Common sandpiper: Difference between revisions
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Extant species cannot be basal; see e.g. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00275514.2025.2460003. |
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| status = LC | | status = LC | ||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | | status_system = IUCN3.1 | ||
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Actitis hypoleucos'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 | | | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Actitis hypoleucos'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |article-number=e.T22693264A86678952 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693264A86678952.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
| taxon = Actitis hypoleucos | | taxon = Actitis hypoleucos | ||
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | ||
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}} | }} | ||
[[File:Foeragerende oeverloper-4961816.webm|thumb|alt=Video of individual bird foraging in water by stabbing with its beak near muddy bank with seashells, then of bird preening itself in shoreside vegetation, then of bird feeding in shallow water|''Actitis hypoleucos'']] | [[File:Foeragerende oeverloper-4961816.webm|thumb|alt=Video of individual bird foraging in water by stabbing with its beak near muddy bank with seashells, then of bird preening itself in shoreside vegetation, then of bird feeding in shallow water|''Actitis hypoleucos'']] | ||
The '''common sandpiper''' ('''''Actitis hypoleucos''''') is a small [[Palearctic]] [[wader]]. This bird and its [[Americas|American]] [[sister species]], the [[spotted sandpiper]] (''A. macularia''), make up the [[genus]] ''[[Actitis]]''. They are [[parapatric]] and replace each other geographically; stray birds of either species may settle down with breeders of the other and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridize]]. Hybridization has also been [[Hybridisation in shorebirds#Other hybrid scolopacids|reported]] between the common sandpiper and the [[green sandpiper]], a | The '''common sandpiper''' ('''''Actitis hypoleucos''''') is a small [[Palearctic]] [[wader]]. This bird and its [[Americas|American]] [[sister species]], the [[spotted sandpiper]] (''A. macularia''), make up the [[genus]] ''[[Actitis]]''. They are [[parapatric]] and replace each other geographically; stray birds of either species may settle down with breeders of the other and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridize]]. Hybridization has also been [[Hybridisation in shorebirds#Other hybrid scolopacids|reported]] between the common sandpiper and the [[green sandpiper]], a member of the closely related genus ''[[Tringa]]''. | ||
== Taxonomy == | == Taxonomy == | ||
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==Behaviour and ecology== | ==Behaviour and ecology== | ||
The Common Sandpiper is usually encountered alone, occasionally in small groups, although larger flocks are sometimes formed around migration<ref name="ABG">{{cite book |last1=Menkhjorst |first1=Peter |last2=Rogers |first2=Danny |last3=Clarke |first3=Rohan |last4=Davies |first4=Jeff |last5=Marsack |first5=Peter |last6=Franklin |first6=Kim |title=The Australian Bird Guide |date=2020 |publisher=CSIRO |location=Canberra |isbn= | The Common Sandpiper is usually encountered alone, occasionally in small groups, although larger flocks are sometimes formed around migration<ref name="ABG">{{cite book |last1=Menkhjorst |first1=Peter |last2=Rogers |first2=Danny |last3=Clarke |first3=Rohan |last4=Davies |first4=Jeff |last5=Marsack |first5=Peter |last6=Franklin |first6=Kim |title=The Australian Bird Guide |date=2020 |publisher=CSIRO |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-643-09754-4 |edition=Revised}}</ref> or at breeding season roosts. It seldom joins multispecies flocks.<ref name="ABG" /> This species has a distinctive stiff-winged flight, low over the water. | ||
[[File:Actitis hypoleucos MHNT.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Egg]] | [[File:Actitis hypoleucos MHNT.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Egg]] | ||
[[File:Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) probing mud banks in Kolkata I IMG 4169.jpg|thumb|Wintering bird foraging ''matakakoni''-style in [[Puri]]]] | [[File:Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) probing mud banks in Kolkata I IMG 4169.jpg|thumb|Wintering bird foraging ''matakakoni''-style in [[Puri]]]] | ||
===Breeding=== | ===Breeding=== | ||
It nests on the ground near [[freshwater]]. When threatened, the young may cling to their parent's body to be flown away to safety.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=Mann1991>{{cite journal |last=Mann |first=C.F. |year=1991 |title=Sunda Frogmouth ''Batrachostomus cornutus'' carrying its young |journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |volume=6 |pages=77–78 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mann-Frogmouth.pdf |access-date=2016-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203825/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mann-Frogmouth.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 | It nests on the ground near [[freshwater]]. When threatened, the young may cling to their parent's body to be flown away to safety.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=Mann1991>{{cite journal |last=Mann |first=C.F. |year=1991 |title=Sunda Frogmouth ''Batrachostomus cornutus'' carrying its young |journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |volume=6 |pages=77–78 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mann-Frogmouth.pdf |access-date=2016-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203825/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mann-Frogmouth.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> | ||
===Feeding=== | ===Feeding=== | ||
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==Relationship to humans== | ==Relationship to humans== | ||
In the Nukumanu language of the [[Nukumanu Islands]] ([[Papua New Guinea]]), this species is usually called '''''tiritavoi'''''. Another Nukumanu name for it, '''''matakakoni''''', exists, but this is considered somewhat [[taboo]] and not used when children and women are around. The reason for this is that ''matakakoni'' means "bird that walks a little, then copulates", in reference to the pumping tail and thrusting head movements the ''Actitis'' species characteristically perform during foraging.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=Haddon2004>{{cite journal |last=Hadden |first=D.W. |year=2004 |title=Birds of the northern atolls of the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea |journal=Notornis |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=91–102 |url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_2_91.pdf |access-date=2016-02-20 |archive-date=2020-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114152801/https://www.notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_2_91.pdf | In the Nukumanu language of the [[Nukumanu Islands]] ([[Papua New Guinea]]), this species is usually called '''''tiritavoi'''''. Another Nukumanu name for it, '''''matakakoni''''', exists, but this is considered somewhat [[taboo]] and not used when children and women are around. The reason for this is that ''matakakoni'' means "bird that walks a little, then copulates", in reference to the pumping tail and thrusting head movements the ''Actitis'' species characteristically perform during foraging.<ref name=Hayman/><ref name=Haddon2004>{{cite journal |last=Hadden |first=D.W. |year=2004 |title=Birds of the northern atolls of the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea |journal=Notornis |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=91–102 |url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_2_91.pdf |access-date=2016-02-20 |archive-date=2020-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114152801/https://www.notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_51_2_91.pdf }}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
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* {{Xeno-canto species|Actitis|hypoleucos|Common sandpiper}} | * {{Xeno-canto species|Actitis|hypoleucos|Common sandpiper}} | ||
* {{field guide birds of the world|Actitis hypoleucos}} | * {{field guide birds of the world|Actitis hypoleucos}} | ||
{{Scolopacidae|2}} | {{Scolopacidae|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]] | [[Category:Birds of Eurasia]] | ||
[[Category:Birds described in 1758]] | [[Category:Birds described in 1758]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:12, 12 December 2025
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox
The common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) is a small Palearctic wader. This bird and its American sister species, the spotted sandpiper (A. macularia), make up the genus Actitis. They are parapatric and replace each other geographically; stray birds of either species may settle down with breeders of the other and hybridize. Hybridization has also been reported between the common sandpiper and the green sandpiper, a member of the closely related genus Tringa.
Taxonomy
The common sandpiper was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tringa hypoleucos.[1] The species is now placed together with the spotted sandpiper in the genus Actitis that was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.[2][3] The genus name Actitis is from Ancient Greek aktites meaning "coast-dweller" from akte meaning "coast". The specific epithet hypoleucos combines the Ancient Greek hupo meaning "beneath" with leukos meaning "white".[4] The species is monotypic and no subspecies are recognised.[3]
Description
The adult is Script error: No such module "convert". long with a Script error: No such module "convert". wingspan. It has greyish-brown upperparts, white underparts, short dark-yellowish legs and feet, and a bill with a pale base and dark tip. In winter plumage, they are duller and have more conspicuous barring on the wings, though this is still only visible at close range. Juveniles are more heavily barred above and have buff edges to the wing feathers.[5]
This species is very similar to the slightly larger spotted sandpiper (A. macularia) in non-breeding plumage. But its darker legs and feet and the crisper wing pattern (visible in flight) tend to give it away, and of course they are only rarely found in the same location.[5]
Distribution and migration
The common sandpiper breeds across most of temperate and subtropical Europe and Asia, and migrates to Africa, southern Asia and Australia in winter. The eastern edge of its migration route passes by Palau in Micronesia, where hundreds of birds may gather for a stop-over. They depart the Palau region for their breeding quarters around the last week of April to the first week of May.[5][6]
Behaviour and ecology
The Common Sandpiper is usually encountered alone, occasionally in small groups, although larger flocks are sometimes formed around migration[7] or at breeding season roosts. It seldom joins multispecies flocks.[7] This species has a distinctive stiff-winged flight, low over the water.
_probing_mud_banks_in_Kolkata_I_IMG_4169.jpg){kind=link}
Breeding
It nests on the ground near freshwater. When threatened, the young may cling to their parent's body to be flown away to safety.[5][8]
Feeding
The common sandpiper forages by sight on the ground or in shallow water, picking up small food items such as insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates; it may even catch insects in flight.
Conservation
It is widespread and common, and therefore classified as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List but is a vulnerable species in some states of Australia.[9] The common sandpiper is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.[10]
Relationship to humans
In the Nukumanu language of the Nukumanu Islands (Papua New Guinea), this species is usually called tiritavoi. Another Nukumanu name for it, matakakoni, exists, but this is considered somewhat taboo and not used when children and women are around. The reason for this is that matakakoni means "bird that walks a little, then copulates", in reference to the pumping tail and thrusting head movements the Actitis species characteristically perform during foraging.[5][11]
References
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