Red-baiting: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 03:13, 15 December 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use dmy dates Red-baiting, also known as reductio ad Stalinum (Template:IPAc-en) and red-tagging (in the Philippines),Template:Sfn is an intention to discredit the validity of a political opponent and the opponent's logical argument by accusing, denouncing, attacking, or persecuting the target individual or group as anarchist, communist,Template:Sfn Marxist, socialist, Stalinist, or fellow travelers towards these ideologies.Template:Sfn In the phrase, red refers to the color that traditionally symbolized left-wing politics worldwide since the 19th century, while baiting refers to persecution, torment, or harassment, as in baiting.Template:Sfn

Communist and associates, or more broadly socialist, have been used as a pejorative epithet against a wide range of individuals, political movements, governments, public, and private institutions since the emergence of the communist movement and the wider socialist movement. In the 19th century, the ruling classes were afraid of socialism because it challenged their rule. Since then, socialism has faced opposition, which was often organized and violent. During the 20th century, as socialism became a mainstream movement and communism gained power through communist parties, their main opponents were the political right, alongside organized anti-communists and critics of socialism.Template:Sfn The United States is a notable exception among the Western world in not having had a major socialist party, and for having engaged in red-baiting, resulting in two historic Red Scare periods during the 1920s (First Red Scare) and 1950s (Second Red Scare). Such usage as an insult has been used as a tactic by the Republican Party against Democratic Party candidates, and has continued into the 21st century, including by conflating Nazism with socialism.Template:Sfn

In the United States, the term red-baiting dates to as far back as 1927.Template:Sfn In 1928, blacklisting by the Daughters of the American Revolution was characterized as a "red-baiting relic".Template:Sfn A term commonly used in the United States, red-baiting in American history is most famously associated with McCarthyism, which originated in the two historic Red Scare periods.Template:Sfn While red-baiting does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the Revolutions of 1989,Template:Sfn some pundits posit that notable events in 21st-century American politics indicate a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the Cold War era.Template:Sfnm Other have noted parallels between red-baiting and attacks on other contemporary left-wing dissenters, such as pro-Palestinian students.^[1]

Background

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Both communist and socialist movements have faced hostility since their breakthrough in the 19th century. Friedrich Engels stated that in 1848, at the time when The Communist Manifesto was first published, socialism was respectable, while communism was not. The Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that proclaimed the necessity of radical change denoted themselves communists; this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany.Template:Sfn While democrat liberals looked to the Revolutions of 1848 as a democratic revolution, which in the long run ensured liberty, equality, and fraternity, communists denounced 1848 as a betrayal of working-class ideals by a bourgeoisie indifferent to the legitimate demands of the proletariat.Template:Sfnm

In countries such as 19th-century Germany and Italy,Template:Sfn socialist parties have been banned,Template:Sfn like with Otto von Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.Template:Sfn In the 1950s, West Germany and the United States banned the major communist party, the Communist Party of Germany Template:Sfn and the Communist Party USA,Template:Sfn respectively.Template:Refn With the expansion of liberal democracy and universal suffrage during the 20th century, socialism became a mainstream movement which expanded for most of the world, as center-left and left-wing socialist parties came to govern, become the main opposition party, or simply a commonality of the democratic process in most of the Western world; one major exception was the United States.Template:Sfnm In the Eastern world, communist parties came to power through revolution, civil war, coup d'état, and other means, coming to cover one-third of the world population by 1985,Template:Sfn while in Western Europe communist parties were part of several post-war coalitions, before being ejected on the United States' orders, such as in Italy.Template:Sfn Those parties in the West continued to be an important part of the multi-party democracy process;Template:Sfn those in the East became an oppressive driving force for most of the 20th century due to the Soviet Union's role in World War II as part of the Allied powers against the fascist-led Axis powers, and later in the Cold War.Template:Sfn In Western Europe Socialist parties greatly contributed to existing liberal democracy.Template:Sfn

History

Peru

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File:Cartel COMPATRIOTAS-LIBERTAD-DEMOCRACIA.jpg

Protest sign against the administration of Pedro Castillo, stating "Get out: Terrorists of the government"

Since the 1930s, the political elite of Peru used fear mongering tactics to influence the public by targeting foreign communist movements according to historian Antonio Zapata of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, beginning with Joseph Stalin and later with Fidel Castro.^[2] Terruqueos began to appear during the 1980s and would occur throughout the internal conflict in Peru.^[3]^[4]^[5] The basis of the terruqueo began during the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde when Legislative Decree 46 broadly defined terrorism as "any form of glorification or defense of the political discourse of subversive organizations".^[6] Into the 1990s, authoritarian president Alberto Fujimori utilized terruqueos with the help of the National Intelligence Service to discredit those who opposed him, including dissenters from his own government, with political scientist Daniel Encinas saying that this would evolve into conservative politicians using the attack to target those opposed to Fujimori's neoliberal economic policies and that the right-wing used the terruqueo as a "strategy of manipulating the legacy of political violence".^[3]^[4]^[7] Ultimately, a culture of fear was created by Fujimori according to Jo-Marie Burt, with individuals fearing that they would be described as a terrorist.^[8]

The terruqueo would then become so prominent that political discussions in Peru often devolved into the attacks, especially during elections.^[4] According to Fernando Velásquez Villalba, terruqueos are a latent phenomenon that appear more frequently in times of crisis.^[6] Terruqueos were intense against Pedro Castillo; he was portrayed as a "communist threat" that would bring "terrorism" and humanitarian disaster similar to Venezuela.^[6] When the 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests occurred, right-wing groups and the government of Dina Boluarte used the terruqueo to label protesters as terrorists, providing an excuse for authorities to use violence with impunity.^[9]^[10] Experts of the United Nations condemned its usage during the protests.^[10]

Philippines

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In the Philippines, red-tagging poses threats to the lives or safety of its targetsTemplate:Sfn and impinges on the right to free expression and dissent.Template:Sfn Red-tagged individuals also tend to become vulnerable to death threatsTemplate:Sfn and allegations of terrorism.Template:Sfn The United Nations warns that red-tagging is a "criminalizing discourse" that undermines the value of the work of human rights defenders and places them at risk of violence and various forms of harassment.Template:Sfn

File:12-3-2020 Protest of Lumad Youth against redtagging, closure of Lumad schools 3.jpg

An anti-redtagging banner in a protest against the closure of Lumad schools, 3 December 2020

Communism has generally been viewed with disfavor and particular distrust by large sectors of Philippine society ever since the country gained independence from the United States on 4 July 1946 through the Treaty of Manila. Shared ideological preferences with the United States, resulting from more than four decades of benevolent assimilation and exacerbated by the onset of the Cold War, have resulted in some Filipinos being predisposed to suspicion of communist sympathies.Template:Sfnm This predisposition makes red-tagging an effective fear appeal tool used by players in the political arena, given that it authorizes law-enforcement agencies and the military to act on the taggings.Template:Sfnm

Red-tagging is almost never employed in foreign relations of the Philippines, including members of ruling communist parties, owing to the principle in international law of Westphalian sovereignty in another country's domestic affairs. This can be seen especially in the government's cordial relations with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the Communist Party of Vietnam,Template:Sfnm both of which are ruling parties of ASEAN member states.Template:Refn One of the notable exceptions to the nontagging of foreigners was United States citizen Brandon Lee, an ancestral-domain paralegal in the Cordillera Administrative Region. Lee was tagged as a communist and automatically an "enemy of the state" and was subsequently shot four times.Template:Sfn United States citizen Liza Soberano and Australian citizen Catriona Gray have also since been red-tagged and publicly threatened, the former with assassination and the latter with rape.Template:Sfnm

Australia

In the early 1950s, Liberal Party leaders like Robert Menzies red-baited Labor politicians and described them as insufficiently tough on the People's Republic of China.^[11]Template:Rp

United States

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20th century

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Red-baiting was employed in opposition to anarchists in the United States as early as the late 1870s when businessmen, religious leaders, politicians and editorial writers tried to rally poor and middle-class workers to oppose dissident railroad workers and again during the Haymarket affair in the mid-1880s. Red-baiting was well established in the United States during the decade before World War I. In the post-war period of 1919–1921, the United States government employed it as a central tactic in dealing with labor radicals, anarchists, communists, socialists, and foreign agents. These actions in reaction to the First Red Scare and the concurrent Red Terror served as part of the organizing principle shaping counter-revolutionary policies and serving to institutionalize anti-communism as a force in American politics.Template:Sfnm

The period between the first and second Red Scares was relatively calm owing to the success of government anti-communism, the suppressive effects of New Deal policies on radical organized labor and the patriotism associated with total mobilization and war effort during World War II.Template:Sfn Red-baiting re-emerged in the late 1940s and early 1950s during the period known as the Second Red Scare due to mounting Cold War tensions and the spread of communism abroad. Senator Joseph McCarthy's controversial red-baiting of suspected communists and communist sympathizers in the United States Department of State and the creation of a Hollywood blacklist led to the term McCarthyism being coined to signify any type of reckless political persecution or witch-hunt.Template:Sfn

The history of anti-communist red-baiting in general and McCarthyism in particular continues to be hotly debated and political divisions this controversy created continue to make themselves felt. Conservative critics contend that revelations such as the Venona project decryptions and the FBI Silvermaster File at least mute if not outright refute the charge that red-baiting in general was unjustified.Template:Sfn Historian Nicholas von Hoffman wrote in The Washington Post that evidence revealed in the Venona project forced him to admit that McCarthy was "still closer to the truth than those who ridiculed him" but has continued to believe that McCarthy did not identify the correct people.Template:Sfn A similar view was expressed by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who led the Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy declassifying the Venona decryptions.Template:Sfn Liberal scholars contend that even if someone could prove that the United States government was infiltrated by Soviet spies, McCarthy was censured by the Senate because he was in fact reckless and politically opportunistic, and his red-baiting ruined the lives of countless innocent people.Template:Sfn In 1950, United States president Harry S. Truman had called McCarthy "the greatest asset the Kremlin has."Template:Sfn Historian Ellen Schrecker wrote that "McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did".Template:Sfn

21st century

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Although red-baiting in the United States does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the fall of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the 1990s,Template:Sfn some pundits posit that events in 21st-century American politics indicates a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the 1950s.Template:Sfnm The United States government's measures in 2008 to address the subprime mortgage crisis such as the Troubled Asset Relief Program were not only criticized as corporate welfare but red-baited as a "gateway to socialism".Template:Sfn Political activist and author Tim Wise says that the emergence of such red-baiting may have been motivated by, and given additional force by, racism towards President Barack Obama and fear that the progressive policies of his administration would erode white privilege in the United States.Template:Sfnm

Some commentators posit that red-baiting was used by John McCain, Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States presidential election, when he commented that Obama's improvised comments on wealth redistribution to Joe the Plumber was a promotion of socialism.Template:Sfn Journalist David Remnick, who wrote the biography The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama,Template:Sfn countered that it should be obvious that after one year in office Obama is a center-left president and the majority of his policies are in line with the center-left Democratic tradition.Template:Sfn In July 2011, The Fiscal Times columnist Bruce Barlett wrote that an honest examination of the Obama presidency must conclude that he has in fact been a moderately conservative Democrat, and that it may take twenty years before Obama's basic conservatism is widely accepted.Template:Sfn Author and columnist Chris Hedges posits that the Obama administration's policies have been mostly right-wing.Template:Sfnm

In April 2009, Representative Spencer Bachus made the claim that seventeen of his Congressional colleagues were socialists but could only name Senator Bernie Sanders, who has been openly describing himself as a democratic socialist for years.Template:Sfn Sanders countered that American conservatives blur the differences between democratic socialism and authoritarian socialism, and between democracy and totalitarianism. For Sanders, the United States would benefit from a serious debate about comparing the quality of life for the middle class in the United States and in Nordic countries with a long social-democratic tradition.Template:Sfn

In May 2009, a number of conservative members of the Republican National Committee were pressing the committee and by extension chairman Michael Steele to officially adopt the position that the Democratic Party is socialist. Over a dozen members of the conservative wing of the committee submitted a new resolution, to be eventually voted on by the entire committee, that would call on the Democratic Party to rename itself the Democrat Socialist Party; had this resolution been adopted, the committee's official view would have been that Democrats are socialists.Template:Sfn On 20 May 2009, supporters of the resolution agreed to accept language urging Democrats to "stop pushing our country towards socialism and government control", ending a fight within the ranks of the Republican Party that reflected the divide between those who want a more centrist message and those seeking a more aggressive, conservative voice such as the one expressed by the Tea Party movement.Template:Sfn Frank Llewellyn, the national director of Democratic Socialists of America, commented that Republicans never really define what they mean by socialism, and are simply engaging in the politics of fear.Template:Sfn

In July 2009, talk show host Glenn Beck began to devote what would become many episodes on his TV and radio shows, focusing on Van Jones, a special advisor in President Obama's White House Council on Environmental Quality. Beck was especially critical of Jones' previous involvement in radical protest movements and referred to him as a "communist-anarchist radical".Template:Sfn In September 2009, Jones resigned his position in the Obama administration after a number of his past statements became fodder for conservative critics and Republican officials.Template:Sfn Time credited Beck with leading conservatives' attack on Jones,Template:Sfn who characterized it as a "vicious smear campaign" and an effort to use "lies and distortions to distract and divide".Template:Sfn

On March 5, 2020, an article was published by the New York Times about Bernie Sanders and his endeavors during his time as the mayor of Burlington, Vermont. The article mainly focused on his efforts to establish a sister-city relationship with the city of Yaroslavl of the Soviet Union in 1987-88. The Times opened with a direct quotation from a letter Sanders sent to Yaroslavl, showcasing Sanders' desire to bring the United States and Soviet Union closer to peaceful relations. The Times continued with "Unbeknownst to him," the Soviets intended "to exploit Mr. Sanders's anti-war agenda for their own propaganda purposes."^[12] The Times presented 89 new files consisting of "letters, telegrams, and internal Soviet government documents" to back their claims.^[12] The controversy arose from the Times' presentation and interpretation of these files, potentially intending to paint Sanders with communist political leanings. Jack F. Matlock Jr., The United States ambassador for the Soviet Union from 1987-1991, personally wrote the editor a letter upon reading the article, claiming it to be a "distortion of history." Matlock claimed the sister-city relationship Sanders developed was actively encouraged by the United States government, further insinuating the article to be an instance of Red-Baiting.^[12]

Insult usage

Communist or socialist have been used as a pejorative within red-baiting, mainly in reference to authoritarian state socialist regimes and Communist states but also for any proposal that may further expand the role of the government,Template:Sfn by anti-communists and the political right for both communists and socialists, and for those who are neither but are alleged to be adopting socialist policies, as is done by Republicans for Democratic candidates in the United States.Template:Sfn Those terms have also been used as an insult for several left-wing politicians in center-left socialist parties to describe them as farthest left and more extreme than they actually are in an effort to marginalize them.Template:Refn For some scholars, communist and socialist, and the memories of such authoritarian regimes, are used as an insult to dismiss any criticism of capitalism and support for socialism by positing that any form of communism or socialism would always and inevitably result in 20th-century Communism and authoritarian regimes.Template:Sfnm

Germany

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". The 1994 federal election saw a "red socks" campaign used by the center-right, including the CDU/CSU and the Free Democratic Party (FDP), to scare off a possible red–red–green coalition alliance (SPD–PDS–The Greens). Analysts have stated that such a strategy likely paid off, as it was seen as one of the decisive elements for the narrow victory of Helmut Kohl for the CDU/CSU–FDP. The red-baiting campaign was criticized as an obvious attempt to discredit the whole left; the PDS reinterpreted it for itself by printing red socks.Template:Sfn

As the CDU/CSU was falling down while the SPD was surging in the polls, the 2021 federal election saw a Red Scare campaign against a possible red–red–green federal government,Template:Sfn which was feared by conservatives,Template:Sfn who engaged in red-baiting by promoting a Red Scare.Template:Sfnm A capital flight to Switzerland ensued due to fear of increased taxes for the very rich through higher inheritance taxes and a wealth tax.Template:Sfn As The Left underperformed, a left-wing coalition was ruled out by just a few seats in the Bundestag,Template:Sfn and the German financial market rallied as a result, as such threat was eliminated.Template:Sfnm

United Kingdom

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". In the United Kingdom, former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn was often labelled a communist or Marxist,Template:Sfn and a communist spy by commentators in mainstream national newspapers The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Telegraph, and The Times, despite experts and researchers stating that no evidence exists.Template:Sfn During the 2017 general election campaign, Steve Bush and George Eaton of the New Statesman commented that the Labour Party's manifesto was more Keynesian than anything,Template:Sfn with Eaton stating that the adopted policies "would be regarded as mainstream in most European countries".Template:Sfn According to some studies, media coverage of Corbyn has often been hostile and misrepresentative of his views.Template:Sfnm

United States

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". During the 20th century, the United States underwent two Red Scares, first in the 1920s and then in the 1950s through McCarthyism.Template:Sfn In a speech on 10 October 1952,Template:Refn outgoing United States president Harry S. Truman (Democratic Party) lambasted Republicans for having "opposed almost all our programs to help the economic life of the country" and "having blindly turned [their] back on the tradition of public action for the public good", referencing then-Republican United States senator Robert A. Taft, who made the 1952 United States presidential election campaign about "creepy socialism", a scare word "they have hurled at every advance the people have made in the last 20 years" according to Truman.Template:Sfn Socialism and socialization have been mistakenly used to refer to any state or government-operated industry or service (the proper term for such being either municipalization or nationalization); both terms have also been incorrectly used to mean any tax-funded programs, whether government-run or privately run.Template:Sfn

Into the 21st century, with the rise in popularity and to the mainstream of self-declared democratic socialist United States senator Bernie Sanders, socialist has continued to be used as an insult, mainly by conservatives.Template:Sfn Among conservatives, socialist is used as an insult to imply that Nazism, and by extension fascism, was a left-wing ideology, which is contrary to the consensus among scholars of fascism as a far-right ideology.Template:Sfn An example of this is conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg's book Liberal Fascism, where modern liberalism and progressivism are described as the child of fascism, which is considered to be socialist.Template:Sfn For conservative figures such as Dinesh D'Souza and Candace Owens, American Left figures like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren are not only socialists but since the Nazis are wrongly considered to be socialists in this view, they are dangerous, and in turn any who oppose them cannot have any link to Nazism or the far right.Template:Sfn The use of socialist as an insult to falsely imply that the Nazis were leftists is seen as a way to disavow far-right history, erase leftist victims of Nazi violence, and justify violence against leftists.Template:Sfn Monopoly Socialism, a version of the Monopoly board game by Hasbro, was criticized for confusing socialism with communism, and mocking left-wing ideas in general. Some noted that the original game was created as a satire of capitalism, which is not widely known nowadays.^[13]

Notes

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References

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Bibliography

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Further reading

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Sources

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External links

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Red-baiting''', also known as '''''reductio ad Stalinum''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|l|ɪ|n|ə|m}}) and '''red-tagging''' ([[Red-tagging in the Philippines|in the Philippines]]),{{sfn|CMFR 2019}} is an intention to discredit the validity of a political opponent and the opponent's logical argument by accusing, denouncing, attacking, or persecuting the target individual or group as ''[[anarchist]]'', ''[[communist]]'',{{sfn|''Merriam-Webster'' 2010}} ''[[Marxist]]'', ''[[socialist]]'', ''[[Stalinist]]'', or ''[[fellow traveler]]s'' towards these ideologies.{{sfn|''The Free Dictionary'' 2016}} In the phrase, ''[[Red (politics)|red]]'' refers to the color that traditionally symbolized [[left-wing politics]] worldwide since the 19th century, while ''baiting'' refers to persecution, torment, or harassment, as in [[Baiting (blood sport)|baiting]].{{sfn|''Merriam-Webster'' 2016}}
-''Communist'' and associates, or more broadly ''socialist'', have been used as a [[pejorative]] [[epithet]] against a wide range of individuals, political movements, governments, public, and private institutions since the emergence of the [[communist movement]] and the wider [[socialist movement]]. In the 19th century, the [[ruling class]]es were afraid of socialism because it challenged their rule. Since then, socialism has faced opposition, which was often organized and violent. During the 20th century, as socialism became a mainstream movement and communism gained power through [[communist parties]], their main opponents were the [[political right]], alongside organized [[anti-communism|anti-communists]] and [[critics of socialism]].{{sfn|Nichols|2011}} The United States is a notable exception among the [[Western world]] in not having had a major socialist party, and for having engaged in red-baiting, resulting in two historic [[Red Scare]] periods during the 1920s ([[First Red Scare]]) and 1950s ([[Second Red Scare]]). Such usage as an insult has been used as a tactic by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] candidates, and has continued into the 21st century, including conflating German fascist [[Nazism]] as ''socialism'' and for left-wing politics.{{sfn|Nichols|2011}}
+''Communist'' and associates, or more broadly ''socialist'', have been used as a [[pejorative]] [[epithet]] against a wide range of individuals, political movements, governments, public, and private institutions since the emergence of the [[communist movement]] and the wider [[socialist movement]]. In the 19th century, the [[ruling class]]es were afraid of socialism because it challenged their rule. Since then, socialism has faced opposition, which was often organized and violent. During the 20th century, as socialism became a mainstream movement and communism gained power through [[communist parties]], their main opponents were the [[political right]], alongside organized [[anti-communism|anti-communists]] and [[critics of socialism]].{{sfn|Nichols|2011}} The United States is a notable exception among the [[Western world]] in not having had a major socialist party, and for having engaged in red-baiting, resulting in two historic [[Red Scare]] periods during the 1920s ([[First Red Scare]]) and 1950s ([[Second Red Scare]]). Such usage as an insult has been used as a tactic by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] candidates, and has continued into the 21st century, including by [[Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism|conflating]] [[Nazism]] with socialism.{{sfn|Nichols|2011}}
-In the United States, the term ''red-baiting'' dates to as far back as 1927.{{sfn|''The New York Times'', 23 August 1927}} In 1928, [[blacklisting]] by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] was characterized as a "red-baiting relic".{{sfn|''The New York Times'', April 1928}} A term commonly used in the United States, ''red-baiting'' in [[American history]] is most famously associated with ''[[McCarthyism]]'', which originated in the two historic Red Scare periods.{{sfn|''The Free Dictionary'' 2010}} In 1960, Democratic presidential nominee [[John F. Kennedy]] had been officially briefed on some of the secret plans of the Eisenhower Administration for overthrowing Castro's Communist regime in Cuba, but then publicly accused Vice President Nixon of doing nothing in that regard, knowing that his opponent was sworn to secrecy on that project and therefore would be left looking weak on Communism.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} While red-baiting does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the [[Revolutions of 1989]],{{sfn|Leibovich|2009}} some pundits posit that notable events in 21st-century [[American politics]] indicate a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the [[Cold War]] era.{{sfnm|1a1=Wise|1y=2009|2a1=Hedges|2y=2010}}
+In the United States, the term ''red-baiting'' dates to as far back as 1927.{{sfn|''The New York Times'', 23 August 1927}} In 1928, [[blacklisting]] by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] was characterized as a "red-baiting relic".{{sfn|''The New York Times'', April 1928}} A term commonly used in the United States, ''red-baiting'' in [[American history]] is most famously associated with ''[[McCarthyism]]'', which originated in the two historic Red Scare periods.{{sfn|''The Free Dictionary'' 2010}} While red-baiting does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the [[Revolutions of 1989]],{{sfn|Leibovich|2009}} some pundits posit that notable events in 21st-century [[American politics]] indicate a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the [[Cold War]] era.{{sfnm|1a1=Wise|1y=2009|2a1=Hedges|2y=2010}} Other have noted parallels between red-baiting and attacks on other contemporary left-wing dissenters, such as pro-Palestinian students.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khalidi |first=Dima |date=2025-03-11 |title=Mahmoud Khalil’s Abduction Is a Red Alert for Universities |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/mahmoud-khalil-columbia-trump-universities/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378}}</ref>
 == Background ==
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 === Peru ===
 {{Main|Terruqueo}}
 [[File:Cartel_COMPATRIOTAS-LIBERTAD-DEMOCRACIA.jpg|thumb|Protest sign against the administration of [[Pedro Castillo]], stating "Get out: Terrorists of the government"]]
 Since the 1930s, the political elite of Peru used fear mongering tactics to influence the public by targeting foreign [[communist]] movements according to historian Antonio Zapata of the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]], beginning with [[Joseph Stalin]] and later with [[Fidel Castro]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Tegel |first=Simeon |date=2023-03-21 |title=Peru's far right is reviving decades-old terrorism narratives to undermine protests |url=https://www.codastory.com/rewriting-history/peru-protests-disinformation/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Coda Media]] |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Terruqueos'' began to appear during the 1980s and would occur throughout the [[internal conflict in Peru]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Feline Freier |first1=Luisa |last2=Castillo Jara |first2=Soledad |date=13 January 2021 |title="Terruqueo" and Peru's Fear of the Left |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/terruqueo-and-perus-fear-of-the-left/ |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=[[Americas Quarterly]] |language=en-US |quote=It was in this context that Martha Chávez, ... accused demonstrators of being linked to the terrorist left ... As absurd as it may seem, this kind of attack is common in Peru, and recently there is even a name for it: terruqueo, the mostly groundless accusation of being connected to once powerful communist terrorist organizations. ... After the end of the conflict, the term came to be used carelessly and often as a racially charged political insult, targeting progressive or left-wing politicians or activists, organizations committed to the defense of human rights, and, at least historically, people of indigenous origin.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Qué es el "terruqueo" en Perú y cómo influye en la disputa presidencial entre Fujimori y Castillo |language=es |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-57277852 |access-date=2021-11-18}}</ref><ref name="PROFE1">{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=13–24 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> The basis of the ''terruqueo'' began during the presidency of [[Fernando Belaúnde]] when Legislative Decree 46 broadly defined terrorism as "any form of glorification or defense of the political discourse of subversive organizations".<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Villalba |first1=Fernando Velásquez |date=2022 |title=A TOTALIDADE NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA: ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO E COLONIALIDADE NO PERU CONTEMPORÂNEO |journal=Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais |volume=37 |issue=109 |pages=e3710906 |doi=10.1590/3710906/2022 |s2cid=251877338 |quote=terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social|doi-access=free }}</ref> Into the 1990s, [[authoritarian]] president [[Alberto Fujimori]] utilized ''terruqueos'' with the help of the [[National Intelligence Service (Peru)|National Intelligence Service]] to discredit those who opposed him, including dissenters from his own government, with political scientist Daniel Encinas saying that this would evolve into conservative politicians using the attack to target those opposed to Fujimori's neoliberal economic policies and that the right-wing used the ''terruqueo'' as a "strategy of manipulating the legacy of political violence".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mendoza |first=Marina |date=1 March 2022 |title=The political use of terrorism in the 2021 Peruvian presidential campaign |url=https://universitas.ups.edu.ec/index.php/universitas/article/view/36.2022.10/50871nG-iSVUVjQ8suxz-VZ&ust=1680543759112509 |journal=Revista Universitas |publisher=[[Universidad Politécnica Salesiana]] |issue=36 |pages=243–268 |doi=10.17163/uni.n36.2022.10 |s2cid=247116260 |issn=1390-8634 |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ultimately, a [[culture of fear]] was created by Fujimori according to Jo-Marie Burt, with individuals fearing that they would be described as a terrorist.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Burt |first=Jo-Marie |date=2006 |title="Quien habla es terrorista": The Political Use of Fear in Fujimori's Peru |journal=[[Latin American Research Review]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=32–62|doi=10.1353/lar.2006.0036 |s2cid=146449265 }}</ref>
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 === Philippines ===
 {{main|Red-tagging in the Philippines}}
 In the Philippines, red-tagging poses threats to the lives or safety of its targets{{sfn|Gavilan|2020}} and impinges on the right to free expression and dissent.{{sfn|CMFR 2019}} Red-tagged individuals also tend to become vulnerable to death threats{{sfn|RSF 2019}} and allegations of terrorism.{{sfn|CMFR 2019}} The [[United Nations]] warns that red-tagging is a "criminalizing discourse" that undermines the value of the work of human rights defenders and places them at risk of violence and various forms of harassment.{{sfn|Robles|2019}}
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 ==== 20th century ====
 {{main|First Red Scare|Second Red Scare}}
 Red-baiting was employed in opposition to [[anarchists in the United States]] as early as the late 1870s when businessmen, religious leaders, politicians and editorial writers tried to rally poor and middle-class workers to oppose dissident railroad workers and again during the [[Haymarket affair]] in the mid-1880s. Red-baiting was well established in the United States during the decade before [[World War I]]. In the post-war period of 1919–1921, the [[United States government]] employed it as a central tactic in dealing with labor radicals, anarchists, communists, socialists, and foreign agents. These actions in reaction to the [[First Red Scare]] and the concurrent [[Red Terror]] served as part of the organizing principle shaping [[counter-revolutionary]] policies and serving to institutionalize [[anti-communism]] as a force in American politics.{{sfnm|1a1=Bennett|1a2=Edsforth|1y=1991|2a1=Hedges|2y=2010}}
@@ Line 58: / Line 61: @@
 In July 2009, talk show host [[Glenn Beck]] began to devote what would become many episodes on his TV and radio shows, focusing on [[Van Jones]], a special advisor in President Obama's [[White House Council on Environmental Quality]]. Beck was especially critical of Jones' previous involvement in radical protest movements and referred to him as a "communist-anarchist radical".{{sfn|Brodey|2009}} In September 2009, Jones resigned his position in the Obama administration after a number of his past statements became fodder for conservative critics and Republican officials.{{sfn|Brodey|2009}} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' credited Beck with leading conservatives' attack on Jones,{{sfn|Von Drehle|2009}} who characterized it as a "vicious smear campaign" and an effort to use "lies and distortions to distract and divide".{{sfn|Franke-Ruta|Wilson|2009}}
-On March 5, 2020, an article was published by the [[The New York Times|New York Times]] about [[Bernie Sanders]] and his endeavors during his time as the mayor of Burlington, Vermont. The article mainly focused on his efforts to establish a [[Sister city|sister-city]] relationship with the city of [[Yaroslavl]] of [[Soviet Union|the Soviet Union]] in 1987-88. The Times opened with a direct quotation from a letter Sanders sent to Yaroslavl, showcasing Sanders' desire to bring the United States and Soviet Union closer to peaceful relations. The Times continued with "Unbeknownst to him," the Soviets intended "to exploit Mr. Sanders's anti-war agenda for their own propaganda purposes".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=On Red-Baiting, Then and Now |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0025 |journal=Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=229–234 |doi=10.1353/kri.2020.0025 |issn=1538-5000|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Times presented 89 new files consisting of "letters, telegrams, and internal Soviet government documents" to back their claims.<ref name=":3" /> The controversy arose from the Times' presentation and interpretation of these files, potentially intending to paint Sanders with communist political leanings. [[Jack F. Matlock Jr.]], The United States ambassador for the Soviet Union from 1987-1991, personally wrote the editor a letter upon reading the article, claiming it to be a "distortion of history". Matlock claimed the sister-city relationship Sanders developed was actively encouraged by the United States government, further insinuating the article to be an instance of Red-Baiting.<ref name=":3" />
+On March 5, 2020, an article was published by the [[The New York Times|New York Times]] about [[Bernie Sanders]] and his endeavors during his time as the mayor of Burlington, Vermont. The article mainly focused on his efforts to establish a [[Sister city|sister-city]] relationship with the city of [[Yaroslavl]] of [[Soviet Union|the Soviet Union]] in 1987-88. The Times opened with a direct quotation from a letter Sanders sent to Yaroslavl, showcasing Sanders' desire to bring the United States and Soviet Union closer to peaceful relations. The Times continued with "Unbeknownst to him," the Soviets intended "to exploit Mr. Sanders's anti-war agenda for their own propaganda purposes."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=On Red-Baiting, Then and Now |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0025 |journal=Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=229–234 |doi=10.1353/kri.2020.0025 |issn=1538-5000|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Times presented 89 new files consisting of "letters, telegrams, and internal Soviet government documents" to back their claims.<ref name=":3" /> The controversy arose from the Times' presentation and interpretation of these files, potentially intending to paint Sanders with communist political leanings. [[Jack F. Matlock Jr.]], The United States ambassador for the Soviet Union from 1987-1991, personally wrote the editor a letter upon reading the article, claiming it to be a "distortion of history." Matlock claimed the sister-city relationship Sanders developed was actively encouraged by the United States government, further insinuating the article to be an instance of Red-Baiting.<ref name=":3" />
 == Insult usage ==
@@ Line 140: / Line 143: @@
 ; Sources
 {{refbegin|30em}}
-* {{cite news|last=Astor|first=Maggie|date=12 June 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/us/politics/democratic-socialism-facts-history.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416134919/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/us/politics/democratic-socialism-facts-history.html|archivedate=16 April 2021|title=What Is Democratic Socialism? Whose Version Are We Talking About?|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Astor |first=Maggie |date=12 June 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/us/politics/democratic-socialism-facts-history.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416134919/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/us/politics/democratic-socialism-facts-history.html |archivedate=16 April 2021 |title=What Is Democratic Socialism? Whose Version Are We Talking About? |work=The New York Times |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite book|last1=Benedek|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Kettemann|first2=Matthias C.|year=2014|title=Freedom of Expression and the Internet|edition=reprint|location=Strasbourg|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=9789287178206}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Benedek |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Kettemann |first2=Matthias C. |year=2014 |title=Freedom of Expression and the Internet |edition=reprint |location=Strasbourg |publisher=Council of Europe |isbn=9789287178206}}
-* {{cite news|last=Berlatsky|first=Noah|date=8 July 2021|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/rep-marjorie-taylor-greene-can-t-stop-making-covid-nazi-ncna1273312|title=Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene can't stop making Covid-Nazi comparisons|agency=NBC News|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Berlatsky |first=Noah |date=8 July 2021 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/rep-marjorie-taylor-greene-can-t-stop-making-covid-nazi-ncna1273312 |title=Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene can't stop making Covid-Nazi comparisons |agency=NBC News |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite book|last=Berman|first=Sheri|year=2006|title=The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century|edition=hardcover|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521817998}}
+* {{cite book |last=Berman |first=Sheri |year=2006 |title=The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century |edition=hardcover |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521817998}}
-* {{cite news|last=Bush|first=Stephen|date=30 March 2017|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/far-being-left-wing-radical-jeremy-corbyn-slouching-towards-milibandism|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125045337/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/far-being-left-wing-radical-jeremy-corbyn-slouching-towards-milibandism|archivedate=25 January 2021|title=Far from being a left-wing radical, Jeremy Corbyn is slouching towards Milibandism|work=New Statesman|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Bush |first=Stephen |date=30 March 2017 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/far-being-left-wing-radical-jeremy-corbyn-slouching-towards-milibandism |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125045337/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/far-being-left-wing-radical-jeremy-corbyn-slouching-towards-milibandism |archivedate=25 January 2021 |title=Far from being a left-wing radical, Jeremy Corbyn is slouching towards Milibandism |work=New Statesman |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite magazine|last=Cassidy|first=John|date=13 September 2015|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/jeremy-corbyns-victory-and-the-demise-of-new-labour|title=Jeremy Corbyn's Victory and the Demise of New Labour|magazine=The New Yorker|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite magazine |last=Cassidy |first=John |date=13 September 2015 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/jeremy-corbyns-victory-and-the-demise-of-new-labour |title=Jeremy Corbyn's Victory and the Demise of New Labour |magazine=The New Yorker |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite magazine|last=Cassidy|first=John|date=18 June 2019|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/why-socialism-is-back|title=Why Socialism Is Back|magazine=The New Yorker|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite magazine |last=Cassidy |first=John |date=18 June 2019 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/why-socialism-is-back |title=Why Socialism Is Back |magazine=The New Yorker |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite news|last=Cammaerts|first=Bart|date=19 July 2016|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-mainstream-press-lse-study-misrepresentation-we-cant-ignore-bias-a7144381.html|title=Our report found that 75% of press coverage misrepresents Jeremy Corbyn – we can't ignore media bias anymore|work=The Independent|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Cammaerts |first=Bart |date=19 July 2016 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jeremy-corbyn-media-bias-labour-mainstream-press-lse-study-misrepresentation-we-cant-ignore-bias-a7144381.html |title=Our report found that 75% of press coverage misrepresents Jeremy Corbyn – we can't ignore media bias anymore |work=The Independent |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite web|last1=Cammaerts|first1=Bart|last2=DeCillia|first2=Brooks|last3=Jimenez-Martinez|first3=Cesar|last4=Magalhães|first4=João Carlos|date=August 2016|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/representations-of-jeremy-corbyn|title=Journalistic Representations of Jeremy Corbyn in the British Press|publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Cammaerts |first1=Bart |last2=DeCillia |first2=Brooks |last3=Jimenez-Martinez |first3=Cesar |last4=Magalhães |first4=João Carlos |date=August 2016 |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/representations-of-jeremy-corbyn |title=Journalistic Representations of Jeremy Corbyn in the British Press |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Communism|encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia|edition=hardcover, 6th|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780231144469|ref={{harvid|Columbia Encyclopedia|2007}}}}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Communism |encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=hardcover, 6th |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780231144469 |ref={{harvid|Columbia Encyclopedia|2007}}}}
-* {{cite book|last=Corfe|first=Robert|year=2010|title=The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System|edition=paperback|location=Bury St Edmunds|publisher=Arena Books|isbn=9781906791469}}
+* {{cite book |last=Corfe |first=Robert |year=2010 |title=The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System |edition=paperback |location=Bury St Edmunds |publisher=Arena Books |isbn=9781906791469}}
-* {{cite book|last=Damiani|first=Marco|year=2020|title=Populist Radical Left Parties in Western Europe|edition=hardcover|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138496026}}
+* {{cite book |last=Damiani |first=Marco |year=2020 |title=Populist Radical Left Parties in Western Europe |edition=hardcover |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781138496026}}
-* {{cite book|last=Dolack|first=Peter|year=2016|title=It's Not Over: Learning from the Socialist Experiment|edition=paperback|location=Ropley|publisher=Zero Books|isbn=9781785350498}}
+* {{cite book |last=Dolack |first=Peter |year=2016 |title=It's Not Over: Learning from the Socialist Experiment |edition=paperback |location=Ropley |publisher=Zero Books |isbn=9781785350498}}
-* {{cite news|last=Eaton|first=George|date=16 May 2017|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/june2017/2017/05/labours-manifesto-more-keynesian-marxist|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609161556/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/june2017/2017/05/labours-manifesto-more-keynesian-marxist|archivedate=9 June 2021|title=Labour's manifesto is more Keynesian than Marxist|work=New Statesman|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Eaton |first=George |date=16 May 2017 |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/june2017/2017/05/labours-manifesto-more-keynesian-marxist |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609161556/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/june2017/2017/05/labours-manifesto-more-keynesian-marxist |archivedate=9 June 2021 |title=Labour's manifesto is more Keynesian than Marxist |work=New Statesman |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite journal|last1=Engel-Di Mauro|first1=Salvatore|last2=Engel-Di Mauro|first2=Deborah|last3=Faber|first3=Danny|last4=Labban|first4=Mazen|last5=De Kadt|first5=Maarten|last6=Watson|first6=Judith|last7=Armiero|first7=Marco|last8=Brownhill|first8=Leigh|last9=Forkasiewicz|first9=Adi|last10=Vettese|first10=Troy|display-authors=1|date=4 May 2021|title=Anti-Communism and the Hundreds of Millions of Victims of Capitalism|journal=Capitalism Nature Socialism|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.1080/10455752.2021.1875603|s2cid=233745505|doi-access=}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Engel-Di Mauro |first1=Salvatore |last2=Engel-Di Mauro |first2=Deborah |last3=Faber |first3=Danny |last4=Labban |first4=Mazen |last5=De Kadt |first5=Maarten |last6=Watson |first6=Judith |last7=Armiero |first7=Marco |last8=Brownhill |first8=Leigh |last9=Forkasiewicz |first9=Adi |last10=Vettese |first10=Troy |display-authors=1 |date=4 May 2021 |title=Anti-Communism and the Hundreds of Millions of Victims of Capitalism |journal=Capitalism Nature Socialism |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/10455752.2021.1875603 |s2cid=233745505 |doi-access=}}
-* {{cite book|editor-last1=Evans|editor-first1=Robert John Weston|editor-last2=Strandmann|editor-first2=Hartmut Pogge|year=2000|title=The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction|edition=hardcover|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198208402}}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Evans |editor-first1=Robert John Weston |editor-last2=Strandmann |editor-first2=Hartmut Pogge |year=2000 |title=The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction |edition=hardcover |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198208402}}
-* {{cite news|last=Fisher|first=Megan|date=29 June 2019|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-48807575|title=Marxism: What does it mean and is it an insult?|agency=BBC|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Megan |date=29 June 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-48807575 |title=Marxism: What does it mean and is it an insult? |agency=BBC |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Foner|first=Eric|date=Spring 1984|title=Why Is There No Socialism in the United States?|journal=History Workshop|volume=17|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|issue=17|pages=57–80|doi=10.1093/hwj/17.1.57|jstor=4288545}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Foner |first=Eric |date=Spring 1984 |title=Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? |journal=History Workshop |volume=17 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |issue=17 |pages=57–80 |doi=10.1093/hwj/17.1.57 |jstor=4288545}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|date=Fall 2014|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/history_of_the_present_galleys.pdf|title=A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism|journal=History of the Present|location=Durham, North Carolina|publisher=Duke University Press|volume=4|issue=2|pages=115–142|doi=10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115|jstor=10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115|accessdate=16 August 2021|via=Scholars at Harvard}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Ghodsee |first=Kristen |date=Fall 2014 |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/history_of_the_present_galleys.pdf |title=A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism |journal=History of the Present |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=115–142 |doi=10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115 |jstor=10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115 |accessdate=16 August 2021 |via=Scholars at Harvard}}
-* {{cite magazine|last1=Ghodsee|first1=Kristen|last2=Sehon|first2=Scott|date=22 March 2018|url=https://aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance|title=Anti-anti-communism|magazine=Aeon|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite magazine |last1=Ghodsee |first1=Kristen |last2=Sehon |first2=Scott |date=22 March 2018 |url=https://aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance |title=Anti-anti-communism |magazine=Aeon |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite news|last=Goodman|first=H. A.|date=1 July 2015|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/presidential-campaign/246619-sanderss-socialist-policies-sound-a-lot-like-teddy|title=Sanders's 'socialist' policies sound a lot like Teddy Roosevelt's and Reagan's|work=The Hill|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Goodman |first=H. A. |date=1 July 2015 |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/presidential-campaign/246619-sanderss-socialist-policies-sound-a-lot-like-teddy |title=Sanders's 'socialist' policies sound a lot like Teddy Roosevelt's and Reagan's |work=The Hill |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite news|last=Granieri|first=Ronald J.|date=5 February 2020|title=The right needs to stop falsely claiming that the Nazis were socialists|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/02/05/right-needs-stop-falsely-claiming-that-nazis-were-socialists/|accessdate=16 August 2021|issn=0190-8286}}
+* {{cite news |last=Granieri |first=Ronald J. |date=5 February 2020 |title=The right needs to stop falsely claiming that the Nazis were socialists |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/02/05/right-needs-stop-falsely-claiming-that-nazis-were-socialists/ |accessdate=16 August 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}
-* {{cite book|editor-last1=Hale|editor-first1=Sarah|editor-last2=Legget|editor-first2=Will|editor-last3=Martell|editor-first3=Luke|year=2004|title=The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives|edition=paperback|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719065989|jstor=j.ctt155jgmg|isbn=9780719065996|s2cid=143001527 |url=http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/34995/1/The%20Third%20Way%20and%20beyond.pdf}}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1=Hale |editor-first1=Sarah |editor-last2=Legget |editor-first2=Will |editor-last3=Martell |editor-first3=Luke |year=2004 |title=The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives |edition=paperback |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719065989 |doi-broken-date=19 July 2025 |jstor=j.ctt155jgmg |isbn=9780719065996 |s2cid=143001527 |url=http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/34995/1/The%20Third%20Way%20and%20beyond.pdf}}
-* {{cite news|last1=Harding|first1=Luke|last2=MacAskill|first2=Ewen|last3=Quinn|first3=Ben|last4=Tait|first4=Robert|date=28 February 2018|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/20/no-evidence-corbyn-was-spy-for-czechoslovakia-say-intelligence-experts|title=No evidence Corbyn was a communist spy, say intelligence experts|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |last2=MacAskill |first2=Ewen |last3=Quinn |first3=Ben |last4=Tait |first4=Robert |date=28 February 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/20/no-evidence-corbyn-was-spy-for-czechoslovakia-say-intelligence-experts |title=No evidence Corbyn was a communist spy, say intelligence experts |work=The Guardian |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite book|last=Hinnfors|first=Jonas|year=2006|title=Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party|series=Critical Labour Movement Studies|edition=hardcover|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719073625}}
+* {{cite book |last=Hinnfors |first=Jonas |year=2006 |title=Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party |series=Critical Labour Movement Studies |edition=hardcover |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9780719073625}}
-* {{cite book|last=Klein|first=Naomi|year=2008|title=The Shock Doctrine|edition=paperback|location=London|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141024530}}
+* {{cite book |last=Klein |first=Naomi |year=2008 |title=The Shock Doctrine |edition=paperback |location=London |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780141024530}}
-* {{cite book|last=Lafontaine|first=Oskar|year=2009|title=Left Parties Everywhere|series=Socialist Renewal, 7th series|edition=paperback|location=Nottingham|publisher=Spokesman Books|isbn=9780851247649}}
+* {{cite book |last=Lafontaine |first=Oskar |year=2009 |title=Left Parties Everywhere |series=Socialist Renewal, 7th series |edition=paperback |location=Nottingham |publisher=Spokesman Books |isbn=9780851247649}}
-* {{cite book|last=Lansford|first=Thomas|year=2007|title=Communism|edition=illustrated|location=New York|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|isbn=9780761426288}}
+* {{cite book |last=Lansford |first=Thomas |year=2007 |title=Communism |edition=illustrated |location=New York |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing |isbn=9780761426288}}
-* {{cite book|last=Leeden|first=Michael Arthur|year=1987|title=West European Communism and American Foreign Policy|edition=hardcover|location= Piscataway, New Jersey|publisher=Transaction Books|isbn=9780887381409}}
+* {{cite book |last=Leeden |first=Michael Arthur |year=1987 |title=West European Communism and American Foreign Policy |edition=hardcover |location=Piscataway, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Books |isbn=9780887381409}}
-* {{cite book|last1=Lipset|first1=Seymour Martin|last2=Marks|first2=Gary|year=2000|title=It Didn't Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States|edition=paperback|location=New York City, New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393322545}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Lipset |first1=Seymour Martin |last2=Marks |first2=Gary |year=2000 |title=It Didn't Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States |edition=paperback |location=New York City, New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=9780393322545}}
-* {{cite book|last=March|first=Luke|year=2011|title=Radical Left Parties in Europe|edition=hardback|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415425605}}
+* {{cite book |last=March |first=Luke |year=2011 |title=Radical Left Parties in Europe |edition=hardback |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415425605}}
-* {{cite journal|last=McAuliffe|first=Mary S.|date=September 1976|title=Liberals and the Communist Control Act of 1954|journal=The Journal of American History|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=63|issue=2|pages=351–367|doi=10.2307/1899641|jstor=1899641}}
+* {{cite journal |last=McAuliffe |first=Mary S. |date=September 1976 |title=Liberals and the Communist Control Act of 1954 |journal=The Journal of American History |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=351–367 |doi=10.2307/1899641 |jstor=1899641}}
-* {{cite book|last=Major|first=Patrick|year=1997|title=The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945–1956|edition=hardcover|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198206934}}
+* {{cite book |last=Major |first=Patrick |year=1997 |title=The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945–1956 |edition=hardcover |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198206934}}
-* {{cite web|last=Mikkelson|first=David|date=1 March 2019|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/truman-socialism-scare-word/|title=Did Harry Truman Denounce the Use of 'Socialism' as a 'Scare Word'?|website=Snopes|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=1 March 2019 |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/truman-socialism-scare-word/ |title=Did Harry Truman Denounce the Use of 'Socialism' as a 'Scare Word'? |website=Snopes |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite book|last=Petaux|year=2009|title=Democracy and Human Rights for Europe: The Council of Europe's Contribution|edition=paperback|location=Strasbourg|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=9789287166678}}
+* {{cite book |last=Petaux |year=2009 |title=Democracy and Human Rights for Europe: The Council of Europe's Contribution |edition=paperback |location=Strasbourg |publisher=Council of Europe |isbn=9789287166678}}
-* {{cite book|last=Pierson|first=Christopher|year=1995|title=Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism|edition=paperback|location=University Park, Pennsylvania|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=9780271014791}}
+* {{cite book |last=Pierson |first=Christopher |year=1995 |title=Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism |edition=paperback |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=9780271014791}}
-* {{cite news|last=Reinhardt|first=Uwe E.|date=8 May 2009|url=https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/what-is-socialized-medicine-a-taxonomy-of-health-care-systems/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224090751/https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/what-is-socialized-medicine-a-taxonomy-of-health-care-systems/|archivedate=24 February 2021|title=What Is 'Socialized Medicine'?: A Taxonomy of Health Care Systems|work=Economix|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Reinhardt |first=Uwe E. |date=8 May 2009 |url=https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/what-is-socialized-medicine-a-taxonomy-of-health-care-systems/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224090751/https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/what-is-socialized-medicine-a-taxonomy-of-health-care-systems/ |archivedate=24 February 2021 |title=What Is 'Socialized Medicine'?: A Taxonomy of Health Care Systems |work=Economix |publisher=The New York Times Company |accessdate=16 August 2021}}
-* {{cite book|last=Romano|first=Flavio|year=2006|title=Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way|edition=paperback 1st|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415646710}}
+* {{cite book |last=Romano |first=Flavio |year=2006 |title=Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way |edition=paperback 1st |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415646710}}
-* {{cite book|last=Sabry|first=Mohamed Ismail|year=2017|title=The Development of Socialism, Social Democracy and Communism: Historical, Political and Socioeconomic Perspectives|edition=hardcover|location=Bringley|publisher=Emerald Publishing|isbn=9781787433748}}
+* {{cite book |last=Sabry |first=Mohamed Ismail |year=2017 |title=The Development of Socialism, Social Democracy and Communism: Historical, Political and Socioeconomic Perspectives |edition=hardcover |location=Bringley |publisher=Emerald Publishing |isbn=9781787433748}}
-* {{cite book|last=Todorova|first=Maria|year=2020|title=The Lost World of Socialists at Europe's Margins: Imagining Utopia, 1870s–1920s|edition=hardcover|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=9781350150331}}
+* {{cite book |last=Todorova |first=Maria |year=2020 |title=The Lost World of Socialists at Europe's Margins: Imagining Utopia, 1870s–1920s |edition=hardcover |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350150331}}
-* {{cite book|last=Walker|first=William T.|year=2011|title=McCarthyism and the Red Scare: A Reference Guide|edition=hardcover|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598844375}}
+* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=William T. |year=2011 |title=McCarthyism and the Red Scare: A Reference Guide |edition=hardcover |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598844375}}
-* {{cite web |last=Wise |first=Tim |date=11 August 2009 |title=Red-Baiting and Racism: Socialism as the New Black Bogeyman |website=Racism Review |url=https://www.racismreview.com/blog/2009/08/11/red-baiting-and-racism-socialism-as-the-new-black-bogeyman/ |access-date=10 July 2023}}
+* {{cite web |last=Wise |first=Tim |date=11 August 2009 |title=Red-Baiting and Racism: Socialism as the New Black Bogeyman |website=Racism Review |url=https://www.racismreview.com/blog/2009/08/11/red-baiting-and-racism-socialism-as-the-new-black-bogeyman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204003111/https://www.racismreview.com/blog/2009/08/11/red-baiting-and-racism-socialism-as-the-new-black-bogeyman/ |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=10 July 2023}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-election-could-there-soon-be-a-left-wing-government/a-59073355|title=German election: Could there soon be a left-wing government?|agency=Deutsche Welle|date=24 September 2021|accessdate=29 September 2021|ref={{harvid|Deutsche Welle, 24 September 2021}}}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-election-could-there-soon-be-a-left-wing-government/a-59073355 |title=German election: Could there soon be a left-wing government? |agency=Deutsche Welle |date=24 September 2021 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |ref={{harvid|Deutsche Welle, 24 September 2021}}}}
-* {{cite news|last=Oltermann|first=Philip|date=24 September 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/24/german-progressives-dare-to-dream-of-leftist-red-green-red-coalition|title=German progressives dare to dream of leftist 'red-green-red' coalition|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Oltermann |first=Philip |date=24 September 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/24/german-progressives-dare-to-dream-of-leftist-red-green-red-coalition |title=German progressives dare to dream of leftist 'red-green-red' coalition |work=The Guardian |accessdate=29 September 2021}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/09/03/german-election-diary-laschet-lashes-out-vote-for-die-urbane|title=German election diary: Laschet lashes out; vote for die Urbane?|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 September 2021|accessdate=29 September 2021|issn=0013-0613|ref={{harvid|''The Economist'', 3 September 2021}}}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/09/03/german-election-diary-laschet-lashes-out-vote-for-die-urbane |title=German election diary: Laschet lashes out; vote for die Urbane? |newspaper=The Economist |date=3 September 2021 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |issn=0013-0613 |ref={{harvid|''The Economist'', 3 September 2021}}}}
-* {{cite news|last=Kirschbaum|first=Erik|date=10 September 2021|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/german-elections-coalitions-red-scare-b1917731.html|title=German elections: CDU resorts to 'Red Scare' tactics amid slump in the polls|work=The Independent|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Kirschbaum |first=Erik |date=10 September 2021 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/german-elections-coalitions-red-scare-b1917731.html |title=German elections: CDU resorts to 'Red Scare' tactics amid slump in the polls |work=The Independent |accessdate=29 September 2021}}
-* {{cite news|last=Hirt|first=Oliver|date=24 September 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-millionaires-rush-assets-switzerland-ahead-election-2021-09-24/|title=German millionaires rush assets to Switzerland ahead of election|work=Reuters|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Hirt |first=Oliver |date=24 September 2021 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-millionaires-rush-assets-switzerland-ahead-election-2021-09-24/ |title=German millionaires rush assets to Switzerland ahead of election |work=Reuters |accessdate=29 September 2021}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-traffic-light-coalition-seen-most-likely-2021-09-27/|title=Factbox: German 'traffic light' coalition seen as most likely|work=Reuters|date=27 September 2021|accessdate=29 September 2021|ref={{harvid|Reuters, 27 September 2021}}}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-traffic-light-coalition-seen-most-likely-2021-09-27/ |title=Factbox: German 'traffic light' coalition seen as most likely |work=Reuters |date=27 September 2021 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |ref={{harvid|Reuters, 27 September 2021}}}}
-* {{cite news|last=Siedenbiedel|first=Christian|date=27 September 2021|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/finanzen/aktienkurse-boerse-reagiert-erleichtert-nach-bundestagswahl-17557111.html|title=Erleichterung nach der Wahl: 'Das größte Risiko ist aus Finanzmarktsicht ausgeräumt'|trans-title=Relief after the election: 'The greatest risk has been eliminated from a financial market perspective'|work=Aktuelle Nachrichten Online|language=de|accessdate=29 September 2021|issn=0174-4909}}
+* {{cite news |last=Siedenbiedel |first=Christian |date=27 September 2021 |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/finanzen/aktienkurse-boerse-reagiert-erleichtert-nach-bundestagswahl-17557111.html |title=Erleichterung nach der Wahl: 'Das größte Risiko ist aus Finanzmarktsicht ausgeräumt' |trans-title=Relief after the election: 'The greatest risk has been eliminated from a financial market perspective' |work=Aktuelle Nachrichten Online |language=de |accessdate=29 September 2021 |issn=0174-4909}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/finanzen/dax-legt-nach-bundestagswahl-um-1-1-prozent-zu-17557068.html|title=Dax nach Bundestagswahl im Aufwind|trans-title=Dax on the rise after the federal election|work=Aktuelle Nachrichten Online|language=de|date=27 September 2021|accessdate=29 September 2021|ref={{harvid|''Aktuelle Nachrichten Online'', 27 September 2021}}}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/finanzen/dax-legt-nach-bundestagswahl-um-1-1-prozent-zu-17557068.html |title=Dax nach Bundestagswahl im Aufwind |trans-title=Dax on the rise after the federal election |work=Aktuelle Nachrichten Online |language=de |date=27 September 2021 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |ref={{harvid|''Aktuelle Nachrichten Online'', 27 September 2021}}}}
-* {{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-baiting|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221204126/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-baiting|archivedate=21 February 2010|title=Red-baiting|website=Merriam-Webster|date=21 February 2010|accessdate=29 September 2021|ref={{harvid|''Merriam-Webster'' 2010}}}}
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-baiting |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221204126/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-baiting |archivedate=21 February 2010 |title=Red-baiting |website=Merriam-Webster |date=21 February 2010 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |ref={{harvid|''Merriam-Webster'' 2010}}}}
-* {{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/redbaiting|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194851/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/redbaiting|archivedate=3 March 2016|title=Redbaiting|website=The Free Dictionary|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=30 September 2015|ref={{harvid|''The Free Dictionary'' 2016}}}} <!-- accessed before written? -->
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/redbaiting |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194851/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/redbaiting |archivedate=3 March 2016 |title=Redbaiting |website=The Free Dictionary |date=3 March 2016 |accessdate=30 September 2015 |ref={{harvid|''The Free Dictionary'' 2016}}}} <!-- accessed before written? -->
-* {{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mccarthyism |title=McCarthyism |website=The Free Dictionary |date=2010 |ref={{harvid|''The Free Dictionary'' 2010}}}}
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mccarthyism |title=McCarthyism |website=The Free Dictionary |date=2010 |ref={{harvid|''The Free Dictionary'' 2010}}}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://ifex.org/how-red-baiting-undermines-truth-telling-in-the-philippines/|title=How red-baiting undermines truth-telling in the Philippines|publisher=Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility|date=29 September 2019|accessdate=17 August 2021|via=IFEX|ref={{harvid|CMFR 2019}}}}
+* {{cite web |url=https://ifex.org/how-red-baiting-undermines-truth-telling-in-the-philippines/ |title=How red-baiting undermines truth-telling in the Philippines |publisher=Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility |date=29 September 2019 |accessdate=17 August 2021 |via=IFEX |ref={{harvid|CMFR 2019}}}}
-* {{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bait|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192149/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/baiting|archivedate=3 March 2016|title=Bait|website=Merriam-Webster|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=29 September 2021|ref={{harvid|''Merriam-Webster'' 2016}}}}
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bait |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192149/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/baiting |archivedate=3 March 2016 |title=Bait |website=Merriam-Webster |date=3 March 2016 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |ref={{harvid|''Merriam-Webster'' 2016}}}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/08/23/archives/city-crowds-silent-on-news-of-deaths-sacco-sympathizers-disperse.html|title=City Crowds Silent On News Of Deaths|work=The New York Times|date=23 August 1927|accessdate=29 September 2021|ref={{harvid|''The New York Times'', 23 August 1927}}}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/08/23/archives/city-crowds-silent-on-news-of-deaths-sacco-sympathizers-disperse.html |title=City Crowds Silent On News Of Deaths |work=The New York Times |date=23 August 1927 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |ref={{harvid|''The New York Times'', 23 August 1927}}}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/15/archives/dar-head-replies-to-critics-of-order-denying-existence-of-blacklist.html|title=D.A.R. Head Replies to Critics of Order; Denying Existence of 'Blacklist,' Mrs. Brosseau Defends National Policy. Assails 'Protest' Group Few of Sponsors of Pamphlet Have Held Office in Society, President General Says. Hits at "Protest Committee." Resents "Insult" in Statement. Defense Not to Be Debated.|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2021|accessdate=29 September 2021|ref={{harvid|''The New York Times'', April 1928}}|postscript=. See also the 3 April 1928 "{{'}}D.A.R. Head Defends Order's Blacklist{{'}}" by ''The New York Times''.}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/15/archives/dar-head-replies-to-critics-of-order-denying-existence-of-blacklist.html |title=D.A.R. Head Replies to Critics of Order; Denying Existence of 'Blacklist,' Mrs. Brosseau Defends National Policy. Assails 'Protest' Group Few of Sponsors of Pamphlet Have Held Office in Society, President General Says. Hits at "Protest Committee." Resents "Insult" in Statement. Defense Not to Be Debated. |work=The New York Times |date=15 April 2021 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |ref={{harvid|''The New York Times'', April 1928}} |postscript=. See also the 3 April 1928 "{{'}}D.A.R. Head Defends Order's Blacklist{{'}}" by ''The New York Times''.}}
-* {{cite news|last=Leibovich|first=Mark|date=28 February 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/weekinreview/01leibovich.html|title='Socialism!' Boo, Hiss, Repeat|work=The New York Times|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Leibovich |first=Mark |date=28 February 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/weekinreview/01leibovich.html |title='Socialism!' Boo, Hiss, Repeat |work=The New York Times |accessdate=29 September 2021}}
-* {{cite web|last=Gavilan|first=Jodesz|date=February 20, 2020|title=Lives in danger as red-tagging campaign intensifies|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/lives-in-danger-duterte-government-red-tagging-campaign|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Rappler}}
+* {{cite web |last=Gavilan |first=Jodesz |date=February 20, 2020 |title=Lives in danger as red-tagging campaign intensifies |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/lives-in-danger-duterte-government-red-tagging-campaign |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=Rappler}}
-* {{cite web|date=14 August 2019|title=Philippine army 'red-tagging' leads to threats, violence against journalists|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/philippine-army-red-tagging-leads-threats-violence-against-journalists|access-date=30 September 2021|website=RSF|ref={{harvid|RSF 2019}}}}
+* {{cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Philippine army 'red-tagging' leads to threats, violence against journalists |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/philippine-army-red-tagging-leads-threats-violence-against-journalists |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=RSF |ref={{harvid|RSF 2019}}}}
-* {{cite web|last=Robles|first=Nathalie|date=2019-05-03|title=UN experts urge PH gov't to stop red-tagging —|url=https://www.asianjournal.com/philippines/metro-manila/un-experts-urge-ph-govt-to-stop-red-tagging/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Asian Journal News}}
+* {{cite web |last=Robles |first=Nathalie |date=2019-05-03 |title=UN experts urge PH gov't to stop red-tagging — |url=https://www.asianjournal.com/philippines/metro-manila/un-experts-urge-ph-govt-to-stop-red-tagging/ |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=Asian Journal News}}
-* {{cite web|last=Torres|first=Joe|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/religious-rights-groups-fight-red-tagging-in-philippines/85131|title=Religious, rights groups fight 'red tagging' in Philippines - UCA News|website=ucanews.com |date=8 May 2019}}
+* {{cite web |last=Torres |first=Joe |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/religious-rights-groups-fight-red-tagging-in-philippines/85131 |title=Religious, rights groups fight 'red tagging' in Philippines - UCA News |website=ucanews.com |date=8 May 2019}}
-* {{cite web|last=Walker|first=Cameron|url=https://www.newmandala.org/encouraging-abuse-foreign-terrorist-designations-of-the-cpp-npa/|title=Encouraging abuse: foreign terrorist designations of the CPP/NPA|date=17 September 2020}}
+* {{cite web |last=Walker |first=Cameron |url=https://www.newmandala.org/encouraging-abuse-foreign-terrorist-designations-of-the-cpp-npa/ |title=Encouraging abuse: foreign terrorist designations of the CPP/NPA |date=17 September 2020}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Hammann |first1=Dominik|last2=Stoltenberg-Lerche |first2=Holger |title=Red-baiting in the Philippines: Civil Society Under General Suspicion |journal=Observer: A Journal on Threatened Human Rights Defenders in the Philippines |date=2011 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=4–8 |url=https://ipon-philippines.org/wp-content/uploads/ObserverJournal/Observer_Vol.3_Nr.2_RedBaiting.pdf |access-date=16 February 2021 }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Hammann |first1=Dominik |last2=Stoltenberg-Lerche |first2=Holger |title=Red-baiting in the Philippines: Civil Society Under General Suspicion |journal=Observer: A Journal on Threatened Human Rights Defenders in the Philippines |date=2011 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=4–8 |url=https://ipon-philippines.org/wp-content/uploads/ObserverJournal/Observer_Vol.3_Nr.2_RedBaiting.pdf |access-date=16 February 2021}}
-* {{cite web|last=Sambalud|first=Mart D.|url=http://davaotoday.com/main/politics/lawmakers-tell-deped-do-not-rely-on-militarys-red-tagging-of-lumad-school-in-south-cotabato/|title=Lawmakers tell DepEd: Do not rely on military's 'red-tagging' of Lumad school in South Cotabato|date=5 October 2017|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
+* {{cite web |last=Sambalud |first=Mart D. |url=http://davaotoday.com/main/politics/lawmakers-tell-deped-do-not-rely-on-militarys-red-tagging-of-lumad-school-in-south-cotabato/ |title=Lawmakers tell DepEd: Do not rely on military's 'red-tagging' of Lumad school in South Cotabato |date=5 October 2017 |accessdate=29 September 2021}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-sheet-why-red-tagging-dangerous|title=Why 'red-tagging' is dangerous|website=Vera Files|date=16 October 2018|accessdate=23 August 2021|ref={{harvid|Vera Files, 16 October 2018}}}}
+* {{cite web |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-sheet-why-red-tagging-dangerous |title=Why 'red-tagging' is dangerous |website=Vera Files |date=16 October 2018 |accessdate=23 August 2021 |ref={{harvid|Vera Files, 16 October 2018}}}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/04/18/red-tagging-schools-may-embolden-military-to-suppress-rights-freedom-chr|title=Red-tagging schools may embolden military to suppress rights, freedom - CHR|last=Ayalin|first=Adrian|date=October 4, 2018|website=ABS-CBN News}}
+* {{cite web |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/10/04/18/red-tagging-schools-may-embolden-military-to-suppress-rights-freedom-chr |title=Red-tagging schools may embolden military to suppress rights, freedom - CHR |last=Ayalin |first=Adrian |date=October 4, 2018 |website=ABS-CBN News}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/05/11/805539/phl-laos-sign-4-agreements|title=Phl, Laos sign 4 agreements|first=Aurea|last=Calica|website=Philstar.com |date=11 May 2012}}
+* {{cite web |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/05/11/805539/phl-laos-sign-4-agreements |title=Phl, Laos sign 4 agreements |first=Aurea |last=Calica |website=Philstar.com |date=11 May 2012}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/16517/philippines-vietnam-forge-naval-agreement-on-spratlys|title=Philippines, Vietnam forge naval agreement on Spratlys|first=Norman|last=Bordadora|date=October 27, 2011|website=INQUIRER.net}}
+* {{cite web |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/16517/philippines-vietnam-forge-naval-agreement-on-spratlys |title=Philippines, Vietnam forge naval agreement on Spratlys |first=Norman |last=Bordadora |date=October 27, 2011 |website=INQUIRER.net}}
-* {{cite web|last1=Azmi|first1=Hadi|last2=Sepe|first2=Basilio|date=9 March 2020|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/Sabah-dispute-09032020141241.html|title=Malaysia, Philippines Take Row over Sabah to the UN|website=Benar News}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Azmi |first1=Hadi |last2=Sepe |first2=Basilio |date=9 March 2020 |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/Sabah-dispute-09032020141241.html |title=Malaysia, Philippines Take Row over Sabah to the UN |website=Benar News}}
-* {{cite web|last=Fonbuena|first=Carmela|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/08/philippines-us-rights-volunteer-branded-enemy-of-state-shot-outside-home|title=Philippines: US rights volunteer branded 'enemy of state' shot outside home|date=August 8, 2019|website=The Guardian}}
+* {{cite web |last=Fonbuena |first=Carmela |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/08/philippines-us-rights-volunteer-branded-enemy-of-state-shot-outside-home |title=Philippines: US rights volunteer branded 'enemy of state' shot outside home |date=August 8, 2019 |website=The Guardian}}
-* {{cite web|last=Sadongdong|first=Martin|url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/10/21/did-an-ntf-elcac-exec-just-red-tag-liza-soberano1/|title=Did an NTF-ELCAC exec just 'red-tag' Liza Soberano?|date=21 October 2020|website=Manila Bulletin|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
+* {{cite web |last=Sadongdong |first=Martin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/10/21/did-an-ntf-elcac-exec-just-red-tag-liza-soberano1/ |title=Did an NTF-ELCAC exec just 'red-tag' Liza Soberano? |date=21 October 2020 |website=Manila Bulletin |accessdate=29 September 2021}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1351882/just-keep-quiet-lorenzana-tells-parlade-military|title=Just keep quiet if you have no evidence, Lorenzana tells Parlade, military|last1=Aurelio|first1=Julie M.|last2=Mangosing|first2=Frances|last3=Valenzuela|first3=Nikka G.|date=October 24, 2020|website=INQUIRER.net}}
+* {{cite web |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1351882/just-keep-quiet-lorenzana-tells-parlade-military |title=Just keep quiet if you have no evidence, Lorenzana tells Parlade, military |last1=Aurelio |first1=Julie M. |last2=Mangosing |first2=Frances |last3=Valenzuela |first3=Nikka G. |date=October 24, 2020 |website=INQUIRER.net}}
-* {{cite book|last=Hedges|first=Chris|year=2010|title=Death of the Liberal Class|publisher=Nation Books|isbn=9781568586441}}
+* {{cite book |last=Hedges |first=Chris |year=2010 |title=Death of the Liberal Class |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=9781568586441}}
-* {{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Larry|last2=Edsforth|first2=Ronald|year=1991|title=Popular Culture and Political Change in Modern America|publisher=Suny Press|isbn=9780791407653}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Larry |last2=Edsforth |first2=Ronald |year=1991 |title=Popular Culture and Political Change in Modern America |publisher=Suny Press |isbn=9780791407653}}
-* {{cite book|last1=Haynes|first1=John Earl|last2=Klehr|first2=Harvey|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/indenial00john|title=In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage|publisher=Encounter|isbn=1893554724}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Haynes |first1=John Earl |last2=Klehr |first2=Harvey |year=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/indenial00john |title=In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage |publisher=Encounter |isbn=1893554724}}
-* {{cite book|last=Woods|first=Thomas E.|year=2004|title=The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=9780895260475|ref={{harvid|Woods 2004a}}}}
+* {{cite book |last=Woods |first=Thomas E. |year=2004 |title=The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History |publisher=Regnery Publishing |isbn=9780895260475 |ref={{harvid|Woods 2004a}}}}
-* {{cite book|last=Theoharis|first=Athan|title=Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counter-Intelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years|publisher=Ivan R. Dee|year=2002|isbn=1-56663-420-2|url=https://archive.org/details/chasingspieshowf00theo}}
+* {{cite book |last=Theoharis |first=Athan |title=Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counter-Intelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |year=2002 |isbn=1-56663-420-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/chasingspieshowf00theo}}
-* {{cite web|last=Schrecker|first=Ellen|date=Winter 2000|title=Comments on John Earl Haynes|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/comment15.htm|work=Journal of Cold War Studies|publisher=Harvard University—Faculty of Arts and Sciences|access-date=27 February 2009}}
+* {{cite web |last=Schrecker |first=Ellen |date=Winter 2000 |title=Comments on John Earl Haynes |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/comment15.htm |work=Journal of Cold War Studies |publisher=Harvard University—Faculty of Arts and Sciences |access-date=27 February 2009}}
-* {{cite news|last=Cianfrocca|first=Francis|date=22 April 2009|url=http://newledger.com/2009/04/morriss-claim-that-tarp-is-the-gateway-to-socialism-doesnt-add-up/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104014015/http://newledger.com/2009/04/morriss-claim-that-tarp-is-the-gateway-to-socialism-doesnt-add-up/|archivedate=4 January 2010|title=TARP Is The Gateway To Socialism Doesn't Add Up|work=The New Ledger|accessdate=20 September 2021}}
+* {{cite news |last=Cianfrocca |first=Francis |date=22 April 2009 |url=http://newledger.com/2009/04/morriss-claim-that-tarp-is-the-gateway-to-socialism-doesnt-add-up/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104014015/http://newledger.com/2009/04/morriss-claim-that-tarp-is-the-gateway-to-socialism-doesnt-add-up/ |archivedate=4 January 2010 |title=TARP Is The Gateway To Socialism Doesn't Add Up |work=The New Ledger |accessdate=20 September 2021}}
-* {{cite book|last=Remnick|first=David|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn|title=The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9781400043606}}
+* {{cite book |last=Remnick |first=David |year=2010 |url=https://archive.org/details/bridgelifeand00remn |title=The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama |publisher=Knopf |isbn=9781400043606}}
-* {{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1004/09/acd.02.html|title=Adopted and Rejected; Supreme Court Vacancy; Path to the Presidency; Phoebe Prince: Bullied to Death?; Back to School in Port- au-Prince|agency=CNN|date=9 April 2010|accessdate=29 September 2021|ref={{harvid|CNN, 9 April 2010}}}}.
+* {{cite news |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1004/09/acd.02.html |title=Adopted and Rejected; Supreme Court Vacancy; Path to the Presidency; Phoebe Prince: Bullied to Death?; Back to School in Port- au-Prince |agency=CNN |date=9 April 2010 |accessdate=29 September 2021 |ref={{harvid|CNN, 9 April 2010}}}}.
-* {{cite web|url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Columns/2011/07/22/Barack-Obama-The-Democrats-Richard-Nixon.aspx|title=Barack Obama: The Democrats' Richard Nixon?|last=Barlett|first=Bruce|work=The Fiscal Times|date=22 July 2011|access-date=30 September 2015}}
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Columns/2011/07/22/Barack-Obama-The-Democrats-Richard-Nixon.aspx |title=Barack Obama: The Democrats' Richard Nixon? |last=Barlett |first=Bruce |work=The Fiscal Times |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=30 September 2015 |archive-date=21 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821201941/http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Columns/2011/07/22/Barack-Obama-The-Democrats-Richard-Nixon.aspx |url-status=dead}}
-* {{cite book|last=Hedges|first=Chris|year=2011|url=http://www.truthdig.com/worldasitis/|title=The World As it Is: Dispatches on the Myth of Human Progress|publisher=Nation Books|isbn=9781568586403|via=Truthdig}}
+* {{cite book |last=Hedges |first=Chris |year=2011 |url=http://www.truthdig.com/worldasitis/ |title=The World As it Is: Dispatches on the Myth of Human Progress |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=9781568586403 |via=Truthdig}}
-* {{cite news|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2009/04/spencer_bachuss_past_with_soci.html?hpid=sec-politics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820122911/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2009/04/spencer_bachuss_past_with_soci.html?hpid=sec-politics|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2010|title=The Sleuth - Spencer Bachus's Past With Socialists|last=Akers|first=Mary Ann|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=10 April 2009|access-date=30 September 2015}}
+* {{cite news |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2009/04/spencer_bachuss_past_with_soci.html?hpid=sec-politics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820122911/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2009/04/spencer_bachuss_past_with_soci.html?hpid=sec-politics |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2010 |title=The Sleuth - Spencer Bachus's Past With Socialists |last=Akers |first=Mary Ann |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=10 April 2009 |access-date=30 September 2015}}
-* {{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/04/22/and_socialism/|title=...and socialism|last=Sanders|first=Bernie|website=Boston.com|date=22 April 2009|access-date=30 September 2015}}
+* {{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/04/22/and_socialism/ |title=...and socialism |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |website=Boston.com |date=22 April 2009 |access-date=30 September 2015}}
-* {{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/apr/23/steele-urged-to-label-obama-a-socialist/|title=Steele urged to label Obama a socialist|last=Hallow|first=Ralph Z.|work=The Washington Times|date=23 April 2009|access-date=30 September 2015}}
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/apr/23/steele-urged-to-label-obama-a-socialist/ |title=Steele urged to label Obama a socialist |last=Hallow |first=Ralph Z. |work=The Washington Times |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=30 September 2015}}
-* {{cite web|last=Evans|first=Ben|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/20/gop-votes-to-condemn-demo_n_206052.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523161411/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/20/gop-votes-to-condemn-demo_n_206052.html|archivedate=23 May 2009|title=GOP Votes To Condemn Democrats' 'March To Socialism'|work=The Huffington Post|date=20 May 2009|access-date=30 September 2015}}
+* {{cite web |last=Evans |first=Ben |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/20/gop-votes-to-condemn-demo_n_206052.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523161411/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/20/gop-votes-to-condemn-demo_n_206052.html |archivedate=23 May 2009 |title=GOP Votes To Condemn Democrats' 'March To Socialism' |work=The Huffington Post |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=30 September 2015}}
-* {{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/socialism-and-the-politics-of-fear/|title=Socialism And The Politics Of Fear|last=Llewellyn|first=Frank|publisher=CBS News|date=22 July 2009|access-date=30 September 2015}}
+* {{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/socialism-and-the-politics-of-fear/ |title=Socialism And The Politics Of Fear |last=Llewellyn |first=Frank |publisher=CBS News |date=22 July 2009 |access-date=30 September 2015}}
-* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/us/politics/07vanjones.html?_r=1|title=White House Official Resigns After G.O.P. Criticism|last=Brodey|first=John|work=The New York Times|date=6 September 2009|access-date=22 September 2009}}
+* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/us/politics/07vanjones.html?_r=1 |title=White House Official Resigns After G.O.P. Criticism |last=Brodey |first=John |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 2009 |access-date=22 September 2009}}
-* {{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1924348,00.html?xid=rss-topstories|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922171815/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1924348,00.html?xid=rss-topstories|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2009|title=Mad Man: Is Glenn Beck Bad for America?|last=Von Drehle|first=David|magazine=Time|volume=174|issue=12|page=30|issn=0040-781X|date=28 September 2009|access-date=18 September 2009}} See [https://web.archive.org/web/20090922170227/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20090928,00.html cover] at Wayback Machine. Archived 22 September 2009.
+* {{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1924348,00.html?xid=rss-topstories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922171815/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1924348,00.html?xid=rss-topstories |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 22, 2009 |title=Mad Man: Is Glenn Beck Bad for America? |last=Von Drehle |first=David |magazine=Time |volume=174 |issue=12 |page=30 |issn=0040-781X |date=28 September 2009 |access-date=18 September 2009}} See [https://web.archive.org/web/20090922170227/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20090928,00.html cover] at Wayback Machine. Archived 22 September 2009.
-* {{cite news|last1=Franke-Ruta|first1=Garance|last2=Wilson|first2=Scott|date=6 September 2009|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/09/06/van_jones_resigns.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012031047/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/09/06/van_jones_resigns.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2009|title=White House Adviser Van Jones Resigns Amid Controversy Over Past Activism|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=22 September 2009}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Franke-Ruta |first1=Garance |last2=Wilson |first2=Scott |date=6 September 2009 |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/09/06/van_jones_resigns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012031047/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/09/06/van_jones_resigns.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2009 |title=White House Adviser Van Jones Resigns Amid Controversy Over Past Activism |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=22 September 2009}}
-* {{cite book|last=Prince|first=Sabiyha|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2OrCwAAQBAJ|title=African Americans and Gentrification in Washington, D.C.: Race, Class and Social Justice in the Nation's Capital|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317184362|via=Google Books}}
+* {{cite book |last=Prince |first=Sabiyha |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2OrCwAAQBAJ |title=African Americans and Gentrification in Washington, D.C.: Race, Class and Social Justice in the Nation's Capital |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317184362 |via=Google Books}}
-* {{cite book|last=Street|first=Paul|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jAeCwAAQBAJ|title=Empire's New Clothes: Barack Obama in the Real World of Power|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317260547|via=Google Books}}
+* {{cite book |last=Street |first=Paul |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jAeCwAAQBAJ |title=Empire's New Clothes: Barack Obama in the Real World of Power |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317260547 |via=Google Books}}
-* {{cite news|last=Wheatcroft|first=Geoffrey|date=12 May 1998|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB894939271693861000|title=Anti-Anticommunism Again|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=17 December 2021|issn=0099-9660|postscript=. For the full exchange, see [http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/8078 "President Harry S. Truman Responds to Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's Accusations of Disloyalty"] at George Mason University's History Matters.}}
+* {{cite news |last=Wheatcroft |first=Geoffrey |date=12 May 1998 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB894939271693861000 |title=Anti-Anticommunism Again |work=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=17 December 2021 |issn=0099-9660 |postscript=. For the full exchange, see [http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/8078 "President Harry S. Truman Responds to Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's Accusations of Disloyalty"] at George Mason University's History Matters.}}
-* {{cite book|last=Moynihan|first=Daniel Patrick|url=https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn|title=Secrecy: The American Experience|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-300-08079-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn/page/15 15]|url-access=registration}}
+* {{cite book |last=Moynihan |first=Daniel Patrick |url=https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn |title=Secrecy: The American Experience |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-300-08079-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn/page/15 15] |url-access=registration}}
 {{refend|30em}}
@@ Line 242: / Line 245: @@
 * {{cite thesis|last=Breheny|first=Jessica|date=2004|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/ee91ef3201465a0925a2d8c0876e6525|title='These Were Our Times': Red-Baiting, Blacklisting, and the Lost Literature of Dissent in Mid-Twentieth-Century California|type=PhD|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|accessdate=17 August 2021|id={{ProQuest| }} }}
 * {{cite thesis|last=Collins|first=Elizabeth A.|date=2008|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/03418302403bc84648cb4e39ab7024b6|title=Red-Baiting Public Women: Gender, Loyalty, and Red Scare Politics|type=PhD|publisher=University of Illinois|accessdate=17 August 2021|id={{ProQuest| }} }}
-* {{cite news|url=http://beeherald.com/opinion/%E2%80%98socialism%E2%80%99-tired-old-insult|title='Socialism' a Tired Old Insult|work=The Jefferson Herald|date=22 May 2019|accessdate=16 August 2021}}
+* {{cite news|url=http://beeherald.com/opinion/%E2%80%98socialism%E2%80%99-tired-old-insult|title='Socialism' a Tired Old Insult|work=The Jefferson Herald|date=22 May 2019|accessdate=16 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
 {{fallacies}}

Red-baiting: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 03:13, 15 December 2025

Contents

Background

History

Peru

Philippines

Australia

United States

20th century

21st century

Insult usage

Germany

United Kingdom

United States

See also

Notes

References

External links

Navigation menu

Red-baiting: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 03:13, 15 December 2025

Background

History

Peru

Philippines

Australia

United States

20th century

21st century

Insult usage

Germany

United Kingdom

United States

See also

Notes

References

External links

Navigation menu

Search