weeks in February 1548, Arran led a campaign in Teviotdale with Monsieur d'Essé to recapture Ferniehirst Castle and punish borderers. He held discussions at Jedburgh with Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon over the site and financing of a new fort.^[25]

Arran reluctantly agreed in July 1548 to Mary's marriage to Francis, eldest son of Henry II of France. Henry II, by the Treaty of Haddington claimed to be Protector of Scotland,^[26] and rewarded Arran by making him Duke of Châtellerault on 8 February 1549 and a knight of the Order of Saint Michael.Template:Sfn

On 19 April 1550, Regent Arran and his Privy Council made legislation about foodstuffs and rising prices. The people of Scotland were to reduce their diets and banqueting. Prices were set for wild birds and rabbits, swans would be 5 shillings, plovers 5 pence. River birds including herons and ducks were to be caught by hawking. It was forbidden to shoot deer or birds for the table with "half hag or culverin or pistolate". These acts were ratified by Parliament.^[27]

Arran came to the north of Scotland in 1552, visiting Aberdeen, Dunnotar Castle, and Huntly Castle where his daughter Barbara Hamilton lived with the family of her husband Alexander, Lord Gordon. He held "justice ayres" or courts and was accompanied by musicians, much like a Scottish monarch on progress.^[28]

Post-regency

File:YoungMaryStuart.jpg

Mary, Queen of Scots, by François Clouet, c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1555

In 1554, Châtellerault, as he was now, surrendered the regency to Mary of Guise, and was appointed her lieutenant in Scotland.Template:Sfn He gave up the regency on the condition that he would be Queen Mary's heir if she died childless. The Scottish succession, however, had been secretly promised to France.

Châtellerault was still recognised as a significant figure in Scotland. In September 1557, Philip II of Spain, as the husband of Mary I of England sent Christophe d'Assonleville to broker peace between Scotland and England. Assonleville was instructed to speak to Mary of Guise, the Duke of Châtellerault, and representatives of Edinburgh. He was also instructed to speak with Châtellerault about amicable relations between the Scots and their Flemish trading partners. Assonleville's instructions still include his former title of "governor", though "lieutenant" was now correct.^[29]

In the first months of the Scottish Reformation, Châtellerault continued to support Mary of Guise. He faced a Protestant army with the French commander at Cupar Muir in June 1559. He changed his allegiance in August 1559, joining the Protestant Lords of the Congregation to oppose the regency of Mary of Guise, and as a result his French dukedom and its estates were taken back by the new French king, Francis II, the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. In order to discredit Châtellerault with the English government, a letter was forged by his enemies, in which Châtellerault declared his allegiance to Francis II, but the plot was exposed. On 27 February 1560, he agreed to the Treaty of Berwick with Queen Elizabeth I of England, which placed Scotland under English protection and made provision for an English army to come to the siege of Leith.Template:Sfn

After the death of Mary of Guise on 15 June 1560, Châtellerault persuaded the Parliament of Scotland to back a plan to marry his son James Hamilton to Elizabeth I, and then after the death of Francis II on 5 December 1560, he attempted, without success, to arrange for James to marry the young widowed Queen Mary.^[30]Template:Sfn However, Mary married Lord Darnley in 1565.

In 1566 Châtellerault withdrew to his former estates in France, where he made vain attempts to regain his confiscated duchy, which in 1563 had been granted to Diane de France. In 1569, he returned to Scotland in support of Mary, but was imprisoned by the Earl of Moray, Regent of Mary's infant son, James VI. Parliament declared him a traitor. Moray was assassinated on 23 January 1570 while Châtellerault was still in prison. Nevertheless, Châtellerault was rumoured to have been an accomplice in the regent's murder by James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh.Template:Sfn Châtellerault was released from prison on 20 April 1570. In 1573 he gave up his support for Mary and recognised her infant son as king.Template:Sfn

Châtellerault died at Hamilton on 22 January 1575.^[31]Template:Sfn He was succeeded by his eldest son James as the 3rd Earl of Arran. However, as James was insane, John his younger brother stood in for him.

Timeline

Timeline
As his birth date is uncertain, so are all his ages.
Age	Date	Event
0	1519, about	Born, probably in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Lanarkshire, Scotland.Template:Sfn
Script error: No such module "age".	1522, about	Mother died
Script error: No such module "age".	1529	Father died; he succeeded as the 2nd Earl of ArranTemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "age".	1532, c. 23 September	Married Margaret Douglas, daughter of the Earl of MortonTemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "age".	1542, 14 Dec	Accession of Mary, Queen of Scots, succeeding King James VTemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "age".	1543, early	Appointed regent for Mary Queen of Scots Template:Sfn	Script error: No such module "age".	1543, Sep	Turned around: Met Cardinal Beaton at Callendar House and became Catholic
Script error: No such module "age".	1543, 20 Dec	England declared war, starting the Rough wooing
Script error: No such module "age".	1544	Tried to divorce his wife but failed
Script error: No such module "age".	1547, 10 Sep	Defeated by the English at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
Script error: No such module "age".	1549, 8 Feb	Created Duke of Châtellerault by Henry II of France Template:Sfn
Script error: No such module "age".	1554	Lost the regency to Mary of Guise
Script error: No such module "age".	1558	Queen Mary married Francis, Dauphin of France
Script error: No such module "age".	1559, 10 Jul	Henry II of France died.
Script error: No such module "age".	1560, 27 Feb	Treaty of Berwick negotiated.
Script error: No such module "age".	1560 5 Dec N.S.	Francis II of France died.
Script error: No such module "age".	1562	Son James, his eldest, declared insane
Script error: No such module "age".	1565	Queen Mary remarried to Darnley
Script error: No such module "age".	1567, 24 Jul	Accession of King James VI of Scotland, succeeding Queen Mary ITemplate:Sfn
Script error: No such module "age".	1568, 13 May	Queen Mary lost the Battle of Langside and fled to England.
Script error: No such module "age".	1570, 23 Jan	Regent Moray murdered; Châtellerault might have been involved
Script error: No such module "age".	1575, 22 Jan	Died at Hamilton, South Lanarkshire

Genealogical chart

Hamilton's relationship to the house of Stuart^[32]

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Notes

Template:Notelist

References

↑ HMC 11th Report Part VI: Hamilton (London, 1887), pp, 51-52.
↑ Chatellherault's will, NAS ECC8/8/4
↑ John G. Harrison, "The Bread Book and the Court and Household of Marie de Guise in 1549", Scottish Archives, 15 (2009), p. 40.
↑ Amy Blakeway, Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (Boydell, 2015), pp. 127–128.
↑ Melanie Schuessler Bond, Dressing the Scottish Court 1543–1553: Clothing in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland (Boydell, 2019), pp. 453, 459.
↑ Amy Blakeway, "The attempted divorce of James Hamilton, earl of Arran, Governor of Scotland", The Innes Review, 61:1 (May 2010), pp. 1–23 Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
↑ Melanie Schuessler Bond, Dressing the Scottish Court 1543–1553: Clothing in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland (Boydell, 2019), pp. 657–8.
↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, Mary of Guise (Collins, 1977), p. 119.
↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, Mary of Guise (Collins, 1977), p. 121.
↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, Mary of Guise (Collins, 1977), p. 132.
↑ Retha M. Warnicke, Mary Queen of Scots (Routledge, 2006), p. 28.
↑ Thomas James Salmon, Borrowstounness and District (Edinburgh: William Hodge, 1913), p. 24
↑ J. Foggie, Renaissance Religion in Urban Scotland: The Dominican Order, 1450–1560 (Brill, 2003), pp. 59, 71, 285.
↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, Mary of Guise (Collins, 1977), p. 133.
↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, Mary of Guise (Collins, 1977), p. 141.
↑ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1908), p. 242.
↑ Pamela E. Ritchie, Mary of Guise (Tuckwell, 2002), p. 18.
↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, Mary of Guise (Collins, 1977), p. 142.
↑ Rosalind K. Marshall, Mary of Guise (Collins, 1977), p. 144.
↑ David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, The Battle of Pinkie, 1547 (Oxbow, 2023), pp. 28–31.
↑ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 84–97.
↑ Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 97–98.
↑ Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1547–1563, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 8: Amy Blakeway, 'Spies and Intelligence in Scotland', in Sara Butler & Krista Kesselring, Crossing Borders: Boundaries and Margins in Medieval and Early Modern Britain (Leiden, 2018), pp. 95–96: See Arran's household book, National Records of Scotland, E31/9 ff. 57–59.
↑ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 140.
↑ Annie Cameron, Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (Edinburgh: SHS, 1927), pp. 289–290.
↑ Amy Blakeway, Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (Boydell, 2015), pp. 196–197, 205.
↑ John Hill Burton, Register of the Privy Council, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 94–95.
↑ Amy Blakeway, Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (Boydell, 2015), pp. 174–175.
↑ Gonzalo Velasco Berenguer, 'The Select Council of Philip I: A Spanish Institution in Tudor England, 1555–1558', The English Historical Review, 139:597 (April 2024), pp. 326–359. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".: William B. Turnbull, Calendar State Papers Foreign, 1553–1558 (London, 1861), p. 335–336.
↑ Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vol. 2 (1814), 605-606; HMC Hamilton (London, 1887), 42, August 1560.
↑ Historie of King James the Sext (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1825), p. 151.
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

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Sources

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Attribution

Wikisource This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Script error: No such module "template wrapper".

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 }}
-'''James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Châtellerault, 2nd Earl of Arran''' ({{c.|1519}} – 22 January 1575), was a [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scottish]] nobleman and [[List of regents|Regent of Scotland]] during the minority of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] from 1543 to 1554. At first pro-[[Kingdom of England|English]] and [[Protestant]], he converted to [[Catholicism]] in 1543 and supported a pro-[[early modern France|French]] policy. He reluctantly agreed to [[Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France|Mary's marriage]] to [[Francis II of France|Francis]], eldest son of King [[Henry II of France]], and was rewarded by Henry by being made [[Duke of Châtellerault]] in 1549. During the [[Scottish Reformation]], he joined the Protestant [[Lords of the Congregation]] to oppose the regency of [[Mary of Guise]].
+'''James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Châtellerault, 2nd Earl of Arran''' ({{c.|1519}} – 22 January 1575), was a [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scottish]] nobleman and [[List of regents|Regent of Scotland]] during the minority of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] from 1543 to 1554. At first pro-[[Kingdom of England|English]] and [[Protestant]], he converted to [[Catholicism]] in 1543 and supported a pro-[[early modern France|French]] policy. He reluctantly agreed to [[Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France|Mary's marriage]] to [[Francis II of France|Francis]], eldest son of King [[Henry II of France|Henry II (Henri II)of France]], and was rewarded by Henry by being made [[Duke of Châtellerault]] in 1549. During the [[Scottish Reformation]], he joined the Protestant [[Lords of the Congregation]] to oppose the regency of [[Mary of Guise]].
 == Family ==
-James Hamilton was born about 1519 in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire|Hamilton]] in [[Lanarkshire]].{{Sfn|Merriman|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613741/page/827/ 827, right column] |ps=: "Hamilton, James, second Earl of Arran ... (c. 1519–1575) ... was born at Hamilton, Lanarkshire, the eldest son of James Hamilton, first Earl of Arran (1475?) and his second wife, Jane Beaton (d. c. 1522)".}} He was the eldest legitimate son of [[James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran]] by his second wife, Janet Beaton (or Bethune). His paternal grandmother, [[Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran|Mary]], was the eldest daughter of King [[James II of Scotland|James II]]. His father's family descended from [[Walter fitz Gilbert of Cadzow|Walter FitzGilbert]], the founder of the [[Clan Hamilton|House of Hamilton]],{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911b|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hamilton (family)|878, lines eight and nine]]|ps=: "... the first authentic ancestor is one Walter FitzGilbert. He first appears in 1294–1295 ..."}} who had received the barony of [[Cadzow]] from [[Robert the Bruce]].{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/341/ 341, line 12]|ps=: "At a later but uncertain date he received the barony of Cadzow from King Robert ..."}}
+James Hamilton was born about 1519 in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire|Hamilton]] in [[Lanarkshire]].{{Sfn|Merriman|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613741/page/827/ 827]}} He was the eldest legitimate son of [[James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran]] by his second wife, Janet Beaton (or Bethune).<ref>''HMC 11th Report Part VI: Hamilton'' (London, 1887), pp, 51-52.</ref>  His paternal grandmother, [[Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran|Mary]], was the eldest daughter of King [[James II of Scotland|James II]]. His father's family descended from [[Walter fitz Gilbert of Cadzow|Walter FitzGilbert]], the founder of the [[Clan Hamilton|House of Hamilton]],{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911b|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hamilton (family)|878, lines eight and nine]]|ps=: "... the first authentic ancestor is one Walter FitzGilbert. He first appears in 1294–1295 ..."}} who had received the barony of [[Cadzow]] from [[Robert the Bruce]].{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/341/ 341, line 12]|ps=: "At a later but uncertain date he received the barony of Cadzow from King Robert ..."}} His mother was the daughter of [[David Beaton of Creich|Sir David Beaton of Creich]]. She was the widow of Robert Livingstone of Easter Wemyss, and the second wife of the 1st Earl of Arran. They had married in 1516.{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/360/ 360]}}{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/168/ 168]}}
-James's mother was the daughter of [[David Beaton of Creich|Sir David Beaton of Creich]]. She was the widow of Robert Livingstone of Easter Wemyss, and the second wife of the 1st Earl of Arran.{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/360/ 360]|ps=: "The Earl married secondly Janet Beaton, said to be a daughter of Sir David Beaton of Creich, widow of Sir Robert Livingstone of Easter Wemyss and Drumry ..."}}{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/168/ 168, left column, line 1a]|ps=: "... Janet Beaton of Easter Wemyss ..."}} Both parents were Scottish. They had married in 1516.
+In 1529 he succeeded his father as [[Earl of Arran (Scotland)|Earl of Arran]] while still a minor.{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/168/ 168]}} He was made a ward of [[James Hamilton of Finnart]], his illegitimate elder half-brother.{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/366/ 366]}}
-In 1529 he succeeded his father as [[Earl of Arran (Scotland)|Earl of Arran]] while still a minor.{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/168/ 168, left column, line 1b]|ps=: "... succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father in 1529."}} He was made a ward of [[James Hamilton of Finnart]], his illegitimate elder half-brother.{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/366/ 366, line 1]|ps=: "III James, second Earl of Arran succeeded to his father while yet a minor being left under the tutory of his uncle Sir James Hamilton of Finnart ..."}}
 === Marriage ===
 [[File:KinneilArmorialStone.png|thumb|upright|Arms of the earl of Arran (left) and his wife Margaret Douglas (right), [[Kinneil House]]]]
-In 1532 Lord Arran married [[Margaret Douglas, Countess of Arran|Margaret Douglas]], who was about ten years older than him. She was a daughter of [[James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton]], and Catherine Stewart, herself a natural daughter of [[James IV]].{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/368/ 368, line 30]|ps=: "He married, about 23 September 1532, Margaret, eldest daughter of James Douglas, third Earl of Morton."}} The marriage was arranged by James Hamilton of Finnart. Margaret Douglas was given the house and lands of [[Kinneil House]] for her lifetime should her husband die before her. James Hamilton of Finnart paid Morton 4,000 [[Mark (currency)|marks]] as part of the marriage settlement.{{Sfn|Laing|1850|p=[https://archive.org/details/descriptivecata01laingoog/page/n119/ 72, line 5]|ps=: "Appended to a Receipt granted by him [Hamilton, Sir James] to James Earl of Morton for 3400 merks ... for the marriage of Margaret Douglas, daughter of the Earl of Morton, with his brother James, Earl of Arran. A.D. 1532."}}
+In 1532 Lord Arran married [[Margaret Douglas, Countess of Arran|Margaret Douglas]], who was about ten years older than him. She was a daughter of [[James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton]], and Catherine Stewart, herself a natural daughter of [[James IV]].{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/368/ 368]}} The marriage was arranged by James Hamilton of Finnart. Margaret Douglas was given the house and lands of [[Kinneil House]] for her lifetime should her husband die before her. James Hamilton of Finnart paid Morton 4,000 [[Mark (currency)|marks]] as part of the marriage settlement.{{Sfn|Laing|1850|p=[https://archive.org/details/descriptivecata01laingoog/page/n119/ 72, line 5]|ps=: "Appended to a Receipt granted by him [Hamilton, Sir James] to James Earl of Morton for 3400 merks ... for the marriage of Margaret Douglas, daughter of the Earl of Morton, with his brother James, Earl of Arran. A.D. 1532."}}
 James and Margaret had five sons:
@@ Line 42: / Line 40: @@
 # [[Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley|Claud]] (1546–1621), from whom descend the [[Duke of Abercorn|earls, marquesses and dukes of Abercorn]].{{Sfn|Debrett|1828|p=[https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage01debrgoog/page/n21/ 443, line 9]|ps=: "Claud, ancestor of the marquess of Abercorn ..."}}
-— and four daughters:
+— and three daughters:
-# [[Barbara Hamilton (courtier)|Barbara]], married in 1553 [[James Fleming, 4th Lord Fleming]];{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/170/ 170, line 32]|ps=: "Barbara, who married James, fourth lord Fleming, high chamberlain of Scotland."}}{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/370/ 370, line 4]|ps=: "Barbara, the eldest daughter, was first contracted to Alexander, Lord Gordon ... but it is not certain that the marriage took place ... She was married (contract dated 22 December 1553) to James, Lord Fleming, chamberlain of Scotland."}}
+# [[Barbara Hamilton (courtier)|Barbara]], in February 1549 married or betrothed to [[George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly|Alexander, Lord Gordon]],<ref>John G. Harrison, "The Bread Book and the Court and Household of Marie de Guise in 1549", ''Scottish Archives'', 15 (2009), p. 40.</ref><ref>Amy Blakeway, ''Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland'' (Boydell, 2015), pp. 127–128.</ref> and married in 1553 [[James Fleming, 4th Lord Fleming]];{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/170/ 170]}}{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=370}}
-# Jean, married [[Hugh Montgomerie, 3rd Earl of Eglinton]] in 1555;{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/170/ 170, right column, line 37]|ps=: "Jane, who married Hugh Montgomery, third earl of Eglintoun."}}{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/370/ 370, line 15]|ps=: "Jean or Jane ... was married (contract dated 13 February 1553–1554) to the earl of Eglinton."}}
+# Jean, married [[Hugh Montgomerie, 3rd Earl of Eglinton]] in 1555;{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=37}}
-# [[Anne Hamilton, Countess of Huntly|Anne]] (c. 1535 – before April 1574), married [[George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly]];{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/170/ 170, right column, line 36]|ps=: "Anne who married George, fifth Earl of Huntly."}}
+# [[Anne Hamilton, Countess of Huntly|Anne]] (c. 1535 – before April 1574), married [[George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly]] in 1558;<ref>Melanie Schuessler Bond, ''Dressing the Scottish Court 1543–1553: Clothing in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'' (Boydell, 2019), pp. 453, 459.</ref>
-# Margaret, married Sir Alexander Pethein (Peden).{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/170/ 170, right column, line 34]|ps=: "Margaret, who married Alexander, lord Gordon, eldest son of George, fourth earl of Huntly;"}}
 In 1544 Arran tried to divorce his wife. She seemed to have been suffering of poor mental health. Significantly two of their sons, James and Claud, later became insane.<ref>Amy Blakeway, "The attempted divorce of James Hamilton, earl of Arran, Governor of Scotland", ''The Innes Review'', 61:1 (May 2010), pp. 1–23 {{doi|10.3366/inr.2010.0001}}</ref>
-An inventory of a chest of Margaret Douglas's clothes includes a purple velvet night gown with gold [[passementerie]] lined with red taffeta, a gown of black cloth of gold with gold passementerie lined with black taffeta, and other gowns and kirtles.<ref>Melanie Schuessler Bond, ''Dressing the Scottish Court 1543–1553: Clothing in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'' (Boydell, 2019), pp. 657–8.</ref>
+An inventory of a chest of Margaret Douglas's clothes includes a purple velvet night gown with gold [[passementerie]] lined with red taffeta, a gown of black cloth of gold with gold [[passementerie]] lined with black taffeta, and other gowns and kirtles.<ref>Melanie Schuessler Bond, ''Dressing the Scottish Court 1543–1553: Clothing in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'' (Boydell, 2019), pp. 657–8.</ref>
 == Regent of Scotland ==
-In 1536, on the death of [[John Stewart, Duke of Albany]], grandson of King [[James II of Scotland|James II]], Lord Arran, came to be next in line to the throne after the King's descendants. Several of the children of the immediate royal family proved to be short-lived, so on the death of King [[James V]] on 14 December 1542, the [[Earl of Arran (Scotland)|Earl of Arran]] stood next in line to the Scottish throne after the king's six-day-old daughter [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], for whom Arran was appointed [[Lord Protector|Governor and Protector of Scotland]].{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arran, Earls of|643, third para, lines two and three]]|ps=: "... was, in consequence of his position as next successor to the throne after the infant Mary, proclaimed protector of the realm and heir-presumptive of the crown in 1543"}} In 1543, supporters of [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]], challenged Arran's claim and legitimacy by suggesting that his father's divorce and second marriage were invalid.{{Sfn|Dickinson|1942|p=[https://archive.org/details/twomissionsofjac00dick/page/n24/ 7, line 25]}}{{Sfn|Bain|1898|p=[https://archive.org/details/calendarstatepa00baingoog/page/n739/ 691]}}
+In 1536, on the death of [[John Stewart, Duke of Albany]], grandson of King [[James II of Scotland|James II]], Lord Arran, came to be next in line to the throne after the King's descendants. Several of the children of the immediate royal family proved to be short-lived, so on the death of King [[James V]] on 14 December 1542, the [[Earl of Arran (Scotland)|Earl of Arran]] stood next in line to the Scottish throne after the king's six-day-old daughter [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], for whom Arran was appointed [[Lord Protector|Governor and Protector of Scotland]].{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=643}} In 1543, supporters of [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]], challenged Arran's claim and legitimacy by suggesting that his father's divorce and second marriage were invalid.{{Sfn|Dickinson|1942|p=[https://archive.org/details/twomissionsofjac00dick/page/n24/ 7, line 25]}}{{Sfn|Bain|1898|p=[https://archive.org/details/calendarstatepa00baingoog/page/n739/ 691]}}
 === Pro-English policy ===
-[[File:Enrique VIII de Inglaterra, por Hans Holbein el Joven.jpg|thumb|upright|Henry VIII by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], 1540]]
+[[File:Enrique VIII de Inglaterra, por Hans Holbein el Joven.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Portrait of Henry VIII at Age 49|Henry VIII]] by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], 1540]]
-Initially, Arran was a [[Protestant]] and a member of the pro-English party. In 1543 he helped to negotiate the marriage of the young Queen Mary to [[Edward VI|Edward]], son of King [[Henry VIII]] of England, who had [[English Reformation|broken with Rome]]. In the same year, he authorised the [[Bible translations in the Middle Ages|translation and reading of the Bible in the vernacular]].{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arran, Earls of|643 ]]}} On 27 January 1543 he arrested [[Cardinal Beaton]], who favoured the [[Auld Alliance]]. Beaton was imprisoned at [[Dalkeith Palace]] and then [[Blackness Castle]]. Acting on pro-English advice, in March 1543 Arran prevented Mary of Guise from moving Mary, Queen of Scots from [[Linlithgow Palace|Linlithgow]] to [[Stirling Castle]].<ref>Rosalind K. Marshall, ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 119.</ref>
+Initially, Arran was a [[Protestant]] and a member of the pro-English party. In 1543 he helped to negotiate the marriage of the young Queen Mary to [[Edward VI|Edward]], son of King [[Henry VIII]] of England, who had [[English Reformation|broken with Rome]]. In the same year, he authorised the [[Bible translations in the Middle Ages|translation and reading of the Bible in the vernacular]].{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arran, Earls of|643]]}} On 27 January 1543 he arrested [[Cardinal Beaton]], who favoured the [[Auld Alliance]]. Beaton was imprisoned at [[Dalkeith Palace]] and then [[Blackness Castle]]. Acting on pro-English advice, in March 1543 Arran prevented Mary of Guise from moving Mary, Queen of Scots from [[Linlithgow Palace|Linlithgow]] to [[Stirling Castle]].<ref>Rosalind K. Marshall, ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 119.</ref>
 However, Henry VIII doubted Arran's commitment to English policy and wanted him deposed. On 18 March 1543, Arran met the English ambassador, [[Ralph Sadler]], in the garden at [[Holyrood Palace]].<ref>Rosalind K. Marshall, ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 121.</ref> Later that day [[George Douglas of Pittendreich]], brother of [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus|Lord Angus]], told Sadler, that despite their successes:
@@ Line 65: / Line 62: @@
 === Pro-French policy ===
-Regent Arran celebrated the Treaty of Greenwich at the [[Holyrood Abbey]] on 25 August 1543.<ref>[[Rosalind K. Marshall]], ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 132.</ref> However, in September Arran turned around. He secretly met Cardinal Beaton at [[Callendar House]] and reconciled himself with his former enemy. Shortly after he became [[Catholic]] and joined the pro-French faction.{{Sfn|Bain|1892|p=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924091786040/page/n53/ 15]}} Around this time [[Friar Mark Hamilton]] wrote a history of the Hamilton family.<ref>Thomas James Salmon, [https://archive.org/details/borrowstounnessd00salmrich/page/24/mode/2up ''Borrowstounness and District'' (Edinburgh: William Hodge, 1913), p. 24]</ref><ref>J. Foggie, ''Renaissance Religion in Urban Scotland: The Dominican Order, 1450–1560'' (Brill, 2003), pp. 59, 71, 285.</ref> A seven-year war with England now called the [[Rough Wooing]] followed, which was declared on 20 December 1543. Arran spent Christmas with [[Mary of Guise]] at [[Stirling Castle]] where they played cards.<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Treasurer'', vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1908), p. 242.</ref> The declaration of war was brought by [[Berwick Pursuivant|Henry Ray]] to give to the [[Parliament of Scotland]]. Arran replied that the parliament was dissolved, and so he thought it expedient not to answer Henry VIII on the points raised at the time.{{Sfn|Bain|1892|p=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924091786040/page/n277/ 238, line 41]|ps=: "My lord Governour understanding that the said officiar was direct for shawing of the said writing to the thri estatis of parliament, quhilk was befor his cuming disolvit and thai departit lang of befor : Tharfor douting giff his ansuer wald be acceptable to the King of Ingland and to his msatisfactioun or nocht, thocht nocht expedient to giff ansuer presentlie in that behalf."}}
+Regent Arran celebrated the Treaty of Greenwich at the [[Holyrood Abbey]] on 25 August 1543.<ref>[[Rosalind K. Marshall]], ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 132.</ref> However, in September Arran turned around. He secretly met Cardinal Beaton at [[Callendar House]] and reconciled himself with his former enemy. Shortly after he became [[Catholic]] and joined the pro-French faction.{{Sfn|Bain|1892|p=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924091786040/page/n53/ 15]}}<ref>Retha M. Warnicke, ''Mary Queen of Scots'' (Routledge, 2006), p. 28.</ref> Around this time [[Friar Mark Hamilton]] wrote a history of the Hamilton family.<ref>Thomas James Salmon, [https://archive.org/details/borrowstounnessd00salmrich/page/24/mode/2up ''Borrowstounness and District'' (Edinburgh: William Hodge, 1913), p. 24]</ref><ref>J. Foggie, ''Renaissance Religion in Urban Scotland: The Dominican Order, 1450–1560'' (Brill, 2003), pp. 59, 71, 285.</ref> Arran made penance for his "godly fit" at the Franciscan Friary in Stirling. Mary, Queen of Scots, was [[Coronation of Mary, Queen of Scots|crowned at Stirling]] on 9 September.<ref>[[Rosalind K. Marshall]], ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 133.</ref>
-In 1544 an attempt was made to transfer the regency from him to Mary of Guise, but Arran fortified Edinburgh and her forces retired.<ref>Rosalind K. Marshall, ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 142.</ref> However, in March 1545 he agreed to abandon some of his responsibilities to her.{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arran, Earls of|643, third para, line ten]]|ps=: "In March 1545 a truce was arranged by which each had a share in the government."}}
+Arran captured [[Dalkeith Palace|Dalkeith Castle]] in November 1543, but failed to capture the pro-English [[George Douglas of Pittendreich|George Douglas]]. In December, the [[Parliament of Scotland]] declared the [[Treaty of Greenwich]] void due to shipping incidents.<ref>[[Rosalind K. Marshall]], ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 141.</ref> The seven-year war with England now called the [[Rough Wooing]] was declared on 20 December 1543. Arran spent Christmas with [[Mary of Guise]] at [[Stirling Castle]] where they played cards.<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Treasurer'', vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1908), p. 242.</ref> The declaration of war was brought by [[Berwick Pursuivant|Henry Ray]] to give to Parliament. Arran replied that the parliament was dissolved, and so he thought it expedient not to answer Henry VIII on the points raised at the time.{{Sfn|Bain|1892|p=238}}
-In June 1547 Arran gathered a large army to expel the English from [[Langholm]] and the surrounding area. He had a banner made from taffeta decorated with gold foil and colours, and another banner for his trumpeter. Horses dragged the artillery and carts laden with cannonballs and tents out of Edinburgh Castle. The guns were dragged toward Langholm with oxen.<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 84–97.</ref> Arran had an armoured "[[Jack of plate|jack]]" covered with purple taffeta, then changed his mind, choosing purple velvet.<ref>''Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 97–98.</ref> A Scottish spy, David Maitland, who signed himself "Ye Wait Quha" wrote of the preparations to [[Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton|Thomas Wharton]], that it was "the starkest host and the monest, and with the best order that wes sen Flodwn", that is, "the strongest host and most numerous, in the best order since Flodden."<ref>Joseph Bain, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1547–1563'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 8: Amy Blakeway, 'Spies and Intelligence in Scotland', in Sara Butler & Krista Kesselring, ''Crossing Borders: Boundaries and Margins in Medieval and Early Modern Britain'' (Leiden, 2018), pp. 95–96: See Arran's household book, National Records of Scotland, E31/9 ff. 57–59.</ref>
+In 1544 an attempt was made to transfer the regency from him to Mary of Guise. A convention of nobility at Stirling in June suggested she should be regent instead.<ref>Pamela E. Ritchie, ''Mary of Guise'' (Tuckwell, 2002), p. 18.</ref> Conflict seemed possible, but Arran when fortified Edinburgh her forces retired.<ref>[[Rosalind K. Marshall]], ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 142.</ref> Later, in March 1545, he agreed to abandon some of his responsibilities to her and she formed an advisory council. Arran and Cardinal Beaton decided to act against the Earl of Lennox and besieged [[Glasgow Castle]] in March 1544.<ref>[[Rosalind K. Marshall]], ''Mary of Guise'' (Collins, 1977), p. 144.</ref>
+In June 1547 Arran gathered a large army to expel the English from [[Langholm]] and the surrounding area.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), pp. 28–31.</ref> He had a banner made from taffeta decorated with gold foil and colours, and another banner for his trumpeter. Horses dragged the artillery and carts laden with cannonballs and tents out of Edinburgh Castle. The guns were dragged toward Langholm with oxen.<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 84–97.</ref> Arran had an armoured "[[Jack of plate|jack]]" covered with purple taffeta, then changed his mind, choosing purple velvet.<ref>''Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 97–98.</ref> A Scottish spy, David Maitland, who signed himself "Ye Wait Quha" wrote of the preparations to [[Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton|Thomas Wharton]], that it was "the starkest host and the monest, and with the best order that wes sen Flodwn", that is, "the strongest host and most numerous, in the best order since Flodden."<ref>Joseph Bain, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1547–1563'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 8: Amy Blakeway, 'Spies and Intelligence in Scotland', in Sara Butler & Krista Kesselring, ''Crossing Borders: Boundaries and Margins in Medieval and Early Modern Britain'' (Leiden, 2018), pp. 95–96: See Arran's household book, National Records of Scotland, E31/9 ff. 57–59.</ref>
 [[File:Francois II Scotland 1558.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1558 coin depicting Queen Mary and King Francis]]
@@ Line 75: / Line 74: @@
 In September 1547 Arran assembled a large Scottish army to resist an English invasion led by [[Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset]] but was defeated at the [[battle of Pinkie]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911a}} He was forced to abandon some of his clothes at the battlefield.<ref>James Balfour Paul, ''Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 140.</ref> He nevertheless held onto the regency and continued to lead forces against the occupying troops. For two weeks in February 1548, Arran led a campaign in [[Teviotdale]] with [[André de Montalembert|Monsieur d'Essé]] to recapture [[Ferniehirst Castle]] and punish borderers. He held discussions at [[Jedburgh]] with [[Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon]] over the site and financing of a new fort.<ref>[[Annie Cameron]], ''Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine'' (Edinburgh: SHS, 1927), pp. 289–290.</ref>
-Arran reluctantly agreed in July 1548 to Mary's marriage to [[Francis II of France|Francis]], eldest son of King [[Henry II of France]]. Henry II rewarded him by making him [[Duke of Châtellerault]] on 8 February 1549 and a knight of the [[Order of Saint Michael]].{{sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/367/ 367]}}{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a}}
+Arran reluctantly agreed in July 1548 to Mary's marriage to [[Francis II of France|Francis]], eldest son of [[Henry II of France]]. Henry II, by the [[Treaty of Haddington]] claimed to be Protector of Scotland,<ref>Amy Blakeway, ''Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland'' (Boydell, 2015), pp. 196–197, 205.</ref> and rewarded Arran by making him [[Duke of Châtellerault]] on 8 February 1549 and a knight of the [[Order of Saint Michael]].{{sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/367/ 367]}}
 On 19 April 1550, Regent Arran and his [[Privy Council of Scotland|Privy Council]] made legislation about foodstuffs and rising prices. The people of Scotland were to reduce their diets and banqueting. Prices were set for wild birds and rabbits, swans would be 5 shillings, plovers 5 pence. River birds including herons and ducks were to be caught by hawking. It was forbidden to shoot deer or birds for the table with "half hag or culverin or pistolate". These acts were ratified by Parliament.<ref>[[John Hill Burton]], ''Register of the Privy Council'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 94–95.</ref>
+Arran came to the north of Scotland in 1552, visiting Aberdeen, [[Dunnotar Castle]], and [[Huntly Castle]] where his daughter Barbara Hamilton lived with the family of her husband Alexander, Lord Gordon. He held "justice ayres" or courts and was accompanied by musicians, much like a Scottish monarch on progress.<ref>Amy Blakeway, ''Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland'' (Boydell, 2015), pp. 174–175.</ref>
 == Post-regency ==
-[[File:YoungMaryStuart.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mary, Queen of Scots, by [[François Clouet]], {{Circa}} 1555]]
+[[File:YoungMaryStuart.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Mary, Queen of Scots, by [[François Clouet]], {{Circa}} 1555]]
-In 1554, Châtellerault, as he was now, surrendered the regency to Mary of Guise, and was appointed her lieutenant in Scotland.{{Sfn|Blakeway|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V5-fBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23, line 17]|ps=: "... Chatelherault, likewise, held the position lieutenant of Mary, Queen of Scots, under Marie de Guise."}} He gave up the regency on the condition that he would be Queen Mary's heir if she died childless. The Scottish succession, however, had been secretly promised to France.
+In 1554, Châtellerault, as he was now, surrendered the regency to Mary of Guise, and was appointed her lieutenant in Scotland.{{Sfn|Blakeway|2015|p=23}} He gave up the regency on the condition that he would be Queen Mary's heir if she died childless. The Scottish succession, however, had been secretly promised to France.
-In the first months of the [[Scottish Reformation]] Châtellerault continued to support Mary of Guise. He faced a Protestant army with the French commander at [[Cupar Muir]] in June 1559. He changed his allegiance in August 1559, joining the Protestant [[Lords of the Congregation]] to oppose the regency of Mary of Guise, and lost his French dukedom as a result. In order to discredit him with the English government a letter was forged by his enemies, in which Châtellerault declared his allegiance to Francis II of France, but the plot was exposed. On 27 February 1560, he agreed to the [[Treaty of Berwick (1560)|Treaty of Berwick]] with Queen [[Elizabeth I]] of England, which placed Scotland under English protection.{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arran, Earls of|643, third para, line twenty]]|ps=: "On the 27th of February 1560 he agreed to the treaty of Berwick with Elizabeth, which placed Scotland under her protection."}}
+Châtellerault was still recognised as a significant figure in Scotland. In September 1557, [[Philip II of Spain]], as the husband of [[Mary I of England]] sent [[List of ambassadors of Spain to the United Kingdom|Christophe d'Assonleville]] to broker peace between Scotland and England. Assonleville was instructed to speak to Mary of Guise, the Duke of Châtellerault, and representatives of Edinburgh. He was also instructed to speak with Châtellerault about amicable relations between the Scots and their Flemish trading partners. Assonleville's instructions still include his former title of "governor", though "lieutenant" was now correct.<ref>Gonzalo Velasco Berenguer, 'The Select Council of Philip I: A Spanish Institution in Tudor England, 1555–1558', ''The English Historical Review'', 139:597 (April 2024), pp. 326–359. {{doi|10.1093/ehr/cead216}}: William B. Turnbull, ''Calendar State Papers Foreign, 1553–1558'' (London, 1861), p. 335–336.</ref>
-After the death of Mary of Guise on 15 June 1560, Châtellerault persuaded the [[Parliament of Scotland]] to back a plan to marry his son [[James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran|James]] to Elizabeth I, and then after the death of Francis II on 5 December 1560, he attempted, without success, to arrange for James to marry the young widowed Queen Mary.<ref>''Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland'', vol. ii, (1814), 605-606; HMC ''Hamilton'', (1887), 42, August 1560.</ref>{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a}} However, Mary married [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley|Lord Darnley]] in 1565.
+In the first months of the [[Scottish Reformation]], Châtellerault continued to support Mary of Guise. He faced a Protestant army with the French commander at [[Cupar Muir]] in June 1559. He changed his allegiance in August 1559, joining the Protestant [[Lords of the Congregation]] to oppose the regency of Mary of Guise, and as a result his French dukedom and its estates were taken back by the new French king, [[Francis II of France|Francis II]], the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. In order to discredit Châtellerault with the English government, a letter was forged by his enemies, in which Châtellerault declared his allegiance to Francis II, but the plot was exposed. On 27 February 1560, he agreed to the [[Treaty of Berwick (1560)|Treaty of Berwick]] with Queen [[Elizabeth I]] of England, which placed Scotland under English protection and made provision for an English army to come to the [[siege of Leith]].{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=643}}
-In 1566 Châtellerault withdrew to his estates in France, where he made vain attempts to regain his confiscated duchy. In 1569, he returned to Scotland in support of Mary but was imprisoned by Murray who assembled a parliament and had him declared a traitor. Murray was assassinated on 23 January 1570 while Châtellerault was still in prison. Nevertheless, Châtellerault was rumoured to have been an accomplice in the regent's murder.{{Sfn|Merriman|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613741/page/833/ 833, left column, line 28]|ps=: "The murder of Murray on 23 January 1570, a deed plotted by Archbishop John Hamilton and carried out by James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh led to accusations that Châtelherault had himself been implicated."}} Châtellerault was released from prison on 20 April 1570. In 1573 he gave up his support for Mary and recognised Mary's infant son [[James VI]] as king.{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/170/ 170, right column, line 15]|ps=: "... till 23 Feb. 1573, when action in union with the Earl of Huntly, he consented to acknowledge the king's authority and lay down his sword.}}
+After the death of Mary of Guise on 15 June 1560, Châtellerault persuaded the [[Parliament of Scotland]] to back a plan to marry his son [[James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran|James Hamilton]] to Elizabeth I, and then after the death of Francis II on 5 December 1560, he attempted, without success, to arrange for James to marry the young widowed Queen Mary.<ref>''Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland'', vol. 2 (1814), 605-606; ''HMC Hamilton'' (London, 1887), 42, August 1560.</ref>{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a}} However, Mary married [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley|Lord Darnley]] in 1565.
-Châtellerault died at Hamilton on 22 January 1575.{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/368/ 368, line 28]|ps=: "... died at Hamilton on 22 January 1574–1575."}} He was succeeded by his eldest son James as the 3rd Earl of Arran. However, as James was insane, John his younger brother stood in for him.
+In 1566 Châtellerault withdrew to his former estates in France, where he made vain attempts to regain his confiscated duchy, which in 1563 had been granted to [[Diane de France]]. In 1569, he returned to Scotland in support of Mary, but was imprisoned by the [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray|Earl of Moray]], Regent of Mary's infant son, [[James VI]]. Parliament declared him a traitor. Moray was assassinated on 23 January 1570 while Châtellerault was still in prison. Nevertheless, Châtellerault was rumoured to have been an accomplice in the regent's murder by [[James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh]].{{Sfn|Merriman|2004|p=833}} Châtellerault was released from prison on 20 April 1570. In 1573 he gave up his support for Mary and recognised her infant son as king.{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/170/ 170]}}
+Châtellerault died at Hamilton on 22 January 1575.<ref>''Historie of King James the Sext'' (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1825), p. 151.</ref>{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=368}} He was succeeded by his eldest son James as the 3rd Earl of Arran. However, as James was insane, John his younger brother stood in for him.
 == Timeline ==
@@ Line 100: / Line 103: @@
 !align="left"|Age!!align="left"|Date!!align="left"|Event
 |-
-|0||1519, about||Born, probably in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]], [[Lanarkshire]], Scotland.{{Sfn|Merriman|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613741/page/827/ 827, right column]|ps=: "Hamilton, James, second Earl of Arran ... (c. 1519–1575) ... was born at Hamilton, Lanarkshire, the eldest son of James Hamilton, first Earl of Arran (1475?) and his second wife, Jane Beaton (d. c. 1522)".}}
+|0||1519, about||Born, probably in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]], [[Lanarkshire]], Scotland.{{Sfn|Merriman|2004|p=827}}
 |-
 |{{Age|1519|1522}}||1522, about||Mother died
 |-
-|{{Age|1519|1529}}||1529||Father died; he succeeded as the '''2nd Earl of Arran'''{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/168/ 168, left column, line 1b]|ps=: "... succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father in 1529."}}
+|{{Age|1519|1529}}||1529||Father died; he succeeded as the '''2nd Earl of Arran'''{{Sfn|Dunlop|1890|p=168}}
 |-
 |{{Age|1519|23 Sep 1532}}||1532, c. 23 September||Married Margaret Douglas, daughter of the Earl of Morton{{Sfn|Paul|1907|p=[https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/page/368/ 368, line 30]|ps=: "He married, about 23 September 1532, Margaret, eldest daughter of James Douglas, third Earl of Morton."}}
 |-
-|{{Age|1519|14 Dec 1542}}||''1542, 14 Dec''||''Accession of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], succeeding [[King James V]]''{{Sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritis0000unse/page/61/ 61, line 8]|ps=: "Mary ... acc. 14 Dec. 1542 ..."}}
+|{{Age|1519|14 Dec 1542}}||''1542, 14 Dec''||''Accession of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], succeeding [[King James V]]''{{Sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1986|p=61}}
-|-
-|{{Age|1519|1543}}||1543, early||Appointed regent for [[Mary Queen of Scots]]{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arran, Earls of|643, third para, lines two and three]]|ps=: "... was, in consequence of his position as next successor to the throne after the infant Mary, proclaimed protector of the realm and heir-presumptive of the crown in 1543"}}
 |-
+|{{Age|1519|1543}}||1543, early||Appointed regent for [[Mary Queen of Scots]]{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911a|p=643}}
 |{{Age|1519|Sep 1543}}||1543, Sep||Turned around: Met [[Cardinal Beaton]] at [[Callendar House]] and became Catholic
 |-
@@ Line 136: / Line 138: @@
 |{{Age|1519|1565}}||1565||Queen Mary remarried to [[Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley|Darnley]]
 |-
-|{{Age|1519|24 Jul 1567}}||''1567, 24 Jul''||''Accession of [[King James VI of Scotland]], succeeding [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Queen Mary I]]''{{Sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritis0000unse/page/61/ 61, line 16]|ps=: "James VI ... acc. 24 Jul. 1567 ..."}}
+|{{Age|1519|24 Jul 1567}}||''1567, 24 Jul''||''Accession of [[King James VI of Scotland]], succeeding [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Queen Mary I]]''{{Sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1986|p=61}}
 |-
 |{{Age|1519|1568}}||1568, 13 May||Queen Mary lost the [[Battle of Langside]] and fled to England.
@@ Line 142: / Line 144: @@
 |{{Age|1519|1570}}||1570, 23 Jan||Regent [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray|Moray]] murdered; Châtellerault might have been involved
 |-
-|{{Age|1519|1575}}||1575, 22 Jan||Died at [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]]<ref name="FOOTNOTEPaul1907[httpsarchiveorgdetailsscotspeeragefoun04paulpage368 368, line 28]"/>
+|{{Age|1519|1575}}||1575, 22 Jan||Died at [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]]
 |}
 == Genealogical chart ==
 {{chart top|Hamilton's relationship to the house of Stuart<ref>{{Harvnb|Warnicke|2006|p=xvi–xvii}}</ref>}}
-{{chart/start}}
+{{tree chart/start}}
-{{chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Jim|y|Mary|Jim=[[James II of Scotland|James II]]|Mary=[[Mary of Guelders]]}}
+{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Jim|y|Mary|Jim=[[James II of Scotland|James II]]|Mary=[[Mary of Guelders]]}}
-{{chart | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
-{{chart |border=0| | | | | | | | |Jim| |Alexander| |Mary|y|James|Mary=[[Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran|Mary Stewart]]|Jim=[[James III of Scotland|James III]]|Alexander=[[Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany]]|James=[[James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton]]}}
+{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | | | | |Jim| |Alexander| |Mary|y|James|Mary=[[Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran|Mary Stewart]]|Jim=[[James III of Scotland|James III]]|Alexander=[[Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany]]|James=[[James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton]]}}
-{{chart | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| }}
+{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| }}
-{{chart |border=0| | | | | | | | |James| |John| |Jim| |Betty| | | | | | |Betty=Elizabeth Hamilton|Jim=[[James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran]]|John=[[John Stewart, Duke of Albany]]|James=[[James IV]]}}
+{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | | | | |James| |John| |Jim| |Betty| | | | | | |Betty=Elizabeth Hamilton|Jim=[[James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran]]|John=[[John Stewart, Duke of Albany]]|James=[[James IV]]}}
-{{chart | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
+{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
-{{chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |Jim| |John| ||John=[[John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox]]|Jim='''James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault'''}}
+{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |Jim| |John| ||John=[[John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox]]|Jim='''James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault'''}}
-{{chart | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
+{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
-{{chart |border=0| | | | |MaryG|v|Jim| | | | | | | | | |Matt| | | | | | | | |Jim=[[James V]]|Maggie=[[Margaret Douglas]]|Matt=[[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]]|MaryG=[[Mary of Guise]]}}
+{{tree chart|border=0| | | | |MaryG|v|Jim| | | | | | | | | |Matt| | | | | | | | |Jim=[[James V]]|Maggie=[[Margaret Douglas]]|Matt=[[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]]|MaryG=[[Mary of Guise]]}}
-{{chart | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
+{{tree chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
-{{chart |border=0| | | | | | |Mary|~|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~|~|~|Henry| | | | | | | | | |Mary=[[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary I]]|Henry=[[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]|Jim=[[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]]}}
+{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | | |Mary|~|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~|~|~|Henry| | | | | | | | | |Mary=[[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary I]]|Henry=[[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]|Jim=[[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]]}}
-{{chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
+{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
-{{chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | |Jim| |Jim=[[James VI]]}}
+{{tree chart|border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | |Jim| |Jim=[[James VI]]}}
-{{chart/end}}
+{{tree chart/end}}
 {{chart bottom}}
@@ Line 172: / Line 174: @@
 == Sources ==
 * {{Cite book |editor-last=Bain |editor-first=Joseph |date=1898 |title=Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots 1547–1603 |volume=I |publisher=Her Majesty's General Register House |location=Edinburgh |oclc=1137227125 |url=https://archive.org/details/calendarstatepa00baingoog/}} – 1547 to 1563
-* {{Cite book |editor-last=Bain |editor-first=Joseph |date=1892 |title=The Hamilton Papers |volume=II |publisher=Her Majesty's General Register House |location=Edinburgh |oclc=877556059 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924091786040/}} – 1543 to 1590 (for the letter, dated the 4 September 1543, from Ralph Sadler to Suffolk and Tunstall)
+* {{Cite book |editor-last=Bain |editor-first=Joseph |date=1892 |title=The Hamilton Papers |volume=II |publisher=Her Majesty's General Register House |location=Edinburgh |oclc=877556059 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924091786040/}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Blakeway |first=Amy Louise |date=2015 |title=Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland |publisher=The Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |isbn=978-1-84383-980-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5-fBwAAQBAJ}}
-* {{Cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Bernard |author1-link=Bernard Burke |last2=Burke |first2=Ashworth Peter |date=1915 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage and Companionage |edition=77th |publisher=Harrison |location=London |oclc=1155471554 |url=https://archive.org/details/b3136410x/}}
+* {{Cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Bernard |author1-link=Bernard Burke |last2=Burke |first2=Ashworth Peter |date=1915 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage |edition=77th |publisher=Harrison |location=London |oclc=1155471554 |url=https://archive.org/details/b3136410x/}}
-<!--
-* {{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Bernard |authorlink=Bernard Burke |date=1869 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |edition=31st |publisher=Harrison |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera00inburk/}}
--->
 * {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Arran, Earls of |volume=02 |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |pages=642–644 |date=1911a}}
-* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hamilton (family) |volume=12 |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |pages=878–879 |date=1911b}} – for Walter FitzGilbert
+* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hamilton (family) |volume=12 |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |pages=878–879 |date=1911b}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Clifford |first=Arthur |authorlink=Arthur Clifford |date=1809 |title=The State Papers and Letters of Ralph Sadler, Knight-Banneret |volume=I |publisher=Archibald Constable |location=Edinburgh |oclc=1015501369 |url=https://archive.org/details/statepaperslette01sadluoft/}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Clifford |first=Arthur |authorlink=Arthur Clifford |date=1809 |title=The State Papers and Letters of Ralph Sadler |volume=I |publisher=Archibald Constable |location=Edinburgh |oclc=1015501369 |url=https://archive.org/details/statepaperslette01sadluoft/}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Debrett |first=John |author-link=John Debrett |date=1828 |title=Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |edition=17th |volume=II |publisher=F. C. and J. Rivington |location=London |oclc=54499602 |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage01debrgoog/}} – Scotland and Ireland
+* {{Cite book |last=Debrett |first=John |author-link=John Debrett |date=1828 |title=Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |edition=17th |volume=II |publisher=F. C. and J. Rivington |location=London |oclc=54499602 |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage01debrgoog/}}
-* {{Cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Gladys |date=1942 |title=Two Missions of Jacques de la Brosse |journal=Publications of the Scottish History Society |series=3 |volume=36 |pages=7–8 |url=https://archive.org/details/twomissionsofjac00dick/ |url-access=registration}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Dickinson |first=Gladys |date=1942 |title=Two Missions of Jacques de la Brosse |publisher=Scottish History Society |series=3 |volume=36 |pages=7–8 |url=https://archive.org/details/twomissionsofjac00dick/ |url-access=registration}}
-* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Dunlop |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Dunlop (historian) |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Sidney |editor-link=Sidney Lee |date=1890 |title=Hamilton, James, second Earl of Arran and Duke of Châtelherault (d. 1575) |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of National Biography]] |volume=XXIV |publisher=[[MacMillan and Co.]] |location=New York |pages=167–170 |oclc=8544105 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/167/}} <!-- The URL contains the number 25, but the volume is 24. -->
+* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Dunlop |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Dunlop (historian) |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Sidney |editor-link=Sidney Lee |date=1890 |title=Hamilton, James, second Earl of Arran and Duke of Châtelherault (d. 1575) |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of National Biography]] |volume=XXIV |publisher=[[MacMillan and Co.]] |location=New York |pages=167–170 |oclc=8544105 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/167/}}
-* {{Cite book |editor-last=Fryde |editor-first=Edmund Boleslaw |editor-link=Edmund Fryde |editor2-last=Greenway |editor2-first=D. E. |editor3-last=Porter |editor3-first=S. |editor4-last=Roy |editor4-first=I. |date=1986 |title=Handbook of British Chronology |publisher=Offices of the Royal Historical Society |edition=3rd |series=Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks, No. 2 |location=London |isbn=0-86193-106-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritis0000unse/ |url-access=registration}} – (for timeline)
+* {{Cite book |editor-last=Fryde |editor-first=Edmund Boleslaw |editor-link=Edmund Fryde |editor2-last=Greenway |editor2-first=D. E. |editor3-last=Porter |editor3-first=S. |editor4-last=Roy |editor4-first=I. |date=1986 |title=Handbook of British Chronology |publisher=Offices of the Royal Historical Society |edition=3rd |series=Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks, No. 2 |location=London |isbn=0-86193-106-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbritis0000unse/ |url-access=registration}}
 * {{Cite book |editor-last=Laing |editor-first=Henry |date=1850 |title=Descriptive Catalogue of Impressions from Ancient Schottish Seals |publisher=T. Constable |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivecata01laingoog/page/n119/mode/2up}}
 * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Merriman |first=Marcus |author-link=Marcus Merriman |editor1-last=Matthew |editor1-first=Colin |editor1-link=Colin Matthew |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=Brian |editor2-link=Brian Harrison (historian) |date=2004 |title=Hamilton, James, second earl of Arran (c. 1519–1575) |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |volume=24 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |pages=827–833 |isbn=0-19-861374-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613741/page/827/ |url-access=registration}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Sir James Balfour |author-link=James Balfour Paul |date=1907 |title=The Scots Peerage, Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland |volume=IV |publisher=David Douglas |location=Edinburgh |oclc=505064285 |url=https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/}} – Fife to Hyndford (for Duke of Hamilton)
+* {{Cite book |last=Paul |first=James Balfour |author-link=James Balfour Paul |date=1907 |title=Scots Peerage |volume=IV |publisher=David Douglas |location=Edinburgh |oclc=505064285 |url=https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun04paul/}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Warnicke |first=Retha M. |authorlink=Retha Warnicke |title=Mary Queen of Scots |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-29182-8}}
@@ Line 213: / Line 210: @@
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Chatellerault, James Hamilton, Duke of}}
 [[Category:1510s births]]
 [[Category:1575 deaths]]
@@ Line 221: / Line 218: @@
 [[Category:16th-century Scottish landowners]]
 [[Category:16th-century regents]]
-[[Category:Court of James V of Scotland]]
+[[Category:Court of James V]]
 [[Category:Dukes of Châtellerault|501]]
 [[Category:Earls of Arran|202]]
@@ Line 235: / Line 232: @@
 [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
 [[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Protestantism]]
+[[Category:16th-century French nobility]]

Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/filter Template:S-bef/check	Earl of Arran 1529–1548 Template:S-ttl/check	Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by Template:Delink question hyphen-minus Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter Template:S-aft/filter
French nobility Template:S-break			Vacant Title last held by Charles de Valois	Duke of Châtellerault 1548–1559 Template:S-ttl/check	Vacant Title next held by Diane de France

James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:18, 22 December 2025

Contents

Family

Marriage

Regent of Scotland

Pro-English policy

Pro-French policy

Post-regency

Timeline

Genealogical chart

Notes

References

Sources

Attribution

Further reading

Navigation menu

James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:18, 22 December 2025

Family

Marriage

Regent of Scotland

Pro-English policy

Pro-French policy

Post-regency

Timeline

Genealogical chart

Notes

References

Sources

Attribution

Further reading

Navigation menu

Search