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{{Short description|Bantu ethnicity in Pakistan}}
{{Short description|Bantu ethnicity in Pakistan and India}}
{{About|the South Asian ethnic group|other uses}}
{{About|the South Asian ethnic group|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Habshi|the ethnic group in Ethiopia |Habesha peoples|other uses|Habash (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Habshi|the ethnic group in Ethiopia |Habesha peoples|other uses|Habash (disambiguation)}}
{{Hatnote|"Afro-Indian" and "Afro Indian" redirect here. For other ethnic groups and people of both African and Indian origin or people of Indian descent in Africa, see [[Indo-African (disambiguation)]]. For people of both African and Indigenous American (i.e. "Indian") origin, see [[Black Indians in the United States]] and [[Zambo]].}}
{{Hatnote|"Afro-Indian" and "Afro Indian" redirect here. For other ethnic groups and people of both African and Indian origin or people of Indian descent in Africa, see [[Indo-African (disambiguation)]]. For people of both African and Indigenous American (i.e. "Indian") origin, see [[Black Indians in the United States]] and [[Zambo]].}}
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{{Cleanup|date=June 2023|reason=Requires further clean up per [[WP:OR]] and [[WP:RS]], if possible replace newspaper links with reliable citations.}}
{{Cleanup|date=June 2023|reason=Requires further clean up per [[WP:OR]] and [[WP:RS]], if possible replace newspaper links with reliable citations.}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
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{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
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| pop6            = 183
| pop6            = 183
| ref6            = <ref name=Census2011 />
| ref6            = <ref name=Census2011 />
| languages        = ''' Currently spoken: ''' <br/> [[Languages of South Asia|Various South Asian languages]]<br/> ''' Traditional: ''' <br/>[[Sidi language]]
| languages        = ''' Currently spoken: ''' <br/> [[Languages of South Asia|Various South Asian languages]]<br/> ''' Traditional: ''' <br/>[[Sidi language]]<br/>
| religions        = '''Predominantly:''' [[Sunni Islam]] <br /> '''Minority:''' [[Christianity]] & [[Hinduism]]
| religions        = '''Predominantly:''' [[Sunni Islam]] <br /> '''Minority:''' [[Christianity]] & [[Hinduism]]
| native_name      =  
| native_name      =  
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The '''Siddi''' ({{IPA|hns|sɪdːiː|pron}}), also known as the '''Sheedi''', '''Sidi''', or '''Siddhi''', are an ethno-religious group living mostly in [[Pakistan]]. Some Siddis also live in [[India]]. They are primarily descended from the [[Bantu peoples]] of the [[Zanj]] coast in [[Southeast Africa]], most of whom came to the [[Indian subcontinent]] through the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewald |first=Janet |date=November 2008 |title=No Objection to a Wandering Unsettled Life:" Bondsmen and Freedmen in the Ports and at Sea of the Indian Ocean World, c. 1500-1900 |url=https://glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/indian-ocean/ewald.pdf |website=10th Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference, Yale University}}</ref> Others arrived as merchants, sailors, [[indentured servitude|indentured servants]], and mercenaries.<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal |last=Shah |first=Anish M. |display-authors=etal |date=15 July 2011 |title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030 |pmc=3135801 |pmid=21741027}}</ref>
The '''Siddi''' ({{IPA|hns|sɪdːiː|pron}}), also known as the '''Sheedi''', '''Sidi''', or '''Siddhi''', are an ethnic group living in [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]. They are primarily descended from the [[Bantu peoples]] of the [[Zanj]] coast in [[Southeast Africa]], most of whom came to the [[Indian subcontinent]] through the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewald |first=Janet |date=November 2008 |title=No Objection to a Wandering Unsettled Life:" Bondsmen and Freedmen in the Ports and at Sea of the Indian Ocean World, c. 1500-1900 |url=https://glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/indian-ocean/ewald.pdf |website=10th Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference, Yale University}}</ref> Others arrived as merchants, sailors, [[indentured servitude|indentured servants]], and mercenaries.<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal |last=Shah |first=Anish M. |display-authors=etal |date=15 July 2011 |title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030 |pmc=3135801 |pmid=21741027}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
There are conflicting hypotheses on the origin of the name ''Siddi''. One theory is that the word derives from ''sahibi'', an [[Arabic]] term of respect in North Africa, similar to the word ''sahib'' in modern India and Pakistan.<ref name="Albinia2012" /> A second theory is that the term ''Siddi'' is derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India; these captains were known as ''[[Sayyid]]''.<ref name="Prashad">{{Citation | title=Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity | author=Vijay Prashad | year=2002 | publisher=Beacon Press | isbn=978-0-8070-5011-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiO6zUS9gigC | quote=''...since the captains of the African and Arab vessels bore the title Sidi (from Sayyid, or the lineage of Muhammad), the African settlers on the Indian mainland came to be called Siddis...''}}</ref> A different name occasionally used for the Siddi is the term "Habshi". While originally used to refer specifically to the [[Habesha peoples]], [[Ethio-Semitic]]-speakers from [[Abyssinia]], the term later became more broadly used to refer to Africans of any ethnicity, but not necessarily referring to the Siddi specifically.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ḥabshī {{!}} African and Abyssinian enslaved persons {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Habshi |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Péquignot |first=Sofia |title=Siddi (of Karnataka) |date=2021-09-16 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-the-religions-of-the-indigenous-people-of-south-asia-online/*-COM_033469 |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of the Religions of the Indigenous People of South Asia Online |access-date=2023-06-11 |publisher=Brill}}</ref>
There are conflicting hypotheses on the origin of the name ''Siddi''. One theory is that the word derives from ''sahibi'', an [[Arabic]] term of respect in North Africa, similar to the word ''sahib'' in modern India and Pakistan.<ref name="Albinia2012" /> A second theory is that the term ''Siddi'' is derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India; these captains were known as ''[[Sayyid]]''.<ref name="Prashad">{{Citation | title=Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity | author=Vijay Prashad | year=2002 | publisher=Beacon Press | isbn=978-0-8070-5011-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiO6zUS9gigC | quote=''...since the captains of the African and Arab vessels bore the title Sidi (from Sayyid, or the lineage of Muhammad), the African settlers on the Indian mainland came to be called Siddis...''}}</ref> A different name occasionally used for the Siddi is the term "Habshi". While originally used to refer specifically to people from [[Abyssinia]], the term later became more broadly used to refer to Africans of any ethnicity, but not necessarily referring to the Siddi specifically.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ḥabshī {{!}} African and Abyssinian enslaved persons {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Habshi |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Péquignot |first=Sofia |title=Siddi (of Karnataka) |date=2021-09-16 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-the-religions-of-the-indigenous-people-of-south-asia-online/*-COM_033469 |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of the Religions of the Indigenous People of South Asia Online |access-date=2023-06-11 |publisher=Brill}}</ref> Similarly, this term for Siddis is held to be derived from the common name for the captains of the [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinian]] ships that also first delivered Siddi slaves to the subcontinent.<ref name="Prashad" /> Historian [[Richard M. Eaton]] states Habshis were initially [[Traditional African religions|pagans]] sold by [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Christians]] to [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] merchants for Indian textiles.<ref>India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 - Richard M. Eaton, 2019 https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP164&lpg=PP164&dq=The+painting+was+completed+c.1616,+another+bad%0Ayear+in+a+series+of+bad+years+for+Mughal+military+operations+in+the+Deccan.+From+the+start+of+his+reign,%0AJahangir+had+sent+army+after+army+south+to+fulfil+his%0Afather%27s+dream+of+annexing+the+plateau+to+the+empire.%0ABetween+1608+and+1612+he+launched+four+major+inva-%0Asions+led+by+his+best+generals,+but+all+were+repulsed+by%0Aarmies+loyal+to+Ahmadnagar,+one+of+the+three+remain-%0Aing+major+sultanates+of+the+plateau.+Although+the%0Akingdom%27s+Nizam+Shahi+house+was+headed+by+a+series%0Aof+weak,+puppet+sultans+and+the+capital+of+Ahmad-%0Anagar+was+occupied+by+Mughal+forces,+the+state+was%0Akept+alive+by+two+powerful+groups:+Maratha+warrior%0Alineages+and+the+so-called+Habshis+natives+of+east%0AAfrica+recruited+as+military+slaves.&source=bl&ots=JvGFcHQ3Zl&sig=ACfU3U281cfQYJYVHiPOvrIiVPpB2856Ig&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlh4fWw-qFAxVVADQIHRS_ANsQ6AF6BAgFEAE#v=onepage&q=The%20painting%20was%20completed%20c.1616%2C%20another%20bad%20year%20in%20a%20series%20of%20bad%20years%20for%20Mughal%20military%20operations%20in%20the%20Deccan.%20From%20the%20start%20of%20his%20reign%2C%20Jahangir%20had%20sent%20army%20after%20army%20south%20to%20fulfil%20his%20father's%20dream%20of%20annexing%20the%20plateau%20to%20the%20empire.%20Between%201608%20and%201612%20he%20launched%20four%20major%20inva-%20sions%20led%20by%20his%20best%20generals%2C%20but%20all%20were%20repulsed%20by%20armies%20loyal%20to%20Ahmadnagar%2C%20one%20of%20the%20three%20remain-%20ing%20major%20sultanates%20of%20the%20plateau.%20Although%20the%20kingdom's%20Nizam%20Shahi%20house%20was%20headed%20by%20a%20series%20of%20weak%2C%20puppet%20sultans%20and%20the%20capital%20of%20Ahmad-%20nagar%20was%20occupied%20by%20Mughal%20forces%2C%20the%20state%20was%20kept%20alive%20by%20two%20powerful%20groups%3A%20Maratha%20warrior%20lineages%20and%20the%20so-called%20Habshis%20natives%20of%20east%20Africa%20recruited%20as%20military%20slaves.&f=false</ref>


Siddis are also sometimes referred to as Afro-Indians.<ref name="mazrui1986">{{Citation | title=The Africans: a reader | author=Ali Al'Amin Mazrui, Toby Kleban Levine | year=1986 | publisher=Praeger | isbn=978-0-03-006209-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpQEAQAAIAAJ | quote=''...continue to exist in three main communities. These Afro-Indians, known as 'Siddis' ...''}}</ref><ref name="harris1971">{{Citation | title=The African presence in Asia: consequences of the East African slave trade | author=Joseph E. Harris | year=1971 | publisher=Northwestern University Press | isbn=978-0-8101-0348-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8G4AAAAIAAJ | quote=''In fact, it is frequently said that Afro-Indians in western Gujarat are descendants of escaped slaves....''}}</ref><ref name="hamilton2007">{{Citation | title=Routes of Passage: Rethinking the African Diaspora | author=Ruth Simms Hamilton | year=2007 | publisher=Michigan State University Press | isbn=978-0-87013-632-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL2RAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Siddis were referred to as ''[[Zanj]]i'' by Arabs; in China, various [[transcription into Chinese characters|transcriptions]] of this Arabic word were used, including ''Xinji'' (辛吉) and ''Jinzhi'' (津芝).<ref name="David Brion Davis 2006 p.12">David Brion Davis, ''Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery'' (Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 12.</ref><ref>''Ci Hai'' 7(1): [https://books.google.com/books?id=PqcGAQAAIAAJ&q=%E8%BE%9B%E5%90%89%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 125.]</ref><ref name="Roland Oliver 1975 p.192">Roland Oliver, ''Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 BC-1400 AD'', (Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 192.</ref><ref name="F.R.C. Bagley 1997 p.174">F. R. C. Bagley et al., ''The Last Great Muslim Empires'', (Brill: 1997), p. 174.</ref>
Siddis are also sometimes referred to as Afro-Indians.<ref name="mazrui1986">{{Citation | title=The Africans: a reader | author=Ali Al'Amin Mazrui, Toby Kleban Levine | year=1986 | publisher=Praeger | isbn=978-0-03-006209-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpQEAQAAIAAJ | quote=''...continue to exist in three main communities. These Afro-Indians, known as 'Siddis' ...''}}</ref><ref name="harris1971">{{Citation | title=The African presence in Asia: consequences of the East African slave trade | author=Joseph E. Harris | year=1971 | publisher=Northwestern University Press | isbn=978-0-8101-0348-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8G4AAAAIAAJ | quote=''In fact, it is frequently said that Afro-Indians in western Gujarat are descendants of escaped slaves....''}}</ref><ref name="hamilton2007">{{Citation | title=Routes of Passage: Rethinking the African Diaspora | author=Ruth Simms Hamilton | year=2007 | publisher=Michigan State University Press | isbn=978-0-87013-632-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL2RAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Siddis were referred to as ''[[Zanj]]i'' by Arabs; in China, various [[transcription into Chinese characters|transcriptions]] of this Arabic word were used, including ''Xinji'' (辛吉) and ''Jinzhi'' (津芝).<ref name="David Brion Davis 2006 p.12">David Brion Davis, ''Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery'' (Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 12.</ref><ref>''Ci Hai'' 7(1): [https://books.google.com/books?id=PqcGAQAAIAAJ&q=%E8%BE%9B%E5%90%89%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 125.]</ref><ref name="Roland Oliver 1975 p.192">Roland Oliver, ''Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 BC-1400 AD'', (Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 192.</ref><ref name="F.R.C. Bagley 1997 p.174">F. R. C. Bagley et al., ''The Last Great Muslim Empires'', (Brill: 1997), p. 174.</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The Siddi population derived primarily from [[Bantu peoples]] of [[African Great Lakes|Southeast Africa]] who were brought to the [[Indian subcontinent]] as slaves.<ref name="Shah" /> Most of these migrants were or else became [[Muslim]]s, while a small minority became [[Hindu]].<ref name="Albinia2012">{{cite book|title = Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River|last = Albinia|first = Alice|author-link = Alice Albinia|publisher = Hachette|year = 2012|isbn = 978-0393063226|location = UK|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VRSbjdPQirYC&q=sheedi}}</ref> The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] also employed African-origin guards and soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3116817.stm|title=Hyderabad's African old guard|date=2003-08-04|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/Another-face-of-Hyderabad/articleshow/1999168.cms|title=Another face of Hyderabad |website=The Times of India|date=4 May 2007 |access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref>
The Siddi population derived primarily from [[Bantu peoples]] of [[African Great Lakes|Southeast Africa]] who were brought to the [[Indian subcontinent]] as slaves.<ref name="Shah" /> Most of these migrants were or else became [[Muslim]]s, while a small minority became [[Hindu]].<ref name="Albinia2012">{{cite book|title = Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River|last = Albinia|first = Alice|author-link = Alice Albinia|publisher = Hachette|year = 2012|isbn = 978-0393063226|location = UK|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VRSbjdPQirYC&q=sheedi}}</ref> The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] also employed African-origin guards and soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3116817.stm|title=Hyderabad's African old guard|date=2003-08-04|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/Another-face-of-Hyderabad/articleshow/1999168.cms|title=Another face of Hyderabad |website=The Times of India|date=4 May 2007 |access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref>


The first Siddis are thought to have arrived in [[India]] in 628 CE at the [[Bharuch]] port. Several others followed with the first [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Arab Islamic conquest of the subcontinent]] in 712 CE.<ref name="pandya2002">{{Citation | title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium | author=Yatin Pandya, Trupti Rawal | year=2002 | publisher=Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXJuAAAAMAAJ | quote=''The first Muslims in Gujarat to have arrived are the Siddis via the Bharuch port in 628 CE ... The major group, though, arrived in 712 CE via Sindh and the north.... With the founding of Ahmedabad in 1411 CE it became the concentrated base of the community....''}}</ref> The latter group are believed to have been soldiers with [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]'s Arab army, and were called ''[[Zanj]]is''.
The first Siddis are thought to have arrived in [[India]] in 628 CE at the [[Bharuch]] port. Several others followed with the first [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Arab Islamic conquest of the subcontinent]] in 712 CE.<ref name="pandya2002">{{Citation | title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium | author=Yatin Pandya, Trupti Rawal | year=2002 | publisher=Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXJuAAAAMAAJ | quote=''The first Muslims in Gujarat to have arrived are the Siddis via the Bharuch port in 628 CE ... The major group, though, arrived in 712 CE via Sindh and the north.... With the founding of Ahmedabad in 1411 CE it became the concentrated base of the community....''}}</ref> The latter group are believed to have been soldiers with [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]'s Arab army, and were called ''[[Zanj]]is''.
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=== Pakistan ===
=== Pakistan ===
In Pakistan, locals of Bantu descent are called "Sheedi" and "Makrani". They live primarily along the [[Makran]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], and Southern [[Sindh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1869876.stm|title=Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive|last=Abbas|first=Zaffar|date=13 March 2002|publisher=BBC|quote=One of the Pakistan's smallest ethnic communities is made up of people of African origin, known as Sidi. The African-Pakistanis live in Karachi and other parts of the Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in abject poverty, but they rarely complain of discrimination. Although this small Muslim community is not on the verge of extinction, their growing concern is how to maintain their distinct African identity in the midst of the dominating South Asian cultures.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Even though most Sheedis today in Pakistan are of mixed heritage and the number population is complex to determine,<ref name=":6" /> the population in 2018 was estimated to be of around 250,000.<ref name="dawn.com">Paracha, Nadeem (26 August 2018), [https://www.dawn.com/news/1428950/smokers-corner-sindhs-african-roots "Smokers' corner: Sindh's African roots "], ''Dawn''.</ref> Many Sheedis have largely assimilated into the larger [[Baloch people|Baloch]] identity,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=lyari |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935444-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Why This Misunderstood Neighbourhood 9000 Miles From Brazil Has Its Biggest Superfans |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/brazil-world-cup-qatar-pakistan-lyari-superfans/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Feroz |date=10 January 1989 |title=Africa on the Coast of Pakistan |url=https://dh.howard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1515&context=newdirections |journal=New Directions |volume=16 |issue=4}}</ref> and linguistically, they speak variations of [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (in Karachi), and have created a distinct dialect of [[Urdu]] named ''Makrani'', with Urdu words mixed with Balochi and Sindhi expressions and common English terms, mainly picked up from English films and TV series.<ref name=":3" />
In Pakistan, locals of Bantu descent are called "Sheedi" and "SheediMakrani". They live primarily along the [[Makran]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], and Southern [[Sindh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1869876.stm|title=Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive|last=Abbas|first=Zaffar|date=13 March 2002|publisher=BBC|quote=One of the Pakistan's smallest ethnic communities is made up of people of African origin, known as Sidi. The African-Pakistanis live in Karachi and other parts of the Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in abject poverty, but they rarely complain of discrimination. Although this small Muslim community is not on the verge of extinction, their growing concern is how to maintain their distinct African identity in the midst of the dominating South Asian cultures.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Even though most Sheedis today in Pakistan are of mixed heritage and the number population is complex to determine,<ref name=":6" /> the population in 2018 was estimated to be of around 250,000.<ref name="dawn.com">Paracha, Nadeem (26 August 2018), [https://www.dawn.com/news/1428950/smokers-corner-sindhs-african-roots "Smokers' corner: Sindh's African roots "], ''Dawn''.</ref> Many Sheedis have largely assimilated into the larger [[Baloch people|Baloch]] identity,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=lyari |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935444-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Why This Misunderstood Neighbourhood 9000 Miles From Brazil Has Its Biggest Superfans |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/brazil-world-cup-qatar-pakistan-lyari-superfans/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Feroz |date=10 January 1989 |title=Africa on the Coast of Pakistan |url=https://dh.howard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1515&context=newdirections |journal=New Directions |volume=16 |issue=4}}</ref> and linguistically, they speak variations of [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (in Karachi), and have created a distinct dialect of [[Urdu]] named ''Makrani'', with Urdu words mixed with Balochi and Sindhi expressions and common English terms, mainly picked up from English films and TV series.<ref name=":3" />


Although Sheedi remains a neutral term, many individuals are moving away from it, instead adopting the surname Qambrani, in reverence to [[Qambar (person)|Qambar]], the freed slave of [[Ali]],<ref name="Shah" /><ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2008 |title=Sheedis have been hurt most by attitudes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/308558/karachi-sheedis-have-been-hurt-most-by-attitudes |access-date=30 December 2013 |work=Dawn |quote=Sindhi Sheedis call themselves Qambrani, out of reverence for Hazrat Qambar, a servant of Hazrat Ali (AS).}}</ref> while others prefer the name Bilali, referencing [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilal]], a companion of [[Prophet Muhammad]].<ref name=":6" />
Although Sheedi remains a neutral term, many individuals are moving away from it, instead adopting the surname Qambrani, in reverence to [[Qambar (person)|Qambar]], the freed slave of [[Ali]],<ref name="Shah" /><ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2008 |title=Sheedis have been hurt most by attitudes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/308558/karachi-sheedis-have-been-hurt-most-by-attitudes |access-date=30 December 2013 |work=Dawn |quote=Sindhi Sheedis call themselves Qambrani, out of reverence for Hazrat Qambar, a servant of Hazrat Ali (AS).}}</ref> while others prefer the name Bilali, referencing [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilal]], a companion of [[Prophet Muhammad]].<ref name=":6" />
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==== Sindh ====
==== Sindh ====
[[File:Hoshu Sheedi.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Hoshu Sheedi]]]]
[[File:Hoshu Sheedi.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Hoshu Sheedi]]]]
African presence in Sindh is documented from 711 A.D. after the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh]].<ref name="pandya2002" /> However, significant African slave importation to Sindh occurred from the late 18th to mid-19th centuries, during the peak of the [[Slavery in Oman|Omani-Arab slave trade]]. Slaves mostly from modern-day [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]], were captured and sold in [[Zanzibar]], then shipped to [[Muscat]] until reaching Karachi. The demand for African slaves increased in Sindh as the [[Talpur]] rulers granted land to Baloch warlords, who sought slaves.<ref name=":6" />
African presence in Sindh is documented from 711 A.D. after the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh]].<ref name="pandya2002" /> However, significant African slave importation to Sindh occurred from the late 18th to mid-19th centuries, during the peak of the [[Slavery in Oman|Omani-Arab slave trade]]. Slaves mostly from modern-day [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]], were captured and sold in [[Zanzibar]], then shipped to [[Muscat]] until reaching Karachi. The demand for African slaves increased in Sindh as the [[Talpur]] rulers granted land to Baloch warlords, who sought slaves.<ref name=":6" />


A few slaves, due to their intelligence and loyalty, rose to prominence. [[Hoshu Sheedi]] is known to have fought during the British invasion, particularly at the [[Battle of Hyderabad]] in 1843, where he died fighting. He is remembered as a hero and symbol of Sindhi resistance, with his battle cry: "My head you may take, but my Sindh I will not forsake." After the British defeated the Talpurs, slavery and the slave trade were ironically banned in Sindh, leading to the emancipation of the Sheedi community.<ref name=":6" />
A few slaves, due to their intelligence and loyalty, rose to prominence. [[Hoshu Sheedi]] fought during the [[British conquest of Sindh]], particularly at the [[Battle of Hyderabad]] in 1843, where he died fighting. He is remembered as a hero and symbol of Sindhi resistance, with his battle cry: "My head you may take, but my Sindh I will not forsake." After the British defeated the Talpurs, they banned slavery and the slave trade in Sindh, leading to the emancipation of the Siddi community.<ref name=":6" />


Sheedis are largely populated in different towns and villages in southern [[Sindh]]. In the city of [[Karachi]], the main Sheedi centre is the area of [[Lyari Town|Lyari]] and other nearby coastal areas. The Mombasa street in Lyari is named after the city of [[Mombasa]] in Kenya.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Purnima Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PucrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mombasa+Lyari+sheedi&pg=PT45 |title=The African Diaspora in India: Assimilation, Change and Cultural Survivals |date=2017-09-05 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-37365-4 |language=en}}</ref> The children of interracial marriage of a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] man and a Sheedi woman are called Gadra/Gada/Guda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balfour |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2sIAAAAQAAJ&q=ghata+fight+&pg=PA390 |title=Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |date=1873 |publisher=Scottish and Adelphi Presses |pages=390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani |url=http://archive.org/details/san_0600 |title=ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |date=2005 |pages=312 |language=Sindhi}}</ref>
Siddis are largely populated in different towns and villages in southern [[Sindh]]. In the city of [[Karachi]], the main Siddi centre is the area of [[Lyari Town|Lyari]] and other nearby coastal areas. The Mombasa street in Lyari is named after the city of [[Mombasa]] in Kenya.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Purnima Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PucrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mombasa+Lyari+sheedi&pg=PT45 |title=The African Diaspora in India: Assimilation, Change and Cultural Survivals |date=2017-09-05 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-37365-4 |language=en}}</ref> The children of interracial marriage of a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] man and a Siddi woman are called Gadra/Gada/Guda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balfour |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2sIAAAAQAAJ&q=ghata+fight+&pg=PA390 |title=Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |date=1873 |publisher=Scottish and Adelphi Presses |pages=390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani |url=http://archive.org/details/san_0600 |title=ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا |date=2005 |pages=312 |language=Sindhi}}</ref>


Most Sheedis in Karachi are historically associated with the fishing business, traditionally working as fishermen, sailors and small boat operators. They also constitute the largest labour force employed at the [[Port of Karachi]] and harbour.<ref name=":3" /> Many increasingly have pursued higher professions. [[Muhammad Siddique Musafir]] was a popular writer and poet of the [[Sindhi language]]. During the [[British Raj]], notable Sheedi descent leaders emerged through local self-government initiatives, including the mayor of Karachi [[Allah Bakhsh Gabol]].<ref name=":6" /> His son [[Abdul Sattar Gabol]] became one of the founding members of the [[Pakistan People's Party]].<ref name=":6" /> [[Tanzeela Qambrani]] became the first Sheedi woman to be elected as the member of [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]] in [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>[https://arynews.tv/en/tanzeela-qambrani-first-sheedi-woman-sindh/ Tanzeela Qambrani: First Sheedi woman to become member of Sindh Assembly]</ref><ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1423754/tanzeela-to-be-first-sheedi-woman-to-enter-sindh-assembly Tanzeela to be first Sheedi woman to enter Sindh Assembly ]</ref>
Most Siddi in Karachi are historically associated with the fishing business, traditionally working as fishermen, sailors and small boat operators. They also constitute the largest labour force employed at the [[Port of Karachi]] and harbour.<ref name=":3" /> Many increasingly have pursued higher professions. [[Muhammad Siddique Musafir]] was a popular writer and poet of the [[Sindhi language]]. During the [[British Raj]], notable leaders of Siddi descent emerged through local self-government initiatives, including the mayor of Karachi [[Allah Bakhsh Gabol]].<ref name=":6" /> His son [[Abdul Sattar Gabol]] became one of the founding members of the [[Pakistan People's Party]].<ref name=":6" /> [[Tanzeela Qambrani]] became the first Siddi woman to be elected as the member of [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]] in [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arynews.tv/en/tanzeela-qambrani-first-sheedi-woman-sindh/ |title=Tanzeela Qambrani: First Sheedi woman to become member of Sindh Assembly |access-date=30 July 2018 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730171152/https://arynews.tv/en/tanzeela-qambrani-first-sheedi-woman-sindh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1423754/tanzeela-to-be-first-sheedi-woman-to-enter-sindh-assembly Tanzeela to be first Sheedi woman to enter Sindh Assembly ]</ref>


==== Balochistan ====
==== Balochistan ====
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=== Festivals ===
=== Festivals ===
The annual [[Sheedi Mela]] festival in Pakistan is the key event in the Sheedi community's cultural calendar.<ref name="thenews.com.pk">[http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=122726 Sheedi Mela begins with ritual aplomb]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, ''[[The News International]]'', 7 July 2008.</ref> Some glimpses of the rituals at the festival include visit to sacred alligators at [[Pir Mangho|Mangopir]], playing music and dance.<ref>{{cite news |title=شیدی میلہ |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/2010/06/100615_sheedi_mela.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616231344/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/2010/06/100615_sheedi_mela.shtml |archive-date=16 June 2010 |access-date=2009-10-04 |language=ur}}, [[BBC Urdu]], 18 June 2010.</ref> Clearly, the instrument, songs and dance appear to be derived from Africa.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/16/local9.htm "Manghopir urs a living tribute to Sheedi culture"], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' 16 July 2007.</ref>
The annual [[Sheedi Mela]] festival in Pakistan is the key event in the Sheedi community's cultural calendar.<ref name="thenews.com.pk">[http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=122726 Sheedi Mela begins with ritual aplomb]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, ''[[The News International]]'', 7 July 2008.</ref> Some glimpses of the rituals at the festival include visit to sacred alligators at [[Pir Mangho|Mangopir]], playing music and dance.<ref>{{cite news |title=شیدی میلہ |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan/2010/06/100615_sheedi_mela |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616231344/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/2010/06/100615_sheedi_mela.shtml |archive-date=16 June 2010 |access-date=2009-10-04 |language=ur}}, [[BBC Urdu]], 18 June 2010.</ref> Clearly, the instrument, songs and dance appear to be derived from Africa.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/16/local9.htm "Manghopir urs a living tribute to Sheedi culture"], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' 16 July 2007.</ref>


They are also active in cultural activities and annual festivals, like the Habash Festival, with the support of several community organisations. In [[Sindh]], Sheedi men perform a unique dance on "mugarman" an ancestral traditional musical instrument of Sheedis, dressed in their traditional attire with markings on face, they also perform dangerous stunts while performing like spitting fire out of mouth, the dance is generally called as Sheedi dance.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Bhurgari |first=M. Hashim |date=24 October 2009 |title=Sheedi basha hum basha: black people dance away sorrows |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/77851 |access-date=16 October 2012 |work=Dawn}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Salman |first=Peerzada |date=2023-02-12 |title=Art and culture workshop under way at Frere Hall |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1736651 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
They are also active in cultural activities and annual festivals, like the Habash Festival, with the support of several community organisations. In [[Sindh]], Sheedi men perform a unique dance on "mugarman" an ancestral traditional musical instrument of Sheedis, dressed in their traditional attire with markings on face, they also perform dangerous stunts while performing like spitting fire out of mouth, the dance is generally called as Sheedi dance.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Bhurgari |first=M. Hashim |date=24 October 2009 |title=Sheedi basha hum basha: black people dance away sorrows |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/77851 |access-date=16 October 2012 |work=Dawn}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Salman |first=Peerzada |date=2023-02-12 |title=Art and culture workshop under way at Frere Hall |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1736651 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
Line 135: Line 137:


=== Sports ===
=== Sports ===
Athletics has been an important part of the Siddi community and has been a means to uplift youth and a means of escape from poverty and discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/racing-better-future-african-origin-tribe-k-taka-s-turning-sports-99255|title=Racing for a better future: The African-origin tribe in K'taka that's turning to sports|last=Bhat|first=Prajwal|date=2019-03-31|website=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/how-these-african-indians-can-bring-gold-medals-for-the-country-in-next-olympics-363715.html|title=How These African-Indians Can Bring Gold Medals for the Country in Next Olympics|last=Dabas|first=Maninder|date=2019-03-14|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/186211/siddi-africa-karnataka-breaking-stereotypes-sports-india/|title=Bengaluru Man Helps Karnataka's Siddi Tribe Smash Stigma with Sports!|date=2019-06-17|website=The Better India|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> [[Association football|Football]] and [[boxing]] are the most popular sports, and some of the most notable boxers and footballers in Pakistan have emerged from the Sheedi community.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2012-03-28 |title=The good, the bad & the Lyari |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/706128/the-good-the-bad-the-lyari |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>
Athletics has been an important part of the Siddi community and has been a means to uplift youth and a means of escape from poverty and discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/racing-better-future-african-origin-tribe-k-taka-s-turning-sports-99255|title=Racing for a better future: The African-origin tribe in K'taka that's turning to sports|last=Bhat|first=Prajwal|date=2019-03-31|website=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/how-these-african-indians-can-bring-gold-medals-for-the-country-in-next-olympics-363715.html|title=How These African-Indians Can Bring Gold Medals for the Country in Next Olympics|last=Dabas|first=Maninder|date=2019-03-14|website=indiatimes.com|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/186211/siddi-africa-karnataka-breaking-stereotypes-sports-india/|title=Bengaluru Man Helps Karnataka's Siddi Tribe Smash Stigma with Sports!|date=2019-06-17|website=The Better India|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> [[Association football|Football]] and [[boxing]] are the most popular sports, and some of the most notable boxers and footballers in Pakistan have emerged from the Sheedi community.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2012-03-28 |title=The good, the bad & the Lyari |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/706128/the-good-the-bad-the-lyari |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
[[File:Pakistan national football team, 1964.jpg|thumb|Sheedi dominated [[Pakistan national football team]] in 1964]]
[[File:Pakistan national football team, 1964.jpg|thumb|Sheedi dominated [[Pakistan national football team]] in 1964]]
The Sheedi community has played a large role in Pakistani football history.<ref name=":6" /> In its early years, football in Pakistan was mainly concentrated to [[Balochistan]] and the locality of Lyari,<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Rising Popularity of Football in Pakistan Reflects Growing Interest in the Sport |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1204028/rising-popularity-of-football-in-pakistan-reflects-growing-interest-in-the-sport/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> from where majority of players of the [[Pakistan national football team]] were recruited mainly in the 1960s, which is often regarded as the early [[Golden Age|golden age]] of Pakistani football.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=2010-12-23 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part I |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593095/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=2010-12-23 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part II |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593096/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-ii |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Notable Sheedi players during this period include [[Abdul Ghafoor (footballer)|Abdul Ghafoor]], nicknamed the "Pakistani [[Pelé]]" and "Black Pearl of Pakistan",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raheel |first=Natasha |date=2012-09-08 |title=Pakistani Pele was a 'football encyclopaedia' {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/433130/pakistani-pele-was-a-football-encyclopaedia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708022827/https://tribune.com.pk/story/433130/pakistani-pele-was-a-football-encyclopaedia/ |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-07 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Muhammad Umer]], [[Moosa Ghazi]], [[Abid Ghazi]], [[Turab Ali]], [[Abdullah Rahi]], [[Murad Bakhsh (footballer)|Murad Bakhsh]], [[Qadir Bakhsh]], [[Maula Bakhsh]], among others.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
The Sheedi community has played a large role in Pakistani football history, particularly during its early years. Notable Sheedi players include [[Abdul Ghafoor (footballer)|Abdul Ghafoor]], nicknamed the "Pakistani [[Pelé]]" and "Black Pearl of Pakistan",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raheel |first=Natasha |date=2012-09-08 |title=Pakistani Pele was a 'football encyclopaedia' {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/433130/pakistani-pele-was-a-football-encyclopaedia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708022827/https://tribune.com.pk/story/433130/pakistani-pele-was-a-football-encyclopaedia/ |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-07 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Muhammad Umer]], [[Moosa Ghazi]], [[Abid Ghazi]], [[Turab Ali]], [[Abdullah Rahi]], [[Murad Bakhsh (footballer)|Murad Bakhsh]], [[Qadir Bakhsh]], [[Maula Bakhsh]], among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=2010-12-23 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part I |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593095/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=2010-12-23 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part II |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593096/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-ii |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>


== Religion ==
== Religion ==
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* Shanti Sadiq Ali, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC ''The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times''], [[Orient Blackswan]], 1996.
* Shanti Sadiq Ali, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC ''The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times''], [[Orient Blackswan]], 1996.
* Ababu Minda Yimene, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C ''An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change''], Cuvillier Verlag, 2004, p.&nbsp;201.
* Ababu Minda Yimene, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C ''An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change''], Cuvillier Verlag, 2004, p.&nbsp;201.
* Omar H. Ali, [http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africansindianocean/index2.php ''The African Diaspora in India''], Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library.
* Omar H. Ali, [http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africansindianocean/index2.php ''The African Diaspora in India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019050614/http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africansindianocean/index2.php |date=19 October 2019 }}, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library.
* Abdulaziz Y. Lodhi, [http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/comment/51594 "Bantu origins of the Sidis of India"], in ''Pambazuka News'', 29 October 2008.
* Abdulaziz Y. Lodhi, [http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/comment/51594 "Bantu origins of the Sidis of India"], in ''Pambazuka News'', 29 October 2008.
* [http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=Habshi "Habshis and Siddis – Africans and African descendants in South Asia"], ColorQ World.
* [http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=Habshi "Habshis and Siddis – Africans and African descendants in South Asia"], ColorQ World.
* [http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/ethiopia.html The Global African Community/Great Habshis in Ethiopian/Indian History]
* [http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/ethiopia.html The Global African Community/Great Habshis in Ethiopian/Indian History]
* [http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2000/04/21-04-00/Hist.htm History of the Ethiopian Diaspora]
* [http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2000/04/21-04-00/Hist.htm History of the Ethiopian Diaspora]
* Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya, [http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/south-asian-communities-with-african-roots/ "South Asia's Africans: A Forgotten People"], History Workshop, 5 February 2011.
* Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya, [http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/south-asian-communities-with-african-roots/ "South Asia's Africans: A Forgotten People"]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, History Workshop, 5 February 2011.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070115035750/http://travel.expressindia.com/story/20499.html Lord of All He Surveys], The Express Travel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070115035750/http://travel.expressindia.com/story/20499.html Lord of All He Surveys], The Express Travel
* Willie Molesi, ''Africans and Indians: The Gulf Between'', {{ISBN| 979-8338818190}}
* Willie Molesi, ''Africans and Indians: The Gulf Between'', {{ISBN| 979-8338818190}}

Latest revision as of 12:40, 3 December 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "Hatnote". Template:Pp-extended Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Short description Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Siddi (Script error: No such module "IPA".), also known as the Sheedi, Sidi, or Siddhi, are an ethnic group living in Pakistan and India. They are primarily descended from the Bantu peoples of the Zanj coast in Southeast Africa, most of whom came to the Indian subcontinent through the Indian Ocean slave trade.[1] Others arrived as merchants, sailors, indentured servants, and mercenaries.[2]

Etymology

There are conflicting hypotheses on the origin of the name Siddi. One theory is that the word derives from sahibi, an Arabic term of respect in North Africa, similar to the word sahib in modern India and Pakistan.[3] A second theory is that the term Siddi is derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India; these captains were known as Sayyid.[4] A different name occasionally used for the Siddi is the term "Habshi". While originally used to refer specifically to people from Abyssinia, the term later became more broadly used to refer to Africans of any ethnicity, but not necessarily referring to the Siddi specifically.[5][6] Similarly, this term for Siddis is held to be derived from the common name for the captains of the Abyssinian ships that also first delivered Siddi slaves to the subcontinent.[4] Historian Richard M. Eaton states Habshis were initially pagans sold by Ethiopian Christians to Gujarati merchants for Indian textiles.[7]

Siddis are also sometimes referred to as Afro-Indians.[8][9][10] Siddis were referred to as Zanji by Arabs; in China, various transcriptions of this Arabic word were used, including Xinji (辛吉) and Jinzhi (津芝).[11][12][13][14]

History

The Siddi population derived primarily from Bantu peoples of Southeast Africa who were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves.[2] Most of these migrants were or else became Muslims, while a small minority became Hindu.[3] The Nizam of Hyderabad also employed African-origin guards and soldiers.[15][16]

The first Siddis are thought to have arrived in India in 628 CE at the Bharuch port. Several others followed with the first Arab Islamic conquest of the subcontinent in 712 CE.[17] The latter group are believed to have been soldiers with Muhammad bin Qasim's Arab army, and were called Zanjis.

Some Siddis escaped slavery to establish communities in forested areas. Siddis were also brought as slaves by the Deccan Sultanates. These Siddis embraced Deccani Muslim culture, and identified with the Deccani Indian Muslim political faction against the Iranian Shia immigrants.[18] Several former slaves rose to high ranks in the military and administration, the most prominent of which was Malik Ambar.[19]

Geographical distribution

India

File:Sidis of Bombay.jpg
Sidis of Madras

Harris (1971) provides a historical survey of the eastward dispersal of slaves from Southeast Africa to places like India.[20] Hamilton (1990) argues that Siddis in India, their histories, experiences, cultures, and expressions, are integral to the African Diaspora and thus, help better understand the dynamics of dispersed peoples.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". More recent focused scholarship argues that although Siddis are numerically a minority, their historic presence in India for over five hundred years, as well as their self-perception, and how the broader Indian society relates to them, make them a distinct Bantu/Indian.[21] Historically, Siddis have not existed only within binary relations to the nation state and imperial forcesScript error: No such module "Unsubst".. They did not simply succumb to the ideologies and structures of imperial forcesScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., nor did they simply rebel against imperial rule.[22] The Siddi are recognized as a scheduled tribe in 3 states and 1 union territory: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Daman and Diu.[23]

Hyderabad

In the 18th century, a Siddi community arrived with the Arab, and frequently served as cavalry guards to the Asif Jahi Nizam of Hyderabad's army. The Asif Jahi rulers patronised them with rewards and the traditional Marfa music gained popularity and would be performed during official celebrations and ceremonies.[24][25][26]

Gujarat

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File:Siddi Folk Dancers, at Devaliya Naka, Sasan Gir, Gujarat.jpg
Siddi Folk dancers, at Devaliya Naka, Sasan Gir, Gujarat.

Supposedly presented as slaves by the Portuguese to the local Prince, Nawab of Junagadh, the Siddis also live around Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife sanctuary.[27] On the way to Deva-dungar is the village of Sirvan, inhabited entirely by Siddis. They were brought 300 years ago from Portuguese colonial territories for the Nawab of Junagadh. Today, they follow very few of their original customs, with a few exceptions like the traditional Dhamal dance.[28]

Although Gujarati Siddis have adopted the language and many customs of their surrounding populations, some of their Bantu traditions have been preserved. These include the Goma music and dance form, which is sometimes called Dhamaal (Gujarati: ધમાલ, fun).[29] The term is believed to be derived from the Ngoma drumming and traditional dance forms of the Bantu people inhabiting Central, East and Southern Africa.[30] The Goma also has a spiritual significance and, at the climax of the dance, some dancers are believed to be vehicles for the presence of Siddi saints of the past.[31]

Goma music comes from the Kiswahili word "ngoma", which means a drum or drums. It also denotes any dancing occasion where traditional drums are principally used.

The majority of the Siddis in Gujarat are Muslims (98.7%), with very few following Hinduism (1%).[32]

Karnataka

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File:Siddi Girl.jpg
A Siddi girl from the town of Yellapur in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India.

The Siddis of Karnataka (also spelled Siddhis) are an ethnic minority group of mainly Bantu descent that has made Karnataka their home for the last 400 years.[2] There is a 50,000-strong Siddhi population across India, of which more than a third live in Karnataka.[33] In Karnataka, they are concentrated around Yellapur, Haliyal, Ankola, Joida, Mundgod and Sirsi taluks of Uttara Kannada and in Khanapur of Belgaum and Kalaghatagi of Dharwad district. Many members of the Siddis community of Karnataka had migrated to Pakistan after independence and have settled in Karachi, Sindh.

A plurality of the Siddis in Karnataka follow Hinduism (41.8%), followed by Islam (30.6%) and Christianity (27.4%).[34]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, locals of Bantu descent are called "Sheedi" and "SheediMakrani". They live primarily along the Makran in Balochistan, and Southern Sindh.[35] Even though most Sheedis today in Pakistan are of mixed heritage and the number population is complex to determine,[36] the population in 2018 was estimated to be of around 250,000.[37] Many Sheedis have largely assimilated into the larger Baloch identity,[38][39][36] and linguistically, they speak variations of Balochi, Sindhi (in Karachi), and have created a distinct dialect of Urdu named Makrani, with Urdu words mixed with Balochi and Sindhi expressions and common English terms, mainly picked up from English films and TV series.[40]

Although Sheedi remains a neutral term, many individuals are moving away from it, instead adopting the surname Qambrani, in reverence to Qambar, the freed slave of Ali,[2][41] while others prefer the name Bilali, referencing Bilal, a companion of Prophet Muhammad.[36]

Sindh

File:Hoshu Sheedi.jpg
Depiction of Hoshu Sheedi

African presence in Sindh is documented from 711 A.D. after the Umayyad conquest of Sindh.[17] However, significant African slave importation to Sindh occurred from the late 18th to mid-19th centuries, during the peak of the Omani-Arab slave trade. Slaves mostly from modern-day Kenya and Tanzania, were captured and sold in Zanzibar, then shipped to Muscat until reaching Karachi. The demand for African slaves increased in Sindh as the Talpur rulers granted land to Baloch warlords, who sought slaves.[36]

A few slaves, due to their intelligence and loyalty, rose to prominence. Hoshu Sheedi fought during the British conquest of Sindh, particularly at the Battle of Hyderabad in 1843, where he died fighting. He is remembered as a hero and symbol of Sindhi resistance, with his battle cry: "My head you may take, but my Sindh I will not forsake." After the British defeated the Talpurs, they banned slavery and the slave trade in Sindh, leading to the emancipation of the Siddi community.[36]

Siddis are largely populated in different towns and villages in southern Sindh. In the city of Karachi, the main Siddi centre is the area of Lyari and other nearby coastal areas. The Mombasa street in Lyari is named after the city of Mombasa in Kenya.[36][42] The children of interracial marriage of a Sindhi man and a Siddi woman are called Gadra/Gada/Guda.[43][44]

Most Siddi in Karachi are historically associated with the fishing business, traditionally working as fishermen, sailors and small boat operators. They also constitute the largest labour force employed at the Port of Karachi and harbour.[40] Many increasingly have pursued higher professions. Muhammad Siddique Musafir was a popular writer and poet of the Sindhi language. During the British Raj, notable leaders of Siddi descent emerged through local self-government initiatives, including the mayor of Karachi Allah Bakhsh Gabol.[36] His son Abdul Sattar Gabol became one of the founding members of the Pakistan People's Party.[36] Tanzeela Qambrani became the first Siddi woman to be elected as the member of Provincial Assembly of Sindh in 2018 Pakistani general election.[45][46]

Balochistan

The arrival of Africans on the Makran coast of Balochistan is tied to the same slave trade that brought Sindhi Sheedis from East Africa. However, their journey was likely more intricate due to the historical recruitment of Baloch mercenaries by the rulers of Oman, along with African slaves as soldiers and laborers on date farms. This created a historical link between the two groups.[36] In 1782, the ruler of the Khanate of Kalat, who controlled Makran, ceded Gwadar and surrounding territories to Oman, facilitating further interaction between the two groups. As the 18th century progressed, the Sultan of Oman expanded his influence along the Iranian coast acquiring various ports, which allowed African slaves engaged in maritime activities to reach Gwadar and other regions that are now part of Pakistan.[36] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, famines and slave rebellions in coastal Iran led to the liberation and migration of many slaves and free individuals towards the East, with a significant number settling in eastern Makran. Many ultimately moved to Lyari in Karachi.[36]

In the interior of the Makran district and surrounding Balochistan areas, where Sheedis were historically used as slave laborers on date farms, many still find themselves in bonded labor situations today. Despite the formal abolition of slavery by the ruler of Kalat in 1914, the practice of keeping domestic slaves persisted until the late 1950s. Today, some landlords and religious leaders continue to employ black servants.[36]

Genetics

Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on the ethnogenesis of the Siddi. Genetic genealogy, although a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of the modern Siddi.

Y DNA

A Y-chromosome study by Shah et al. (2011) tested Siddi individuals in India for paternal lineages. The authors observed the E1b1a1-M2 haplogroup, which is frequent among Bantu peoples, in about 42% and 34% of Siddis from Karnataka and Gujarat, respectively. Around 14% of Siddis from Karnataka and 35% of Siddis from Gujarat also belonged to the Sub-Saharan B-M60. The remaining Siddis had Indian associated or Near Eastern-linked clades, including haplogroups P, H, R1a-M17, J2 and L-M20.[47]

Thangaraj (2009) observed similar, mainly Bantu-linked paternal affinities amongst the Siddi.[48]

Qamar et al. (2002) analysed Makrani Sheedis in Pakistan and found that they instead predominantly carried Indian-associated or Near Eastern-linked haplogroups. R1a1a-M17 (30.30%), J2 (18.18%) and R2 (18.18%) were their most common male lineages.[49] Only around 12% carried Africa-derived clades, which mainly consisted of the archaic haplogroup B-M60, of which they bore the highest frequency of any Pakistani population Underhill et al. (2009) likewise detected a relatively high frequency of R1a1a-M17 (25%) subclade among Makrani Sheedis.[50]

mtDNA

According to an mtDNA study by Shah et al. (2011), the maternal ancestry of the Siddi consists of mostly Bantu-associated haplogroups with barely any Indian-associated haplogroups, reflecting insignificant female gene flow from neighbouring Indian populations. About 95% of the Siddis from Gujarat and 99% of the Siddis from Karnataka belonged to various Bantu-derived macro-haplogroup L subclades. The latter mainly consisted of L0 and L2a sublineages associated with Bantu women. The remainder possessed Indian-specific subclades of the Eurasian haplogroups M and N, which points to recent admixture with autochthonous Indian groups.[2]

Autosomal DNA

Narang et al. (2011) examined the autosomal DNA of Siddis in India. According to the researchers, about 58% of the Siddis' ancestry is derived from Bantu peoples. The remainder is associated with locals North and Northwest Indian populations, due to recent admixture events.[51]

Similarly, Shah et al. (2011) observed that Siddis in Gujarat derive 66.90%–70.50% of their ancestry from Bantu forebears, while the Siddis in Karnataka possess 64.80%–74.40% such Southeast African ancestry. The remaining autosomal DNA components in the studied Siddi were mainly associated with local South Asian populations. According to the authors, gene flow between the Siddis' Bantu ancestors and local Indian populations was also largely unidirectional. They estimate this admixture episode's time of occurrence at within the past 200 years or eight generations.[2]

Culture

File:Siddi Tribal Dance.jpg
Siddi tribal dance performance in Delhi

While they have assimilated in many ways to the dominant culture,[52] they have also kept some ancestral practices especially in music and dance.[53] Like other ethnic groups separated by geography, there are both differences and similarities in cultural practices among the Siddi.

Clothing

When it comes to dress, women and men dress in typical South Asian attires. Siddi women wear the garments predominant in their locale, which can be colorful saris accessorised with bindis in India or salwar kameez in Pakistan.[54] Men wear what is generally appropriate for men in their communities.[52]

Festivals

The annual Sheedi Mela festival in Pakistan is the key event in the Sheedi community's cultural calendar.[55] Some glimpses of the rituals at the festival include visit to sacred alligators at Mangopir, playing music and dance.[56] Clearly, the instrument, songs and dance appear to be derived from Africa.[57]

They are also active in cultural activities and annual festivals, like the Habash Festival, with the support of several community organisations. In Sindh, Sheedi men perform a unique dance on "mugarman" an ancestral traditional musical instrument of Sheedis, dressed in their traditional attire with markings on face, they also perform dangerous stunts while performing like spitting fire out of mouth, the dance is generally called as Sheedi dance.[58][59]

Music

In the nascent Baloch culture awareness in the 20th century, many individuals involved in this cultural and political revitalization were of African descent. Among them was Bilawal Belgium from Lyari, who gained national and international acclaim for his mastery of the banjo for Sindhi and Balochi music on Radio Pakistan and as a member of Pakistan's official music groups travelling to different countries.[36]

Assimilation

Generally, the Siddi primarily associate and marry members of their own communities.[60] It is rare for the Siddi to marry outside of their communities although in Pakistan a growing number of the Sheedi intermarry as a way to dilute their African lineage and reduce racial discrimination and prejudice.[61]

Siddi communities, although classified as a tribe by the Indian government, primarily live in agricultural communities where men are responsible for the farming and women are responsible for the home and children.[53] Outside of their communities, men also tend to be employed as farm hands, drivers, manual laborers, and security guards.[52]

As in other aspects of life, the Siddi have adopted the common dietary practices of the dominant society. An example of a staple meal would be a large portions of rice with dal and pickles.[60]

Sports

Athletics has been an important part of the Siddi community and has been a means to uplift youth and a means of escape from poverty and discrimination.[62][63][64] Football and boxing are the most popular sports, and some of the most notable boxers and footballers in Pakistan have emerged from the Sheedi community.[40][36]

File:Pakistan national football team, 1964.jpg
Sheedi dominated Pakistan national football team in 1964

The Sheedi community has played a large role in Pakistani football history, particularly during its early years. Notable Sheedi players include Abdul Ghafoor, nicknamed the "Pakistani Pelé" and "Black Pearl of Pakistan",[65] Muhammad Umer, Moosa Ghazi, Abid Ghazi, Turab Ali, Abdullah Rahi, Murad Bakhsh, Qadir Bakhsh, Maula Bakhsh, among others.[66][67]

Religion

Siddis are primarily Muslims, although some are Hindus and others belong to the Catholic Church.[68] Majority of Sheedis in Pakistan belong to the Sunni Barelvi school of faith.[40] The Sufi saint Pir Mangho is regarded by many as an important Wali, and the annual Sheedi Mela festival is the key event in the Sheedi community's cultural calendar.[55]

Films and books

  • From Africa...To Indian Subcontinent: Sidi Music in the Indian Ocean Diaspora (2003) by Amy Catlin-Jairazbhoy, in close collaboration with Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy and the Sidi community.
  • Mon petit diable (My Little Devil) (1999) was directed by Gopi Desai. Om Puri, Pooja Batra, Rushabh Patni, Satyajit Sharma.
  • Razia Sultan (1983), an Indian Urdu film directed by Kamal Amrohi, is based on the life of Razia Sultan (played by Hema Malini) (1205–1240), the only female Sultan of Delhi (1236–1240), and her speculated love affair with the Abyssinian slave Jamal-ud-Din Yakut (played by Dharmendra). He was referred to in the movie as a habshee.
  • A Certain Grace: The Sidi, Indians of African Descent by Ketaki Sheth, Photolink, 2013.[69]
  • Shaping Membership, Defining Nation: The Cultural Politics of African Indians in South Asia (2007) by Pashington Obeng.
  • Inside a Lost African Tribe Still Living in India Today (2018) by Asha Stuart
  • #unfair (2019) a film produced by Public Service Broadcast Trust directed by Wenceslaus Mendes, Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, Anushka Matthews, Mohit Bhalla

Notable Siddis

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  7. ↑ India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 - Richard M. Eaton, 2019 https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP164&lpg=PP164&dq=The+painting+was+completed+c.1616,+another+bad%0Ayear+in+a+series+of+bad+years+for+Mughal+military+operations+in+the+Deccan.+From+the+start+of+his+reign,%0AJahangir+had+sent+army+after+army+south+to+fulfil+his%0Afather%27s+dream+of+annexing+the+plateau+to+the+empire.%0ABetween+1608+and+1612+he+launched+four+major+inva-%0Asions+led+by+his+best+generals,+but+all+were+repulsed+by%0Aarmies+loyal+to+Ahmadnagar,+one+of+the+three+remain-%0Aing+major+sultanates+of+the+plateau.+Although+the%0Akingdom%27s+Nizam+Shahi+house+was+headed+by+a+series%0Aof+weak,+puppet+sultans+and+the+capital+of+Ahmad-%0Anagar+was+occupied+by+Mughal+forces,+the+state+was%0Akept+alive+by+two+powerful+groups:+Maratha+warrior%0Alineages+and+the+so-called+Habshis+natives+of+east%0AAfrica+recruited+as+military+slaves.&source=bl&ots=JvGFcHQ3Zl&sig=ACfU3U281cfQYJYVHiPOvrIiVPpB2856Ig&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlh4fWw-qFAxVVADQIHRS_ANsQ6AF6BAgFEAE#v=onepage&q=The%20painting%20was%20completed%20c.1616%2C%20another%20bad%20year%20in%20a%20series%20of%20bad%20years%20for%20Mughal%20military%20operations%20in%20the%20Deccan.%20From%20the%20start%20of%20his%20reign%2C%20Jahangir%20had%20sent%20army%20after%20army%20south%20to%20fulfil%20his%20father's%20dream%20of%20annexing%20the%20plateau%20to%20the%20empire.%20Between%201608%20and%201612%20he%20launched%20four%20major%20inva-%20sions%20led%20by%20his%20best%20generals%2C%20but%20all%20were%20repulsed%20by%20armies%20loyal%20to%20Ahmadnagar%2C%20one%20of%20the%20three%20remain-%20ing%20major%20sultanates%20of%20the%20plateau.%20Although%20the%20kingdom's%20Nizam%20Shahi%20house%20was%20headed%20by%20a%20series%20of%20weak%2C%20puppet%20sultans%20and%20the%20capital%20of%20Ahmad-%20nagar%20was%20occupied%20by%20Mughal%20forces%2C%20the%20state%20was%20kept%20alive%20by%20two%20powerful%20groups%3A%20Maratha%20warrior%20lineages%20and%20the%20so-called%20Habshis%20natives%20of%20east%20Africa%20recruited%20as%20military%20slaves.&f=false
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  14. ↑ F. R. C. Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires, (Brill: 1997), p. 174.
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External links

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