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{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Boykos
| group            = Boykos
| native_name      = Бойки
| native_name      = бойки
| image            = Boykos of Maniava.jpg
| image            = Boykos of Maniava.jpg
| image_caption    = Boyko family of [[Maniava]], late 19th century
| image_caption    = Boyko family of [[Maniava]], late 19th century
Line 34: Line 34:
| pop9            =  
| pop9            =  
| ref9            =  
| ref9            =  
| languages        = [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] or [[Boyko dialect]] of [[Ukrainian language]]<br/>[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| languages        = [[Boyko dialect]] of [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] or [[Ukrainian language]]<br/>[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
| religions        = [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Eastern Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]
| religions        = [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Eastern Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]
| related          = [[Lemkos]] {{·}} [[Hutsuls]]
| related          = [[Lemkos]] {{·}} [[Hutsuls]]
}}
}}


The '''Boykos''' or '''Boikos''' ({{langx|rue|бойки}}; {{langx|uk|бойки|boiky}}; {{langx|pl|Bojkowie}}; {{langx|sk|Pujďáci}}), or simply '''Highlanders''' ({{Langx|uk|верховинці|verkhovyntsi}}; {{Langx|rue|ґоралы|goraly}}), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the [[Carpathian Mountains]] of [[Ukraine]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], and [[Poland]]. Along with the neighbouring [[Lemkos]] and [[Hutsuls]], the Boykos are a regional subgroup of Ukrainians.<ref name="Schaefer">[Richard T.Schaefer (ed.), 2008, ''Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1'', Sage Publications, p. 1341. </ref><ref name="Olson"> James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas & Nicholas Charles Pappas, 1994, ''An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires'', Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 109–110.</ref> However, the diaspora outside of western Ukraine are often considered a sub-group of [[Rusyns]] who speak a distinct [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] dialect.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldman |first1=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |chapter=Mari |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_European_Peoples/kfv6HKXErqAC |language=en |page=70 |quote= To their west are the Lemkos, and to the east, the Hutsuls. All three groups of Slavs,who speak distinct dialects, are among the people known as Rusyns, or Carpartho-Rusyns.}}</ref> Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.
The '''Boykos''' or '''Boikos''' ({{langx|rue|бойки}}; {{langx|uk|бойки|boiky}}; {{langx|pl|Bojkowie}}; {{langx|sk|Pujďáci}}), or simply '''Highlanders''' ({{Langx|uk|верховинці|verkhovyntsi}}; {{Langx|rue|ґоралы|goraly}}), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the [[Carpathian Mountains]] of [[Ukraine]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], and [[Poland]]. Along with the neighbouring [[Lemkos]] and [[Hutsuls]], the Boykos are considered a sub-group of [[Rusyns]] and speak a distinct [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] dialect.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldman |first1=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_European_Peoples/kfv6HKXErqAC |language=en |page=70 |quote= To their west are the Lemkos, and to the east, the Hutsuls. All three groups of Slavs, who speak distinct dialects, are among the people known as Rusyns, or Carpartho-Rusyns.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=Jeffrey |title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia |date=25 May 2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-59884-302-6 |page=61 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ethnic_Groups_of_Europe/l1fDEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |language=en}}</ref> Within Ukraine, the Boykos and other Rusyns are seen as a sub-group of ethnic Ukrainians.<ref name="Schaefer">[Richard T.Schaefer (ed.), 2008, ''Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1'', Sage Publications, p. 1341. </ref><ref name="Olson"> James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas & Nicholas Charles Pappas, 1994, ''An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires'', Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 109–110.</ref> Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
[[File:Dolyna local history museum of Tatiana and Omelan Antonovych 1.jpg|thumb|Museum of Boyko culture, [[Dolyna]]]]
[[File:Dolyna local history museum of Tatiana and Omelan Antonovych 1.jpg|thumb|Museum of Boyko Culture, [[Dolyna]]]]
Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses,<ref name="EIU2003">{{cite encyclopedia|title=БОЙКИ|url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Bojky|author=Войналович В.А.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History|year=2003|publisher=[[Naukova Dumka]], [[NASU Institute of History of Ukraine]]|volume=1|language=uk|page=688|isbn=966-00-0734-5|quote=Стосовно походження та етимології назви "Б." існує кілька гіпотез. Одні пов'язують її з особливостями психічного складу певної групи людей, ін. – з особливостями їхніх мовнодіалектичних ознак (бойківський говір – одна з пд.-зх. карпатських говірок – зберіг чимало архаїчних рис, переважно фонетичних та морфологічних). Достатньо обґрунтованою є гіпотеза, що пов'язує цю назву з етнонімом кельтських племен – "бойї", які мігрували у 6 ст. на Балкани і в Карпати. Подекуди Б. називають себе верховинцями. На Закарпатті назва "Б." мало поширена ... Гадають, що Б. – нащадки давнього слов'ян. племені білих хорватів, яких Володимир Святославич приєднав до Київської Русі}}</ref> but it is generally considered, as explained by priest [[:uk:Левицький Йосип Іванович|Joseph Levytsky]] in his ''Hramatyka'' (1831), that it derives from the particle {{lang|pl|boiie}}.<ref name="IEOU">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Boikos|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine|Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoikos.htm|author=Sofiia Rabii-Karpynska|year=2013|orig-year=1984|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|volume=1|isbn=978-0802033628|quote=The name Boiko is thought to be derived from the frequent use of the particle boiie by the population. The Boikos are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Slavic tribe of White Croatians that came under the rule of the Kievan Rus’ state during the reign of Prince Volodymyr the Great. Before the Magyars occupied the Danube Lowland this tribe served as a direct link between the Eastern and Southern Slavs. Some of the early Slav specialists, such as Pavel Šafařík and F. Rački, interpreted the remark of the Byzantine king Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (10th century) that the ‘Boiky’ locality situated beyond Turkia (i.e., Hungary) was the homeland of the White Serbs as a reference to the present Boiko region. This hypothesis is possibly true, but unproved. Likewise, no evidence exists to establish a connection between the name of the Boikos and the Celtic tribe of Boii, according to Yaroslav Pasternak.}}</ref> Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (''< bo-i-je >''), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population.<ref name="Dictionary1962">{{cite book|title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: Parts 1–11, A–G|url=https://archive.org/details/rudnycky_slovnyk_tom1.cropped.ocr/page/n125|author=Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|author-link=Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|year=1962–1972|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (UVAN)]]|location=Winnipeg|volume=1|language=en, uk|page=162}}</ref> The 19th-century scholar [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik]], with whom [[Franjo Rački]] and [[Henry Hoyle Howorth]] agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region of ''[[White Serbia|Boiki]]'' mentioned in the 10th century ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'',<ref name="IEOU"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Spread of the Slaves. Part I. The Croats.|first=H. H.|last=Howorth|date=1878|journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=7|pages=326|doi=10.2307/2841009|jstor=2841009|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2182681}}</ref> but this thesis is outdated and rejected,<ref name="Dictionary1962"/> as most scholars, [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]] among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century because ''Boiki'' is a clear reference to [[Bohemia]], which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe of [[Boii]].<ref name="Hrushevsky1997">{{cite book |author=Mykhailo Hrushevsky |author-link=Mykhailo Hrushevsky |editor=Andrzej Poppe |editor2=Frank E. Sysyn |editor3=Uliana M. Pasiczny |translator=Marta Skorupsky |title=History of Ukraine-Rus'. Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Eleventh Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_ENAQAAMAAJ |year=1997 |orig-year=1898 |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press |isbn=978-1-895571-19-6 |pages=161–162 |quote=The second detail in Constantine's account, which supposedly points to the eastern Carpathians, is his reference to a 'place called Boiki (Boiki)' on the border with the White Serbs; for a long time this was considered — and some consider it still – to be a reference to the Ukrainian Boikos. That is very unlikely, however, because the location is too far east for the Serbs, nor is there any indication that the name of the Boikos was ever in such wide usage. So all we are left with to suggest the existence of a Rus' Croatia in the Carpathians is the Primary Chronicle ... Published by H. Jireiek, the Karten zur Geschichte (1897) also show the 'Boiki' on the Dnister (map 4). It is more likely that Boiki is a distorted variant of the name Boiohem, or Bohemia, as most scholars now believe...}}</ref><ref name="Moravcsik1949">{{cite book|editor=Gyula Moravcsik |title=De administrando imperio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3kJAQAAIAAJ|year=1949|publisher=Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Görög Filoĺ́ogiai Intézet|pages=130–131|quote=...should be modern Saxony, where remnants of Serbs (Sorbs) are still living. The name 'Boiki' has been much disputed over by specialists ... has proved that the 'place called Boiki' can only be Bohemia. Grégoire (L'Origine, 98) rejects Skok's proposal to read 'Boioi', and suggests 'Boimi'. C.'s account contains one serious inexactitude: namely, the statement that the Serbs lived 'in a place called by them Boiki'. Although we have documentary proof of the existence of Croats in Bohemia, we have none to suggest that Serbs lived there. Bohemia was in fact another neighbour of White Serbia}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Łowmiański |first=Henryk |author-link=Henryk Łowmiański |title=Hrvatska pradomovina (Chorwacja Nadwiślańska in Początki Polski) |trans-title=Croatian ancient homeland |editor1-last=Nosić |editor1-first=Milan |translator-last1=Kryżan-Stanojević |translator-first1=Barbara |language=hr |publisher=Maveda |year=2004 |orig-year=1964 |oclc=831099194 |page=16}}</ref> The derivation from Boii,<ref name="EIU2003"/> is also disputed because there is not enough evidence.<ref name="IEOU"/> They are also called '''Vrchovints''' (Highlanders).<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite press release|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1424.pdf|location=Warsaw – Kiev|agency=UNESCO|date=2011|access-date=2020-08-03|pages=9|quote=The Boykos: an ethnic group using a local dialect of the Carpathian Ruthenian language inhabiting the Western Carpathians. The Boykos – also called the Vrchovints – were descendants of pastoralists who had come from the south and assimilated with the local society.}}</ref> As in the case of [[Hutsuls]] and [[Lemkos]], they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.<ref name="EIU2007">{{cite encyclopedia|title=КАРПАТИ КРАЇНСЬКІ|url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Karpaty_Ukrainski|author=Вортман Д.Я., Косміна О.Ю.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History|year=2007|publisher=[[Naukova Dumka]], [[NASU Institute of History of Ukraine]]|volume=4|language=uk|isbn=978-966-00-0692-8|quote=Історико-етнографічні джерела кін. 18 – поч. 19 ст. фіксують наявність у К.У. субетнічних груп українців: бойків, лемків, гуцулів.}}</ref>
Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses,<ref name="EIU2003">{{cite encyclopedia|title=БОЙКИ|url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Bojky|author=Войналович В.А.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History|year=2003|publisher=[[Naukova Dumka]], [[NASU Institute of History of Ukraine]]|volume=1|language=uk|page=688|isbn=966-00-0734-5|quote=Стосовно походження та етимології назви "Б." існує кілька гіпотез. Одні пов'язують її з особливостями психічного складу певної групи людей, ін. – з особливостями їхніх мовнодіалектичних ознак (бойківський говір – одна з пд.-зх. карпатських говірок – зберіг чимало архаїчних рис, переважно фонетичних та морфологічних). Достатньо обґрунтованою є гіпотеза, що пов'язує цю назву з етнонімом кельтських племен – "бойї", які мігрували у 6 ст. на Балкани і в Карпати. Подекуди Б. називають себе верховинцями. На Закарпатті назва "Б." мало поширена ... Гадають, що Б. – нащадки давнього слов'ян. племені білих хорватів, яких Володимир Святославич приєднав до Київської Русі}}</ref> but it is generally considered, as explained by priest [[:uk:Левицький Йосип Іванович|Joseph Levytsky]] in his ''Hramatyka'' (1831), that it derives from the particle {{lang|pl|boiie}}.<ref name="IEOU">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Boikos|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine|Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoikos.htm|author=Sofiia Rabii-Karpynska|year=2013|orig-year=1984|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|volume=1|isbn=978-0802033628|quote=The name Boiko is thought to be derived from the frequent use of the particle boiie by the population. The Boikos are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Slavic tribe of White Croatians that came under the rule of the Kievan Rus’ state during the reign of Prince Volodymyr the Great. Before the Magyars occupied the Danube Lowland this tribe served as a direct link between the Eastern and Southern Slavs. Some of the early Slav specialists, such as Pavel Šafařík and F. Rački, interpreted the remark of the Byzantine king Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (10th century) that the ‘Boiky’ locality situated beyond Turkia (i.e., Hungary) was the homeland of the White Serbs as a reference to the present Boiko region. This hypothesis is possibly true, but unproved. Likewise, no evidence exists to establish a connection between the name of the Boikos and the Celtic tribe of Boii, according to Yaroslav Pasternak.}}</ref> Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (''< bo-i-je >''), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population.<ref name="Dictionary1962">{{cite book|title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: Parts 1–11, A–G|url=https://archive.org/details/rudnycky_slovnyk_tom1.cropped.ocr/page/n125|author=Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|author-link=Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|year=1962–1972|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (UVAN)]]|location=Winnipeg|volume=1|language=en, uk|page=162}}</ref> The 19th-century scholar [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik]], with whom [[Franjo Rački]] and [[Henry Hoyle Howorth]] agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region of ''[[White Serbia|Boiki]]'' mentioned in the 10th century ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'',<ref name="IEOU"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Spread of the Slaves. Part I. The Croats.|first=H. H.|last=Howorth|date=1878|journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=7|pages=326|doi=10.2307/2841009|jstor=2841009|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2182681}}</ref> but this thesis is outdated and rejected,<ref name="Dictionary1962"/> as most scholars, [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]] among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century because ''Boiki'' is a clear reference to [[Bohemia]], which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe of [[Boii]].<ref name="Hrushevsky1997">{{cite book |author=Mykhailo Hrushevsky |author-link=Mykhailo Hrushevsky |editor=Andrzej Poppe |editor2=Frank E. Sysyn |editor3=Uliana M. Pasiczny |translator=Marta Skorupsky |title=History of Ukraine-Rus'. Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Eleventh Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_ENAQAAMAAJ |year=1997 |orig-year=1898 |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press |isbn=978-1-895571-19-6 |pages=161–162 |quote=The second detail in Constantine's account, which supposedly points to the eastern Carpathians, is his reference to a 'place called Boiki (Boiki)' on the border with the White Serbs; for a long time this was considered — and some consider it still – to be a reference to the Ukrainian Boikos. That is very unlikely, however, because the location is too far east for the Serbs, nor is there any indication that the name of the Boikos was ever in such wide usage. So all we are left with to suggest the existence of a Rus' Croatia in the Carpathians is the Primary Chronicle ... Published by H. Jireiek, the Karten zur Geschichte (1897) also show the 'Boiki' on the Dnister (map 4). It is more likely that Boiki is a distorted variant of the name Boiohem, or Bohemia, as most scholars now believe...}}</ref><ref name="Moravcsik1949">{{cite book|editor=Gyula Moravcsik |title=De administrando imperio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3kJAQAAIAAJ|year=1949|publisher=Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Görög Filoĺ́ogiai Intézet|pages=130–131|quote=...should be modern Saxony, where remnants of Serbs (Sorbs) are still living. The name 'Boiki' has been much disputed over by specialists ... has proved that the 'place called Boiki' can only be Bohemia. Grégoire (L'Origine, 98) rejects Skok's proposal to read 'Boioi', and suggests 'Boimi'. C.'s account contains one serious inexactitude: namely, the statement that the Serbs lived 'in a place called by them Boiki'. Although we have documentary proof of the existence of Croats in Bohemia, we have none to suggest that Serbs lived there. Bohemia was in fact another neighbour of White Serbia}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Łowmiański |first=Henryk |author-link=Henryk Łowmiański |title=Hrvatska pradomovina (Chorwacja Nadwiślańska in Początki Polski) |trans-title=Croatian ancient homeland |editor1-last=Nosić |editor1-first=Milan |translator-last1=Kryżan-Stanojević |translator-first1=Barbara |language=hr |publisher=Maveda |year=2004 |orig-year=1964 |oclc=831099194 |page=16}}</ref> The derivation from Boii,<ref name="EIU2003"/> is also disputed because there is not enough evidence.<ref name="IEOU"/> They are also called '''Vrchovints''' (Highlanders).<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite press release|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1424.pdf|location=Warsaw – Kiev|agency=UNESCO|date=2011|access-date=2020-08-03|pages=9|quote=The Boykos: an ethnic group using a local dialect of the Carpathian Ruthenian language inhabiting the Western Carpathians. The Boykos – also called the Vrchovints – were descendants of pastoralists who had come from the south and assimilated with the local society.}}</ref> As in the case of [[Hutsuls]] and [[Lemkos]], they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.<ref name="EIU2007">{{cite encyclopedia|title=КАРПАТИ КРАЇНСЬКІ|url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Karpaty_Ukrainski|author=Вортман Д.Я., Косміна О.Ю.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History|year=2007|publisher=[[Naukova Dumka]], [[NASU Institute of History of Ukraine]]|volume=4|language=uk|isbn=978-966-00-0692-8|quote=Історико-етнографічні джерела кін. 18 – поч. 19 ст. фіксують наявність у К.У. субетнічних груп українців: бойків, лемків, гуцулів.}}</ref>


Line 52: Line 52:


==Demography==
==Demography==
In the Boyko Region ({{langx|pl|Bojkowszczyzna}}, [[Rusyn language|Boyko]]: and {{langx|uk|Бойківщина|Boikivshchyna}}), there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos.<ref name="IEOU"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=БОЙКІВЩИНА|url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Bojkivschyna|author=Ісаєвич Я.Д.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History|year=2003|publisher=[[Naukova Dumka]], [[NASU Institute of History of Ukraine]]|volume=1|language=uk|page=688|isbn=966-00-0734-5}}</ref> They also lived in [[Sanok County|Sanok]], [[Lesko County|Lesko]] and [[Przemyśl County]] of the [[Podkarpackie Voivodeship]] in Poland, before the [[Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine]] and the [[Operation Vistula|forced relocation of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Poland in 1947]].<ref name="GRE">{{cite encyclopedia|title=БО́ЙКИ|url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/1869679|author=И. А. Бойко|encyclopedia=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]|year=2016|publisher=Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|language=ru|quote=До насильственного переселения 1947 жили также в Саноцком, Леском и Перемышльском поветах Подкарпатского воеводства в Польше. В 1970 насчитывалось ок. 230 тыс. чел. (оценка).|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=2019-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155334/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/1869679|url-status=dead}}</ref> In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, the [[Verkhovna Rada]], in 2016 renamed [[Telmanove Raion]] into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported from [[Czarna, Bieszczady County]] (today in Poland) after the [[1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange]]. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.<ref name="GRE"/>
In the Boyko Region ({{langx|pl|Bojkowszczyzna}}, [[Boyko dialect|Boyko]] and {{langx|uk|Бойківщина|Boikivshchyna}}), there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos.<ref name="IEOU"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=БОЙКІВЩИНА|url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Bojkivschyna|author=Ісаєвич Я.Д.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History|year=2003|publisher=[[Naukova Dumka]], [[NASU Institute of History of Ukraine]]|volume=1|language=uk|page=688|isbn=966-00-0734-5}}</ref> They also lived in [[Sanok County|Sanok]], [[Lesko County|Lesko]] and [[Przemyśl County]] of the [[Podkarpackie Voivodeship]] in Poland, before the [[Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine]] and the [[Operation Vistula|forced relocation of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Poland in 1947]].<ref name="GRE">{{cite encyclopedia|title=БО́ЙКИ|url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/1869679|author=И. А. Бойко|encyclopedia=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]|year=2016|publisher=Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]|language=ru|quote=До насильственного переселения 1947 жили также в Саноцком, Леском и Перемышльском поветах Подкарпатского воеводства в Польше. В 1970 насчитывалось ок. 230 тыс. чел. (оценка).|access-date=2019-06-20|archive-date=2019-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620155334/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/1869679|url-status=dead}}</ref> In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, the [[Verkhovna Rada]], in 2016 renamed [[Telmanove Raion]] into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported from [[Czarna, Bieszczady County]] (today in Poland) after the [[1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange]]. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.<ref name="GRE"/>


In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos  as an ethnicity distinct from [[Ukrainians]] is controversial.<ref>Professor Ivan Pop: ''Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia''(Encyclopedija Podkarpatskoj Rusi). Uzhhorod, 2000.</ref><ref>Paul Robert Magocsi, ''Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture ''. University of Toronto Press, June 2002.</ref><ref>Tom Trier (1998), ''Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine''</ref> The deprecated and archaic term [[Ruthenia]]n, while also derived from ''[[Rus (name)|Rus']]'', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainians]], as well as [[Belarusians]] and in some cases [[Russians]], depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians.<ref name="UCensus2001"/> This is also on top of many attempts within the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.<ref name="stat"/>
In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos  as an ethnicity distinct from [[Ukrainians]] is controversial.<ref>Professor Ivan Pop: ''Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia''(Encyclopedija Podkarpatskoj Rusi). Uzhhorod, 2000.</ref><ref>Paul Robert Magocsi, ''Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture ''. University of Toronto Press, June 2002.</ref><ref>Tom Trier (1998), ''Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine''</ref> The deprecated and archaic term [[Ruthenia]]n, while also derived from ''[[Rus (name)|Rus']]'', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainians]], as well as [[Belarusians]] and in some cases [[Russians]], depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians.<ref name="UCensus2001"/> This is also on top of many attempts within the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.<ref name="stat"/>
Line 58: Line 58:
==Location==
==Location==
*Poland: southeasternmost part of Poland ([[Podkarpackie Voivodeship]]).
*Poland: southeasternmost part of Poland ([[Podkarpackie Voivodeship]]).
*Ukraine: central and western half of the Carpathians in Ukraine across such regions as the southern [[Lviv Oblast]] ([[Stryi Raion|Stryi]], [[Drohobych Raion|Drohobych]], and [[Sambir Raion]]s), western [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] ([[Kalush Raion]]) and parts of the northeastern [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] ([[Mizhhiria Raion]])
*Ukraine: central and western half of the Carpathians in Ukraine across such regions as the southern [[Lviv Oblast]] ([[Stryi Raion|Stryi]], [[Drohobych Raion|Drohobych]], and [[Sambir Raion|Sambir]] raions), western [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]] ([[Kalush Raion]]) and parts of the northeastern [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] (former [[Mizhhiria Raion]])
*Northeast [[Slovakia]]
*Northeast [[Slovakia]]


Line 79: Line 79:
Most Boykos belong to the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], with a minority belonging to the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]]. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.
Most Boykos belong to the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], with a minority belonging to the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]]. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
DrohobychCer3.JPG|[[St. George's Church, Drohobych]]
DrohobychCer3.JPG|[[St. George's Church, Drohobych|St. George's Church]] in [[Drohobych]]
File:Krivki church.jpg|[[Kryvka Church|A traditional Boyko church]] in [[Lviv]]
File:Krivki church.jpg|[[Kryvka Church|A traditional Boyko church]] in [[Lviv]]
File:Rosolin, cerkiew św. Onufrego (HB1).jpg|Wooden Boyko church of St. Onuphrius in [[Rosolin]]
File:Rosolin, cerkiew św. Onufrego (HB1).jpg|Wooden Church of St. Onuphrius in [[Rosolin]]
Михайлівська церква (дер.) 1700 р. Вишка 7661-HDR.jpg|Boyko church of Saint Michael, Vyshka
Михайлівська церква (дер.) 1700 р. Вишка 7661-HDR.jpg|Church of Saint Michael in Vyshka
Церква Зіслання Святого Духа (1804).jpg|Boyko church of the Pentecost in Verkhnya Rozhanka
Церква Зіслання Святого Духа (1804).jpg|Church of the Pentecost in [[Verkhnia Rozhanka]]
Гукливий, Церква Св. Духа 2010 (6074).jpg|Holy Spirit church in Huklyvyi
Гукливий, Церква Св. Духа 2010 (6074).jpg|Holy Spirit Church in [[Huklyvyi]]
Matkiv.jpg|Saint Demetrius church, Matkiv
Matkiv.jpg|Saint Demetrius Church in [[Matkiv]]
</gallery>
</gallery>
==Notable people==
==Notable people==
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Boykos| ]]
[[Category:Boykos| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Poland]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]

Latest revision as of 21:14, 7 October 2025

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The Boykos or Boikos (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx), or simply Highlanders (Template:Langx; Template:Langx), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Along with the neighbouring Lemkos and Hutsuls, the Boykos are considered a sub-group of Rusyns and speak a distinct East Slavic dialect.[1][2] Within Ukraine, the Boykos and other Rusyns are seen as a sub-group of ethnic Ukrainians.[3][4] Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.

Etymology

File:Dolyna local history museum of Tatiana and Omelan Antonovych 1.jpg
Museum of Boyko Culture, Dolyna

Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses,[5] but it is generally considered, as explained by priest Joseph Levytsky in his Hramatyka (1831), that it derives from the particle Script error: No such module "Lang"..[6] Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (< bo-i-je >), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population.[7] The 19th-century scholar Pavel Jozef Šafárik, with whom Franjo Rački and Henry Hoyle Howorth agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region of Boiki mentioned in the 10th century De Administrando Imperio,[6][8] but this thesis is outdated and rejected,[7] as most scholars, Mykhailo Hrushevsky among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century because Boiki is a clear reference to Bohemia, which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii.[9][10][11] The derivation from Boii,[5] is also disputed because there is not enough evidence.[6] They are also called Vrchovints (Highlanders).[12] As in the case of Hutsuls and Lemkos, they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.[13]

Some people otherwise identifiable as Boykos regard that name as derogatory and call themselves highlanders (verkhovyntsi).[6]

Origin

File:Map of Ukrainian dialects en.png
Map of Ukrainian dialects (2005). Boyko dialect (13)

Boykos are either considered one of the descendants of East Slavic tribes, specifically White Croats who lived in the region,[5][6][14] possibly also Ulichs who arrived from the East,[15] or Vlach shepherds who later immigrated from Transylvania.[14]

Demography

In the Boyko Region (Template:Langx, Boyko and Template:Langx), there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos.[6][16] They also lived in Sanok, Lesko and Przemyśl County of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in Poland, before the Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine and the forced relocation of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Poland in 1947.[17] In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, in 2016 renamed Telmanove Raion into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported from Czarna, Bieszczady County (today in Poland) after the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.[17]

In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos as an ethnicity distinct from Ukrainians is controversial.[18][19][20] The deprecated and archaic term Ruthenian, while also derived from Rus', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and Ukrainians, as well as Belarusians and in some cases Russians, depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians.[21] This is also on top of many attempts within the USSR and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.[22]

Location

To the west of Boykos live Lemkos, east or southeast Hutsuls, northward Dnistrovyans, Opolyans.

Religion

Most Boykos belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, with a minority belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.

Notable people

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ [Richard T.Schaefer (ed.), 2008, Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1, Sage Publications, p. 1341.
  4. ↑ James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas & Nicholas Charles Pappas, 1994, An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires, Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 109–110.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Professor Ivan Pop: Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia(Encyclopedija Podkarpatskoj Rusi). Uzhhorod, 2000.
  19. ↑ Paul Robert Magocsi, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture . University of Toronto Press, June 2002.
  20. ↑ Tom Trier (1998), Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine
  21. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  22. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".

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External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Slavic ethnic groups

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