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| authority = [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Savigny]], 1809
| authority = [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Savigny]], 1809
| type_species= ''[[Black-winged kite|Elanus caesius]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=36 |title= Accipitridae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-26}}</ref> = ''Falco caeruleus''
| type_species= ''[[Black-winged kite|Elanus caesius]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=36 |title= Accipitridae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-26}}</ref> = ''Falco caeruleus''
| type_species_authority = Savigny, 1809
| type_species_authority = [[René Louiche Desfontaines|Desfontaines]] 1789
}}
}}


'''''Elanus''''' is a genus of [[bird of prey]] in the [[Elaninae|elanine kite]] subfamily. It was introduced by the French zoologist [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Jules-César Savigny]] in 1809 with the [[black-winged kite]] (''Elanus caeruleus'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last= Savigny | first=Jules-César | author-link=Marie Jules César Savigny | editor-last= Jomard | editor-first=Edme-François | editor-link=Edme-François Jomard | year=1809 | title=Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand | volume=1 | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=L'Imprimerie Impériale | pages=69, 97–98 | url=https://archive.org/stream/DescriptiondelEIFranB#page/n108/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=290 | url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108930 }}</ref> The name is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|elanos}}'' for a "kite".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n144 144] }}</ref>
'''''Elanus''''' is a genus of [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] in the [[Elaninae|elanine kite]] subfamily of the family [[Accipitridae]]. The four species in the genus are widely distributed.


These are white and grey raptors of open country, with black wing markings and a short square tail. They hunt by slowly quartering over mainly [[savanna]] habitat for [[rodent]]s and other small [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s and [[insect]]s, sometimes hovering like a [[kestrel]]. The primaries and secondaries have soft barbules from the upper surface that help in owl-like silent flight. The genus ''Elanus'' is distinctive in having very small scales covering the foot and on the underside, scutellate scales are found only under the terminal phalanges. The claw lacks a groove on the underside. They also have eyesight suited for crepuscular rodent hunting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keirnan |first1=Aubrey |last2=Worthy |first2=Trevor H. |last3=Smaers |first3=Jeroen B. |last4=Mardon |first4=Karine |last5=Iwaniuk |first5=Andrew N. |last6=Weisbecker |first6=Vera |date=2022 |title=Not like night and day: the nocturnal letter-winged kite does not differ from diurnal congeners in orbit or endocast morphology |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |bibcode=2022RSOS....920135K |doi=10.1098/rsos.220135 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=9128852 |pmid=35620001}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Negro |first1=Juan J. |last2=Pertoldi |first2=Cino |last3=Randi |first3=Ettore |last4=Ferrero |first4=Juan J. |last5=López-Caballero |first5=José M. |last6=Rivera |first6=Domingo |last7=Korpimäki |first7=Erkki |date=2006 |editor-last=Boal |editor-first=Clint |title=Convergent evolution of ''Elanus'' kites and the owls |journal=Journal of Raptor Research |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:CEOEKA]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0892-1016 |s2cid=85004744 |doi-access=free|hdl=10261/33813 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>  The genus contains four species, all of which hunt small mammals, especially rodents, by hovering in the air while looking for them in over open [[savanna]] habitats.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=31 December 2017 }}</ref> For some time, these species were all included as subspecies of ''Elanus caeruleus'', which has been known as the black-shouldered kite.<ref name="Parkes">{{cite journal |last=Parkes |first=Kenneth C. |year=1958 |title=Specific relationships in the genus ''Elanus'' |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v060n02/p0139-p0140.pdf |journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=139–40 |doi=10.2307/1365270 |jstor=1365270}}</ref><ref name="Clark">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=William S. |last2=Banks |first2=Richard C. |year=1992 |title=The taxonomic status of the White-tailed Kite |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v104n04/p0571-p0579.pdf |journal=[[The Wilson Journal of Ornithology]] |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=571–79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/checklistofnorth1983amer/page/103 |title=Check-list of North American Birds |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |year=1983 |isbn=0-943610-32-X |edition=6th |place=Lawrence, Kansas |page=[https://archive.org/details/checklistofnorth1983amer/page/103 103]}}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Elanus'' was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Jules-César Savigny]] to accommodate a single species, ''Falco caeruleus'', the [[black-winged kite]], that had been described in 1789 by [[René Louiche Desfontaines]]. This is now the [[type species]] of the genus by [[monotypy]].<ref>{{ cite book | last= Savigny | first=Jules-César | author-link=Marie Jules César Savigny | editor-last= Jomard | editor-first=Edme-François | editor-link=Edme-François Jomard | year=1809 | title=Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand | volume=1 | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=L'Imprimerie Impériale | pages=69, 97–98 | url=https://archive.org/stream/DescriptiondelEIFranB#page/n108/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=290 | url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108930 }}</ref> The name is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''{{lang|grc|elanos}}'' for a "kite".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n144 144] }}</ref>
 
==Description==
These are white and grey raptors of open country, with black wing markings and a short square tail. They hunt by slowly quartering over mainly [[savanna]] habitat for [[rodent]]s and other small [[mammal]]s, birds and [[insect]]s, sometimes hovering like a [[kestrel]]. The primaries and secondaries have soft barbules from the upper surface that help in owl-like silent flight. The genus ''Elanus'' is distinctive in having very small scales covering the foot and on the underside, scutellate scales are found only under the terminal [[Phalanx bone|phalanges]]. The claw lacks a groove on the underside. They also have eyesight suited for crepuscular rodent hunting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keirnan |first1=Aubrey |last2=Worthy |first2=Trevor H. |last3=Smaers |first3=Jeroen B. |last4=Mardon |first4=Karine |last5=Iwaniuk |first5=Andrew N. |last6=Weisbecker |first6=Vera |date=2022 |title=Not like night and day: the nocturnal letter-winged kite does not differ from diurnal congeners in orbit or endocast morphology |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |bibcode=2022RSOS....920135K |doi=10.1098/rsos.220135 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=9128852 |pmid=35620001}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Negro |first1=Juan J. |last2=Pertoldi |first2=Cino |last3=Randi |first3=Ettore |last4=Ferrero |first4=Juan J. |last5=López-Caballero |first5=José M. |last6=Rivera |first6=Domingo |last7=Korpimäki |first7=Erkki |date=2006 |editor-last=Boal |editor-first=Clint |title=Convergent evolution of ''Elanus'' kites and the owls |journal=Journal of Raptor Research |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[222:CEOEKA]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0892-1016 |s2cid=85004744 |doi-access=free|hdl=10261/33813 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>  The genus contains four species, all of which hunt small mammals, especially rodents, by hovering in the air while looking for them in over open [[savanna]] habitats.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=31 December 2017 }}</ref> For some time, these species were all included as subspecies of ''Elanus caeruleus'', which has been known as the black-shouldered kite.<ref name="Parkes">{{cite journal |last=Parkes |first=Kenneth C. |year=1958 |title=Specific relationships in the genus ''Elanus'' |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v060n02/p0139-p0140.pdf |journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=139–40 |doi=10.2307/1365270 |jstor=1365270}}</ref><ref name="Clark">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=William S. |last2=Banks |first2=Richard C. |year=1992 |title=The taxonomic status of the White-tailed Kite |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v104n04/p0571-p0579.pdf |journal=[[The Wilson Journal of Ornithology]] |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=571–79|bibcode=1992TWBu..104..571C }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/checklistofnorth1983amer/page/103 |title=Check-list of North American Birds |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |year=1983 |isbn=0-943610-32-X |edition=6th |place=Lawrence, Kansas |page=[https://archive.org/details/checklistofnorth1983amer/page/103 103]}}</ref>


The letter-winged kite breeds colonially and is nocturnal. The other species are both diurnal and crepuscular.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Ridgway, Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofnorthame00rid/page/222/mode/1up |title=A manual of North American Birds |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Co. |year=1900 |place=Philadelphia |page=222}}</ref>
The letter-winged kite breeds colonially and is nocturnal. The other species are both diurnal and crepuscular.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Ridgway, Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofnorthame00rid/page/222/mode/1up |title=A manual of North American Birds |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Co. |year=1900 |place=Philadelphia |page=222}}</ref>


{{Species table |genus= Elanus  |authority-name= [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Savigny]] |authority-year=1809 |species-count=four|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
{{Species table/row
! Image !!  Common name !! Scientific name{{#tag:ref|A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Elanus''.|group=lower-alpha}} !! Distribution
|name= [[Black-winged kite]]|binomial=[[Elanus caeruleus]]
|-
|image=File:2011-black-winged-kite.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|[[File:2011-black-winged-kite.jpg|180px]] || [[Black-winged kite]]  || ''Elanus caeruleus'' <br/>([[René Louiche Desfontaines|Desfontaines]], 1789) || [[File:ElanusCaeruleusIUCNver2019-3.png|180px]]
|authority-name=[[René Louiche Desfontaines|Desfontaines]]|authority-year= 1789 |authority-not-original=yes
|-
|range= sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Asia
|[[File:Black-shouldered Kite Sandy Hollow.jpg|180px]] ||[[Black-shouldered kite]] || ''Elanus axillaris'' <br/> ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1801)|| [[File:Elanus_axillaris_distribution.svg|180px]]
|range-image=File:ElanusCaeruleusIUCNver2019-3.png
|-
|range-image-size=180px
|[[File:Elanus leucurus -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg|180px]] || [[White-tailed kite]] ||''Elanus leucurus'' <br/>([[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1818) || [[File:Elanus_leucurus_range.svg|180px]]
|size=
|-
|habitat=
|[[File:Letter-winged Kite (Elanus scriptus)4.jpg|180px]] || [[Letter-winged kite]] ||''Elanus scriptus'' <br/>[[John Gould|Gould]], 1842 || [[File:Elanus scriptus range map.png|180px]]
|hunting=
|-
|iucn-status= LC
|}
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on
|''E. c. caeruleus'' (Desfontaines, 1789)
|''E. c. hypoleucus'' (Gould, 1859)
|''E. c. vociferus'' (Latham, 1790)
}}
}}
 
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Black-shouldered kite]] |binomial=[[Elanus axillaris]]
|image=File:Black-shouldered Kite Sandy Hollow.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]]|authority-year=1801 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Australia
|range-image=File:Elanus_axillaris_distribution.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
 
{{Species table/row
|name=[[White-tailed kite]] |binomial=[[Elanus leucurus]]
|image=File:Elanus leucurus -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]]|authority-year=1818 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  southern Texas and eastern Mexico to the Baja California Peninsula and through Central and South America to central Argentina and Chile.
|range-image=File:Elanus_leucurus_range.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|''E. l. majusculus'' - Bangs & Penard, TE, 1920
|''E. l. leucurus'' - (Vieillot, 1818)
}}
}}
 
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Letter-winged kite]] |binomial=[[Elanus scriptus]]
|image=File:Letterwinged Kite Perched 2019.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Gould|Gould]]|authority-year=1842 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  northeastern South Australia
|range-image=File:Elanus scriptus range map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|''E. l. majusculus'' - Bangs & Penard, TE, 1920
| ''E. l. leucurus'' - (Vieillot, 1818)
}}
}}
 
{{Species table/end}}
 


==Notes==
==Notes==

Latest revision as of 16:11, 30 October 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Elanus is a genus of birds of prey in the elanine kite subfamily of the family Accipitridae. The four species in the genus are widely distributed.

Taxonomy

The genus Elanus was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Jules-César Savigny to accommodate a single species, Falco caeruleus, the black-winged kite, that had been described in 1789 by René Louiche Desfontaines. This is now the type species of the genus by monotypy.[1][2] The name is from the Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". for a "kite".[3]

Description

These are white and grey raptors of open country, with black wing markings and a short square tail. They hunt by slowly quartering over mainly savanna habitat for rodents and other small mammals, birds and insects, sometimes hovering like a kestrel. The primaries and secondaries have soft barbules from the upper surface that help in owl-like silent flight. The genus Elanus is distinctive in having very small scales covering the foot and on the underside, scutellate scales are found only under the terminal phalanges. The claw lacks a groove on the underside. They also have eyesight suited for crepuscular rodent hunting.[4][5] The genus contains four species, all of which hunt small mammals, especially rodents, by hovering in the air while looking for them in over open savanna habitats.[6] For some time, these species were all included as subspecies of Elanus caeruleus, which has been known as the black-shouldered kite.[7][8][9]

The letter-winged kite breeds colonially and is nocturnal. The other species are both diurnal and crepuscular.[5][10]

Image Common name Scientific name[lower-alpha 1] Distribution
File:2011-black-winged-kite.jpg Black-winged kite Elanus caeruleus
(Desfontaines, 1789)		 File:ElanusCaeruleusIUCNver2019-3.png
File:Black-shouldered Kite Sandy Hollow.jpg Black-shouldered kite Elanus axillaris
(Latham, 1801)		 File:Elanus axillaris distribution.svg
File:Elanus leucurus -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg White-tailed kite Elanus leucurus
(Vieillot, 1818)		 File:Elanus leucurus range.svg
File:Letter-winged Kite (Elanus scriptus)4.jpg Letter-winged kite Elanus scriptus
Gould, 1842		 File:Elanus scriptus range map.png

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Other sources

Template:Sister project

  • Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead and Burton Raptors of the World Template:ISBN

Template:Accipitrimorphae Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
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