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{{Short description|Category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in Physics }}
{{Short description|Category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in Physics }}
'''Experimental physics''' is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of [[physics]] that are concerned with the [[observation]] of physical [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] and [[experiment]]s. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and observations, such as [[Galileo Galilei#Physics|Galileo's experiments]], to more complicated ones, such as the [[Large Hadron Collider]].
'''Experimental physics''' is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of [[physics]] that are concerned with the [[observation]] of physical [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] and [[experiment]]s. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and observations, such as experiments by [[Galileo Galilei]], to more complicated ones, such as the [[Large Hadron Collider]].


==Overview==
==Overview==
[[File:Sir Ernest Rutherfords laboratory, early 20th century. (9660575343).jpg|thumb|Sir [[Ernest Rutherford|Ernest Rutherford's]] laboratory, early 20th century]]
[[File:Sir Ernest Rutherfords laboratory, early 20th century. (9660575343).jpg|thumb|Sir [[Ernest Rutherford|Ernest Rutherford's]] laboratory, early 20th century]]
Experimental physics is a branch of physics that is concerned with data acquisition, data-acquisition methods, and the detailed conceptualization (beyond simple [[thought experiment]]s) and realization of laboratory experiments. It is often contrasted with [[theoretical physics]], which is more concerned with predicting and explaining the physical behaviour of nature than with acquiring empirical data.
Experimental physics is a branch of physics that is concerned with data acquisition, data-acquisition methods, and the detailed conceptualization (beyond simple [[thought experiment]]s) and realization of laboratory experiments. It is often contrasted with [[theoretical physics]], which is more concerned with predicting and explaining the physical behaviour of nature than with acquiring empirical data. {{cn|date=July 2025}}


Although experimental and theoretical physics are concerned with different aspects of nature, they both share the same goal of understanding it and have a symbiotic relationship. The former provides data about the universe, which can then be analyzed in order to be understood, while the latter provides explanations for the data and thus offers insight into how to better acquire data and set up experiments. Theoretical physics can also offer insight into what data is needed in order to gain a better understanding of the universe, and into what experiments to devise in order to obtain it.
Although experimental and [[theoretical physics]] are concerned with different aspects of nature, they both share the same goal of understanding it and have a [[symbiotic]] relationship. The former provides data about the universe, which can then be analyzed in order to be understood, while the latter provides explanations for the data and thus offers insight into how to better acquire data and set up experiments. Theoretical physics can also offer insight into what data is needed in order to gain a better understanding of the universe, and into what experiments to devise in order to obtain it.{{cn|date=July 2025}}


The tension between experimental and theoretical aspects of physics was expressed by James Clerk Maxwell as "It is not till we attempt to bring the theoretical part of our training into contact with the practical that we begin to experience the full effect of what Faraday has called 'mental inertia' - not only the difficulty of recognizing, among the concrete objects before us, the abstract relation which we have learned from books, but the distracting pain of wrenching the mind away from the symbols to the objects, and from the objects back to the symbols. This however is the price we have to pay for new ideas."
The tension between experimental and theoretical aspects of physics was expressed by [[James Clerk Maxwell]] as "It is not till we attempt to bring the theoretical part of our training into contact with the practical that we begin to experience the full effect of what [[Faraday]] has called 'mental inertia' - not only the difficulty of recognizing, among the concrete objects before us, the abstract relation which we have learned from books, but the distracting pain of wrenching the mind away from the symbols to the objects, and from the objects back to the symbols. This however is the price we have to pay for new ideas."
<ref> James Clerk Maxwell, "Introductory Lecture on Experimental Physics," The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell (1890) Vol.2 </ref>
<ref> James Clerk Maxwell, "Introductory Lecture on Experimental Physics," The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell (1890) Vol.2 </ref>


==History==
==History==
As a distinct field, experimental physics was established in [[early modern Europe]], during what is known as the [[Scientific Revolution]], by physicists such as [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Christiaan Huygens]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Blaise Pascal]] and Sir [[Isaac Newton]]. In the early 17th century, Galileo made extensive use of experimentation to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in the modern scientific method. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in dynamics, in particular the law of [[inertia]], which later became the first law in [[Newton's laws of motion]]. In Galileo's ''[[Two New Sciences]]'', a dialogue between the characters Simplicio and Salviati discuss the motion of a ship (as a moving frame) and how that ship's cargo is indifferent to its motion. Huygens used the motion of a boat along a Dutch canal to illustrate an early form of the conservation of [[momentum]].
As a distinct field, experimental physics was established in [[early modern Europe]], during what is known as the [[Scientific Revolution]], by physicists such as [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Christiaan Huygens]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Blaise Pascal]] and Sir [[Isaac Newton]]. In the early 17th century, Galileo made extensive use of experimentation to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in the modern scientific method. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in dynamics, in particular the law of [[inertia]], which later became the first law in [[Newton's laws of motion]]. In Galileo's ''[[Two New Sciences]]'', a dialogue between the characters Simplicio and Salviati discuss the motion of a ship (as a moving frame) and how that ship's cargo is indifferent to its motion. Huygens used the motion of a boat along a Dutch canal to illustrate an early form of the conservation of [[momentum]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}


Experimental physics is considered to have reached a high point with the publication of the ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' in 1687 by Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727). In 1687, Newton published the ''Principia'', detailing two comprehensive and successful physical laws: [[Newton's laws of motion]], from which arise [[classical mechanics]]; and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]], which describes the [[fundamental force]] of [[gravity]]. Both laws agreed well with experiment. The ''Principia'' also included several theories in [[fluid dynamics]].
Experimental physics is considered to have reached a high point with the publication of the ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' in 1687 by Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727). In 1687, Newton published the ''Principia'', detailing two comprehensive and successful physical laws: [[Newton's laws of motion]], from which arise [[classical mechanics]]; and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]], which describes the [[fundamental force]] of [[gravity]]. Both laws agreed well with experiment. The ''Principia'' also included several theories in [[fluid dynamics]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}


From the late 17th century onward, [[thermodynamics]] was developed by physicist and chemist [[Robert Boyle]], [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]], and many others. In 1733, [[Daniel Bernoulli]] used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, initiating the field of [[statistical mechanics]]. In 1798, [[Benjamin Thompson]] (Count Rumford) demonstrated the conversion of mechanical work into heat, and in 1847 [[James Prescott Joule]] stated the law of conservation of [[energy]], in the form of heat as well as mechanical energy. [[Ludwig Boltzmann]], in the nineteenth century, is responsible for the modern form of [[statistical mechanics]].
From the late 17th century onward, [[thermodynamics]] was developed by physicist and chemist [[Robert Boyle]], [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]], and many others. In 1733, [[Daniel Bernoulli]] used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, initiating the field of [[statistical mechanics]]. In 1798, [[Benjamin Thompson]] (Count Rumford) demonstrated the conversion of mechanical work into heat, and in 1847 [[James Prescott Joule]] stated the law of conservation of [[energy]], in the form of heat as well as mechanical energy. [[Ludwig Boltzmann]], in the nineteenth century, is responsible for the modern form of [[statistical mechanics]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}


Besides classical mechanics and thermodynamics, another great field of experimental inquiry within physics was the nature of [[electricity]]. Observations in the 17th and eighteenth century by scientists such as Boyle, [[Stephen Gray (scientist)|Stephen Gray]], and [[Benjamin Franklin]] created a foundation for later work. These observations also established our basic understanding of [[Electric charge|electrical charge]] and [[electric current|current]]. By 1808 [[John Dalton]] had discovered that atoms of different elements have different weights and proposed the modern [[Atomic theory|theory of the atom]].
Besides classical mechanics and thermodynamics, another great field of experimental inquiry within physics was the nature of [[electricity]]. Observations in the 17th and eighteenth century by scientists such as Boyle, [[Stephen Gray (scientist)|Stephen Gray]], and [[Benjamin Franklin]] created a foundation for later work. These observations also established our basic understanding of [[Electric charge|electrical charge]] and [[electric current|current]]. By 1808 [[John Dalton]] had discovered that atoms of different elements have different weights and proposed the modern [[Atomic theory|theory of the atom]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}


It was [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] who first proposed the connection between electricity and magnetism after observing the deflection of a compass needle by a nearby electric current. By the early 1830s [[Michael Faraday]] had demonstrated that magnetic fields and electricity could generate each other. In 1864 [[James Clerk Maxwell]] presented to the [[Royal Society]] a set of equations that described this relationship between electricity and magnetism. [[Maxwell's equations]] also predicted correctly that [[light]] is an [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic wave]]. Starting with astronomy, the principles of natural philosophy crystallized into fundamental [[law of physics|laws of physics]] which were enunciated and improved in the succeeding centuries. By the 19th century, the sciences had segmented into multiple fields with specialized researchers and the field of physics, although logically pre-eminent, no longer could claim sole ownership of the entire field of scientific research.
It was [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] who first proposed the connection between electricity and magnetism after observing the deflection of a compass needle by a nearby electric current. By the early 1830s [[Michael Faraday]] had demonstrated that magnetic fields and electricity could generate each other. In 1864 [[James Clerk Maxwell]] presented to the [[Royal Society]] a set of equations that described this relationship between electricity and magnetism. [[Maxwell's equations]] also predicted correctly that [[light]] is an [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic wave]]. Starting with astronomy, the principles of natural philosophy crystallized into fundamental [[law of physics|laws of physics]] which were enunciated and improved in the succeeding centuries. By the 19th century, the sciences had segmented into multiple fields with specialized researchers and the field of physics, although logically pre-eminent, no longer could claim sole ownership of the entire field of scientific research.{{cn|date=July 2025}}


==Current experiments==
==Current experiments==
Line 27: Line 27:


Some examples of prominent experimental physics projects are:
Some examples of prominent experimental physics projects are:
* [[Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider]] which collides heavy ions such as [[gold]] ions (it is the first heavy ion collider) and [[proton]]s, it is located at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]], on Long Island, USA.
* [[Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider]] which collides heavy ions such as [[gold]] ions (it is the first heavy ion collider) and [[proton]]s, it is located at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]], on Long Island, USA.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
* [[Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage|HERA]], which collides [[electron]]s or [[positron]]s and protons, and is part of [[DESY]], located in [[Hamburg]], Germany.
* [[Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage|HERA]], which collides [[electron]]s or [[positron]]s and protons, and is part of [[DESY]], located in [[Hamburg]], Germany.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
* [[Large Hadron Collider|LHC]], or the Large [[Hadron]] [[Collider]], which completed construction in 2008 but suffered a series of setbacks. The LHC began operations in 2008, but was shut down for maintenance until the summer of 2009. It is the world's most energetic collider upon completion, it is located at [[CERN]], on the French-Swiss border near [[Geneva]]. The collider became fully operational March 29, 2010 a year and a half later than originally planned.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-03-29|title=Yes, we did it!|url=http://cdsweb.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2010/14/News%20Articles/1246424?ln=en|publisher=[[CERN]]|access-date=2010-04-16}}</ref>
* [[Large Hadron Collider|LHC]], or the Large [[Hadron]] [[Collider]], which completed construction in 2008 but suffered a series of setbacks. The LHC began operations in 2008, but was shut down for maintenance until the summer of 2009. It is the world's most energetic collider upon completion, it is located at [[CERN]], on the French-Swiss border near [[Geneva]]. The collider became fully operational March 29, 2010 a year and a half later than originally planned.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-03-29|title=Yes, we did it!|url=http://cdsweb.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2010/14/News%20Articles/1246424?ln=en|publisher=[[CERN]]|access-date=2010-04-16}}</ref>
* [[LIGO]], the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool. Currently two LIGO observatories exist: LIGO Livingston Observatory in [[Livingston, Louisiana]], and LIGO Hanford Observatory near [[Richland, Washington|Richland]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].
* [[LIGO]], the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool. Currently two LIGO observatories exist: LIGO Livingston Observatory in [[Livingston, Louisiana]], and LIGO Hanford Observatory near [[Richland, Washington|Richland]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}
* [[James Webb Space Telescope|JWST]], or the [[James E. Webb|James Webb]] Space Telescope, launched in 2021. It will be the successor to the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. It will survey the sky in the infrared region. The main goals of the JWST will be in order to understand the initial stages of the universe, galaxy formation as well as the formations of stars and planets, and the origins of life.
* [[James Webb Space Telescope|JWST]], or the [[James E. Webb|James Webb]] Space Telescope, launched in 2021. It will be the successor to the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. It will survey the sky in the infrared region. The main goals of the JWST will be in order to understand the initial stages of the universe, galaxy formation as well as the formations of stars and planets, and the origins of life.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
* [[Mississippi State Axion Search]] (2016 completion), Light Shining Through a Wall Experiment (LSW); EM Source: .7m, 50W continuous radio wave emitter<ref>[http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/SES12/Event/181650 The Construction of Mississippi State Axion Search]</ref>
* [[Mississippi State Axion Search]] (2016 completion), Light Shining Through a Wall Experiment (LSW); EM Source: .7m, 50W continuous radio wave emitter<ref>[http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/SES12/Event/181650 The Construction of Mississippi State Axion Search]</ref>


==Method==
==Method==
{{main|Experiment}}
{{main|Experiment}}
Experimental physics uses two main methods of experimental research, [[Scientific control|controlled experiments]], and [[natural experiment]]s. Controlled experiments are often used in [[laboratories]] as laboratories can offer a controlled environment. Natural experiments are used, for example, in [[astrophysics]] when observing [[celestial objects]] where control of the variables in effect is impossible.
Experimental physics uses two main methods of experimental research, [[Scientific control|controlled experiments]], and [[natural experiment]]s. Controlled experiments are often used in [[laboratories]] as laboratories can offer a controlled environment. Natural experiments are used, for example, in [[astrophysics]] when observing [[celestial objects]] where control of the variables in effect is impossible.{{cn|date=July 2025}}


==Famous experiments==
==Famous experiments==
{{Main|List of experiments in physics}}
{{Main|List of experiments in physics}}
Famous experiments include:
Famous experiments include:{{cn|date=July 2025}}
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Bell test experiments]]
* [[Bell test experiments]]
Line 68: Line 68:


==Experimental techniques==
==Experimental techniques==
Some well-known experimental techniques include:
Some well-known experimental techniques include:{{cn|date=July 2025}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Crystallography]]
* [[Crystallography]]
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==Prominent experimental physicists==
==Prominent experimental physicists==
Famous experimental physicists include:
Famous experimental physicists include:{{cn|date=July 2025}}
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Archimedes]] (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC)
* [[Archimedes]] (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC)

Latest revision as of 15:59, 27 July 2025

Template:Short description Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and observations, such as experiments by Galileo Galilei, to more complicated ones, such as the Large Hadron Collider.

Overview

File:Sir Ernest Rutherfords laboratory, early 20th century. (9660575343).jpg
Sir Ernest Rutherford's laboratory, early 20th century

Experimental physics is a branch of physics that is concerned with data acquisition, data-acquisition methods, and the detailed conceptualization (beyond simple thought experiments) and realization of laboratory experiments. It is often contrasted with theoretical physics, which is more concerned with predicting and explaining the physical behaviour of nature than with acquiring empirical data. Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Although experimental and theoretical physics are concerned with different aspects of nature, they both share the same goal of understanding it and have a symbiotic relationship. The former provides data about the universe, which can then be analyzed in order to be understood, while the latter provides explanations for the data and thus offers insight into how to better acquire data and set up experiments. Theoretical physics can also offer insight into what data is needed in order to gain a better understanding of the universe, and into what experiments to devise in order to obtain it.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The tension between experimental and theoretical aspects of physics was expressed by James Clerk Maxwell as "It is not till we attempt to bring the theoretical part of our training into contact with the practical that we begin to experience the full effect of what Faraday has called 'mental inertia' - not only the difficulty of recognizing, among the concrete objects before us, the abstract relation which we have learned from books, but the distracting pain of wrenching the mind away from the symbols to the objects, and from the objects back to the symbols. This however is the price we have to pay for new ideas." [1]

History

As a distinct field, experimental physics was established in early modern Europe, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution, by physicists such as Galileo Galilei, Christiaan Huygens, Johannes Kepler, Blaise Pascal and Sir Isaac Newton. In the early 17th century, Galileo made extensive use of experimentation to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in the modern scientific method. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in dynamics, in particular the law of inertia, which later became the first law in Newton's laws of motion. In Galileo's Two New Sciences, a dialogue between the characters Simplicio and Salviati discuss the motion of a ship (as a moving frame) and how that ship's cargo is indifferent to its motion. Huygens used the motion of a boat along a Dutch canal to illustrate an early form of the conservation of momentum.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Experimental physics is considered to have reached a high point with the publication of the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727). In 1687, Newton published the Principia, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical laws: Newton's laws of motion, from which arise classical mechanics; and Newton's law of universal gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. Both laws agreed well with experiment. The Principia also included several theories in fluid dynamics.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

From the late 17th century onward, thermodynamics was developed by physicist and chemist Robert Boyle, Thomas Young, and many others. In 1733, Daniel Bernoulli used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, initiating the field of statistical mechanics. In 1798, Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) demonstrated the conversion of mechanical work into heat, and in 1847 James Prescott Joule stated the law of conservation of energy, in the form of heat as well as mechanical energy. Ludwig Boltzmann, in the nineteenth century, is responsible for the modern form of statistical mechanics.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Besides classical mechanics and thermodynamics, another great field of experimental inquiry within physics was the nature of electricity. Observations in the 17th and eighteenth century by scientists such as Boyle, Stephen Gray, and Benjamin Franklin created a foundation for later work. These observations also established our basic understanding of electrical charge and current. By 1808 John Dalton had discovered that atoms of different elements have different weights and proposed the modern theory of the atom.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

It was Hans Christian Ørsted who first proposed the connection between electricity and magnetism after observing the deflection of a compass needle by a nearby electric current. By the early 1830s Michael Faraday had demonstrated that magnetic fields and electricity could generate each other. In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell presented to the Royal Society a set of equations that described this relationship between electricity and magnetism. Maxwell's equations also predicted correctly that light is an electromagnetic wave. Starting with astronomy, the principles of natural philosophy crystallized into fundamental laws of physics which were enunciated and improved in the succeeding centuries. By the 19th century, the sciences had segmented into multiple fields with specialized researchers and the field of physics, although logically pre-eminent, no longer could claim sole ownership of the entire field of scientific research.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Current experiments

File:Construction of LHC at CERN.jpg
A view of the CMS detector, an experimental endeavour of the LHC at CERN.

Some examples of prominent experimental physics projects are:

  • Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider which collides heavy ions such as gold ions (it is the first heavy ion collider) and protons, it is located at Brookhaven National Laboratory, on Long Island, USA.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • HERA, which collides electrons or positrons and protons, and is part of DESY, located in Hamburg, Germany.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • LHC, or the Large Hadron Collider, which completed construction in 2008 but suffered a series of setbacks. The LHC began operations in 2008, but was shut down for maintenance until the summer of 2009. It is the world's most energetic collider upon completion, it is located at CERN, on the French-Swiss border near Geneva. The collider became fully operational March 29, 2010 a year and a half later than originally planned.[2]
  • LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool. Currently two LIGO observatories exist: LIGO Livingston Observatory in Livingston, Louisiana, and LIGO Hanford Observatory near Richland, Washington.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • JWST, or the James Webb Space Telescope, launched in 2021. It will be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. It will survey the sky in the infrared region. The main goals of the JWST will be in order to understand the initial stages of the universe, galaxy formation as well as the formations of stars and planets, and the origins of life.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • Mississippi State Axion Search (2016 completion), Light Shining Through a Wall Experiment (LSW); EM Source: .7m, 50W continuous radio wave emitter[3]

Method

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Experimental physics uses two main methods of experimental research, controlled experiments, and natural experiments. Controlled experiments are often used in laboratories as laboratories can offer a controlled environment. Natural experiments are used, for example, in astrophysics when observing celestial objects where control of the variables in effect is impossible.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Famous experiments

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Experimental techniques

Some well-known experimental techniques include:Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

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Prominent experimental physicists

Famous experimental physicists include:Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

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Timelines

See the timelines below for listings of physics experiments.

See also

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References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ James Clerk Maxwell, "Introductory Lecture on Experimental Physics," The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell (1890) Vol.2
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ The Construction of Mississippi State Axion Search

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Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Physics-footer Template:Authority control

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