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'''Lavrio''', '''Lavrion''' or '''Laurium''' ({{langx|el|Λαύριο}}; {{langx|grc|Λαύρειον}} (later {{lang|grc|Λαύριον}});<ref>[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD Liddell, Scott, Jones, ''Greek Lexicon''].</ref> from Middle Ages until 1908: Εργαστήρια ''Ergastiria'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eetaa.gr/eetaa/metaboles/oikmet_details.php?id=10722|title=EETAA local government changes|website=eetaa.gr|access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> is a town in southeastern part of [[Attica Region|Attica]], [[Greece]]. It is part of Athens metropolitan area and the seat of the municipality of [[Lavreotiki]].<ref name=Kallikratis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.|title=ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities|language=el|publisher=[[Government Gazette (Greece)|Government Gazette]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NWC|title=Map of Athens: offline map and detailed map of Athens city|url=https://athensmap360.com/athens-map#.Ydeji1mxW3A|access-date=7 January 2022|website=athensmap360.com|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Athens Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/athens-population|access-date=7 January 2022|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> Laurium was famous in [[Classical antiquity]] for its [[Mines of Laurion|silver mines]], which was one of the chief sources of revenue of the [[Ancient Athens|Athenian state]]. The metallic [[silver]] was mainly used for [[coin]]age. The [[Archaeological Museum of Lavrion]] shows much of the story of these mines.
'''Lavrio''', '''Lavrion''' or '''Laurium''' ({{langx|el|Λαύριο}}; {{langx|grc|Λαύρειον}} (later {{lang|grc|Λαύριον}});<ref>[https://logeion.uchicago.edu/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD Liddell, Scott, Jones, ''Greek Lexicon''].</ref> from Middle Ages until 1908: Εργαστήρια ''Ergastiria'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eetaa.gr/eetaa/metaboles/oikmet_details.php?id=10722|title=EETAA local government changes|website=eetaa.gr|access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> is a town in southeastern part of [[Attica Region|Attica]], [[Greece]]. It is part of Athens metropolitan area and the seat of the municipality of [[Lavreotiki]].<ref name=Kallikratis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.|title=ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities|language=el|publisher=[[Government Gazette (Greece)|Government Gazette]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NWC|title=Map of Athens: offline map and detailed map of Athens city|url=https://athensmap360.com/athens-map#.Ydeji1mxW3A|access-date=7 January 2022|website=athensmap360.com|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Athens Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/athens-population|access-date=7 January 2022|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> Laurium was famous in [[Classical antiquity]] for its [[Mines of Laurion|silver mines]], which was one of the chief sources of revenue of the [[Ancient Athens|Athenian state]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The metallic [[silver]] was mainly used for [[coin]]age. The [[Archaeological Museum of Lavrion]] shows much of the story of these mines.


It is located about 60&nbsp;km SE of Athens city center, SE of [[Keratea]] and N of [[Sunium|Cape Sounio]]. Laurium is situated on a bay overlooking the island of [[Makronisos]] (ancient times: Helena) in the east.  The port is in the middle and gridded streets cover the residential area of Lavrio.  [[Greece Interstate 91|GR-89]] runs through Lavrio and ends south in [[Sounio]].
It is located about 60&nbsp;km SE of Athens city center, SE of [[Keratea]] and N of [[Sunium|Cape Sounio]]. Laurium is situated on a bay overlooking the island of [[Makronisos]] (ancient times: Helena) in the east.  The port is in the middle and gridded streets cover the residential area of Lavrio.  [[Greece Interstate 91|GR-89]] runs through Lavrio and ends south in [[Sounio]].


==History==
==History==
{{see|Thoricus|Mines of Laurium}}
{{further|Thoricus|Mines of Laurium}}
[[File:Carte du Laurion antique.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Map of the mines of Laurion]]
[[File:Carte du Laurion antique.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Map of the mines of Laurion]]
[[File:Theatre at Thorikos.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the ancient theatre at Thorikos]]
[[File:Theatre at Thorikos.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the ancient theatre at Thorikos]]
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Systematic exploitation of mineral resources seem to have begun in the 6th century BC under [[Peisistratus]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/arcm.12839 |title=Other ways to examine the finances behind the birth of Classical Greece|last1=Wood|first1=J.R.|journal=Archaeometry|year=2022|volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=570–586 |s2cid=253075525 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10159871/ |doi-access=free}}</ref>  
Systematic exploitation of mineral resources seem to have begun in the 6th century BC under [[Peisistratus]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/arcm.12839 |title=Other ways to examine the finances behind the birth of Classical Greece|last1=Wood|first1=J.R.|journal=Archaeometry|year=2022|volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=570–586 |s2cid=253075525 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10159871/ |doi-access=free}}</ref>  
After the [[battle of Marathon]], [[Themistocles]] persuaded the Athenians to devote the anticipated revenue derived from a major silver vein strike in the mines of Laurion circa 483 BC to expanding the Athenian fleet to 200 [[triremes]], and thus laid the foundation of the Athenian naval power. The mines, which were the property of the state, were usually farmed out for a certain fixed sum and a percentage on the working; [[Slavery in ancient Greece|slave labour]] was exclusively employed. An unrecorded number were children. It was a miserable, dangerous, and brief life. As many as 20,000 slaves were employed at the height of the mining. A silver mint ([[Argyrocopeum]]) was at Laurion.
After the [[battle of Marathon]], [[Themistocles]] persuaded the Athenians to devote the anticipated revenue derived from a major silver vein strike in the mines of Laurion circa 483 BC to expanding the Athenian fleet to 200 [[triremes]], and thus laid the foundation of the Athenian naval power. The mines, which were the property of the state, were usually farmed out for a certain fixed sum and a percentage on the working; [[Slavery in ancient Greece|slave labour]] was exclusively employed.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} An unrecorded number were children. It was a miserable, dangerous, and brief life. As many as 20,000 slaves were employed at the height of the mining. A silver mint ([[Argyrocopeum]]) was at Laurion.


Towards the end of the 5th century, the output fell, partly owing to the [[Sparta]]n occupation of [[Decelea]]. But the mines continued to be worked, though [[Strabo]] records that in his time the tailings were being worked over, and [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] speaks of the mines as a thing of the past. The ancient workings, consisting of shafts and galleries for excavating the ore, and washing tables for concentrating the ore, may still be seen at many locations. There were well engineered tanks and reservoirs to collect rainwater for washing the ore since abundant supplies from streams or rivers was impossible at the site.
Towards the end of the 5th century, the output fell, partly owing to the [[Sparta]]n occupation of [[Decelea]]. But the mines continued to be worked, though [[Strabo]] records that in his time the tailings were being worked over, and [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] speaks of the mines as a thing of the past. The ancient workings, consisting of shafts and galleries for excavating the ore, and washing tables for concentrating the ore, may still be seen at many locations.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} There were well engineered tanks and reservoirs to collect rainwater for washing the ore since abundant supplies from streams or rivers was impossible at the site.


The mines were reworked in the late 19th century by [[France|French]] and Greek companies, but mainly for [[lead]], [[manganese]] and [[cadmium]]. In 1896 [[Lavrion miners strike|a strike from the miners]] was violently confronted by the mining company's guards resulting in the death of two workers. The miners responded by destroying the company's offices and killing the guards. The government then sent police forces to support the company's interests against the strikers. Further clashes between workers and the police occurred to which the government replied by sending the military against the striking workers resulting in more workers' deaths. The strike ended violently with most of the strikers' demands not being fulfilled and with a military force being permanently established to patrol the miners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Η απεργία των μεταλλωρύχων στο Λαύριο το 1896. Τέσσερις εργάτες δολοφονήθηκαν και η κυβέρνηση έστειλε στρατό και πλοία για να καταστείλει την απεργία |url=https://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/i-apergia-ton-metallorichon-sto-lavrio-to-1896-tesseris-ergates-dolofonithikan-ke-i-kivernisi-estile-strato-ke-plia-gia-na-katastili-tin-apergia/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ |language=el}}</ref>  
The mines were reworked in the late 19th century by [[France|French]] and Greek companies, but mainly for [[lead]], [[manganese]] and [[cadmium]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In 1896 [[Lavrion miners strike|a strike from the miners]] was violently confronted by the mining company's guards resulting in the death of two workers. The miners responded by destroying the company's offices and killing the guards. The government then sent police forces to support the company's interests against the strikers. Further clashes between workers and the police occurred to which the government replied by sending the military against the striking workers resulting in more workers' deaths. The strike ended violently with most of the strikers' demands not being fulfilled and with a military force being permanently established to patrol the miners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Η απεργία των μεταλλωρύχων στο Λαύριο το 1896. Τέσσερις εργάτες δολοφονήθηκαν και η κυβέρνηση έστειλε στρατό και πλοία για να καταστείλει την απεργία |url=https://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/i-apergia-ton-metallorichon-sto-lavrio-to-1896-tesseris-ergates-dolofonithikan-ke-i-kivernisi-estile-strato-ke-plia-gia-na-katastili-tin-apergia/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ |language=el}}</ref>


The  [[Mineralogical Museum of Lavrion]] comprises samples of minerals from the region of Lavrion.
The  [[Mineralogical Museum of Lavrion]] comprises samples of minerals from the region of Lavrion.
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==Climate==
==Climate==


Lavrio, owing to its location in the southern tip of the [[Athens Riviera]], has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''BSh''), closely bordering a [[hot-summer mediterranean]] (''Csa'') climate. It has mild winters and hot summers, with particularly warm summer nights. The summer highs are 2 °C  lower than in [[Piraeus]] and 4 °C lower than in downtown [[Athens]]. The driest months are July and August while the rainiest period is during December and January. Lavrio falls in [[hardiness zone]] 10b. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.meteo.gr/Monthly_Bulletins.cfm | title=N.O.A Monthly Bulletins }}</ref> According to the station of the [[National Observatory of Athens]], Lavrio has never recorded an air frost.
Lavrio, owing to its location in the southern tip of the [[Athens Riviera]], has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''BSh''), closely bordering a [[hot-summer mediterranean]] (''Csa'') climate. It has mild winters and hot summers, with particularly warm summer nights. The summer highs are 2&nbsp;°C  lower than in [[Piraeus]] and 4&nbsp;°C lower than in downtown [[Athens]]. The driest months are July and August while the rainiest period is during December and January. Lavrio falls in [[hardiness zone]] 10b.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.meteo.gr/Monthly_Bulletins.cfm | title=N.O.A Monthly Bulletins }}</ref> According to the station of the [[National Observatory of Athens]], Lavrio has never recorded an air frost.


{{Weather box|location = Lavrio (2008–2024)
{{Weather box|location = Lavrio (2008–2024)
Line 182: Line 182:
==Sources==
==Sources==
* [[Édouard Ardaillon]], "Les Mines du Laurion dans l'antiquité", No. Ixxvii. of the ''[[Bibliothéque des Ecoles francaises d'Athênes et de Rome]]''.
* [[Édouard Ardaillon]], "Les Mines du Laurion dans l'antiquité", No. Ixxvii. of the ''[[Bibliothéque des Ecoles francaises d'Athênes et de Rome]]''.
* {{1911|wstitle=Laurium (Greece)|volume=16|page=287}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Laurium (Greece)|display=Laurium|volume=16|page=287}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 14:29, 9 July 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Greek Dimos

Lavrio, Lavrion or Laurium (Template:Langx; Template:Langx (later Script error: No such module "Lang".);[1] from Middle Ages until 1908: Εργαστήρια Ergastiria)[2] is a town in southeastern part of Attica, Greece. It is part of Athens metropolitan area and the seat of the municipality of Lavreotiki.[3][4][5] Laurium was famous in Classical antiquity for its silver mines, which was one of the chief sources of revenue of the Athenian state.Template:Sfn The metallic silver was mainly used for coinage. The Archaeological Museum of Lavrion shows much of the story of these mines.

It is located about 60 km SE of Athens city center, SE of Keratea and N of Cape Sounio. Laurium is situated on a bay overlooking the island of Makronisos (ancient times: Helena) in the east. The port is in the middle and gridded streets cover the residential area of Lavrio. GR-89 runs through Lavrio and ends south in Sounio.

History

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File:Carte du Laurion antique.jpg
Map of the mines of Laurion
File:Theatre at Thorikos.jpg
Ruins of the ancient theatre at Thorikos
File:Archaeological museum of Lavrion, building, 190140.jpg
Archaeological Museum of Laurion

The modern town of Lavrio is at the site of the ancient village of Thoricus; its name is taken from that of the entire region of the Mines of Laurium.

The earliest evidence for mining dates to the beginning of the Bronze Age, ca. 3200 BC.[6]

Systematic exploitation of mineral resources seem to have begun in the 6th century BC under Peisistratus.[7] After the battle of Marathon, Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to devote the anticipated revenue derived from a major silver vein strike in the mines of Laurion circa 483 BC to expanding the Athenian fleet to 200 triremes, and thus laid the foundation of the Athenian naval power. The mines, which were the property of the state, were usually farmed out for a certain fixed sum and a percentage on the working; slave labour was exclusively employed.Template:Sfn An unrecorded number were children. It was a miserable, dangerous, and brief life. As many as 20,000 slaves were employed at the height of the mining. A silver mint (Argyrocopeum) was at Laurion.

Towards the end of the 5th century, the output fell, partly owing to the Spartan occupation of Decelea. But the mines continued to be worked, though Strabo records that in his time the tailings were being worked over, and Pausanias speaks of the mines as a thing of the past. The ancient workings, consisting of shafts and galleries for excavating the ore, and washing tables for concentrating the ore, may still be seen at many locations.Template:Sfn There were well engineered tanks and reservoirs to collect rainwater for washing the ore since abundant supplies from streams or rivers was impossible at the site.

The mines were reworked in the late 19th century by French and Greek companies, but mainly for lead, manganese and cadmium.Template:Sfn In 1896 a strike from the miners was violently confronted by the mining company's guards resulting in the death of two workers. The miners responded by destroying the company's offices and killing the guards. The government then sent police forces to support the company's interests against the strikers. Further clashes between workers and the police occurred to which the government replied by sending the military against the striking workers resulting in more workers' deaths. The strike ended violently with most of the strikers' demands not being fulfilled and with a military force being permanently established to patrol the miners.[8]

The Mineralogical Museum of Lavrion comprises samples of minerals from the region of Lavrion.

Climate

Lavrio, owing to its location in the southern tip of the Athens Riviera, has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), closely bordering a hot-summer mediterranean (Csa) climate. It has mild winters and hot summers, with particularly warm summer nights. The summer highs are 2 °C lower than in Piraeus and 4 °C lower than in downtown Athens. The driest months are July and August while the rainiest period is during December and January. Lavrio falls in hardiness zone 10b.[9] According to the station of the National Observatory of Athens, Lavrio has never recorded an air frost.

Template:Weather box

Facilities

The Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport is 35 km away from Lavrio or about 30 minutes drive. Lavrio is connected to Athens by car using the Lavrio/Sounio Leoforos (Highway) and then Attiki Odos. This trip takes about an hour. A quite convenient solution to go to Athens is to "park and drive". Drive from Lavrio to Koropi Train Station and there take the suburban railway or metro that goes straight to Athens center. (30 minutes drive + 30 minutes train)

Lavrio was the terminal station of the Athens-Lavrion Railway, which was abandoned in 1957.

The mining town of Laurium, Michigan was named after the famous Greek Laurium.

Sports

Laurium hosts the football club Olympiacos Laurium, which played in the Gamma Ethniki in the past, and the basketball club Lavrio B.C., which plays in the Basket League.

Sport clubs based in Laurium
Club Founded Sports Achievements
Olympiacos Laurium 1926 Football Previous presence in Gamma Ethniki
Lavrio B.C. 1990 Basketball Current presence in Basket League

Twin towns

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Authority control Template:Landmarks of Attica

  1. ↑ Liddell, Scott, Jones, Greek Lexicon.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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