Khmelnytskyi: Difference between revisions

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English-language guide to the city of Khmelnytskyi
 
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{{Short description|City and administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{Short description|City and administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Other uses|Khmelnytsky (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Khmelnytsky (disambiguation)}}
{{Expand Ukrainian|topic=geo|date=July 2022}}
{{Expand Ukrainian|topic=geo|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Khmelnytskyi
| official_name      = Khmelnytskyi
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| native_name_lang  = uk
| native_name_lang  = uk
| other_name        =  
| other_name        =  
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]]
| settlement_type    = [[City status in Ukraine|City]]
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage|position=center
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage|position=center
  | photo1a                      = Будинок ХОХМ 03.jpg
  | photo1a                      = Будинок ХОХМ 03.jpg
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   }}
   }}
| imagesize          =  
| imagesize          =  
| image_caption      = {{hlist|Clockwise from top: Regional Art Museum|Restaurant <i>Elephant</i>|Church of St. George the Victorious|City Council Building|House of the Officers|Pharmacy}}
| image_caption      = {{hlist|Clockwise from top: Regional Art Museum|Restaurant ''Elephant''|Church of St. George the Victorious|City Council Building|House of the Officers|Pharmacy}}
| image_flag        = Flag of Khmelnytskyi.svg
| image_flag        = Flag of Khmelnytskyi.svg
| image_shield      = Coat of Arms of Khmelnitsky.svg
| image_shield      = Coat of Arms of Khmelnitsky.svg
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The city foundation date is uncertain. The territory where Khmelnytskyi is situated has been inhabited for a very long time. Many archaeological discoveries have been made in the city suburbs. For example, to the East of Lezneve district, there was a settlement from the [[Bronze Age]] 2000 B.C., and from [[Scythians|Scythian]] times from 7–3 century B.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://volonter-turbota.blogspot.com/2011/06/2-2-1.html|title=Волонтерська турбота про духовні скарби Хмельниччини: Участь європейського клубу "Кур'єри ЮНЕСКО" гімназії №2 м. Хмельницького зі статусом "Асоційована школа ЮНЕСКО" у проекті "Волонтерська турбота про духовні скарби Хмельниччини"|last=ЮНЕСКО"|first=Опубліковано Євроклуб "Кур'єри|access-date=2016-05-03}}</ref> The first mention of the city was written with Cyrillic alphabet. The earliest known mention in historical sources was in 1431,<ref>{{Cite Q|Q12164093|editor=Pavlo Sokhanʹ|pages=771–2|series=new series|year=2004|issue="8/9"|last=Mykhailovskyi|first=Vitalii|chapter=Source References about Proskuriv in the 15th Century}}</ref> when it was known as ''Płoskirów'' (''Ploskirov'', ''Плоскиров'') and was part of the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]. It was a [[royal city]].
The city foundation date is uncertain. The territory where Khmelnytskyi is situated has been inhabited for a very long time. Many archaeological discoveries have been made in the city suburbs. For example, to the East of Lezneve district, there was a settlement from the [[Bronze Age]] 2000 B.C., and from [[Scythians|Scythian]] times from 7–3 century B.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://volonter-turbota.blogspot.com/2011/06/2-2-1.html|title=Волонтерська турбота про духовні скарби Хмельниччини: Участь європейського клубу "Кур'єри ЮНЕСКО" гімназії №2 м. Хмельницького зі статусом "Асоційована школа ЮНЕСКО" у проекті "Волонтерська турбота про духовні скарби Хмельниччини"|last=ЮНЕСКО"|first=Опубліковано Євроклуб "Кур'єри|access-date=2016-05-03}}</ref> The first mention of the city was written with Cyrillic alphabet. The earliest known mention in historical sources was in 1431,<ref>{{Cite Q|Q12164093|editor=Pavlo Sokhanʹ|pages=771–2|series=new series|year=2004|issue="8/9"|last=Mykhailovskyi|first=Vitalii|chapter=Source References about Proskuriv in the 15th Century}}</ref> when it was known as ''Płoskirów'' (''Ploskirov'', ''Плоскиров'') and was part of the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]. It was a [[royal city]].


Polish rule was briefly interrupted by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] between 1672 and 1699. During this period, it was a subdivision of [[Medzhibozh|Mejibuji]] sanjak in [[Podolia Eyalet]] as ''Poloskiruf''.<ref>http://i.piccy.info/i9/50c7ec080439bb1790d77fec4b180a08/1437042927/139143/831035/The_Eyalet_of_Kamanice.jpg Map of Podolia Eyalet</ref> After the [[Second Partition of Poland]] in 1793, the city was annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] and was renamed ''Proskurov'' ({{lang|ru|Проскурoв}}). According to the [[Russian Empire Census|Russian census of 1897]], Proskurov with a population of 22,855 was the fifth largest city of Podolia after [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], [[Uman]], [[Vinnytsia]] and [[Balta, Ukraine|Balta]]. In 1920 it became part of [[Soviet Ukraine]]. In 1954 the city was finally renamed ''Khmelnytskyi'' (Хмельницький) in the honor of the 300th anniversary of a treaty negotiated by [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]].
Polish rule was briefly interrupted by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] between 1672 and 1699. During this period, it was a subdivision of [[Medzhibozh|Mejibuji]] sanjak in [[Podolia Eyalet]] as ''Poloskiruf''.<ref>[http://i.piccy.info/i9/50c7ec080439bb1790d77fec4b180a08/1437042927/139143/831035/The_Eyalet_of_Kamanice.jpg]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409163656/http://i.piccy.info/i9/50c7ec080439bb1790d77fec4b180a08/1437042927/139143/831035/The_Eyalet_of_Kamanice.jpg|date=9 April 2016}} Map of Podolia Eyalet</ref> After the [[Second Partition of Poland]] in 1793, the city was annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] and was renamed ''Proskurov'' ({{lang|ru|Проскурoв}}). According to the [[Russian Empire Census|Russian census of 1897]], Proskurov with a population of 22,855 was the fifth largest city of Podolia after [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], [[Uman]], [[Vinnytsia]] and [[Balta, Ukraine|Balta]]. In 1920 it became part of [[Soviet Ukraine]]. In 1954 the city was finally renamed ''Khmelnytskyi'' (Хмельницький) in the honor of the 300th anniversary of a treaty negotiated by [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]].


After new archival sources presented at the 2006 conference City of Khmelnytskyi in the Context of Ukrainian History post-dated the city’s earliest mention from 1493 to 1431, it changed its official 513th anniversary commemoration to its 575th.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-03-12|title=За п'ятнадцять років Хмельницький постаршав на 63 роки - vsim.ua|url=https://vsim.ua/Podii/za-pyatnadtsyat-rokiv-hmelnitskiy-postarshav-na-63-roki-46995.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Новини Хмельницького за сьогодні|language=uk}}</ref>
After new archival sources presented at the 2006 conference City of Khmelnytskyi in the Context of Ukrainian History post-dated the city’s earliest mention from 1493 to 1431, it changed its official 513th anniversary commemoration to its 575th.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-03-12|title=За п'ятнадцять років Хмельницький постаршав на 63 роки - vsim.ua|url=https://vsim.ua/Podii/za-pyatnadtsyat-rokiv-hmelnitskiy-postarshav-na-63-roki-46995.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Новини Хмельницького за сьогодні|language=uk}}</ref>
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A series of anti-Jewish [[pogrom]]s have been carried out in the region, known together as the [[Proskurov pogrom]]. According to Vinnytsia's city archives, the pogrom was conducted on the Friday night of February 15, 1919, by one of the otamans (generals) of the Ukrainian People's Army, Otaman [[Ivan Semesenko|Semysenko (also rendered as Semesenko)]]. Estimates vary as to the number of victims, some putting the death toll at 1,500 Jews in Proskurov alone, with 600 more killed in nearby Filshtein.<ref name=Haaretz2016>{{cite news |author= David B. Green |title= 1919: Cossacks Start Pogrom in Ukraine, Killing Jews but Sparing Property |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |location=[[Tel Aviv]] |series= This Day in Jewish History |date= 15 February 2016|url= https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1919-cossacks-start-pogrom-in-ukraine-1.5404243 |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
A series of anti-Jewish [[pogrom]]s have been carried out in the region, known together as the [[Proskurov pogrom]]. According to Vinnytsia's city archives, the pogrom was conducted on the Friday night of February 15, 1919, by one of the otamans (generals) of the Ukrainian People's Army, Otaman [[Ivan Semesenko|Semysenko (also rendered as Semesenko)]]. Estimates vary as to the number of victims, some putting the death toll at 1,500 Jews in Proskurov alone, with 600 more killed in nearby Filshtein.<ref name=Haaretz2016>{{cite news |author= David B. Green |title= 1919: Cossacks Start Pogrom in Ukraine, Killing Jews but Sparing Property |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |location=[[Tel Aviv]] |series= This Day in Jewish History |date= 15 February 2016|url= https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1919-cossacks-start-pogrom-in-ukraine-1.5404243 |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>


The Chief Otaman Petliura had been appointed head of state just two days prior to the tragedy, on February the 13th. Petliura issued Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine ([[Jewish Bund|Bund]], [[Poale Zion]], [[Folkspartei|Folks-Partei]], Unificationists) rose to defend the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government. He condemned such pogroms, calling those initiating them deserters and enemies of the State that must be liquidated. The order was co-signed by the Chief of Staff, Otaman Yunakiv. The order was published in the ''Ukraina'' newspaper on February 20 (March 4, old style). Later, Petliura issued a special order to execute Semysenko for being the pogrom initiator. According to sources the order was carried out<ref name="Proskurivsky153731"/> on March 20, 1920.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Other sources claim that he was released.<ref name="Proskurivsky153731">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2019/02/25/153731/ Proskurivsky pogrom. Petliura's fault?] by [[Henry Abramson]], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (25 February 2019)</ref>
The Chief Otaman Petliura had been appointed head of state just two days prior to the tragedy, on February the 13th. Petliura issued Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine ([[Jewish Bund|Bund]], [[Poale Zion]], [[Folkspartei|Folks-Partei]], Unificationists) rose to defend the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government. He condemned such pogroms, calling those initiating them deserters and enemies of the State that must be liquidated. The order was co-signed by the Chief of Staff, Otaman Yunakiv. The order was published in the ''Ukraina'' newspaper on February 20 (March 4, new style). Later, Petliura issued a special order to execute Semysenko for being the pogrom initiator. According to sources the order was carried out<ref name="Proskurivsky153731"/> on March 20, 1920.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Other sources claim that he was released.<ref name="Proskurivsky153731">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2019/02/25/153731/ Proskurivsky pogrom. Petliura's fault?] by [[Henry Abramson]], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (25 February 2019)</ref>


During the [[Schwartzbard trial]], at the end of which [[Symon Petliura|Petliura]]'s assassin was pardoned on the grounds of self-trail ([[revenge]]), the main argument of the defense was that Schwartzbard had acted as an avenger of the Jews killed in pogroms perpetrated during Petliura's rule.
During the [[Schwartzbard trial]], at the end of which [[Symon Petliura|Petliura]]'s assassin was pardoned on the grounds of self-trail ([[revenge]]), the main argument of the defense was that Schwartzbard had acted as an avenger of the Jews killed in pogroms perpetrated during Petliura's rule.
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===Cold War===
===Cold War===
[[File:Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницкий) Soviet-era Badge.jpg|thumb|A Khmelnytskyi badge, originating from the Soviet era.]]
Khmelnytskyi was home to the 19th Division of the [[43rd Rocket Army]] of the Soviet [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] during the Cold War.<ref>{{cite book  
Khmelnytskyi was home to the 19th Division of the [[43rd Rocket Army]] of the Soviet [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] during the Cold War.<ref>{{cite book  
| last = Feskov
| last = Feskov
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===Russo-Ukrainian War===
===Russo-Ukrainian War===
Until 18 July 2020, Khmelnytskyi was incorporated as a [[city of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and served as the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Khmelnytskyi was merged into Khmelnytskyi Raion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>
Until 18 July 2020, Khmelnytskyi was incorporated as a [[city of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and served as the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Khmelnytskyi was merged into Khmelnytskyi Raion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |work=Мінрегіон |date=17 July 2020 |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>


====Russian invasion of Ukraine====
====Russian invasion of Ukraine====
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==Demographics==
==Demographics==
{{historical populations|1897|22855|1926|27298|1939|37481|1959|62473|1970|112959|1979|171801|1989|236938|2001|253994|2011|262788|2022|274452|align=right|cols=1|source=<ref>{{cite web|title=Cities & Towns of Ukraine|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm}}</ref>}}According to a 2017 survey, 94% of the population are ethnic Ukrainians and 3% are Russians.<ref name=IRI2017>{{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf |title= Public Opinion Survey of Residents of UkraineJune 9 – July 7, 2017 |publisher= iri.org |page= 83 |date= August 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170822212837/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf |archive-date= August 22, 2017 }}</ref>
{{historical populations|1897|22855|1926|27298|1939|37481|1959|62473|1970|112959|1979|171801|1989|236938|2001|253994|2011|262788|2022|274452|align=right|cols=1|source=<ref>{{cite web|title=Cities & Towns of Ukraine|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm}}</ref>}}According to a 2017 survey, 94% of the population are ethnic Ukrainians and 3% are Russians.<ref name=IRI2017>{{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf |title= Public Opinion Survey of Residents of UkraineJune 9 – July 7, 2017 |publisher= iri.org |page= 83 |date= August 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170822212837/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf |archive-date= August 22, 2017 }}</ref> As of the [[2001 Ukrainian census]], 88.4% of the population were [[Ukrainians]], 7.9% had an ethnic [[Russians in Ukraine|Russian background]] and 2% were ethnic [[Polish minority in Ukraine|Poles]]. Smaller minorities were [[Belarusians]], [[Armenians in Ukraine|Armenians]] and [[Jews in Ukraine|Ashkenazi Jews]]. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua/pop-composition/ethnic-cities | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref>
{{bar box|title=Ethnic groups in Khmelnytskyi|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Ukrainians]]|dodgerblue|88.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]|purple|7.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Polish minority in Ukraine|Poles]]|yellow|1.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Belarusians]]|red|0.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Ashkenazi Jews|Jews]]|lightblue|0.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Armenians in Ukraine|Armenians]]|brown|0.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Moldovans in Ukraine|Moldovans]]|pink|0.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Azerbaijanis]]|green|0.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Tatars in Ukraine|Tatars]]|olive|0.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Gypsies]]|black|0.06}}
{{bar percent|others|gray|0.73}}}}


=== Language ===
=== Language ===
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|}
|}


According to a survey conducted by the [[International Republican Institute]] in April-May 2023, 88% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 9% spoke Russian.<ref>[https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf Municipal survey 2023] ratinggroup.ua</ref>
According to a survey conducted by the [[International Republican Institute]] in April–May 2023, 88% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 9% spoke Russian.<ref>[https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/municipal_survey_may_2023_ua_-_final.pdf Municipal survey 2023] ratinggroup.ua</ref>


==Education==
==Education==
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== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==
[[File:Кашпировский-Абакан-1 февр 2016-Вики.JPG|thumb|140px|[[Anatoly Kashpirovsky]], 2016]]
[[File:Ponomarev oleksandr 2017 nazipov.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Oleksandr Ponomariov|Oleksandr Ponomaryov]], 2017]]
[[File:Ponomarev oleksandr 2017 nazipov.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Oleksandr Ponomaryov]], 2017]]
<!--♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME♦♦♦-->
* [[Boris Berenfeld]] (born 1947), biophysicist
* [[Boris Berenfeld]] (born 1947), biophysicist
* [[Nellie Casman]] (1896–1984) an actress and singer in Yiddish theatre in New York.  
* [[Nellie Casman]] (1896–1984) an actress and singer in Yiddish theatre in New York.  
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* [[Max Husmann]] (1888–1965), Swiss peacemaker, helped [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|Operation Sunrise]] in WWII
* [[Max Husmann]] (1888–1965), Swiss peacemaker, helped [[Operation Sunrise (World War II)|Operation Sunrise]] in WWII
* [[Anatoly Kashpirovsky]] (born 1939, Russian psychotherapist and [[Energy medicine|psychic healer]]
* [[Anatoly Kashpirovsky]] (born 1939, Russian psychotherapist and [[Energy medicine|psychic healer]]
* [[Jack Liebowitz]] (1900–2000), an American accountant and co-owner of what became [[DC Comics]]
* [[Harry A. Marmer]] (1885–1953), American mathematician and oceanographer
* [[Harry A. Marmer]] (1885–1953), American mathematician and oceanographer
* [[Jack Liebowitz]] (1900–2000), an American accountant and co-owner of what became [[DC Comics]]
* [[Mischa Mischakoff]] (1895–1981), American violinist, teacher, and conductor
* [[Mischa Mischakoff]] (1895–1981), American violinist, teacher, and conductor
* [[Oleksandr Ponomaryov]] (born 1973), Ukrainian singer
* [[Lesia Nikitiuk]] (born 1987), Ukrainian TV presenter
* [[Lesia Nikitiuk]] (born 1987), Ukrainian TV presenter
* [[Oleksandr Ponomariov|Oleksandr Ponomaryov]] (born 1973), Ukrainian singer
* [[Alexander Rutskoy]] (born 1947), Russian politician
* [[Alexander Rutskoy]] (born 1947), Russian politician
* [[Oksana Shachko]] (1987–2018), Ukrainian artist and activist with [[FEMEN]]
* [[Oksana Shachko]] (1987–2018), Ukrainian artist and activist with [[FEMEN]]
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*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Kramfors Municipality|Kramfors]], Sweden (1997)
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Kramfors Municipality|Kramfors]], Sweden (1997)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Ciechanów]], Poland (1997)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Ciechanów]], Poland (1997)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shijiazhuang]], China (1998)
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Šiauliai District Municipality|Šiauliai]], Lithuania (2001)
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Šiauliai District Municipality|Šiauliai]], Lithuania (2001)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manises]], Spain (2002)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manises]], Spain (2002)
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* {{commons category-inline|Khmelnytskyi}}
* {{commons category-inline|Khmelnytskyi}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Khmelnytskyi}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Khmelnytskyi}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Khmelnytskyi}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Khmelnytskyi}}
* [http://www.khmelnytsky.com/ khmelnytsky.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329162941/http://www.khmelnytsky.com/ |date=2018-03-29 }} - Khmelnytskyi City Rada website
* [http://www.khmelnytsky.com/ khmelnytsky.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329162941/http://www.khmelnytsky.com/ |date=2018-03-29 }} - Khmelnytskyi City Rada website
* [http://fotostudio.com.ua/travel/ukraine/hmelnickiy/hm/index.html Photos of Khmelnytskyi]
* [http://fotostudio.com.ua/travel/ukraine/hmelnickiy/hm/index.html Photos of Khmelnytskyi]
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* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Proskurov|volume=22|page=457 |short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Proskurov|volume=22|page=457 |short=x}}
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|1041435|Khmelnytskyy, Ukraine}}
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|1041435|Khmelnytskyy, Ukraine}}
* [https://km.locator.ua/?l=en An English-language city guide to Khmelnytsky]i
* [https://km.locator.ua/?l=en An English-language city guide to Khmelnytsky] i


{{Khmelnytskyi Oblast}}
{{Khmelnytskyi Oblast}}

Latest revision as of 14:29, 17 December 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Expand Ukrainian Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Settlement short description".Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".Expression error: Unexpected < operator. KhmelnytskyiTemplate:Efn (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a city in western Ukraine. Located on the Southern Bug, it serves as the administrative centre of Khmelnytskyi Oblast as well as Khmelnytskyi Raion within the oblast.[1] With a population of Template:Ua-pop-est2022 Khmelnytskyi is the second-largest city in the historical region of Podolia, after Vinnytsia.

The city was first mentioned in 1431 as a Polish military post, where it was known as Płoskirów under Polish rule. It was seized by Cossacks during the Khmelnytsky Uprising and later ruled by the Ottomans until 1699. It was passed to Russia in 1793, as a result of the Second Partition of Poland, and became part of the newly-formed Podolia Governorate, where it became known as Proskuriv or Proskurov. From 1917 to 1920, it was controlled by the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic before becoming part of Soviet Ukraine. The city's Jewish population fell from 42 per cent in 1939 to 10 per cent in 1959 as a result of the Holocaust in Ukraine.[2] In 1954, it was renamed Khmelnytskyi in honor of the Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

Khmelnytskyi is the location of a rail junction and an important industrial centre, as well as a centre for higher education such as the Khmelnytskyi National University and the Khmelnytskyi Oblast Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater.

Names

Khmelnytskyi had several names throughout history. In the oldest written evidence about this settlement, the name of the city was mentioned as Ploskirowce,Template:Efn while later documents mentioned its name as Płoskirów,Template:Efn which probably comes from the name of the Ploska River.[3]

In 1793, the city was renamed Proskurov,Template:Efn which appeared on the decree to create Podolia Governorate. This toponym is very similar to the name "proskura", which is a bread in the liturgical service.[4]

On 16 January 1954, Proskuriv was renamed to Khmelnytskyi in honor of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Cossack hetman who rebelled against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History

File:Hondius Bohdan Khmelnytsky.jpg
Bohdan Khmelnytsky

The city foundation date is uncertain. The territory where Khmelnytskyi is situated has been inhabited for a very long time. Many archaeological discoveries have been made in the city suburbs. For example, to the East of Lezneve district, there was a settlement from the Bronze Age 2000 B.C., and from Scythian times from 7–3 century B.C.[5] The first mention of the city was written with Cyrillic alphabet. The earliest known mention in historical sources was in 1431,[6] when it was known as Płoskirów (Ploskirov, Плоскиров) and was part of the Kingdom of Poland. It was a royal city.

Polish rule was briefly interrupted by the Ottomans between 1672 and 1699. During this period, it was a subdivision of Mejibuji sanjak in Podolia Eyalet as Poloskiruf.[7] After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the city was annexed by the Russian Empire and was renamed Proskurov (Script error: No such module "Lang".). According to the Russian census of 1897, Proskurov with a population of 22,855 was the fifth largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi, Uman, Vinnytsia and Balta. In 1920 it became part of Soviet Ukraine. In 1954 the city was finally renamed Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницький) in the honor of the 300th anniversary of a treaty negotiated by Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

After new archival sources presented at the 2006 conference City of Khmelnytskyi in the Context of Ukrainian History post-dated the city’s earliest mention from 1493 to 1431, it changed its official 513th anniversary commemoration to its 575th.[8]

Pogroms

A series of anti-Jewish pogroms have been carried out in the region, known together as the Proskurov pogrom. According to Vinnytsia's city archives, the pogrom was conducted on the Friday night of February 15, 1919, by one of the otamans (generals) of the Ukrainian People's Army, Otaman Semysenko (also rendered as Semesenko). Estimates vary as to the number of victims, some putting the death toll at 1,500 Jews in Proskurov alone, with 600 more killed in nearby Filshtein.[9]

The Chief Otaman Petliura had been appointed head of state just two days prior to the tragedy, on February the 13th. Petliura issued Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine (Bund, Poale Zion, Folks-Partei, Unificationists) rose to defend the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government. He condemned such pogroms, calling those initiating them deserters and enemies of the State that must be liquidated. The order was co-signed by the Chief of Staff, Otaman Yunakiv. The order was published in the Ukraina newspaper on February 20 (March 4, new style). Later, Petliura issued a special order to execute Semysenko for being the pogrom initiator. According to sources the order was carried out[10] on March 20, 1920.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Other sources claim that he was released.[10]

During the Schwartzbard trial, at the end of which Petliura's assassin was pardoned on the grounds of self-trail (revenge), the main argument of the defense was that Schwartzbard had acted as an avenger of the Jews killed in pogroms perpetrated during Petliura's rule.

World War II

File:Phoca thumb l proskurow 111.jpg
A street corner during the German occupation

The town was occupied by the German Army from July 8, 1941 to March 25, 1944. On November 4, 1941, 5300 Jewish inhabitants of the town and surrounding villages were shot by an Einsatzgruppe.[11] A ghetto was formed on December 14, 1941, where all surviving Jewish inhabitants had to resettle and were subjected to forced labor. They were subsequently killed in the fall of 1942. More than 9500 Jews were killed in the town in total.[12]

Cold War

File:Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницкий) Soviet-era Badge.jpg
A Khmelnytskyi badge, originating from the Soviet era.

Khmelnytskyi was home to the 19th Division of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces during the Cold War.[13] The intercontinental ballistic missile silos of the division that were housed there were removed and destroyed, partially with U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction funding, during the 1990s.

File:Falling of Lenin in Khmelnytskyi park.jpg
Toppling of Lenin statue in Khmelnytsky park, Ukraine

Russo-Ukrainian War

Until 18 July 2020, Khmelnytskyi was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Khmelnytskyi was merged into Khmelnytskyi Raion.[14][15]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

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On 10 October 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city was targeted by Russian cruise missiles as part of a major retaliation strike for the Crimean Bridge explosion, causing a blackout in the city and limiting water supply.[16]

During a missile attack on 31 December, a gas station and a military facility inside the city was hit by two Russian cruise missiles, killing at least one civilian and wounding nine. The attack also caused a partial blackout and damaged more than a dozen cars and several residential buildings, including a kindergarten.[17][18]

On 23 February 2023, Russian forces hit Khmelnytskyi with 3 Iranian-made UAVs of the "Shahed type", killing one person and wounding four. Additionally, the attack caused a fire and damaged multiple buildings.[19]

Geography

File:South bug08.jpg
Khmelnytskyi's riverside skyline on the Southern Bug, early 2010s.

Khmelnytskyi is the regional center of the Khmelnytskyi region which is located in the western part of Ukraine in the middle of Podillia, its total area makes up Script error: No such module "convert".. Khmelnytskyi has a favorable geographical position. Khmelnytskyi is crossed by one of the longest rivers of Ukraine – the Southern Bug. Coincidentally, through the western portion of the city flows the small river Ploska.

The most abundant make up for the ground in Khmelnytskyi are layers of the following overburden: loess and loess-type rocks. The ground-climatic conditions of Khmelnytskyi are favorable for the cultivation of winter wheat and rye, sugar beet, potato and other crops. Khmelnytskyi is also ideal for the development of gardening and vegetable growing. In the territory of Khmelnytskyi there are the vegetations of two geobotanical zones of Ukraine: Polissya and forest-steppe. Khmelnytskyi and its greater region supplies many rock products, particularly building materials such as limestone, plaster, chalk, tripoli powder, crystal layers (granites, gneisses), sand, sandstones, and also graphite, saponite, kaolin, phosphorite, lithographic stone, and roofing slate. There are also deposits of peat, bitumen, shale, and oil.

Climate

The climate of Khmelnytskyi is moderately continental. The average temperature of Khmelnytskyi in its warmest month (July) is Script error: No such module "convert"., and the average temperature in the coldest month (January) is Script error: No such module "convert".. The maximum temperatures in the summer on average reaches Script error: No such module "convert"., and the minimum temperatures in the winter on average is Script error: No such module "convert".. Khmelnytskyi's average annual temperature is Script error: No such module "convert".. Khmelnytskyi's average annual precipitation is Script error: No such module "convert"..

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Demographics

<templatestyles src="Module:Historical populations/styles.css"/>Script error: No such module "Historical populations".According to a 2017 survey, 94% of the population are ethnic Ukrainians and 3% are Russians.[20] As of the 2001 Ukrainian census, 88.4% of the population were Ukrainians, 7.9% had an ethnic Russian background and 2% were ethnic Poles. Smaller minorities were Belarusians, Armenians and Ashkenazi Jews. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:[21]

Ethnic groups in Khmelnytskyi
percent
Ukrainians
 
 88.35%
Russians
 
 7.93%
Poles
 
 1.96%
Belarusians
 
 0.38%
Jews
 
 0.27%
Armenians
 
 0.11%
Moldovans
 
 0.09%
Azerbaijanis
 
 0.06%
Tatars
 
 0.06%
Gypsies
 
 0.06%
others
 
 0.73%

Language

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:[22]

Language Number Percentage
Ukrainian 221 920 88.39%
Russian 26 006 10.36%
Other or undecided 3 151 1.25%
Total 251 077 100.00%

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 88% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 9% spoke Russian.[23]

Education

Khmelnytskyi hosts 6 universities, 2 academies, 3 institutes, 12 colleges, 4 technical schools and 15 representative offices of other Ukrainian HEIs.[24][25] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Transport

File:Станция Хмельницкий.jpg
Khmelnytskyi railway station

Khmelnytskyi has infrastructure for transportation connections with Moscow, Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw, Budapest, Belgrade and all major Ukrainian cities. The distance from Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv by railway is estimated to be Script error: No such module "convert"., by highway it is estimated to be Script error: No such module "convert".. The highways Kyiv-Lviv, Odesa-Lviv and Chernivtsi-Kyiv pass through Khmelnytskyi. The city is served by the Khmelnytskyi Ruzhychna Airport. Khmelnytskyi's airport has a Script error: No such module "convert". concrete runway; at the airport there is a check point for crossing the state border of Ukraine.

Sports

File:Podillya Stadium.jpg
Podillya Stadium

Khmelnytskyi is home to the competitive football team FC Podillya Khmelnytskyi.

Points of interest

  • Proskurivska street, a modern central pedestrian street of the city, preserved buildings of the end of the 19th - the beginnings of 20th century in the styles of modernist, eclecticisms, Baroque, stone (characteristic only for Proskuriv).
  • The house of the former Oleksiyivske real school (now it is the building of the City Executive Committee)
  • The house of O. Brusilov (now is the House of Ceremonial events)
  • The church of Nativity of the Virgin (the first stone construction in the city)
  • The Protection cathedral
  • St. George church
  • Andriy Pervozvannyi church in "Dubovo" district

Notable people

File:Ponomarev oleksandr 2017 nazipov.jpg
Oleksandr Ponomaryov, 2017
File:Ruslan Kostyshyn.jpeg
Ruslan Kostyshyn, 2011

Sport

International relations

Khmelnytskyi confidently sets a course for European integration. The city of Khmelnytskyi became the winner of The Europe Prize in 2021 – it is the highest honor Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which is awarded to cities for spreading European ideals.

Twin towns – sister cities

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In addition, Khmelnytskyi also developed solidary partnership with Stuttgart and Dresden in Germany.[28]

In January 2016, the Khmelnytskyi city council terminated its twinned relations with the Russian cities Tver and Ivanovo due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present).[29]

Gallery

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Template:Cite Q
  7. ↑ [1]Template:Webarchive Map of Podolia Eyalet
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Template:In lang Proskurivsky pogrom. Petliura's fault? by Henry Abramson, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 February 2019)
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Municipal survey 2023 ratinggroup.ua
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Template:In lang Chernivtsi decided to terminate the relationship with twin two Russian cities, The Ukrainian Week (February 27, 2016)

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External links

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