1936 Winter Olympics: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Previous edit
VisualWikitext
imported>Seloloving
→top: ce
imported>Egomaniacs
m Change Number of Athletes at games from 646 to 672 to match Athletes by Country Section, verified against Country Pages. Add the difference to men
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:
| host_city  = [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], Germany
| host_city  = [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], Germany
| nations    = 28
| nations    = 28
| athletes    = 646 (566 men, 80 women)
| athletes    = 672 (592 men, 80 women)
| events      = 17 in 4 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (8 disciplines)
| events      = 17 in 4 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (8 disciplines)
| opening    = 6 February 1936
| opening    = 6 February 1936
Line 18: Line 18:
| summer_next = [[1936 Summer Olympics|Berlin 1936]]
| summer_next = [[1936 Summer Olympics|Berlin 1936]]
}}
}}
The '''1936 Winter Olympics''', officially known as the '''IV Olympic Winter Games''' ({{langx|de|IV. Olympische Winterspiele}}) and commonly known as '''Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936''', were a winter [[multi-sport event]] held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the [[market town]] of [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. Later that year, the country also hosted the [[1936 Summer Olympics]], which were held in [[Berlin]]. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with [[Tokyo]] hosting the [[1940 Summer Olympics|Summer Games]] and [[Sapporo]] hosting the [[1940 Winter Olympics|Winter Games]]).
The '''1936 Winter Olympics''', officially known as the '''IV Olympic Winter Games''' ({{langx|de|IV. Olympische Winterspiele}}) and commonly known as '''Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936''', were a winter [[multi-sport event]] held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the [[market town]] of [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. Later that year, the country also hosted the [[1936 Summer Olympics]], which were held in [[Berlin]]. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in [[Japan]], with [[Tokyo]] hosting the [[1940 Summer Olympics|Summer Games]] and [[Sapporo]] hosting the [[1940 Winter Olympics|Winter Games]]).


The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the [[National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise|German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise]] (DRL) by [[Karl Ritter von Halt]], who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by ''Reichssportführer'' [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]].
The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the [[National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise|German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise]] (DRL) by [[Karl Ritter von Halt]], who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by ''Reichssportführer'' [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]].


==Organization and politics==
==Organization and politics==
While the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Berlin]] months later have attracted extensive examination for the [[Nazi Party]]'s spectacles and the accompanying racial controversies – including the exclusion of most [[Jews|Jewish]] athletes and [[Jesse Owens]]'s achievements – the Winter Games took place five months earlier and saw some of the same efforts by [[Adolf Hitler]]'s propaganda machine.
While the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Berlin]] months later have attracted extensive examination for the [[Nazi Party]]'s spectacles and the accompanying racial controversies, including the exclusion of most [[Jews|Jewish]] athletes and [[Jesse Owens]]'s achievements, the Winter Games took place five months earlier and saw some of the same efforts by [[Adolf Hitler]]'s propaganda machine.


Globally, there had been efforts to initiate boycotts from different countries, and a number of Jewish athletes faced pressure not to participate in an event held in a nation ruled by a blatantly [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] regime.<ref>Marsha Lederman, "A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games," ''The Globe and Mail'', October 13, 2009</ref>
Winter sports were only accepted by the Nazi Party because the Italian dictator [[Mussolini]] promoted skiing. The [[middle class]] was encouraged to visit [[ski resort]]s. In 1936 more than 550,000 winter sports tourists visited Italy.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2003 |editor1=Anrd Krüger |editor2=William Murray |title=The Nazi Olympics: Sport, Politics, and Appeasement in the 1930s |isbn=9780252091643 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |page=117}}</ref> Stylish skiing with Aryan looks was graphic designed by the propaganda artist [[Ludwig Hohlwein]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2015 |author1=Rebecca Onion |title=Modernist 1930s Posters Calling Skiiers to the Mountains of Europe |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/02/history-of-posters-modernist-skiing-advertisements-for-1930s-europe.html |publisher=SLATE}}</ref> Globally, there had been efforts to initiate boycotts from different countries, and a number of Jewish athletes faced pressure not to participate in an event held in a nation ruled by a blatantly [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] regime.<ref>Marsha Lederman, "A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games," ''The Globe and Mail'', October 13, 2009</ref>


The Nazis took steps to soften the appearance of their harsher policies before visitors from other nations arrived, such as removing antisemitic signage that was common in Germany, and – under pressure from a potential American boycott and Olympic officials – allowing the Jewish athlete [[Rudi Ball]] to play on Germany's ice hockey team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nazi Olympics -1936 Berlin Olympic Games |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-olympics-berlin-1936 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>
The Nazis took steps to soften the appearance of their harsher policies before visitors from other nations arrived, such as removing antisemitic signage that was common in Germany, and – under pressure from a potential American boycott and Olympic officials – allowing the Jewish athlete [[Rudi Ball]] to play on Germany's ice hockey team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nazi Olympics -1936 Berlin Olympic Games |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-olympics-berlin-1936 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org}}</ref> German troops moved back into the demilitarized [[Rhineland]] for the Winter Games.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2014 |author1=Adam Martin |title=So This Happened: Hitler’s Winter Olympics in Photos |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/02/this-happened-hitlers-winter-olympics.html |publisher=New York Magazine}}</ref> A few weeks before the Games began, [[William L. Shirer]], the Berlin correspondent for the Universal wire service, wrote a series of articles describing preparations for the competition. He concluded, "that the Nazis at Garmisch had pulled down all the signs saying that Jews are unwanted (they're all over Germany) and that the Olympic visitors would thus be spared any signs of the kind of treatment meted out to Jews in this country."<ref>William L. Shirer, ''Berlin Diary'', ©1941 reprinted 2011 by Rosetta Books, entry for January 23, 1936</ref>
 
A few weeks before the Games began, [[William L. Shirer]], the Berlin correspondent for the Universal wire service, wrote a series of articles describing preparations for the competition. "I had written... that the Nazis at Garmisch had pulled down all the signs saying that Jews are unwanted (they're all over Germany) and that the Olympic visitors would thus be spared any signs of the kind of treatment meted out to Jews in this country."<ref>William L. Shirer, ''Berlin Diary'', ©1941 reprinted 2011 by Rosetta Books, entry for January 23, 1936</ref>


[[File:Bundesarchiv R 8076 Bild-0019, Olympische Winterspiele.- Eröffnung.jpg|thumb|275px|[[Olympic Games ceremony|Opening Ceremony]] with [[Rudolf Hess]], [[President of the International Olympic Committee|IOC president]] [[Henri de Baillet-Latour]], and [[Adolf Hitler]]]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv R 8076 Bild-0019, Olympische Winterspiele.- Eröffnung.jpg|thumb|275px|[[Olympic Games ceremony|Opening Ceremony]] with [[Rudolf Hess]], [[President of the International Olympic Committee|IOC president]] [[Henri de Baillet-Latour]], and [[Adolf Hitler]]]]
 
None of the member nations boycotted the Winter Games, and 49 in all participated, the greatest number at that time.<ref name="A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games">Lederman, "A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games"</ref> The Games were completed with a minimum of political controversy, although the Canadian [[skiing]] team raised their arms in what appeared to be a Nazi salute as they entered the opening ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=So This Happened: Hitlers Winter Olympics in Photos |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/02/this-happened-hitlers-winter-olympics.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Intelligencer }}</ref> The German crowd erupted in applause at the salute, which was later explained as the "[[Roman salute|Olympic Salute]]" that was identical to the [[Nazi salute|Nazi version]] but with the arm extended laterally instead of forward.<ref name="A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games" />
None of the member nations boycotted the Winter Games, and 49 in all participated, the greatest number at that time.<ref name="A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games">Lederman, "A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games"</ref> The Games were completed with a minimum of political controversy, although the Canadian skiing team raised their arms in what appeared to be a Nazi salute as they entered the opening ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=So This Happened: Hitlers Winter Olympics in Photos |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/02/this-happened-hitlers-winter-olympics.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Intelligencer |language=en}}</ref> The German crowd erupted in applause at the salute, which was later explained as the "[[Roman salute|Olympic Salute]]" that was identical to the [[Nazi salute|Nazi version]] but with the arm extended laterally instead of forward.<ref name="A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games" />


However, even Shirer was impressed by the effectiveness of the Nazis' efforts, writing:
However, even Shirer was impressed by the effectiveness of the Nazis' efforts, writing:
Line 45: Line 42:
* [[Alpine skiing]] made its first appearance in the Winter Olympics as the [[Alpine skiing combined|combined]], which added a skier's results in both the [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill]] and [[Slalom skiing|slalom]]. German athletes [[Franz Pfnür]] and [[Christl Cranz]] won the men's and women's alpine events, respectively.
* [[Alpine skiing]] made its first appearance in the Winter Olympics as the [[Alpine skiing combined|combined]], which added a skier's results in both the [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill]] and [[Slalom skiing|slalom]]. German athletes [[Franz Pfnür]] and [[Christl Cranz]] won the men's and women's alpine events, respectively.
* [[Ivar Ballangrud]] won three out of the four [[speed skating]] races.
* [[Ivar Ballangrud]] won three out of the four [[speed skating]] races.
* [[Sonja Henie]] won her third consecutive gold medal in woman's [[figure skating]].
* [[Sonja Henie]] won her third consecutive gold medal in woman's [[figure skating]].<ref>{{Cite book|date=2014 |author1=Jeremy Schaap |title=Triumph: Jesse Owens And Hitler's Olympics |isbn=9781784081683 |publisher=Head of Zeus}}</ref>
* [[Switzerland]] won the four-man bobsled competition with a time of 5:19.85.
* [[Switzerland]] won the four-man bobsled competition with a time of 5:19.85.
* [[Great Britain men's national ice hockey team|Great Britain]] upset 1932 gold medalists [[Canada men's national ice hockey team|Canada]] in [[ice hockey]] when [[Edgar Brenchley]] scored the winning goal within the last 90 seconds.
* [[Great Britain men's national ice hockey team|Great Britain]] upset 1932 gold medalists [[Canada men's national ice hockey team|Canada]] in [[ice hockey]] when [[Edgar Brenchley]] scored the winning goal within the last 90 seconds.
Line 136: Line 133:
|-
|-
| GBR || {{flagIOC|GBR|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 38
| GBR || {{flagIOC|GBR|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 38
|-
| JPN || {{flagIOC|JPN|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 38
|-
|-
| SUI || {{flagIOC|SUI|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 34
| SUI || {{flagIOC|SUI|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 34
Line 143: Line 138:
| SWE || {{flagIOC|SWE|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 32
| SWE || {{flagIOC|SWE|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 32
|-
|-
| NOR || {{flagIOC|NOR|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 30
| JPN || {{flagIOC|JPN|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 31
|-
| NOR || {{flagIOC|NOR|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 31
|-
|-
| CAN || {{flagIOC|CAN|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 29
| CAN || {{flagIOC|CAN|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 29
Line 159: Line 156:
| FIN || {{flagIOC|FIN|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 19
| FIN || {{flagIOC|FIN|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 19
|-
|-
| ROM || {{flagIOC|ROM|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 19
| YUG || {{flagIOC|YUG|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 17
|-
|-
| YUG || {{flagIOC|YUG|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 17
| ROM || {{flagIOC|ROM|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 15
|-
|-
| NED || {{flagIOC|NED|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 8
| NED || {{flagIOC|NED|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 8
|-
|-
| BUL || {{flagIOC|BUL|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 7
| BUL || {{flagIOC|BUL|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 7
|-
| EST || {{flagIOC|EST|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 7
|-
|-
| ESP || {{flagIOC|ESP|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 6
| ESP || {{flagIOC|ESP|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 6
|-
|-
| TUR || {{flagIOC|TUR|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 6
| TUR || {{flagIOC|TUR|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 6
|-
| EST || {{flagIOC|EST|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 5
|-
|-
| LIE || {{flagIOC|LIE|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 4
| LIE || {{flagIOC|LIE|1936 Winter}} ||align=center| 4
Line 267: Line 264:
{{Nations at the 1936 Winter Olympics}}
{{Nations at the 1936 Winter Olympics}}
{{1936 Winter Olympic venues}}
{{1936 Winter Olympic venues}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Olympics|Germany|Sports|1930s}}
{{Portal bar|Olympics|Germany|Sports|1930s}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:1936 Winter Olympics| ]]
[[Category:1936 Winter Olympics| ]]
[[Category:Olympic Games in Germany]]
[[Category:Olympic Games in Germany]]

Latest revision as of 20:59, 18 December 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games (Template:Langx) and commonly known as Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Later that year, the country also hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with Tokyo hosting the Summer Games and Sapporo hosting the Winter Games).

The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL) by Karl Ritter von Halt, who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten.

Organization and politics

While the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin months later have attracted extensive examination for the Nazi Party's spectacles and the accompanying racial controversies, including the exclusion of most Jewish athletes and Jesse Owens's achievements, the Winter Games took place five months earlier and saw some of the same efforts by Adolf Hitler's propaganda machine.

Winter sports were only accepted by the Nazi Party because the Italian dictator Mussolini promoted skiing. The middle class was encouraged to visit ski resorts. In 1936 more than 550,000 winter sports tourists visited Italy.[1] Stylish skiing with Aryan looks was graphic designed by the propaganda artist Ludwig Hohlwein.[2] Globally, there had been efforts to initiate boycotts from different countries, and a number of Jewish athletes faced pressure not to participate in an event held in a nation ruled by a blatantly antisemitic regime.[3]

The Nazis took steps to soften the appearance of their harsher policies before visitors from other nations arrived, such as removing antisemitic signage that was common in Germany, and – under pressure from a potential American boycott and Olympic officials – allowing the Jewish athlete Rudi Ball to play on Germany's ice hockey team.[4] German troops moved back into the demilitarized Rhineland for the Winter Games.[5] A few weeks before the Games began, William L. Shirer, the Berlin correspondent for the Universal wire service, wrote a series of articles describing preparations for the competition. He concluded, "that the Nazis at Garmisch had pulled down all the signs saying that Jews are unwanted (they're all over Germany) and that the Olympic visitors would thus be spared any signs of the kind of treatment meted out to Jews in this country."[6]

File:Bundesarchiv R 8076 Bild-0019, Olympische Winterspiele.- Eröffnung.jpg
Opening Ceremony with Rudolf Hess, IOC president Henri de Baillet-Latour, and Adolf Hitler

None of the member nations boycotted the Winter Games, and 49 in all participated, the greatest number at that time.[7] The Games were completed with a minimum of political controversy, although the Canadian skiing team raised their arms in what appeared to be a Nazi salute as they entered the opening ceremonies.[8] The German crowd erupted in applause at the salute, which was later explained as the "Olympic Salute" that was identical to the Nazi version but with the arm extended laterally instead of forward.[7]

However, even Shirer was impressed by the effectiveness of the Nazis' efforts, writing:

Template:Poemquote

Twelve days after the Games closed, Hitler sent German troops to remilitarize the Rhineland, his first territorial violation of the Treaty of Versailles and a critical test of European resolve to resist Germany's military expansion. None of the Western powers lifted a finger and Europe's first steps towards World War Two were taken.

Highlights

  • German skier Willy Bogner took the Olympic oath during the opening ceremonies.
  • Alpine skiing made its first appearance in the Winter Olympics as the combined, which added a skier's results in both the downhill and slalom. German athletes Franz Pfnür and Christl Cranz won the men's and women's alpine events, respectively.
  • Ivar Ballangrud won three out of the four speed skating races.
  • Sonja Henie won her third consecutive gold medal in woman's figure skating.[9]
  • Switzerland won the four-man bobsled competition with a time of 5:19.85.
  • Great Britain upset 1932 gold medalists Canada in ice hockey when Edgar Brenchley scored the winning goal within the last 90 seconds.
  • Norway won the overall games with a total of seven gold medals, five silver medals and three bronze medals.
  • The 1936 Winter Olympics presented the largest and heaviest medals ever awarded to athletes: Script error: No such module "convert". diameter, Script error: No such module "convert". thick and weighing Script error: No such module "convert"..

Sports

Medals were awarded in 17 events contested in four sports (eight disciplines).

Demonstration sports

Venues

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

  • Große Olympiaschanze – Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, Opening and Closing Ceremonies, and Ski Jumping.
  • Gudiberg – Alpine skiing (combined – slalom)
  • Kreuzjoch – Alpine skiing (combined – downhill)
  • Kreuzeck – Alpine skiing (downhill finish line)
  • Olympia-Kunsteisstadion – Figure skating and Ice hockey
  • Riessersee and surrounding areas – Bobsleigh, Ice hockey, and Speed skating

Participating nations

A total of 28 nations sent athletes to compete in Germany. Australia, Bulgaria, Greece, Liechtenstein, Spain and Turkey all made their Winter Olympics debut, and Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Yugoslavia returned after having missed the 1932 Winter Olympics.

Participating National Olympic Committees
<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee (from highest to lowest)

Medal count

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09482, Sonja Henie.jpg
Norwegian figure skater Sonja Henie

Template:Medals table

Podium sweeps

Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze
13 February Nordic combined Individual Template:FlagIOC Oddbjørn Hagen Olaf Hoffsbakken Sverre Brodahl
15 February Cross-country skiing Men's 50 kilometre Template:FlagIOC Elis Wiklund Axel Wikström Nils-Joel Englund

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal".

References

Notes Template:Notelist Citations

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Marsha Lederman, "A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games," The Globe and Mail, October 13, 2009
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary, ©1941 reprinted 2011 by Rosetta Books, entry for January 23, 1936
  7. ↑ a b Lederman, "A Glimpse of Canada at the 1936 Nazi Games"
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

External links

Script error: No such module "Side box".

Winter Olympics
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check IV Olympic Winter Games
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1936 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:1936 Winter Olympic venues Script error: No such module "Authority control". Template:Portal bar

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=1936_Winter_Olympics&oldid=4528537"