Vanda: Difference between revisions

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==Distribution==
==Distribution==
    {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
These mostly [[epiphyte|epiphytic]], but sometimes [[lithophyte|lithophytic]] or [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] orchids, are distributed in [[India]], [[Himalaya]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[New Guinea]], southern [[China]], and northern [[Australia]].<ref name="ATRFO" />
These mostly [[epiphyte|epiphytic]], but sometimes [[lithophyte|lithophytic]] or [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] orchids, are distributed in [[India]], [[Himalaya]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[New Guinea]], southern [[China]], and northern [[Australia]].


==Description==
==Description==
Line 45: Line 44:


== Cultivation ==
== Cultivation ==
    {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} This has contributed much to the work of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridists]] producing flowers for the cut flower market. ''V. coerulea'' is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.
This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} This has contributed much to the work of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridists]] producing flowers for the cut flower market. ''V. coerulea'' is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.


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=== Species ===
=== Species ===
The following is a list of ''Vanda'' species recognised by [[Plants of the World Online]] as of January 2023:<ref name = "POWO" />  
The following is a list of ''Vanda'' species recognised by [[Plants of the World Online]] as of January 2025:<ref name = "POWO" />  
[[File:Ascocentrum ampullaceum.jpg|thumb|''Vanda ampullacea'']]
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
[[File:Asparagales - Vanda coerulea - 1.jpg|thumb|''Vanda Robert's Delight'']]
|-
[[File:Vanda denisoniana var hebraica.jpg|thumb|''Vanda tricolor'']]
! Image !! Name !! Distribution !! Elevation (m)
[[File:Vanda falcata (Tokunoshima Kagoshimam Japan) (Thunb.) Beer, Prakt. Stud. Orchid.- 317 (1854) (35218280942).jpg|thumb|''Vanda falcata'']]
|-
[[File:LR081 72dpi Vanda hindsii.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''Vanda hindsii'' by [[Lewis Roberts (naturalist)|Lewis Roberts]]]]
| ||''[[Vanda aliceae]]'' {{au|Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts}} || ||
[[File:Vanda lamellata (12862380173).jpg|thumb|''Vanda lamellata'']]
|-
[[File:Vanda garayi.png|alt=Photo of small orchid Vanda garayi in bloom, isolated on a black background.|thumb|''Vanda garayi'']]
|[[File:Vanda alpina Orch 027.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda alpina]]'' {{au|(Lindl.) Lindl.}} ||[[Himalaya]] to China - S. [[Yunnan]] ||
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}  
|-
*''[[Vanda aliceae]]'' Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts
|[[File:Ascocentrum ampullaceum.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda ampullacea]]'' {{au|(Roxb.) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
*''[[Vanda alpina]]'' (Lindl.) Lindl. ([[Himalaya]] to China - S. [[Yunnan]])
|-
*''[[Vanda × amoena]]'' O'Brien
|[[File:Vandarcuata - cropped.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda arcuata]]'' {{au|J.J.Sm.}} || Indonesia - Sulawesi||
*''[[Vanda ampullacea]]'' (Roxb.) L.M.Gardiner
|-
*''[[Vanda arcuata]]'' J.J.Sm. (Indonesia - Sulawesi)
| ||''[[Vanda aurantiaca]]'' {{au|(Schltr.) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
*''[[Vanda aurantiaca]]'' (Schltr.) L.M.Gardiner
|-
**''Vanda aurantiaca'' subsp. ''aurantiaca''
| ||''[[Vanda aurea]]'' {{au|(J.J.Sm.) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
**''Vanda aurantiaca'' subsp. ''philippinensis''
|-
*''[[Vanda aurea]]'' (J.J.Sm.) L.M.Gardiner
|[[File:Vanda barnesii ' 2207' W.E.Higgins & Motes- Orchid Digest 76- 241 (2012). 20250323 162118.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda barnesii]]'' {{au|W.E.Higgins & Motes}} ||North Luzon, Philippines ||
*''[[Vanda barnesii]]'' W.E.Higgins & Motes (North Luzon, Philippines)
|-
*''[[Vanda bartholomewii]]'' Motes
| ||''[[Vanda bartholomewii]]'' {{au|Motes}} || ||
*''[[Vanda bensonii]]'' Bateman (Assam to Thailand)
|-
*''[[Vanda bicolor]]'' Griff. (Bhutan)
|[[File:Vanda bensonii Bateman in Bot. Mag. 92- t. 5611 (1866) 20250427 160555.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda bensonii]]'' {{au|Bateman}} || Assam to Thailand||
*''[[Vanda bidupensis]]'' Aver. & Christenson (Vietnam)
|-
*''[[Vanda × boumaniae]]'' J.J.Sm.
|[[File:Vanda bicolor - cropped.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda bicolor]]'' {{au|Griff.}} ||Bhutan ||
*''[[Vanda brunnea]]'' Rchb.f. (China - Yunnan to Indo-China)
|-
*''[[Vanda celebica]]'' Rolfe (Indonesia – Sulawesi)
| ||''[[Vanda bidupensis]]'' {{au|Aver. & Christenson}} ||Vietnam ||
*''[[Vanda × charlesworthii]]'' Rolfe
|-
*''[[Vanda chirayupiniae]]'' Wannakr.
|[[File:Vanda brunnea KPW.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda brunnea]]'' {{au|Rchb.f.}} ||China - Yunnan to Indo-China ||
*''[[Vanda chlorosantha]]'' (Garay) Christenson (Bhutan)
|-
*''[[Vanda christensoniana]]'' (Haager) L.M.Gardiner
| ||''[[Vanda celebica]]'' {{au|Rolfe}} ||Indonesia – Sulawesi ||
*''[[Vanda coelestis]]'' (Rchb.f.) Motes
|-
*''[[Vanda coerulea]]'' Griff. ex Lindl. "Blue Orchid" (Assam to China - S. Yunnan)
| ||''[[Vanda chirayupiniae]]'' {{au|Wannakr.}} || ||
*''[[Vanda coerulescens]]'' Griff. (Arunachal Pradesh to China - S. Yunnan)
|-
*''[[Vanda concolor]]'' Blume (S. China to Vietnam)
| ||''[[Vanda chlorosantha]]'' {{au|(Garay) Christenson}} || ||
*''[[Vanda cootesii]]'' Motes
|-
*''[[Vanda crassiloba]]'' Teijsm. & Binn. ex J.J.Sm.
|[[File:Ascocentrum christensonianum.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda christensoniana]]'' {{au|(Haager) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
*''[[Vanda cristata]]'' Wall. ex Lindl. (Himalaya to China - NW. Yunnan)
|-
*''[[Vanda curvifolia]]'' (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
|[[File:Vanda coerulea Wild flowers from cherrapunjee.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda coerulea]]'' {{au|Griff. ex Lindl.}} ||Assam to China - S. Yunnan ||
*''[[Vanda dearei]]'' Rchb.f. (Borneo)
|-
*''[[Vanda denisoniana]]'' Benson & Rchb.f. (China - Yunnan to N. Indo-China)
|[[File:Vanda coerulescens flower.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda coerulescens]]'' {{au|Griff.}} || Arunachal Pradesh to China - S. Yunnan||
*''[[Vanda devoogtii]]'' J.J.Sm. (Sulawesi)
|-
*''[[Vanda dives]]'' (Rchb.f.) L.M.Gardiner (Vietnam, Laos)
| ||''[[Vanda concolor]]'' {{au|Blume}} || ||
*''[[Vanda emilyae]]'' Motes
|-
*''[[Vanda esquirolii]]'' Schltr.
| ||''[[Vanda cootesii]]'' {{au|Motes}} || ||
*''[[Vanda falcata]]'' (Thunb.) Beer (Japan, China, Korea)
|-
*''[[Vanda × feliciae|''Vanda'' × ''feliciae'']]'' Cootes
| ||''[[Vanda crassiloba]]'' {{au|Teijsm. & Binn. ex J.J.Sm.}} || ||
*''[[Vanda flabellata]]'' <small>(Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson, 1985 </small>
|-
*''[[Vanda flavobrunnea]]'' Rchb.f.
|[[File:Trudelia cristata.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda cristata]]'' {{au|Wall. ex Lindl.}} ||Himalaya to China - NW. Yunnan ||
*''[[Vanda floresensis]]'' Motes
|-
*''[[Vanda foetida]]'' J.J.Sm. (S. Sumatra)
|[[File:Vanda curvifolia (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner, Phytotaxa 61 49 (2012) (47449687522).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda curvifolia]]'' {{au|(Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
*''[[Vanda frankieana]]'' Metusala & P.O'Byrne
|-
*''[[Vanda funingensis]]'' L.H.Zou & Z.J.Liu
|[[File:萬代蘭屬 Vanda dearei -新加坡植物園 Singapore Botanic Gardens- (9252396107).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda dearei]]'' {{au|Rchb.f.}} || ||
*''[[Vanda furva]]'' (L.) Lindl. (Java, Maluku)
|-
*''[[Vanda fuscoviridis]]'' Lindl. (S. China to Vietnam)
|[[File:KPW Vanda denisoniana O&M 2021.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda denisoniana]]'' {{au|Benson & Rchb.f.}} || China - Yunnan to N. Indo-China||
*''[[Vanda garayi]]'' (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner
|-
*''[[Vanda gardinerae]]'' Motes
| ||''[[Vanda devoogtii]]'' {{au|J.J.Sm.}} ||Sulawesi ||
*''[[Vanda gibbsiae]]'' Rolfe
|-
*''[[Vanda gracilis]]'' Aver.
| ||''[[Vanda dives]]'' {{au|(Rchb.f.) L.M.Gardiner}} ||Vietnam, Laos ||
*''[[Vanda griffithii]]'' Lindl. (E. Himalaya)
|-
*''[[Vanda hastifera]]'' Rchb.f. (Borneo)
| ||''[[Vanda emilyae]]'' {{au|Motes}} || ||
*''[[Vanda helvola]]'' Blume (W. Malaysia to Philippines)
|-
*''[[Vanda hennisiana]]'' Ormerod & Kurzweil
| ||''[[Vanda esquirolii]]'' {{au|Schltr.}} || ||
*''[[Vanda hienii]]'' (Aver. & V.C.Nguyen) R.Rice
|-
*''[[Vanda hindsii]]'' Lindl. ([[Papuasia]] to N. Queensland)
|[[File:Vanda falcata (Tokunoshima Kagoshimam Japan) (Thunb.) Beer, Prakt. Stud. Orchid.- 317 (1854) (35218280942).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda falcata]]'' {{au|(Thunb.) Beer}} ||Japan, China, Korea ||
*''[[Vanda insignis]]'' Blume ex Lindl. (Lesser Sunda Is.)
|-
*''[[Vanda insularum]]'' (Christenson) L.M.Gardiner
|[[File:Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson, Indian Orchid J. 1 156 (1985). (51221530448).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda flabellata]]'' {{au|(Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson}} || ||
*''[[Vanda jainii]]'' A.S.Chauhan (Assam)
|-
*''[[Vanda javierae]]'' D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel (Philippines - Luzon)
|[[File:Vanda pumila Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6 53 (1890) (40731172543).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda flavobrunnea]]'' {{au|Rchb.f.}} || ||
*''[[Vanda jennae]]'' <small> P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm., 2005 </small>
|-
*''[[Vanda karinae]]'' Motes
| ||''[[Vanda floresensis]]'' {{au|Motes}} || ||
*''[[Vanda lamellata]]'' Lindl. (Taiwan, Philippines, Sabah)
|-
**''Vanda lamellata'' var. ''boxallii''
|[[File:KPW Vanda foetida.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda foetida]]'' {{au|J.J.Sm.}} ||S. Sumatra ||
**''Vanda lamellata'' var. ''lamellata''
|-
**''Vanda lamellata'' var. ''remediosae''
| ||''[[Vanda frankieana]]'' {{au|Metusala & P.O'Byrne}} || ||
*[[Vanda × leucostele|''Vanda'' × ''leucostele'']] Schltr.
|-
*''[[Vanda lilacina]]'' Teijsm. & Binn. (China - Yunnan to Indo-China)
| ||''[[Vanda funingensis]]'' {{au|L.H.Zou & Z.J.Liu}} || ||
*''[[Vanda limbata]]'' Blume (Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines - Mindanao)
|-
*''[[Vanda lindenii]]'' Rchb.f.
| ||''[[Vanda furva]]'' {{au|(L.) Lindl.}} ||Java, Maluku ||
*''[[Vanda liouvillei]]'' Finet (Assam to Indo-China)
|-
*[[Vanda × loii|''Vanda'' × ''loii'']] Motes
| ||''[[Vanda fuscoviridis]]'' {{au|Lindl.}} ||S. China to Vietnam ||
*''[[Vanda lombokensis]]'' J.J.Sm. (Lesser Sunda Is.)
|-
*''[[Vanda longitepala]]'' D.L.Roberts, L.M.Gardiner & Motes
|[[File:Vanda garayi, Februar 2011 - 02.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda garayi]]'' {{au|(Christenson) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
*''[[Vanda luzonica]]'' Loher ex Rolfe (Philippines - Luzon)
|-
*''[[Vanda malipoensis]]'' L.H.Zou, Jiu X.Huang & Z.J.Liu
| ||''[[Vanda gardinerae]]'' {{au|Motes}} || ||
*''[[Vanda mariae]]'' Motes
|-
*''[[Vanda merrillii]]'' Ames & Quisumb. (Philippines)
| ||''[[Vanda gibbsiae]]'' {{au|Rolfe}} || ||
*''[[Vanda metusalae]]'' <small>P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm. (2008) </small>
|-
*''[[Vanda mindanoensis]]'' Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts
| ||''[[Vanda gracilis]]'' {{au|Aver.}} || ||
*''[[Vanda miniata]]'' (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
|-
*''[[Vanda motesiana]]'' Choltco
|[[File:Vanda griffithii Bhutan (cropped).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda griffithii]]'' {{au|Lindl.}} ||E. Himalaya ||
*''[[Vanda nana]]'' L.M.Gardiner
|-
*''[[Vanda parviflora]] Lindl.
| ||''[[Vanda hastifera]]'' {{au|Rchb.f.}} ||Borneo ||
*''[[Vanda perplexa]]'' Motes & D.L.Roberts
|-
*''[[Vanda punctata]]'' Ridl. (Pen. Malaysia)
|[[File:KPW Vanda helvola O&M 2021.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda helvola]]'' {{au|Blume}} ||W. Malaysia to Philippines ||
*''[[Vanda roeblingiana]]'' Rolfe (Philippines - Luzon)
|-
*''[[Vanda rubra]]'' (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner
| ||''[[Vanda hennisiana]]'' {{au|Ormerod & Kurzweil}} || ||
*''[[Vanda sanderiana]]'' (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
|-
*''[[Vanda sathishii]]'' Motes
| ||''[[Vanda hienii]]'' {{au|(Aver. & V.C.Nguyen) R.Rice}} || ||
*''[[Vanda saxatilis]]'' J.J.Sm.
|-
*''[[Vanda scandens]]'' Holttum (Borneo, Philippines - Mindanao)
| ||''[[Vanda hindsii]]'' {{au|Lindl.}} ||[[Papuasia]] to N. Queensland ||
*''[[Vanda suavis]]'' Lindl.
|-
*''[[Vanda sumatrana]]'' Schltr. (Sumatra)
|[[File:Vanda insignis 'Daisen Ⅱ' Blume ex Lindl. in Edwards's Bot. Reg. 33- t. 59 (1847) 20240504 002041.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda insignis]]'' {{au|Blume ex Lindl.}} ||Lesser Sunda Is. ||
*''[[Vanda tessellata]]'' (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don (Indian subcontinent to Indo-China)
|-
*''[[Vanda testacea]]'' (Lindl.) Rchb.f. (Indian subcontinent to SC. China).
| ||''[[Vanda insularum]]'' {{au|(Christenson) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
*''[[Vanda thwaitesii]]'' Hook.f. (S. India, Sri Lanka)
|-
*''[[Vanda tricolor]]'' Lindl. (Laos, Java, Bali)
| ||''[[Vanda jainii]]'' {{au|A.S.Chauhan}} ||Assam ||
**''Vanda tricolor'' var. ''suavis''
|-
**''Vanda tricolor'' var. ''tricolor''
|[[File:Vanda javierae 'Santa Fe' D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel- Orchidee (Hamburg) 41- 146 (1990) 20250323 164423.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda javierae]]'' {{au|D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel}} ||Philippines - Luzon ||
*''[[Vanda ustii]]'' Golamco, Claustro & de Mesa (Philippines - Luzon)
|-
*''[[Vanda vietnamica]]'' (Haager) L.M.Gardiner
| ||''[[Vanda jennae]]'' {{au|P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm.}} || ||
*''[[Vanda vipanii]]'' Rchb.f. (Myanmar)
|-
*''[[Vanda wightii]]'' Rchb.f. (S. India)
| ||''[[Vanda karinae]]'' {{au|Motes}} || ||
{{div col end}}
|-
|[[File:Vanda lamellata 'Senkaku 2105' Lindl.- Edwards's Bot. Reg. 24(Misc.)- 66 (1838). 20211130 225208.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda lamellata]]'' {{au|Lindl.}} ||Taiwan, Philippines, Sabah ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda lilacina KPW (cropped).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda lilacina]]'' {{au|Teijsm. & Binn.}} ||China - Yunnan to Indo-China ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda limbata Lombok type Blume, Rumphia 4 49 (1849) (50823302303).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda limbata]]'' {{au|Blume}} ||Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines - Mindanao ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda lindenii]]'' {{au|Rchb.f.}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda liouvillei]]'' {{au|Finet}} ||Assam to Indo-China ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda lombokensis]]'' {{au|J.J.Sm.}} ||Lesser Sunda Is. ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda longitepala]]'' {{au|D.L.Roberts, L.M.Gardiner & Motes}} || ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda luzonica (6177212074).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda luzonica]]'' {{au|Loher ex Rolfe}} ||Philippines - Luzon ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda malipoensis]]'' {{au|L.H.Zou, Jiu X.Huang & Z.J.Liu}} || ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda mariae '-1' ( Philippines) Motes Lankesteriana 16(3)- 337. 2016 (25468676338).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda mariae]]'' {{au|Motes}} || ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda merrillii var. rotorii '2303' Ames & Quisumb. in Philipp. J. Sci. 56- 463 (1935) 20230430 020209.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda merrillii]]'' {{au|Ames & Quisumb.}} ||Philippines ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda metusalae]]'' {{au|P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm.}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda mindanaoensis]]'' {{au|Motes, L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts}} || ||
|-
|[[File:Ascocentrum miniatum - Vanda miniata (3504006302).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda miniata]]'' {{au|(Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda motesiana (15841388584).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda motesiana]]'' {{au|Choltco}} || ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda nana (inflorescence).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda nana]]'' {{au|L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda parviflora]]'' {{au|Lindl.}} || ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda perplexa imported from iNaturalist photo 63609737 on 11 September 2022 (cropped 2).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda perplexa]]'' {{au|Motes & D.L.Roberts}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda punctata]]'' {{au|Ridl.}} ||Pen. Malaysia ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda roeblingiana '-3' Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894 365 (1894) (42509685815).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda roeblingiana]]'' {{au|Rolfe}} ||Philippines - Luzon ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda rubra]]'' {{au|(Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda sanderiana (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.- Gard. Chron.- n.s.- 17- 588 (1882). 20241201 154708.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda sanderiana]]'' {{au|(Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda sathishii]]'' {{au|Motes}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda saxatilis]]'' {{au|J.J.Sm.}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda scandens]]'' {{au|Holttum}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda suavis]]'' {{au|Lindl.}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda sumatrana]]'' {{au|Schltr.}} ||Sumatra ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda tessellata]]'' {{au|(Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don}} ||Indian subcontinent to Indo-China ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda testacea '-190201' (Lindl.) Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s., 8 166 (1877) (49987690247).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda testacea]]'' {{au|(Lindl.) Rchb.f.}} ||Indian subcontinent to SC. China ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda thwaitesii]]'' {{au|Hook.f.}} ||S. India, Sri Lanka ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda tricolor 1zz.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda tricolor]]'' {{au|Lindl.}} ||Laos, Java, Bali ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda ustii Golamco- Claustro & de Mesa- Waling-Waling Rev. 8(1)- 10 (2000). 20210615 104511.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda ustii]]'' {{au|Golamco, Claustro & de Mesa}} ||Philippines - Luzon ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda vietnamica (Haager) L.M.Gardiner- Phytotaxa 61- 51 (2012). 20220919 233959.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda vietnamica]]'' {{au|(Haager) L.M.Gardiner}} || ||
|-
| ||''[[Vanda vipanii]]'' {{au|Rchb.f.}} ||Myanmar ||
|-
|[[File:Vanda wightii IBDP 17134210 (cropped).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vanda wightii]]'' {{au|Rchb.f.}} ||S. India ||
|-
|}


=== Natural hybrids ===
=== Natural hybrids ===
*''Vanda × boumaniae'' (''V. insignis'' × ''V. limbata'') (Lesser Sunda Is.)
*''Vanda × amoena'' {{au|O'Brien 1897}} (''V. coerulea'' × ''V. tessellata'') (Assam)
*''Vanda × charlesworthii'' (''V. bensonii'' × ''V. coerulea'') (Myanmar)
*''Vanda × boumaniae'' {{au|J.J.Sm. 1931}} (''V. insignis'' × ''V. perplexa'') (Lesser Sunda Is.)
*''Vanda × confusa'' (''V. coerulescens'' × ''V. lilacina'') (Myanmar)
*''Vanda × charlesworthii'' {{au|Rolfe 1894}} (''V. bensonii'' × ''V. coerulea'') (Myanmar)
*''Vanda × hebraica'' (''V. denisoniana'' × ''V. brunnea'') (Myanmar)<ref>Motes, M., Gardiner, L. M., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). The identity of spotted Vanda denisoniana. Orchid Review, 124(1316), 228-233.</ref>
*''Vanda × feliciae'' {{au|Cootes 2019}} (''V. lamellata var. boxallii'' × ''V. ustii'') (Philippines (Luzon))
*''Vanda × hebraica'' {{au|Motes & L.M.Gardiner & D.L.Roberts 2016}} (''V. denisoniana'' × ''V. brunnea'') (Myanmar)<ref>Motes, M., Gardiner, L. M., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). The identity of spotted Vanda denisoniana. Orchid Review, 124(1316), 228-233.</ref>
*''Vanda × leucostele'' {{au|Schltr. 1911}} (''V. foetida'' × ''V. helvola'') (Sumatera)
*''Vanda × loii'' {{au|Motes 2021}} (''V. lamellata'' × ''V. merrillii'') (Philippines)
*''Vanda × peetersiana'' {{au|(Cogn.) André 1898}} (''V. coerulea'' × ''V. coerulescens'') (Assam)


=== Intergeneric hybrids ===
=== Intergeneric hybrids ===

Latest revision as of 09:23, 8 September 2025

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Vanda, abbreviated in the horticultural trade as V.,[1] is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are 90 species,[2] and the genus is commonly cultivated for the marketplace. This genus and its allies are considered to be among the most specifically adapted of all orchids within the Orchidaceae. The genus is highly prized in horticulture for its showy, fragrant, long-lasting, and intensely colorful flowers.[3] Vanda species are widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, with a few species extending into Queensland and some of the islands of the western Pacific.[2][4]

Etymology

The generic name Vanda is derived from the Sanskrit (वन्दाका)[5] name for the species Vanda roxburghii (a synonym of Vanda tessellata).[6][7]

Distribution

These mostly epiphytic, but sometimes lithophytic or terrestrial orchids, are distributed in India, Himalaya, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, southern China, and northern Australia.[6]

Description

The genus has a monopodial growth habit with flat, typically broad, ovoid leaves (strap-leaves). Species with cylindrical (terete), fleshy leaves, which are adapted to dry periods were transferred to the genus Papilionanthe. The stems of these orchids vary considerably in size; some are miniature plants and some have a length of several meters. The plants can become quite massive in habitat and in cultivation, and epiphytic species possess very large, rambling aerial root systems. The roots have pneumatodes.[8]

The few to many flattened flowers grow on a lateral inflorescence. Most show a yellow-brown color with brown markings, but they also appear in white, green, orange, red, and burgundy shades. The lip has a small spur. Vanda species usually bloom every few months and the flowers last for two to three weeks.

Ecology

Pollination

Vanda falcata has been reported to be pollinated by several hawkmoth species of the genus Theretra, namely Theretra japonica and Theretra nessus.[9]

Conservation

Many Vanda orchids (especially V. coerulea) are endangered, and have never been common because they are usually only infrequently encountered in habitat and grow only in disturbed forest areas with high light levels, and are severely threatened and vulnerable to habitat destruction.[3] The export of wild-collected specimens of the blue orchid (V. coerulea) and other wild Vanda species is prohibited worldwide, as all orchids are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Cultivation

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". This genus is one of the five most horticulturally important orchid genera, because it has some of the most magnificent flowers to be found in the orchid family.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". This has contributed much to the work of hybridists producing flowers for the cut flower market. V. coerulea is one of the few botanical orchids which can produce varieties with blue flowers (actually a very bluish purple), a property much appreciated for producing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.

The color blue is rare among orchids, and only certain species of Thelymitra, a terrestrial species from Australia, produces flowers that are truly "blue" among the orchids. These species, much like Vanda, also have a bluish-purple tint towards the inner petals of the flowers.

Vanda dearei is one of the chief sources of yellow color in Vanda hybrids.

The plants do not possess pseudobulbs, but do possess leathery, drought-resistant leaves. Almost all of the species in this genus are very large epiphytes found in disturbed areas in habitat and prefer very high light levels, the plants having large root systems. Some of these species have a monopodial vine-like growth habit, and the plants can quickly become quite massive.

These plants prefer consistent conditions day-to-day in cultivation to avoid dropping their bottom leaves. The epiphytic species are best accommodated in large wooden baskets, bare rooted, which allows for the large aerial root systems. Disturbing or damaging the roots of large, mature vandaceous orchid plants, and in particular, Vanda and Aerides species, can result in the plants failing to flower and going into decline for a season or more. These plants do not tolerate disturbance or damage of their root systems in cultivation when they become mature. The terete-leaved terrestrial species are very easy to cultivate.

When grown bare-rooted, the epiphytic species require daily watering and weekly feeding and are very heavy feeders in cultivation. They can be grown out-of-doors in Hawaii and the like provided they are given some shade.

Fungal infections

File:Vanda stem infection.jpg
Cross section of Vanda stem infected with Fusarium, exhibiting typical purple spotting of vascular tissue

Unfortunately fungal infections are not uncommon in cultivated plants. A variety of phytopathogens may infect Vanda orchids. Vandas may be affected by Fusarium wilt. This disease is characterized by purple discolouration in the vascular tissue, which results in the loss of their function. The hyphae and spores block the conductor vessels. Affected plants may superficially appear healthy, as they continue to grow, the oldest parts of the plants can be affected and the disease will eventually progress throughout the entire plant.[10] If cutting tools are not sterilized the infection may spread to other plants.[11]

Systematics

In a recent molecular study of the genus Vanda ,[12] several Genera including the former Genus Ascocentrum, Neofinetia and Euanthe were brought into synonym with Vanda.[2]

Species

The following is a list of Vanda species recognised by Plants of the World Online as of January 2025:[2]

Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Vanda aliceae Template:Au
File:Vanda alpina Orch 027.jpg Vanda alpina Template:Au Himalaya to China - S. Yunnan
File:Ascocentrum ampullaceum.jpg Vanda ampullacea Template:Au
File:Vandarcuata - cropped.jpg Vanda arcuata Template:Au Indonesia - Sulawesi
Vanda aurantiaca Template:Au
Vanda aurea Template:Au
File:Vanda barnesii ' 2207' W.E.Higgins & Motes- Orchid Digest 76- 241 (2012). 20250323 162118.jpg Vanda barnesii Template:Au North Luzon, Philippines
Vanda bartholomewii Template:Au
File:Vanda bensonii Bateman in Bot. Mag. 92- t. 5611 (1866) 20250427 160555.jpg Vanda bensonii Template:Au Assam to Thailand
File:Vanda bicolor - cropped.jpg Vanda bicolor Template:Au Bhutan
Vanda bidupensis Template:Au Vietnam
File:Vanda brunnea KPW.jpg Vanda brunnea Template:Au China - Yunnan to Indo-China
Vanda celebica Template:Au Indonesia – Sulawesi
Vanda chirayupiniae Template:Au
Vanda chlorosantha Template:Au
File:Ascocentrum christensonianum.jpg Vanda christensoniana Template:Au
File:Vanda coerulea Wild flowers from cherrapunjee.jpg Vanda coerulea Template:Au Assam to China - S. Yunnan
File:Vanda coerulescens flower.jpg Vanda coerulescens Template:Au Arunachal Pradesh to China - S. Yunnan
Vanda concolor Template:Au
Vanda cootesii Template:Au
Vanda crassiloba Template:Au
File:Trudelia cristata.jpg Vanda cristata Template:Au Himalaya to China - NW. Yunnan
File:Vanda curvifolia (Lindl.) L.M.Gardiner, Phytotaxa 61 49 (2012) (47449687522).jpg Vanda curvifolia Template:Au
File:萬代蘭屬 Vanda dearei -新加坡植物園 Singapore Botanic Gardens- (9252396107).jpg Vanda dearei Template:Au
File:KPW Vanda denisoniana O&M 2021.jpg Vanda denisoniana Template:Au China - Yunnan to N. Indo-China
Vanda devoogtii Template:Au Sulawesi
Vanda dives Template:Au Vietnam, Laos
Vanda emilyae Template:Au
Vanda esquirolii Template:Au
File:Vanda falcata (Tokunoshima Kagoshimam Japan) (Thunb.) Beer, Prakt. Stud. Orchid.- 317 (1854) (35218280942).jpg Vanda falcata Template:Au Japan, China, Korea
File:Vanda flabellata (Rolfe ex Downie) Christenson, Indian Orchid J. 1 156 (1985). (51221530448).jpg Vanda flabellata Template:Au
File:Vanda pumila Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6 53 (1890) (40731172543).jpg Vanda flavobrunnea Template:Au
Vanda floresensis Template:Au
File:KPW Vanda foetida.jpg Vanda foetida Template:Au S. Sumatra
Vanda frankieana Template:Au
Vanda funingensis Template:Au
Vanda furva Template:Au Java, Maluku
Vanda fuscoviridis Template:Au S. China to Vietnam
File:Vanda garayi, Februar 2011 - 02.jpg Vanda garayi Template:Au
Vanda gardinerae Template:Au
Vanda gibbsiae Template:Au
Vanda gracilis Template:Au
File:Vanda griffithii Bhutan (cropped).jpg Vanda griffithii Template:Au E. Himalaya
Vanda hastifera Template:Au Borneo
File:KPW Vanda helvola O&M 2021.jpg Vanda helvola Template:Au W. Malaysia to Philippines
Vanda hennisiana Template:Au
Vanda hienii Template:Au
Vanda hindsii Template:Au Papuasia to N. Queensland
File:Vanda insignis 'Daisen Ⅱ' Blume ex Lindl. in Edwards's Bot. Reg. 33- t. 59 (1847) 20240504 002041.jpg Vanda insignis Template:Au Lesser Sunda Is.
Vanda insularum Template:Au
Vanda jainii Template:Au Assam
File:Vanda javierae 'Santa Fe' D.Tiu ex Fessel & Lückel- Orchidee (Hamburg) 41- 146 (1990) 20250323 164423.jpg Vanda javierae Template:Au Philippines - Luzon
Vanda jennae Template:Au
Vanda karinae Template:Au
File:Vanda lamellata 'Senkaku 2105' Lindl.- Edwards's Bot. Reg. 24(Misc.)- 66 (1838). 20211130 225208.jpg Vanda lamellata Template:Au Taiwan, Philippines, Sabah
File:Vanda lilacina KPW (cropped).jpg Vanda lilacina Template:Au China - Yunnan to Indo-China
File:Vanda limbata Lombok type Blume, Rumphia 4 49 (1849) (50823302303).jpg Vanda limbata Template:Au Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Philippines - Mindanao
Vanda lindenii Template:Au
Vanda liouvillei Template:Au Assam to Indo-China
Vanda lombokensis Template:Au Lesser Sunda Is.
Vanda longitepala Template:Au
File:Vanda luzonica (6177212074).jpg Vanda luzonica Template:Au Philippines - Luzon
Vanda malipoensis Template:Au
File:Vanda mariae '-1' ( Philippines) Motes Lankesteriana 16(3)- 337. 2016 (25468676338).jpg Vanda mariae Template:Au
File:Vanda merrillii var. rotorii '2303' Ames & Quisumb. in Philipp. J. Sci. 56- 463 (1935) 20230430 020209.jpg Vanda merrillii Template:Au Philippines
Vanda metusalae Template:Au
Vanda mindanaoensis Template:Au
File:Ascocentrum miniatum - Vanda miniata (3504006302).jpg Vanda miniata Template:Au
File:Vanda motesiana (15841388584).jpg Vanda motesiana Template:Au
File:Vanda nana (inflorescence).jpg Vanda nana Template:Au
Vanda parviflora Template:Au
File:Vanda perplexa imported from iNaturalist photo 63609737 on 11 September 2022 (cropped 2).jpg Vanda perplexa Template:Au
Vanda punctata Template:Au Pen. Malaysia
File:Vanda roeblingiana '-3' Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894 365 (1894) (42509685815).jpg Vanda roeblingiana Template:Au Philippines - Luzon
Vanda rubra Template:Au
File:Vanda sanderiana (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.- Gard. Chron.- n.s.- 17- 588 (1882). 20241201 154708.jpg Vanda sanderiana Template:Au
Vanda sathishii Template:Au
Vanda saxatilis Template:Au
Vanda scandens Template:Au
Vanda suavis Template:Au
Vanda sumatrana Template:Au Sumatra
File:Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook.jpg Vanda tessellata Template:Au Indian subcontinent to Indo-China
File:Vanda testacea '-190201' (Lindl.) Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s., 8 166 (1877) (49987690247).jpg Vanda testacea Template:Au Indian subcontinent to SC. China
Vanda thwaitesii Template:Au S. India, Sri Lanka
File:Vanda tricolor 1zz.jpg Vanda tricolor Template:Au Laos, Java, Bali
File:Vanda ustii Golamco- Claustro & de Mesa- Waling-Waling Rev. 8(1)- 10 (2000). 20210615 104511.jpg Vanda ustii Template:Au Philippines - Luzon
File:Vanda vietnamica (Haager) L.M.Gardiner- Phytotaxa 61- 51 (2012). 20220919 233959.jpg Vanda vietnamica Template:Au
Vanda vipanii Template:Au Myanmar
File:Vanda wightii IBDP 17134210 (cropped).jpg Vanda wightii Template:Au S. India

Natural hybrids

  • Vanda × amoena Template:Au (V. coerulea × V. tessellata) (Assam)
  • Vanda × boumaniae Template:Au (V. insignis × V. perplexa) (Lesser Sunda Is.)
  • Vanda × charlesworthii Template:Au (V. bensonii × V. coerulea) (Myanmar)
  • Vanda × feliciae Template:Au (V. lamellata var. boxallii × V. ustii) (Philippines (Luzon))
  • Vanda × hebraica Template:Au (V. denisoniana × V. brunnea) (Myanmar)[13]
  • Vanda × leucostele Template:Au (V. foetida × V. helvola) (Sumatera)
  • Vanda × loii Template:Au (V. lamellata × V. merrillii) (Philippines)
  • Vanda × peetersiana Template:Au (V. coerulea × V. coerulescens) (Assam)

Intergeneric hybrids

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File:Vanda pachara delight.JPG
Vanda Pachara Delight
File:Vanda Robert's Delight x Crownfox Magic at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden (81370).jpg
Vanda Robert's Delight 'Crownfox Magic'
File:Vanda Sansai Blue (20523361330).jpg
Vanda Sansai Blue

The following is a list of hybrid genera (nothogenera) in which hybrids vandas with orchids of other genera are placed although many of these are invalid because of recent taxonomic changes. For instance, × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum x Vanda) and × Vandofinetia (Vanda x Neofinetia) are no longer valid because both Ascocentrum and Neofinetia have been reduced to synonyms of Vanda by RHS, which is in charge of the International Orchid Register: Template:Div col

  • × Aeridovanda (Aerides × Vanda)
  • × Aeridovanisia (Aerides × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Alphonsoara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Andrewara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Aranda (Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Ascocenda (Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Ascovandoritis (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Bokchoonara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Bovornara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Burkillara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda)
  • × Charlieara (Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Christieara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Darwinara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Debruyneara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Devereuxara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Eastonara (Ascocentrum × Gastrochilus × Vanda)
  • × Fujiora (Ascocentrum × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Goffara (Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Hawaiiara (Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Hagerara (Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Himoriara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Holttumara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Isaoara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Joannara (Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Kagawara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Knappara (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Knudsonara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Leeara (Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Luisanda (Luisia × Vanda)
  • × Luivanetia (Luisia × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Lewisara (Aerides × Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Maccoyara (Aerides × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Macekara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Micholitzara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Moirara (Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Mokara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Vanda)
  • × Nakamotoara (Ascocentrum × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Nobleara (Aerides × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Okaara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Onoara (Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Opsisanda (Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pageara (Ascocentrum × Luisia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Pantapaara (Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Paulara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Pehara (Aerides × Arachnis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Pereiraara (Aerides × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Phalaerianda (Aerides × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Raganara (Renanthera × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Ramasamyara (Arachnis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Renafinanda (Neofinetia × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renanda (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Renantanda (Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Rhynchovanda (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Ridleyare (Arachnis × Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Robinaria (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Ronnyara (Aerides × Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sanjumeara (Aerides × Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Sarcovanda (Sarcochilus × Vanda)
  • × Shigeuraara (Ascocentrum × Ascoglossum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Stamariaara (Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Sutingara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Phalaenopsis × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Teohara (Arachnis × Renanthera × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Trevorara (Arachnis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Trichovanda (Trichoglottis × Vanda)
  • × Vascostylis (Ascocentrum × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandachnis (Arachnis × Vandopsis)
  • × Vancampe (Acampe × Vanda)
  • × Vandachostylis (Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaenopsis (Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandaeranthes (Aeranthes × Vanda)
  • × Vandewegheara (Ascocentrum × Doritis × Phalaenopsis × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinetia (Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandofinides (Aerides × Neofinetia × Vanda)
  • × Vandoritis (Doritis × Vanda)
  • × Vanglossum (Ascoglossum × Vanda)
  • × Wilkinsara (Ascocentrum × Vanda × Vandopsis)
  • × Yapara (Phalaenopsis × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)
  • × Yusofara (Arachnis × Ascocentrum × Renanthera × Vanda)
  • × Yonezawaara (Neofinetia × Rhynchostylis × Vanda)

Template:Div col end

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Grove, D. L. 1995. Vandas and Ascocendas. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp.
  • Motes, Martin R., and Alan L. Hoffman. 1997 Vandas, Their botany, history and culture. Template:ISBN

External links

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d Template:Cite POWO
  3. ↑ a b The Orchids, Natural History and Classification, Robert L. Dressler. Template:ISBN
  4. ↑ Flora of China v 25 p 471, 万代兰属 wan dai lan shu, Vanda Jones ex R. Brown, Bot. Reg. 6: ad t. 506. 1820.
  5. ↑ vandAkA Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Garay, L. (1972), On the systematics of the monopodial orchids, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard University, 23(4): 149-212
  8. ↑ Eschrich, W. (1995). Gaswechsel. In Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie (pp. 75-109). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  9. ↑ Suetsugu, K., Tanaka, K., Okuyama, Y., & Yukawa, T. (2015). "Potential pollinator of Vanda falcata (Orchidaceae): Theretra (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) hawkmoths are visitors of long spurred orchid." European Journal of Entomology, 112(2), 393.
  10. ↑ Pedroso-de-Moraes, C., Souza, M. C. D., Ronconi, C. C., & Marteline, M. A. (2011). Response of Cattleya hybrids for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cattleyae Foster. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 54(2), 267-271.
  11. ↑ Reddy, P. P. (2016). Orchids. In Sustainable Crop Protection under Protected Cultivation (pp. 393-407). Springer, Singapore.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Motes, M., Gardiner, L. M., & Roberts, D. L. (2016). The identity of spotted Vanda denisoniana. Orchid Review, 124(1316), 228-233.
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