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[[File:Dryad11.jpg|thumb|''The Dryad'' by [[Evelyn De Morgan]]]] | [[File:Dryad11.jpg|thumb|''The Dryad'' by [[Evelyn De Morgan]]]] | ||
A '''dryad''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|r|aɪ|.|æ|d}}; {{langx|el|Δρυάδες}}, <small>[[grammatical number|sing.]]</small> {{lang|el|Δρυάς}}) is an oak [[Tree (mythology)|tree]] [[nymph]] or oak tree spirit in [[Greek mythology]]; ''Drys'' (δρῦς) means "tree", and more specifically "[[oak]]" in Greek.<ref>{{cite dictionary | A '''dryad''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|r|aɪ|.|æ|d}}; {{langx|el|Δρυάδες}}, <small>[[grammatical number|sing.]]</small> {{lang|el|Δρυάς}}) is an oak [[Tree (mythology)|tree]] [[nymph]] or oak tree spirit in [[Greek mythology]]; ''Drys'' (δρῦς) means "tree", and more specifically "[[oak]]" in Greek.<ref>{{cite dictionary | ||
| title = δρῦς, | | title = δρῦς, ''n''. | dictionary = A Greek-English Lexicon | editor1-last = Liddell | editor1-first = Henry |editor2-last=Scott |editor2-first=Robert |publisher=Clarendon Press | date = 1940 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddru%3Ds}}</ref> Today the term is often used to refer to tree nymphs in general.<ref>Łaszkiewicz (2017) p. 131.</ref> | ||
== Types == | == Types == | ||
{{Greek myth (nymph)}} | {{Greek myth (nymph)}} | ||
=== | ===Daphnaiai=== | ||
These were nymphs of the laurel tree.<ref>Larson, p. 283 n. 31.</ref> | |||
These were nymphs of the laurel | |||
===Epimelides=== | ===Epimelides=== | ||
| Line 37: | Line 36: | ||
== In popular culture == | == In popular culture == | ||
[[File:Augustins - La dernière dryade - Gabriel Guay (2004 1 169).jpg|thumb|''La dernière dryade (The Last Dryad)'' by [[Gabriel Guay]], 1898.]] | [[File:Augustins - La dernière dryade - Gabriel Guay (2004 1 169).jpg|thumb|''La dernière dryade (The Last Dryad)'' by [[Gabriel Guay]], 1898.]] | ||
* [[John Keats|Keats]] addresses the nightingale as "light-winged Dryad of the trees", in his "[[Ode to a Nightingale]]" . | * [[John Keats|Keats]] addresses the nightingale as "light-winged Dryad of the trees", in his "[[Ode to a Nightingale]]". | ||
* In the [[poetry]] of [[Donald Davidson (poet)|Donald Davidson]] they illustrate the [[Theme (literature)|theme]]s of [[tradition]] and the importance of the past to the present.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=20077624|title=Dryads and Flappers|author=Martha E. Cook|volume=12|year=1979|pages=18–26|journal=The Southern Literary Journal|issue=1|publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}</ref> | * In the [[poetry]] of [[Donald Davidson (poet)|Donald Davidson]] they illustrate the [[Theme (literature)|theme]]s of [[tradition]] and the importance of the past to the present.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=20077624|title=Dryads and Flappers|author=Martha E. Cook|volume=12|year=1979|pages=18–26|journal=The Southern Literary Journal|issue=1|publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}</ref> | ||
*In [[The Chronicles of Narnia]] by [[C. S. Lewis]], dryads appear as inhabitants of [[Narnia (world)|Narnia]], as do many creatures from Greek mythology.<ref>Niedbala (2006) p.87</ref> In [[Prince Caspian]] the activity of the [[Telmarines]] in felling trees and defiling streams forces the dryads and naiads – denizens of 'Old Narnia' – into a deep sleep, from which they awaken when [[Bacchus]] and [[Silenus]] are summoned by [[Aslan]] to aid in the fight against King [[Miraz]]'s army.<ref>Sellars (2008) pp.37–38.</ref> | *In ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' by [[C. S. Lewis]], dryads appear as inhabitants of [[Narnia (world)|Narnia]], as do many creatures from Greek mythology.<ref>Niedbala (2006) p.87</ref> In ''[[Prince Caspian]]'' the activity of the [[Telmarines]] in felling trees and defiling streams forces the dryads and naiads – denizens of 'Old Narnia' – into a deep sleep, from which they awaken when [[Bacchus]] and [[Silenus]] are summoned by [[Aslan]] to aid in the fight against King [[Miraz]]'s army.<ref>Sellars (2008) pp.37–38.</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 51: | Line 50: | ||
*[[Salabhanjika]], a similar Indian spirit | *[[Salabhanjika]], a similar Indian spirit | ||
*[[Mavka]], a similar Ukrainian spirit | *[[Mavka]], a similar Ukrainian spirit | ||
== Notes == | |||
{{reflist|30em}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* [[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], 1985. ''Greek Religion'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press). | * [[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], 1985. ''Greek Religion'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press). | ||
* {{cite book| editor-last=Evelyn-White |editor-first=Hugh |title= Hesiod. The Homeric Hymns and Homerica |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1914}} | * {{cite book| editor-last=Evelyn-White |editor-first=Hugh |title= Hesiod. The Homeric Hymns and Homerica |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1914}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Jennifer Lynn |title=Greek nymphs: myth, cult, lore |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=0-19-514465-1}} | * {{cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Jennifer Lynn |title=Greek nymphs: myth, cult, lore |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=0-19-514465-1}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Łaszkiewicz |first1=Weronika |title=Into the Wild Woods: On the Significance of Trees and Forests in Fantasy Fiction |journal=Mythlore |date=2017 |volume=36 |issue=1 (131) |pages=39–58 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26809256 |issn=0146-9339}} | * {{cite journal |last1=Łaszkiewicz |first1=Weronika |title=Into the Wild Woods: On the Significance of Trees and Forests in Fantasy Fiction |journal=Mythlore |date=2017 |volume=36 |issue=1 (131) |pages=39–58 |jstor=26809256 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26809256 |issn=0146-9339}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Niedbala |first1=Amanda M. |title=From Hades to Heaven: Greek Mythological Influences in C. S. Lewis's "The Silver Chair" |journal=Mythlore |date=2006 |volume=24 |issue=3/4 (93/94) |pages=71–93 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26814545 |issn=0146-9339}} | * {{cite journal |last1=Niedbala |first1=Amanda M. |title=From Hades to Heaven: Greek Mythological Influences in C. S. Lewis's "The Silver Chair" |journal=Mythlore |date=2006 |volume=24 |issue=3/4 (93/94) |pages=71–93 |jstor=26814545 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26814545 |issn=0146-9339}} | ||
* {{cite journal |last1=Sellars |first1=Jeff |title=Toward a Narnian Valuation of Nature: Participatory Ontology |journal=Sehnsucht: The C.S. Lewis Journal |date=2008 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=29–46 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48579533 |issn=1940-5537}} | * {{cite journal |last1=Sellars |first1=Jeff |title=Toward a Narnian Valuation of Nature: Participatory Ontology |journal=Sehnsucht: The C.S. Lewis Journal |date=2008 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=29–46 |jstor=48579533 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48579533 |issn=1940-5537}} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Commons category|Dryads}} | {{Commons category|Dryads}} | ||
Latest revision as of 23:07, 30 December 2025
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A dryad (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx, sing. Script error: No such module "Lang".) is an oak tree nymph or oak tree spirit in Greek mythology; Drys (δρῦς) means "tree", and more specifically "oak" in Greek.[1] Today the term is often used to refer to tree nymphs in general.[2]
Types
Daphnaiai
These were nymphs of the laurel tree.[3]
Epimelides
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Maliades, Meliades or Epimelides were nymphs of apple and other fruit trees and the protectors of sheep. The Greek word melas, from which their name derives, means both apple and sheep. The Hesperides, the guardians of the golden apples, were regarded as this type of dryad.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Hamadryad
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Dryads, like all nymphs, were supernaturally long-lived and, like many, were tied to their homes, but some were a step beyond most nymphs. These were the hamadryads, who were an integral part of their trees, such that if the tree died, the hamadryad associated with it also died. For these reasons, dryads and the Greek gods punished any mortal who harmed trees without first propitiating the tree-nymphs. (associated with Oak trees)
Meliae
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The dryads of the ash tree were called the Meliae.[4] The Meliae sisters tended the infant Zeus in Rhea's Cretan cave. In Hesiod's Theogony, Gaia gave birth to the Meliae after being made fertile by the blood of the castrated Uranus.[5]
Names
Some of the individual dryads or hamadryads are:
- Atlanteia and Phoebe, two of the many wives or concubines of Danaus[6]
- Chrysopeleia[7]
- Dryope[8]
- Erato[9]
- Eurydice
- Phigalia[10]
- Tithorea[11]
In popular culture
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- Keats addresses the nightingale as "light-winged Dryad of the trees", in his "Ode to a Nightingale".
- In the poetry of Donald Davidson they illustrate the themes of tradition and the importance of the past to the present.[12]
- In The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis, dryads appear as inhabitants of Narnia, as do many creatures from Greek mythology.[13] In Prince Caspian the activity of the Telmarines in felling trees and defiling streams forces the dryads and naiads – denizens of 'Old Narnia' – into a deep sleep, from which they awaken when Bacchus and Silenus are summoned by Aslan to aid in the fight against King Miraz's army.[14]
See also
- Ghillie Dhu, a similar Scottish spirit
- Kodama, a similar Japanese spirit
- Green spirit, a similar spirit found in Myanmar and other Buddhist countries
- Elf, a similar mythical creature associated with nature
- Plant soul, the soul of a plant in religious traditions
- Querquetulanae, Roman nymphs of the oak
- Rådande, a similar Swedish spirit
- Salabhanjika, a similar Indian spirit
- Mavka, a similar Ukrainian spirit
Notes
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Łaszkiewicz (2017) p. 131.
- ↑ Larson, p. 283 n. 31.
- ↑ Larson (2001) p.11.
- ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 183–87.
- ↑ Apollodorus, 2.1.5
- ↑ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 480
- ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.330 ff; Antoninus Liberalis, 32
- ↑ Pausanias, 8.4.2
- ↑ Pausanias, 8.39.2
- ↑ Pausanias, 10.32.9
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Niedbala (2006) p.87
- ↑ Sellars (2008) pp.37–38.
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References
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- Burkert, Walter, 1985. Greek Religion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
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External links
- Hans Christian Andersen, "The Dryad", 1868 (e-text)
- Andersen, H. C.; Craigie (transl.) "The Dryad" Fairy tales and other stories London; Toronto: Oxford University Press. 1914
- Tim Hoke, "The Dryad", 2002 (e-text; strong language)