Travertine: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:02, 18 December 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates

Travertine terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, in 2016

Travertine (Template:IPAc-en Script error: No such module "Respell".)^[1] is a form of fresh water limestone deposited around mineral springs, especially hot springs. It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties.^[2]^[3] It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate, often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems.

Travertine is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material. Similar, but softer and extremely porous deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa.

Etymology

The word 'travertine' is derived from the Italian Script error: No such module "Lang"., a derivation of the Latin Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'of Tibur', now known as Tivoli, near Rome, Italy.^[4]Template:Sfn

Definition

File:Kalktuff-Mosscrusts.jpg

Calcium-carbonate-encrusted, growing moss in a low-temperature freshwater travertine formation (1 euro coin for scale)

Travertine is a sedimentary rock formed by the chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals from fresh water,^[5] typically in springs, rivers, and lakes;^[6]^[7] that is, from surface and ground waters.Template:Sfn In the broadest sense, travertine includes deposits in both hot and cold springs, including the porous, spongy rock known as tufa,Template:Sfn^[8]^[5] and also the cave features known as speleothems (which include stalactites and stalagmites).^[9]^[6]Template:Sfn Template:Sfn^[8]^[5] Calcrete, which is calcium minerals deposited as a horizon in the soil profile, is not considered a form of travertine.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Travertine is often defined in a more narrow sense as dense rock, sometimes massive but more commonly banded or with a fibrous internal structure, deposited in hot springs.^[6]Template:Sfn^[5]^[7] In this more narrow sense, travertine is distinct from speleothems^[10] and tufa.^[6]Template:Sfn^[7] Travertine is sometimes defined by its mode of origin, as rock formed by inorganic precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals onto a surface following exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and groundwater. Calcrete, lake marls, and lake reefs are excluded from this definition, but both speleothems and tufa are included.Template:Sfn

Fresh travertines vary widely in their porosity, from about 10% to 70%. Ancient ones may have porosities as low as 2% due to crystallization of secondary calcite in the original pore spaces, while some of the fresh aragonite travertine at Mammoth Hot Springs in Wyoming has a porosity greater than 80%. A porosity of about 50% is typical for cold spring travertine while hot spring travertines have a mean porosity of about 26%. Speleothems have low porosities of less than 15%.Template:Sfn

Landforms

File:Dunns River Falls climb.JPG

Tourists climb Dunns River Falls with the help of guides.

Travertine forms distinctive landforms:

Spring mounds are domes of travertine ranging in height from less than a meter to over Script error: No such module "convert". surrounding a spring orifice. Because the spring orifice is above ground level, the formation of terrestrial mounds requires either an artesian spring or a geyser. Travertine mounds also are found under water, often in saline lakes.Template:Sfn
Fissure ridges form from spring discharge along joints or faults. These can be over Script error: No such module "convert". in height and Script error: No such module "convert". in length. These generally show signs of progressive widening of the fissure, balanced by deposition of travertine on the fissure wall.Template:Sfn
Cascade deposits are formed by a series of waterfalls. Dunns River Falls is one of the very few travertine falls that empty into the ocean.Template:Sfn
Dam deposits are similar to cascades but have localized vertical buildup of travertine that creates a pond or lake behind the travertine buildup.Template:Sfn
Travertine forms various kinds of fluvial and lacustrine deposits.Template:Sfn
Paludal (marsh) deposits are shallow accumulations in poorly-drained areas.Template:Sfn
Speleothems are the characteristic "formations" of caves.Template:Sfn

Geochemistry

File:Badab-e Surt Samaee.jpg

Badab-e Surt's stepped travertine terrace formations. This travertine owes its red colour terraces to iron carbonate.

The formation of travertine begins when groundwater (Template:Chem2) containing an elevated concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide (Template:Chem2) comes in contact with limestone or other rock containing calcium carbonate (Template:Chem2). The dissolved carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid, carbonic acid, which dissolves some of the limestone as soluble calcium bicarbonate (Template:Chem2):

Template:Chem2

This is a reversible reaction, meaning that as the concentration of dissolved calcium bicarbonate builds up, the calcium bicarbonate begins to revert to calcium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. So long as there is nowhere for the carbon dioxide to go, chemical equilibrium is reached where dissolution of calcium carbonate is balanced by precipitation of calcium carbonate.Template:Sfn

If the groundwater moves into an environment with a lower concentration of carbon dioxide (as measured by its partial pressure, pCO₂), some of the carbon dioxide will escape into the environment, disturbing the equilibrium and allowing net precipitation of calcium carbonate to take place:

Template:Chem2

The calcium carbonate most readily precipitates onto solid surfaces bathed by the groundwater, eventually building up thick deposits of travertine. Because of the role of CO₂ in dissolving and transporting calcium carbonate, it is sometimes described as the carrier CO₂ or simply as the carrier.Template:Sfn

File:Rijeka Una Novi Grad.jpg

Tufa and travertine sediments visible on the Una river bed.

The most important sources of elevated carbon dioxide concentration in groundwater are soil and volcanic activity. Water passing through soil picks up carbon dioxide from plant roots and decaying organic matter.^[11] This CO₂ is described as meteoric carrier, and the travertine formed by this mechanism as meteogene travertine.Template:Sfn This is the principal mechanism for formation of speleothems. Groundwater with an enhanced concentration of CO₂ absorbed from soil infiltrates underlying limestone, dissolving some of the limestone. When this groundwater then emerges into a cave with a lower concentration of CO₂, some of the CO₂ escapes, allowing calcium carbonate to precipitate and build up stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Volcanic activity is the source of carbon dioxide in groundwater that emerges from hot springs. When the water reaches the mouth of the spring, it rapidly loses carbon dioxide to the open air and precipitates calcium carbonate around the spring mouth. Travertine formed this way is described as thermogene travertine.Template:Sfn This can form spectacular deposits of travertine, such as those of Pamukkale or Mammoth Hot Springs. The carbon dioxide may come from sources deep in the Earth,^[12]^[13] such as metamorphism of deeply buried rock. The carbon dioxide is carried to the surface by magma and is a major component of volcanic gases.^[14]^[15] Carbon dioxide may also be generated by magma bodies heating solid rock near the surface, through thermal decomposition of organic matter, or by reactions of quartz or other silica minerals with carbonate minerals.Template:Sfn

Precipitation may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in pCO₂, for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important,^[16] as may photosynthesis.^[17]

Rarely, travertine may form from highly alkaline water containing dissolved calcium hydroxide (Template:Chem2) produced during serpentinization of ultramafic rock. When this alkaline water reaches the surface, it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to precipitate calcium carbonate:Template:Sfn

Template:Chem2

While water carbonated by volcanic activity is usually associated with hot springs, such water occasionally cools to near ambient temperature before emerging at the surface. Likewise, water carbonated by passage through soil will occasionally have circulated to sufficient depths that it is quite warm when it reemerges at the surface. Water carbonated by volcanic activity will nonetheless tend to have a higher content of dissolved calcium bicarbonate and will generally be more enriched in the heavier ¹³C isotope.Template:Sfn

Both of the major calcium carbonate minerals, calcite and aragonite, are found in hot spring travertines; aragonite is preferentially precipitated when temperatures are high, while calcite dominates when temperatures are lower.Template:Sfn^[18] When pure and fine, travertine is white, but often it is brown to yellow due to impurities.

Occurrence

File:Tomb submerged in a travertine pool in Hierapolis.jpg

Mausoleum submerged in a travertine pool at Hierapolis hot springs, Turkey

File:Skradinski buk Krka National Park 1.jpg

Tufa and travertine deposits on Krka National Park

Travertine is found in hundreds of locations around the world.Template:Sfn The travertine found at Tivoli, Script error: No such module "convert". east of Rome, has been quarried for at least 2,000 years.Template:Sfn Tivoli travertine was deposited in a body Script error: No such module "convert". in area and Script error: No such module "convert". thick along a north-trending fault near the dormant Colli Albani volcano. The Guidonia quarry is located in this deposit of travertine.^[19]

The ancient name for this stone was Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning tiburtine stone, which gradually evolved into Script error: No such module "Lang". (travertine). Detailed studies of the Tivoli and Guidonia travertine deposits revealed diurnal and annual rhythmic banding and laminae, which have potential use in geochronology.^[20] Deposits of travertine are found in about 100 other locations in Italy, including Rapalino near Pisa.

Cascades of natural lakes formed behind travertine dams can be seen in Pamukkale, Turkey, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other places with such cascades include Huanglong in Sichuan Province of China (another UNESCO World Heritage Site), the Mammoth Hot Springs in the United States, Egerszalók in Hungary, Mahallat, Abbass Abad, Atash Kooh, and Badab-e Surt in Iran, Band-i-Amir in Afghanistan, Lagunas de Ruidera, Spain, Hierve el Agua, Oaxaca, Mexico and Semuc Champey, Guatemala.

In Central Europe's last post-glacial palaeoclimatic optimum (Atlantic Period, 8000–5000 BC), huge deposits of tufa formed from karst springs. On a smaller scale, these karst processes are still working.^[21] Important geotopes are found at the Swabian Alb, mainly in valleys at the foremost northwest ridge of the cuesta;Template:Sfn^[22] in many valleys of the eroded periphery of the karstic Franconian Jura; and at the northern Alpine foothills.Template:Sfn^[23]

Dinaric karst watercourses, especially those in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, are known for build-up of rich travertine deposits and associated phenomena such as tufa and travertine caves, river islets, barriers and waterfalls.^[24]^[25] In Bosnia and Herzegovina Una river is particularly rich in deposits,^[26] and so is Pliva, Trebižat, Buna, Bregava.^[24] Travertine has formed 16 natural dams in a valley in Croatia known as Plitvice Lakes National Park. Clinging to moss and rocks in the water, the travertine has built up over several millennia to form waterfalls up to Script error: No such module "convert". in height.^[27]^[25] Also in Croatia the Krka, Zrmanja with Krupa tributary, and Kupa in Croatia and Slovenia, and Krka in Slovenia.

In the United States, the most well-known place for travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park, where the geothermal areas are rich in travertine deposits.^[28] Wyoming also has travertines in Hot Springs State Park in Thermopolis.^[29] Oklahoma has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder. Turner Falls, the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma, is a Script error: No such module "convert". cascade of spring water flowing over a travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods repeat the travertine-formation effect.Template:Sfn Another travertine resource is in Sulphur, Oklahoma, Script error: No such module "convert". east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area.^[30]

Austin, Texas, and the surrounding "Hill Country" to the south is built on limestone. The area has many travertine formations, such as those found at Gorman Falls within Colorado Bend State Park.^[31] Hanging Lake in Glenwood Canyon in Colorado was formed by travertine dams across a spring-fed stream.^[32] Travertine beds in the area are as much as Script error: No such module "convert". thick.^[33] Rifle Falls State Park in Colorado features a triple waterfall over a travertine dam.^[34]^[35]

File:Soda Dam (14416406835).jpg

Soda Dam, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico

The Soda Dam Hot Spring system of the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico have been intensively investigated because of its connection to the geothermal system of the Valles caldera. Hot groundwater from the caldera has moved along the Jemez fault, and mixed with cooler groundwater before emerging at the surface. Radiometric dating of the travertines show that deposition began almost immediately after the Valles caldera eruption and that the area is experiencing deposition that began 5,000 years ago.^[36] A new species of the extremophile green algae Scenedesmus was first isolated from the travertine of Soda Dam.^[37]

In Iceland, the Hvanná river, located at the north flank of the Eyjafjallajökull, was heavily charged with CO₂ following the 2010 eruptions. Travertine precipitated along the river.^[38]

Uses

File:Le sacre coeur.jpg

Sacré-Cœur, Paris, (1875–1914)

Travertine is often used as a building material. It typically lacks planes of weakness, and its high porosity makes it light in weight for its strength, gives it good thermal and acoustic insulating properties, and makes it relatively easy to work. Dense travertine makes excellent decorative stone when polished.Template:Sfn

The Romans mined deposits of travertine for building temples, monuments,^[39] aqueducts,^[40] bath complexes,^[41] and amphitheaters such as the Colosseum,^[42] the largest building in the world constructed mostly of travertine.^[43] In Italy, well-known travertine quarries exist in Tivoli and Guidonia Montecelio, where the most important quarries since ancient Roman times can be found.^[44] The Tivoli quarries supplied the travertine from which Gian Lorenzo Bernini selected material from which to build the colonnade of St. Peter's Square in Rome (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in 1656–1667.^[45] Michelangelo also chose travertine as the material for the external ribs of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica.^[46] Travertine from Tivoli was used in the sculpting of the majority of the Trevi Fountain in Rome during the Baroque period.^[47]

File:Burghausen, Hauptburg, 17.jpeg

Burghausen Castle, Europe's longest castle, is 1,000 years old and built mainly with travertine.

Travertine regained popularity as a building material in the Middle Ages.Template:Sfn The central German town of Bad Langensalza has an extant medieval old town built almost entirely of local travertine.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Twentieth-century buildings using travertine extensively include the Sacré-Cœur Basilica in Paris, the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California, and Shell-Haus in Berlin. The travertine used in the Getty Center and Shell-Haus constructions was imported from Tivoli and Guidonia.^[48]

Travertine is one of several natural stones that is used for paving patios and garden paths.^[49] It is sometimes known as travertine limestone or travertine marble; these are the same stone, although travertine is classified properly as a type of limestone, not marble. The stone is characterised by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these troughs occur naturally, they suggest signs of considerable wear and tear over time. It can be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey to coral-red. Travertine is available in tile sizes for floor installations.^[50]^[51]

Travertine is one of the most frequently used stones in modern architecture. It is commonly used for indoor home/business flooring, outdoor patio flooring, spa walls and ceilings, façades, and wall cladding. The lobby walls of the modernist Willis Tower (1970) (formerly Sears Tower) in Chicago are made of travertine.^[52] Architect Welton Becket frequently incorporated travertine into many of his projects.^[53] The Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center is clad with over 3 million pounds (about 1360 tonnes) of Ambra Light travertine from the Tivoli quarries.^[54] Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe used travertine in several of his major works, including the Toronto-Dominion Centre,^[55] S.R. Crown Hall,^[56] the Farnsworth House^[57] and the Barcelona Pavilion.^[58] The New Mexico State Capitol has its rotunda finished with travertine^[59] mined from a deposit west of Belen, New Mexico. Stone from this quarry is also used in buildings at the University of New Mexico.^[60]^[61]

Travertine walls together with op art ceramic mosaics by Wojciech Fangor in a railway station in Warsaw, Poland (1963).

Travertine walls together with op art ceramic mosaics by Wojciech Fangor in a railway station in Warsaw, Poland (1963).
Travertine in a 400-year-old wall

Travertine in a 400-year-old wall
Travertine vessels found in El Tapesco del Diablo Cave in Ocozocoautla, Chiapas, Mexico (600–900 AD)

Travertine vessels found in El Tapesco del Diablo Cave in Ocozocoautla, Chiapas, Mexico (600–900 AD)
Elements around the staircase

Elements around the staircase

Supply

Until the 1980s, Italy had a near-monopoly on the world travertine market; now significant supplies are quarried in Turkey, Mexico, China, Peru, and Spain. US imports of travertine in 2019 were 17,808 metric tons, of which 12,804 were from Turkey.^[62]

References

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↑ "The Getty Center" Template:Webarchive, Official Website
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Sources

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External links

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:Mammoth Terraces.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Travertine terraces at [[Mammoth Hot Springs]], [[Yellowstone National Park]], in 2016]]
-'''Travertine''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|æ|v|ər|t|iː|n|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-NaomiAmethyst-travertine.wav}} {{respell|TRAV|ər|teen}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/travertine |title=Travertine – Definition for English-Language Learners from Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary |website=learnersdictionary.com |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044453/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/travertine |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> is a form of terrestrial [[limestone]] deposited around [[mineral spring]]s, especially [[hot spring]]s. It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties.<ref name=Jackson1997>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=travertine}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monroe |first1=W.H. |title=A glossary of Karst terminology |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper |date=1970 |volume=1899-K |doi=10.3133/wsp1899K|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of [[calcium carbonate]], often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form [[stalactite]]s, [[stalagmite]]s, and other [[speleothem]]s.
+'''Travertine''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|æ|v|ər|t|iː|n|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-NaomiAmethyst-travertine.wav}} {{respell|TRAV|ər|teen}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/travertine |title=Travertine – Definition for English-Language Learners from Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary |website=learnersdictionary.com |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044453/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/travertine |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> is a form of [[fresh water]] [[limestone]] deposited around [[mineral spring]]s, especially [[hot spring]]s. It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties.<ref name=Jackson1997>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=travertine}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monroe |first1=W.H. |title=A glossary of Karst terminology |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper |date=1970 |volume=1899-K |page=77 |doi=10.3133/wsp1899K|bibcode=1970usgs.rept...77M |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of [[calcium carbonate]], often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form [[stalactite]]s, [[stalagmite]]s, and other [[speleothem]]s.
 Travertine is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a [[building material]]. Similar, but softer and extremely porous deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as ''[[tufa]]''.
+==Etymology==
+The word 'travertine' is derived from the Italian {{lang|it|travertino}}, a derivation of the Latin {{lang|la|tiburtinus}} meaning 'of Tibur', now known as [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]], near Rome, Italy.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite web | url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/travertine | title=travertine | publisher=dictionary.com | access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=5}}
 ==Definition==
-Travertine is a [[sedimentary rock]] formed by the [[precipitation (chemistry)|chemical precipitation]] of [[calcium carbonate]] [[mineral]]s from fresh water,<ref name=AllabyTravertine>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A dictionary of geology and earth sciences |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199653065 |edition=Fourth |chapter=travertine}}</ref> typically in springs, rivers, and lakes;<ref name=BMM>{{cite book |last1=Blatt |first1=Harvey |last2=Middleton |first2=Gerard |last3=Murray |first3=Raymond |title=Origin of sedimentary rocks |date=1980 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |isbn=0136427103 |edition=2d |pages=479–480}}</ref><ref name=leeder>{{cite book |last1=Leeder |first1=M. R. |title=Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=9781405177832 |edition=2nd |page=42}}</ref> that is, from surface and ground waters.{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}} In the broadest sense, travertine includes deposits in both hot and cold springs, including the porous, spongy rock known as [[tufa]],{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}}<ref name=KK/><ref name=AllabyTravertine/> and also the [[cave]] features known as [[speleothem]]s (which include [[stalactite]]s and [[stalagmite]]s).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thornbury |first1=William D. |title=Principles of geomorphology |date=1969 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=0471861979 |pages=325–327 |edition=2d}}</ref><ref name=BMM/>{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}}<ref name=Pentecost>{{cite book |last1=Pentecost |first1=Allan |title=Travertine |date=2005 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781402035234 |page=4}}</ref><ref name=KK>{{cite book |last1=Lillie |first1=Robert J. |title=Parks and plates : the geology of our national parks, monuments, and seashores |date=2005 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0393924076 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref name=AllabyTravertine/> [[Caliche|Calcrete]], which is calcium minerals deposited as a horizon in the [[soil profile]], is not considered a form of travertine.{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}}{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=4}}
 [[File:Kalktuff-Mosscrusts.jpg|thumb|upright|Calcium-carbonate-encrusted, growing moss in a low-temperature freshwater travertine formation (1 [[euro]] coin for scale)]]
+Travertine is a [[sedimentary rock]] formed by the [[precipitation (chemistry)|chemical precipitation]] of [[calcium carbonate]] [[mineral]]s from fresh water,<ref name=AllabyTravertine>{{cite book |last1=Allaby |first1=Michael |title=A dictionary of geology and earth sciences |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199653065 |edition=Fourth |chapter=travertine}}</ref> typically in springs, rivers, and lakes;<ref name=BMM>{{cite book |last1=Blatt |first1=Harvey |last2=Middleton |first2=Gerard |last3=Murray |first3=Raymond |title=Origin of sedimentary rocks |date=1980 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |isbn=0136427103 |edition=2d |pages=479–480}}</ref><ref name=leeder>{{cite book |last1=Leeder |first1=M. R. |title=Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=9781405177832 |edition=2nd |page=42}}</ref> that is, from surface and ground waters.{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}} In the broadest sense, travertine includes deposits in both hot and cold springs, including the porous, spongy rock known as [[tufa]],{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}}<ref name=KK/><ref name=AllabyTravertine/> and also the [[cave]] features known as [[speleothem]]s (which include [[stalactite]]s and [[stalagmite]]s).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thornbury |first1=William D. |title=Principles of geomorphology |date=1969 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=0471861979 |pages=325–327 |edition=2d}}</ref><ref name=BMM/>{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}}{{Sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=4}}<ref name=KK>{{cite book |last1=Lillie |first1=Robert J. |title=Parks and plates : the geology of our national parks, monuments, and seashores |date=2005 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0393924076 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref name=AllabyTravertine/> [[Caliche|Calcrete]], which is calcium minerals deposited as a horizon in the [[soil profile]], is not considered a form of travertine.{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}}{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=4}}
 Travertine is often defined in a more narrow sense as dense rock, sometimes massive but more commonly banded or with a fibrous internal structure, deposited in hot springs.<ref name=BMM/>{{sfn|Jackson|1997|loc="travertine"}}<ref name=AllabyTravertine/><ref name=leeder/> In this more narrow sense, travertine is distinct from speleothems<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornelis |last2=Hurlbut |first2=Cornelius S. Jr. |title=Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) |date=1993 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=047157452X |edition=21st |page=407}}</ref> and [[tufa]].<ref name=BMM/>{{sfn|Ford|Pedley|1996}}<ref name=leeder/> Travertine is sometimes defined by its mode of origin, as rock formed by inorganic precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals onto a surface following exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and groundwater. Calcrete, lake [[marl]]s, and lake reefs are excluded from this definition, but both speleothems and [[tufa]] are included.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=3–4}}
@@ Line 19: / Line 23: @@
 Travertine forms distinctive landforms:
 * Spring mounds are domes of travertine ranging in height from less than a meter to over {{convert|100|m||}} surrounding a spring orifice. Because the spring orifice is above ground level, the formation of terrestrial mounds requires either an [[artesian aquifer|artesian]] spring or a [[geyser]]. Travertine mounds also are found under water, often in saline lakes.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=52–53}}
 * Fissure ridges form from spring discharge along [[Joint (geology)|joints]] or [[Fault (geology)|faults]]. These can be over {{convert|15|m||}} in height and {{convert|0.5|km||}} in length. These generally show signs of progressive widening of the fissure, balanced by [[Deposition (geology)|deposition]] of travertine on the fissure wall.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=55}}
-*Cascade deposits are formed by a series of waterfalls. [[Dunns River Falls]] is one of the very few travertine falls that empty into the ocean. {{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=56–59}}
+* Cascade deposits are formed by a series of waterfalls. [[Dunns River Falls]] is one of the very few travertine falls that empty into the ocean.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=56–59}}
-*Dam deposits are similar to cascades but have localized vertical buildup of travertine that creates a pond or lake behind the travertine buildup.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=59–66}}
+* Dam deposits are similar to cascades but have localized vertical buildup of travertine that creates a pond or lake behind the travertine buildup.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=59–66}}
-*Travertine forms various kinds of [[Fluvial sediment processes|fluvial]] and [[lacustrine deposits]].{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=68}}
+* Travertine forms various kinds of [[Fluvial sediment processes|fluvial]] and [[lacustrine deposits]].{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=68}}
-*Paludal ([[marsh]]) deposits are shallow accumulations in poorly-drained areas.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=69}}
+* Paludal ([[marsh]]) deposits are shallow accumulations in poorly-drained areas.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=69}}
-*Speleothems are the characteristic "formations" of caves.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=69–72}}
+* Speleothems are the characteristic "formations" of caves.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=69–72}}
-==Etymology==
+==Geochemistry==
-The word 'travertine' is derived from the Italian {{lang|it|travertino}}, a derivation of the Latin {{lang|la|tiburtinus}} meaning 'of Tibur', now known as [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]], near Rome, Italy.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite web | url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/travertine | title=travertine | publisher=dictionary.com | access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=5}}
+[[File:Badab-e Surt Samaee.jpg|thumb|[[Badab-e Surt]]'s stepped travertine terrace formations. This travertine owes its red colour [[Terrace (geology)|terraces]] to [[iron carbonate]].]]
-==Geochemistry==
-[[File:Badab-e Surt Samaee.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Badab-e Surt]]'s stepped travertine terrace formations. This travertine owes its red colour [[Terrace (geology)|terraces]] to [[iron carbonate]].]]
 The formation of travertine begins when [[groundwater]] ({{chem2|H2O}}) containing an elevated concentration of dissolved [[carbon dioxide]] ({{chem2|CO2}}) comes in contact with [[limestone]] or other rock containing calcium carbonate ({{chem2|CaCO3}}). The dissolved carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid, [[carbonic acid]], which dissolves some of the limestone as soluble [[calcium bicarbonate]] ({{chem2|Ca2+ + 2HCO3-}}):
-:{{chem2|CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 <-> Ca(2+) + 2HCO3-}}
+: {{Chem2|CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 <-> Ca(2+) + 2HCO3-}}
 This is a [[reversible reaction]], meaning that as the concentration of dissolved calcium bicarbonate builds up, the calcium bicarbonate begins to revert to [[calcium carbonate]], water, and carbon dioxide. So long as there is nowhere for the carbon dioxide to go, [[chemical equilibrium]] is reached where dissolution of calcium carbonate is balanced by precipitation of calcium carbonate.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=11–12}}
@@ Line 40: / Line 43: @@
 If the groundwater moves into an environment with a lower concentration of carbon dioxide (as measured by its [[partial pressure]], pCO<sub>2</sub>), some of the carbon dioxide will escape into the environment, disturbing the equilibrium and allowing net precipitation of calcium carbonate to take place:
-:{{chem2|Ca(2+) + 2HCO3- -> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2}}
+: {{Chem2|Ca(2+) + 2HCO3- -> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2}}
 The calcium carbonate most readily precipitates onto solid surfaces bathed by the groundwater, eventually building up thick deposits of travertine. Because of the role of {{CO2}} in dissolving and transporting calcium carbonate, it is sometimes described as the ''carrier CO<sub>2</sub>'' or simply as the ''carrier.''{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=11–12}}
+[[File:Rijeka Una Novi Grad.jpg|thumb|left|Tufa and travertine sediments visible on the Una river bed.]]
 The most important sources of elevated carbon dioxide concentration in groundwater are soil and volcanic activity. Water passing through soil picks up carbon dioxide from plant roots and decaying [[organic matter]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grove |first1=Glenn E. |title=Karst Features and the Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks in Crawford County |url=https://www.in.gov/dnr/water/files/crawford_text_karst.pdf |publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section |access-date=26 December 2020 |date=September 2003}}</ref> This {{CO2}} is described as ''meteoric carrier,'' and the travertine formed by this mechanism as ''meteogene travertine''.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=11–12}} This is the principal mechanism for formation of speleothems. Groundwater with an enhanced concentration of {{CO2}} absorbed from soil infiltrates underlying limestone, dissolving some of the limestone. When this groundwater then emerges into a cave with a lower concentration of {{CO2}}, some of the {{CO2}} escapes, allowing calcium carbonate to precipitate and build up stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems.{{sfn|Blatt|Middleton|Murray|1980|pp=479–480}}{{sfn|Lillie|2005|p=225}}
-[[File:Rijeka Una Novi Grad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Tufa and travertine sediments visible on the Una river bed.]]
 Volcanic activity is the source of carbon dioxide in groundwater that emerges from hot springs. When the water reaches the mouth of the spring, it rapidly loses carbon dioxide to the open air and precipitates calcium carbonate around the spring mouth. Travertine formed this way is described as ''thermogene travertine''.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=11–12}} This can form spectacular deposits of travertine, such as those of [[Pamukkale]] or Mammoth Hot Springs. The carbon dioxide may come from sources deep in the Earth,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grassa |first1=Fausto |last2=Capasso |first2=Giorgio |last3=Favara |first3=Rocco |last4=Inguaggiato |first4=Salvatore |title=Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Waters and Dissolved Gases in Some Thermal Springs of Sicily and Adjacent Volcanic Islands, Italy |journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics |date=April 2006 |volume=163 |issue=4 |pages=781–807 |doi=10.1007/s00024-006-0043-0|bibcode=2006PApGe.163..781G |s2cid=140676530 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiodini |first1=G. |last2=Frondini |first2=F. |last3=Cardellini |first3=C. |last4=Parello |first4=F. |last5=Peruzzi |first5=L. |title=Rate of diffuse carbon dioxide Earth degassing estimated from carbon balance of regional aquifers: The case of central Apennine, Italy |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=10 April 2000 |volume=105 |issue=B4 |pages=8423–8434 |doi=10.1029/1999JB900355|bibcode=2000JGR...105.8423C |doi-access=free }}</ref> such as [[metamorphism]] of deeply buried rock. The carbon dioxide is carried to the surface by [[magma]] and is a major component of [[volcanic gas]]es.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Girault |first1=Frédéric |last2=Koirala |first2=Bharat Prasad |last3=Bhattarai |first3=Mukunda |last4=Perrier |first4=Frédéric |title=Radon and carbon dioxide around remote Himalayan thermal springs |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2018 |volume=451 |issue=1 |pages=155–181 |doi=10.1144/SP451.6|bibcode=2018GSLSP.451..155G |s2cid=132588532 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/4253420 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 | last1 = Pedone  | first1 = M. | last2 = Aiuppa | first2 = A.| last3 = Giudice | first3 = G. | last4 = Grassa | first4 = F.| last5 = Francofonte | first5 = V. | last6 = Bergsson | first6 = B.| last7 = Ilyinskaya | first7 = E.| title = Tunable diode laser measurements of hydrothermal/volcanic CO2 and implications for the global CO2 budget| journal =  Solid Earth| date = 2014| volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 1209–1221| doi = 10.5194/se-5-1209-2014| bibcode = 2014SolE....5.1209P | doi-access = free }}</ref> Carbon dioxide may also be generated by magma bodies heating solid rock near the surface, through thermal decomposition of organic matter, or by reactions of [[quartz]] or other [[silica]] minerals with [[carbonate mineral]]s.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=15}}
-[[Precipitation (chemistry)|Precipitation]] may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in pCO<sub>2</sub>, for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important,<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1306/061600710205|title = Physical Mechanisms of River Waterfall Tufa (Travertine) Formation|year = 2001|last1 = Zhang|first1 = D. D.|last2 = Zhang|first2 = Y.|last3 = Zhu|first3 = A.|last4 = Cheng|first4 = X.|journal = Journal of Sedimentary Research|volume = 71|issue = 1|pages = 205–216|bibcode = 2001JSedR..71..205Z}}</ref> as may photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00003.x|title = Microbial carbonates: The geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms|year = 2000|last1 = Riding|first1 = Robert|journal = Sedimentology|volume = 47|pages = 179–214| s2cid=130272076 }}</ref>
+[[Precipitation (chemistry)|Precipitation]] may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in pCO<sub>2</sub>, for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important,<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1306/061600710205|title = Physical Mechanisms of River Waterfall Tufa (Travertine) Formation|year = 2001|last1 = Zhang|first1 = D. D.|last2 = Zhang|first2 = Y.|last3 = Zhu|first3 = A.|last4 = Cheng|first4 = X.|journal = Journal of Sedimentary Research|volume = 71|issue = 1|pages = 205–216|bibcode = 2001JSedR..71..205Z}}</ref> as may photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00003.x|title = Microbial carbonates: The geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms|year = 2000|last1 = Riding|first1 = Robert|journal = Sedimentology|volume = 47|pages = 179–214| bibcode=2000Sedim..47..179R | s2cid=130272076 }}</ref>
 Rarely, travertine may form from highly [[alkaline]] water containing dissolved [[calcium hydroxide]] ({{chem2|Ca2+ + 2OH-}}) produced during [[serpentinization]] of [[ultramafic]] rock. When this alkaline water reaches the surface, it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to precipitate calcium carbonate:{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=11–12}}
-:{{chem2|Ca(2+) + 2OH- + CO2 -> CaCO3 + H2O}}
+: {{Chem2|Ca(2+) + 2OH- + CO2 -> CaCO3 + H2O}}
 While water carbonated by volcanic activity is usually associated with hot springs, such water occasionally cools to near ambient temperature before emerging at the surface. Likewise, water carbonated by passage through soil will occasionally have circulated to sufficient depths that it is quite warm when it reemerges at the surface. Water carbonated by volcanic activity will nonetheless tend to have a higher content of dissolved calcium bicarbonate and will generally be more enriched in the heavier [[Carbon isotopes|<sup>13</sup>C isotope]].{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=13}}
@@ Line 63: / Line 67: @@
 <!-- Travertine is not a rare rock; it is found in thousands of locations around the world. Restrict this section to general discussions of settings where travertine is found, and limit specific examples to those that are most notable (scientifically or culturally) *as travertine locales* as established by multiple independent reliable sources. -->
 [[File:Tomb submerged in a travertine pool in Hierapolis.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Mausoleum]] submerged in a travertine pool at [[Hierapolis]] hot springs, Turkey]]
+[[File:Skradinski buk Krka National Park 1.jpg|thumb|Tufa and travertine deposits on [[Krka National Park]]]]
 Travertine is found in hundreds of locations around the world.{{sfn|Ford|Pedley|1996|pp=125, 134–166}} The travertine found at Tivoli, {{convert|25|km||sp=us}} east of Rome, has been quarried for at least 2,000 years.{{sfn|Ford|Pedley|1996|pp=134–135}} Tivoli travertine was deposited in a body {{convert|20|km2||sp=us}} in area and {{convert|60|m||sp=us}} thick along a north-trending fault near the dormant [[Colli Albani]] volcano. The Guidonia quarry is located in this deposit of travertine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Faccenna |first1=Claudio |last2=Soligo |first2=Michele |last3=Billi |first3=Andrea |last4=De Filippis |first4=Luigi |last5=Funiciello |first5=Renato |last6=Rossetti |first6=Claudio |last7=Tuccimei |first7=Paola |title=Late Pleistocene depositional cycles of the Lapis Tiburtinus travertine (Tivoli, Central Italy): Possible influence of climate and fault activity |journal=Global and Planetary Change |date=October 2008 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=299–308 |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.06.006|bibcode=2008GPC....63..299F }}</ref>
@@ Line 69: / Line 75: @@
 Cascades of natural lakes formed behind travertine dams can be seen in [[Pamukkale]], Turkey, which is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Other places with such cascades include [[Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area|Huanglong]] in [[Sichuan]] Province of China (another UNESCO World Heritage Site), the Mammoth Hot Springs in the United States, [[Egerszalók]] in Hungary, [[Mahallat]], Abbass Abad, Atash Kooh, and [[Badab-e Surt]] in [[Iran]], [[Band-e Amir|Band-i-Amir]] in [[Afghanistan]], [[Lagunas de Ruidera]], Spain, [[Hierve el Agua]], [[Oaxaca|Oaxaca, Mexico]] and [[Semuc Champey]], [[Guatemala]].
-In [[Central Europe]]'s last post-glacial palaeoclimatic optimum ([[Atlantic (period)|Atlantic Period]], 8000–5000 BC), huge deposits of [[tufa]] formed from [[karst spring]]s. On a smaller scale, these karst processes are still working.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dabkowski |first1=Julie |title=The late-Holocene tufa decline in Europe: Myth or reality? |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=February 2020 |volume=230 |pages=106141 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106141|bibcode=2020QSRv..23006141D |s2cid=213881621 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02434361/file/Dabkowski%2C%202020-QSR.pdf }}</ref> Important [[geotope]]s are found at the [[Swabian Alb]], mainly in valleys at the foremost northwest ridge of the [[cuesta]];{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=49–122}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Megerle |first1=Heidi Elisabeth |title=Calcerous Tufa as Invaluable Geotopes Endangered by (Over-)Tourism: A Case Study in the UNESCO Global Geopark Swabian Alb, Germany |journal=Geosciences |date=2 May 2021 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=198 |doi=10.3390/geosciences11050198|bibcode=2021Geosc..11..198M |doi-access=free }}</ref> in many valleys of the eroded periphery of the karstic [[Franconian Jura]]; and at the northern [[Swiss Plateau|Alpine foothills]].{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=142}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Górny |first1=Zbigniew |title=Selected examples of natural stones from Italy and Germany used in architectural objects in Krakow – a short geological excursion |journal=Geotourism/Geoturystyka |date=2009 |volume=16–17 |issue=1 |pages=61 |doi=10.7494/geotour.2009.16-17.61|doi-access=free }}</ref>
+In [[Central Europe]]'s last post-glacial palaeoclimatic optimum ([[Atlantic (period)|Atlantic Period]], 8000–5000 BC), huge deposits of [[tufa]] formed from [[karst spring]]s. On a smaller scale, these karst processes are still working.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dabkowski |first1=Julie |title=The late-Holocene tufa decline in Europe: Myth or reality? |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=February 2020 |volume=230 |article-number=106141 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106141|bibcode=2020QSRv..23006141D |s2cid=213881621 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02434361/file/Dabkowski%2C%202020-QSR.pdf }}</ref> Important [[geotope]]s are found at the [[Swabian Alb]], mainly in valleys at the foremost northwest ridge of the [[cuesta]];{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=49–122}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Megerle |first1=Heidi Elisabeth |title=Calcerous Tufa as Invaluable Geotopes Endangered by (Over-)Tourism: A Case Study in the UNESCO Global Geopark Swabian Alb, Germany |journal=Geosciences |date=2 May 2021 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=198 |doi=10.3390/geosciences11050198|bibcode=2021Geosc..11..198M |doi-access=free }}</ref> in many valleys of the eroded periphery of the karstic [[Franconian Jura]]; and at the northern [[Swiss Plateau|Alpine foothills]].{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=142}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Górny |first1=Zbigniew |title=Selected examples of natural stones from Italy and Germany used in architectural objects in Krakow – a short geological excursion |journal=Geotourism/Geoturystyka |date=2009 |volume=16–17 |issue=1 |pages=61 |doi=10.7494/geotour.2009.16-17.61|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-[[File:Skradinski buk Krka National Park 1.jpg|thumb|Tufa and travertine deposits on [[Krka National Park]]]]
+[[Dinaric karst]] watercourses, especially those in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, are known for build-up of rich travertine deposits and associated phenomena such as tufa and travertine caves, river islets, barriers and waterfalls.<ref name="Lasić-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Lasić |first1=Anđelka |last2=Jasprica |first2=Nenad |title=Vegetation diversity of the two Dinaric karstic rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/biolog-2016-0103/html?lang=de |journal=Biologia |access-date=7 June 2024 |pages=777–792 |language=en |doi=10.1515/biolog-2016-0103 |date=1 July 2016|volume=71 |issue=7 |bibcode=2016Biolg..71..777L |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Sironić-2023"/> In Bosnia and Herzegovina [[Una River (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Una river]] is particularly rich in deposits,<ref name="whc.unesco.org-Una">{{cite web |last1=mondial |first1=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine |title=Complex of travertine waterfalls in Martin Brod - Una National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/6400/ |website=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial |access-date=7 June 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> and so is [[Pliva (river)|Pliva]], [[Trebižat (river)|Trebižat]], [[Buna (Neretva)|Buna]], [[Bregava]].<ref name="Lasić-2016"/> Travertine has formed 16 natural dams in a valley in [[Croatia]] known as [[Plitvice Lakes National Park]]. Clinging to moss and rocks in the water, the travertine has built up over several millennia to form waterfalls up to {{convert|70|m|abbr=on}} in height.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/fallinglakes/water.html |title=Land of the Falling Lakes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819062523/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/fallinglakes/water.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |work=Nature |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref><ref name="Sironić-2023">{{cite journal |last1=Sironić |first1=Andreja |last2=Lučić |first2=Mavro |last3=Felja |first3=Igor |last4=Tibljaš |first4=Darko |title=Environmental Changes Recorded in Tufa from the Korana River, Croatia: Geochemical and Isotopic Approach |journal=Water |pages=1269 |language=en |doi=10.3390/w15071269 |date=January 2023|volume=15 |issue=7 |bibcode=2023Water..15.1269S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Also in Croatia the [[Krka (Adriatic Sea)|Krka]], [[Zrmanja]] with Krupa tributary, and [[Kupa]] in Croatia and Slovenia, and [[Krka (Sava)|Krka]] in Slovenia.
-[[Dinaric karst]] watercourses, especially those in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, are known for build-up of rich travertine deposits and associated phenomena such as tufa and travertine caves, river islets, barriers and waterfalls.<ref name="Lasić-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Lasić |first1=Anđelka |last2=Jasprica |first2=Nenad |title=Vegetation diversity of the two Dinaric karstic rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/biolog-2016-0103/html?lang=de |journal=Biologia |access-date=7 June 2024 |pages=777–792 |language=en |doi=10.1515/biolog-2016-0103 |date=1 July 2016|volume=71 |issue=7 |bibcode=2016Biolg..71..777L |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Sironić-2023"/> In Bosnia and Herzegovina [[Una River (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Una river]] is particularly rich in deposits,<ref name="whc.unesco.org-Una">{{cite web |last1=mondial |first1=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine |title=Complex of travertine waterfalls in Martin Brod - Una National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/6400/ |website=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial |access-date=7 June 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> and so is [[Pliva (river)|Pliva]], [[Trebižat (river)|Trebižat]], [[Buna (Neretva)|Buna]], [[Bregava]].<ref name="Lasić-2016"/> Travertine has formed 16 natural dams in a valley in [[Croatia]] known as [[Plitvice Lakes National Park]]. Clinging to moss and rocks in the water, the travertine has built up over several millennia to form waterfalls up to {{convert|70|m|abbr=on}} in height.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/fallinglakes/water.html |title=Land of the Falling Lakes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819062523/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/fallinglakes/water.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |work=Nature |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref><ref name="Sironić-2023">{{cite journal |last1=Sironić |first1=Andreja |last2=Lučić |first2=Mavro |last3=Felja |first3=Igor |last4=Tibljaš |first4=Darko |title=Environmental Changes Recorded in Tufa from the Korana River, Croatia: Geochemical and Isotopic Approach |journal=Water |pages=1269 |language=en |doi=10.3390/w15071269 |date=January 2023|volume=15 |issue=7 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Also in Croatia the [[Krka (Adriatic Sea)|Krka]], [[Zrmanja]] with Krupa tributary, and [[Kupa]] in Croatia and Slovenia, and [[Krka (Sava)|Krka]] in Slovenia.
 In the United States, the most well-known place for travertine formation is [[Yellowstone National Park]], where the [[geothermal areas of Yellowstone|geothermal areas]] are rich in travertine deposits.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weed |first1=Walter |title=The formation of travertine and siliceous sinter by the vegetation of hot springs |url=https://archive.org/details/formationoftrave00weedrich |date=1890 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=[https://archive.org/details/formationoftrave00weedrich/page/628 628] }}</ref> Wyoming also has travertines in [[Hot Springs State Park]] in [[Thermopolis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming/some-say-flows-at-hot-springs-state-park-are-decreasing/article_7f58c671-7f06-54f3-8695-0add34c51ee6.html |title=Some flows at hot springs state park are decreasing |date=April 2011 |access-date=20 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035719/http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming/some-say-flows-at-hot-springs-state-park-are-decreasing/article_7f58c671-7f06-54f3-8695-0add34c51ee6.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref> [[Oklahoma]] has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder. [[Turner Falls]], the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma, is a {{convert|77|ft}} cascade of spring water flowing over a travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods repeat the travertine-formation effect.{{sfn|Ford|Pedley|1996|pp=156–157}} Another travertine resource is in [[Sulphur, Oklahoma]], {{convert|10|mi}} east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the [[Chickasaw National Recreation Area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Geologic Formations |url=https://www.nps.gov/chic/learn/nature/geologicformations.htm |website=Chakasaw National Recreation Area |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
-[[Austin, Texas]], and the surrounding "Hill Country" to the south is built on limestone. The area has many travertine formations, such as those found at Gorman Falls within [[Colorado Bend State Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado Bend State Park |url=https://tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/colorado-bend/nature |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> [[Hanging Lake]] in [[Glenwood Canyon]] in Colorado was formed by travertine dams across a spring-fed stream.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bass |first1=N.W. |last2=Walker |first2=T.R. |last3=Warner |first3=L.A. |last4=Murray |first4=H.F. |last5=Rold |first5=J.W. |last6= Borden |first6= J.L. |year=1958 |chapter=First Day Road Log-Glenwood Springs to McCoy and Return |title=Symposium on Pennsylvanian rocks of Colorado and adjacent areas |url=https://archives.datapages.com/data/rmag/PennRocks58/bass1.htm |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> Travertine beds in the area are as much as {{convert|40|ft||sp=us}} thick.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swanson |first1=H.N. |year=1980 |title=Evaluation of geothermal energy for heating highway structures |journal=Colorado Department of Highways Interim Report |volume=FHWA-CO-80-6 |url=https://codot.gov/programs/research/pdfs/archive/geothermalheating.pdf |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> [[Rifle Falls State Park]] in Colorado features a triple waterfall over a travertine dam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/RifleFalls/Pages/default.aspx |title=Rifle Falls State Park |access-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020332/http://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/RifleFalls/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=12 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Robert B. |last2=Shroba |first2=Ralph R. |last3=Egger |first3=Anne E. |title=Geologic Map of the Rifle Falls Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map |date=2001 |volume=MF-2341 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2341/ |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
+[[Austin, Texas]], and the surrounding "Hill Country" to the south is built on limestone. The area has many travertine formations, such as those found at Gorman Falls within [[Colorado Bend State Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado Bend State Park |url=https://tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/colorado-bend/nature |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> [[Hanging Lake]] in [[Glenwood Canyon]] in Colorado was formed by travertine dams across a spring-fed stream.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bass |first1=N.W. |last2=Walker |first2=T.R. |last3=Warner |first3=L.A. |last4=Murray |first4=H.F. |last5=Rold |first5=J.W. |last6= Borden |first6= J.L. |year=1958 |chapter=First Day Road Log-Glenwood Springs to McCoy and Return |title=Symposium on Pennsylvanian rocks of Colorado and adjacent areas |url=https://archives.datapages.com/data/rmag/PennRocks58/bass1.htm |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> Travertine beds in the area are as much as {{convert|40|ft||sp=us}} thick.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swanson |first1=H.N. |year=1980 |title=Evaluation of geothermal energy for heating highway structures |journal=Colorado Department of Highways Interim Report |volume=FHWA-CO-80-6 |url=https://codot.gov/programs/research/pdfs/archive/geothermalheating.pdf |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216175437/https://www.codot.gov/programs/research/pdfs/archive/geothermalheating.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rifle Falls State Park]] in Colorado features a triple waterfall over a travertine dam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/RifleFalls/Pages/default.aspx |title=Rifle Falls State Park |access-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020332/http://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/RifleFalls/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=12 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Robert B. |last2=Shroba |first2=Ralph R. |last3=Egger |first3=Anne E. |title=Geologic Map of the Rifle Falls Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map |date=2001 |volume=MF-2341 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2341/ |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
 [[File:Soda Dam (14416406835).jpg|thumb|Soda Dam, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico]]
 The [[Soda Dam Hot Spring]] system of the [[Jemez Mountains]] of New Mexico have been intensively investigated because of its connection to the geothermal system of the [[Valles Caldera|Valles caldera]]. Hot groundwater from the caldera has moved along the Jemez fault, and mixed with cooler groundwater before emerging at the surface. [[Radiometric dating]] of the travertines show that deposition began almost immediately after the Valles caldera eruption and that the area is experiencing deposition that began 5,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goff |first1=Fraser |last2=Shevenell |first2=Lisa |title=Travertine deposits of Soda Dam, New Mexico, and their implications for the age and evolution of the Valles caldera hydrothermal system |journal=GSA Bulletin |date=1 August 1987 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=292–302 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<292:TDOSDN>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1987GSAB...99..292G }}</ref> A new species of the [[extremophile]] green algae ''[[Scenedesmus]]'' was first isolated from the travertine of Soda Dam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durvasula |first1=Ravi |last2=Hurwitz |first2=Ivy |last3=Fieck |first3=Annabeth |last4=Rao |first4=D.V. Subba |title=Culture, growth, pigments and lipid content of Scenedesmus species, an extremophile microalga from Soda Dam, New Mexico in wastewater |journal=Algal Research |date=July 2015 |volume=10 |pages=128–133 |doi=10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.003|bibcode=2015AlgRe..10..128D }}</ref>
@@ Line 84: / Line 90: @@
 ==Uses==
-[[File:Le sacre coeur.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|[[Sacré-Cœur, Paris]], (1875–1914)]]
+[[File:Le sacre coeur.jpg|thumb|[[Sacré-Cœur, Paris]], (1875–1914)]]
 Travertine is often used as a [[building material]]. It typically lacks planes of weakness, and its high porosity makes it light in weight for its strength, gives it good thermal and acoustic insulating properties, and makes it relatively easy to work. Dense travertine makes excellent decorative stone when polished.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|p=319}}
-The [[Mining in ancient Rome|Romans mined]] deposits of travertine for building temples, monuments,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=M. D. |last2=Marra |first2=F. |last3=Hay |first3=R. L. |last4=Cawood |first4=C. |last5=Winkler |first5=E. M. |title=The Judicious Selection and Preservation of Tuff and Travertine Building Stone in Ancient Rome |journal=Archaeometry |date=August 2005 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=485–510 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> aqueducts,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Korkanç |first1=Mustafa |title=Characterization of building stones from the ancient Tyana aqueducts, Central Anatolia, Turkey: implications on the factors of deterioration processes |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |date=February 2018 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=237–252 |doi=10.1007/s10064-016-0930-2|bibcode=2018BuEGE..77..237K |s2cid=133259664 }}</ref> bath complexes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van der Meer |first1=L.B. |last2=Stevens |first2=N.L.C. |year=2000 |title=Tiburtinus Lapis: the use of travertine in Ostia  |journal=Babesch |volume=75 |page=180}}</ref> and amphitheaters such as the [[Colosseum]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Simon |title=Colosseum |date=2019 |publisher=AV2 by Weigl Publishers |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781489681652 |page=15}}</ref> the largest building in the world constructed mostly of travertine.<ref name="The History Of The Tile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HSiERzoEvY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162643/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HSiERzoEvY|url-status=dead|title=The History Of The Tile|archive-date=28 February 2014|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> In Italy, well-known travertine quarries exist in Tivoli and Guidonia Montecelio, where the most important quarries since Ancient Roman times can be found.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cimep.it/cms/en/company/bernini-quarry.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208000618/http://www.cimep.it/cms/en/company/bernini-quarry.html|url-status=dead|title=quarry Bernini in Guidonia|archive-date=8 February 2011}}</ref> The Tivoli quarries supplied the travertine from which [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] selected material from which to build the colonnade of [[St. Peter's Square]] in Rome ({{lang|it|colonnato di Piazza S. Pietro}}) in 1656–1667.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=D’Amelio |first1=M.G. |year=2003 |title=The construction techniques and methods for organizing labor used for Bernini's colonnade in St. Peter's, Rome. |journal=Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History |volume=20 p|page=697}}</ref> [[Michelangelo]] also chose travertine as the material for the external ribs of the dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Como |first1=Mario |title=Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions |chapter=Masonry Vaults: General Introduction |series=Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics |date=2016 |volume=5 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-24569-0_4|isbn=978-3-319-24567-6 }}</ref> Travertine from Tivoli was used in the sculpting of the majority of the [[Trevi Fountain]] in Rome during the [[Baroque]] period.<ref name="TF">{{cite web|url=http://www.trevifountain.net/curiosities.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140223144153/http://www.trevifountain.net/curiosities.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2014|title=The Trevi Fountain – The most beautiful fountain in the world|access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
+The [[Mining in ancient Rome|Romans mined]] deposits of travertine for building temples, monuments,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=M. D. |last2=Marra |first2=F. |last3=Hay |first3=R. L. |last4=Cawood |first4=C. |last5=Winkler |first5=E. M. |title=The Judicious Selection and Preservation of Tuff and Travertine Building Stone in Ancient Rome |journal=Archaeometry |date=August 2005 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=485–510 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x|bibcode=2005Archa..47..485J |doi-access=free }}</ref> aqueducts,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Korkanç |first1=Mustafa |title=Characterization of building stones from the ancient Tyana aqueducts, Central Anatolia, Turkey: implications on the factors of deterioration processes |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |date=February 2018 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=237–252 |doi=10.1007/s10064-016-0930-2|bibcode=2018BuEGE..77..237K |s2cid=133259664 }}</ref> bath complexes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van der Meer |first1=L.B. |last2=Stevens |first2=N.L.C. |year=2000 |title=Tiburtinus Lapis: the use of travertine in Ostia  |journal=Babesch |volume=75 |page=180}}</ref> and amphitheaters such as the [[Colosseum]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Simon |title=Colosseum |date=2019 |publisher=AV2 by Weigl Publishers |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781489681652 |page=15}}</ref> the largest building in the world constructed mostly of travertine.<ref name="The History Of The Tile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HSiERzoEvY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162643/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HSiERzoEvY|url-status=dead|title=The History Of The Tile|archive-date=28 February 2014|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> In Italy, well-known travertine quarries exist in Tivoli and Guidonia Montecelio, where the most important quarries since ancient Roman times can be found.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cimep.it/cms/en/company/bernini-quarry.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208000618/http://www.cimep.it/cms/en/company/bernini-quarry.html|url-status=dead|title=quarry Bernini in Guidonia|archive-date=8 February 2011}}</ref> The Tivoli quarries supplied the travertine from which [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] selected material from which to build the colonnade of [[St. Peter's Square]] in Rome ({{lang|it|colonnato di Piazza S. Pietro}}) in 1656–1667.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=D’Amelio |first1=M.G. |year=2003 |title=The construction techniques and methods for organizing labor used for Bernini's colonnade in St. Peter's, Rome. |journal=Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History |volume=20 p|page=697}}</ref> [[Michelangelo]] also chose travertine as the material for the external ribs of the dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Como |first1=Mario |title=Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions |chapter=Masonry Vaults: General Introduction |series=Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics |date=2016 |volume=5 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-24569-0_4|isbn=978-3-319-24567-6 }}</ref> Travertine from Tivoli was used in the sculpting of the majority of the [[Trevi Fountain]] in Rome during the [[Baroque]] period.<ref name="TF">{{cite web|url=http://www.trevifountain.net/curiosities.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140223144153/http://www.trevifountain.net/curiosities.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2014|title=The Trevi Fountain – The most beautiful fountain in the world|access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
 [[File:Burghausen,_Hauptburg,_17.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Burghausen Castle]], Europe's longest castle, is 1,000 years old and built mainly with travertine.]]
-Travertine regained popularity as a building material in the Middle Ages.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=327–328}} The central German town of [[Bad Langensalza]] has an extant medieval old town built almost entirely of local travertine.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Twentieth century buildings using travertine extensively include the [[Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris|Sacré-Cœur Basilica]] in [[Paris]], the [[Getty Center]] in [[Los Angeles]], California, and [[Shell-Haus]] in [[Berlin]]. The travertine used in the Getty Center and Shell-Haus constructions was imported from Tivoli and Guidonia.<ref>[http://www.getty.edu/visit/see_do/architecture.html "The Getty Center"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607065214/http://www.getty.edu/visit/see_do/architecture.html |date=7 June 2011 }}, Official Website</ref>
-Travertine is one of several natural stones that is used for paving patios and garden paths.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ruseva |first1=Kremena |title=Travertine pavers for patio and driveways – the ideal landscaping stones |url=https://deavita.net/travertine-pavers-landscaping-stones.html |website=Dea Vita |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> It is sometimes known as travertine limestone or travertine marble; these are the same stone, although travertine is classified properly as a type of limestone, not [[marble]]. The stone is characterised by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these troughs occur naturally, they suggest signs of considerable wear and tear over time. It can be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey to coral-red. Travertine is available in [[tile]] sizes for floor installations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yuri |first1=Shauna |title=Pros, Cons, and Installation Tips for Travertine Tiles |url=https://unhappyhipsters.com/travertine-tile-pros-and-cons/ |website=Unhappy Hipsters |date=9 June 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=lewitin>{{cite web |last1=Lewitin |first1=Joseph |title=Travertine Flooring Review: Pros and Cons |url=https://www.thespruce.com/travertine-flooring-pros-and-cons-1314707 |website=The Spruce |publisher=Dotdash |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
+Travertine regained popularity as a building material in the Middle Ages.{{sfn|Pentecost|2005|pp=327–328}} The central German town of [[Bad Langensalza]] has an extant medieval old town built almost entirely of local travertine.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Twentieth-century buildings using travertine extensively include the [[Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris|Sacré-Cœur Basilica]] in [[Paris]], the [[Getty Center]] in [[Los Angeles]], California, and [[Shell-Haus]] in [[Berlin]]. The travertine used in the Getty Center and Shell-Haus constructions was imported from Tivoli and Guidonia.<ref>[http://www.getty.edu/visit/see_do/architecture.html "The Getty Center"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607065214/http://www.getty.edu/visit/see_do/architecture.html |date=7 June 2011 }}, Official Website</ref>
+Travertine is one of several natural stones that is used for paving patios and garden paths.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ruseva |first1=Kremena |title=Travertine pavers for patio and driveways – the ideal landscaping stones |url=https://deavita.net/travertine-pavers-landscaping-stones.html |website=Dea Vita |date=2 October 2015 |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> It is sometimes known as travertine limestone or travertine marble; these are the same stone, although travertine is classified properly as a type of limestone, not [[marble]]. The stone is characterised by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these troughs occur naturally, they suggest signs of considerable wear and tear over time. It can be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey to coral-red. Travertine is available in [[tile]] sizes for floor installations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yuri |first1=Shauna |title=Pros, Cons, and Installation Tips for Travertine Tiles |url=https://unhappyhipsters.com/travertine-tile-pros-and-cons/ |website=Unhappy Hipsters |date=9 June 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=lewitin>{{cite web |last1=Lewitin |first1=Joseph |title=Travertine Flooring Review: Pros and Cons |url=https://www.thespruce.com/travertine-flooring-pros-and-cons-1314707 |website=The Spruce |publisher=Dotdash |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
 Travertine is one of the most frequently used stones in [[modern architecture]]. It is commonly used for indoor home/business flooring, outdoor patio flooring, spa walls and ceilings, façades, and wall [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]]. The lobby walls of the [[modernist]] [[Willis Tower]] (1970) (formerly Sears Tower) in [[Chicago]] are made of travertine.<ref>[http://www.willistower.com/interior_exterior.html "The Willis Tower"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126133657/http://www.willistower.com/interior_exterior.html |date=26 November 2009 }}, Official Website</ref>  Architect [[Welton Becket]] frequently incorporated travertine into many of his projects.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=French |first1=C. M. |last2=Stiles |first2= E.B. |year=2010 |title=Los Angeles modern: City of tomorrow |journal=Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications |location=Washington DC |publisher=National Trust for Historic Preservation |url=https://docs.rwu.edu/saahp_fp/62/ |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]] is clad with over 3 million pounds (about 1360 tonnes) of Ambra Light travertine from the Tivoli quarries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richinelli |first1=Jennifer |title=Roman travertine makes medical center "a pillar of strength" |url=https://www.stoneworld.com/articles/84672-roman-travertine-makes-medical-center-a-pillar-of-strength |website=Stone World |publisher=BNP Media |access-date=16 July 2021 |date=1 October 2007}}</ref> Architect [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] used travertine in several of his major works, including the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gee |first1=Marcus |title=Five things the TD Centre can teach us about how to build Toronto |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/five-things-the-td-centre-can-teach-us-about-how-to-build-toronto/article24227818/ |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=The Globe and Mail Toronto |date=1 May 2015}}</ref> [[S.R. Crown Hall]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicago landmark, S.R. Crown Hall, receives National Historic Landmark Status |url=https://www.iit.edu/news/chicago-landmark-sr-crown-hall-receives-national-historic-landmark-status |website=Illinois Tech |publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology |access-date=16 July 2021 |date=1 June 2014}}</ref> the [[Farnsworth House (Plano, Illinois)|Farnsworth House]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bey |first1=Lee |title=The Past, Present, and Future of Farnsworth House |url=https://savingplaces.org/stories/the-past-present-future-of-farnsworth-house |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=Preservation Magazine |agency=National Trust for Historic Preservation |date=Fall 2020}}</ref> and the [[Barcelona Pavilion]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glancey |first1=Jonathan |title=Why the 'Barcelona' Pavilion is a modernist classic |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20130924-less-is-more-a-design-classic |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=BBC Culture |agency=BBC |date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The [[New Mexico State Capitol]] has its rotunda finished with travertine<ref>{{cite web |title=New Mexico State Capitol |url=https://www.santafe.org/visiting-santa-fe/about-santa-fe/new-mexico-state-capitol/ |website=Tourism Santa Fe |publisher=City of Santa Fe |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> mined from a deposit west of [[Belen, New Mexico]]. Stone from this quarry is also used in buildings at the [[University of New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Priewisch |first1=A. |author-link2= Laura J. Crossey |last2=Crossey |first2=L. J. |last3=Karlstrom |first3=K. E. |last4=Polyak |first4=V. J. |last5=Asmerom |first5=Y. |last6=Nereson |first6=A. |last7=Ricketts |first7=J. W. |title=U-series geochronology of large-volume Quaternary travertine deposits of the southeastern Colorado Plateau: Evaluating episodicity and tectonic and paleohydrologic controls |journal=Geosphere |date=1 April 2014 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=401–423 |doi=10.1130/GES00946.1|bibcode=2014Geosp..10..401P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=George S. |last2=Barker |first2=James M. |title=Commercial travertine in New Mexico |journal=New Mexico Geology |date=August 1990 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=49–58 |doi=10.58799/NMG-v12n3.49 |s2cid=259446489 |url=https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/12/n3/nmg_v12_n3_p49.pdf |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
-<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
+<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
 File:Mosaics by Wojciech Fangor in Warsaw 1963.jpg|Travertine walls together with [[op art]] ceramic mosaics by [[Wojciech Fangor]] in a railway station in Warsaw, Poland (1963).
 File:Kalktuff-Block Schloss-Tuebingen 2.jpg|Travertine in a 400-year-old wall
 File:TravertinoTuxtla.JPG|Travertine vessels found in El Tapesco del Diablo Cave in [[Ocozocoautla]], [[Chiapas]], Mexico (600–900 AD)
+File:Open House Praha 2025 20250518 110819.jpg|Elements around the staircase
 </gallery>
@@ Line 117: / Line 126: @@
 ===Sources===
 * {{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=T.D. |last2=Pedley |first2=H.M. |title=A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=November 1996 |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=117–175 |doi=10.1016/S0012-8252(96)00030-X|bibcode=1996ESRv...41..117F }}
+* {{cite book |last=Pentecost |first=Allan |date=2005 |title=Travertine |url=https://archive.org/details/travertine0000pent |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781402035234 |oclc=62793349}}
 == External links ==
@@ Line 123: / Line 133: @@
 * [https://www.usamarblellc.com/what-is-travertine.html Travertine Frequently Asked Questions]
 * [http://www.what-is-travertine.com Travertine FAQ]
 {{Rock type}}
 {{Authority control}}

Travertine: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:02, 18 December 2025

Contents

Etymology

Definition

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Geochemistry

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Travertine: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:02, 18 December 2025

Etymology

Definition

Landforms

Geochemistry

Occurrence

Uses

Supply

See also

References

Sources

External links

Navigation menu

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