Myxobacteria: Difference between revisions
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The '''myxobacteria''' ("'''slime bacteria'''") are a group of [[bacteria]] that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances. The myxobacteria have very large [[genome]]s relative to other bacteria, e.g. 9–10 million [[nucleotide]]s except for ''[[Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans|Anaeromyxobacter]]''<ref name="pmid18461135">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas SH, Wagner RD, Arakaki AK, Skolnick J, Kirby JR, Shimkets LJ, Sanford RA, Löffler FE | title = The mosaic genome of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C suggests an aerobic common ancestor to the delta-proteobacteria | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | | The '''myxobacteria''' ("'''slime bacteria'''") are a group of [[bacteria]] that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances. The myxobacteria have very large [[genome]]s relative to other bacteria, e.g. 9–10 million [[nucleotide]]s except for ''[[Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans|Anaeromyxobacter]]''<ref name="pmid18461135">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas SH, Wagner RD, Arakaki AK, Skolnick J, Kirby JR, Shimkets LJ, Sanford RA, Löffler FE | title = The mosaic genome of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C suggests an aerobic common ancestor to the delta-proteobacteria | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | article-number = e2103 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18461135 | pmc = 2330069 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0002103 | bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.2103T | doi-access = free }}</ref> and ''Vulgatibacter''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2015|title=Vulgatibacter incomptus strain DSM 27710, complete genome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CP012332.1|language=en-US|website=Nucleotide|publisher=National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information|id=GenBank ID CP012332.1|last1=Subramanian|first1=S.|last2=Sharma|first2=G.|orig-date=Submitted on 15 August 2015|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> One species of myxobacteria, ''Minicystis rosea'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shilpee Pal, Gaurav Sharma & Srikrishna Subramanian |date=2021-09-13 |title=Complete genome sequence and identification of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis genes of the myxobacterium Minicystis rosea DSM 24000T |journal=BMC Genomics |language=en-US |volume=22 |issue= 1|page=655 |doi= 10.1186/s12864-021-07955-x|pmid= 34511070|pmc= 8436480 |doi-access=free }}</ref> has the largest known bacterial genome with over 16 million nucleotides. The second largest is another myxobacteria ''[[Sorangium cellulosum]]''.<ref name=Schneiker_2001>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schneiker S, Perlova O, Kaiser O, Gerth K, Alici A, Altmeyer MO, Bartels D, Bekel T, Beyer S, Bode E, Bode HB, Bolten CJ, Choudhuri JV, Doss S, Elnakady YA, Frank B, Gaigalat L, Goesmann A, Groeger C, Gross F, Jelsbak L, Jelsbak L, Kalinowski J, Kegler C, Knauber T, Konietzny S, Kopp M, Krause L, Krug D, Linke B, Mahmud T, Martinez-Arias R, McHardy AC, Merai M, Meyer F, Mormann S, Muñoz-Dorado J, Perez J, Pradella S, Rachid S, Raddatz G, Rosenau F, Rückert C, Sasse F, Scharfe M, Schuster SC, Suen G, Treuner-Lange A, Velicer GJ, Vorhölter FJ, Weissman KJ, Welch RD, Wenzel SC, Whitworth DE, Wilhelm S, Wittmann C, Blöcker H, Pühler A, Müller R|display-authors = 6 | title = Complete genome sequence of the myxobacterium, Sorangium cellulosum | journal = Nat. Biotechnol. | volume = 25 | issue = 11 | pages = 1281–9 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17965706 | doi = 10.1038/nbt1354 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="pmid25722247">{{cite journal | vauthors = Land M, Hauser L, Jun SR, Nookaew I, Leuze MR, Ahn TH, Karpinets T, Lund O, Kora G, Wassenaar T, Poudel S, Ussery DW | title = Insights from 20 years of bacterial genome sequencing | journal = Funct. Integr. Genomics | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 141–61 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25722247 | pmc = 4361730 | doi = 10.1007/s10142-015-0433-4}}</ref> | ||
Myxobacteria can move by [[bacterial gliding|gliding]].<ref name="pmid20508248">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mauriello EM, Mignot T, Yang Z, Zusman DR | title = Gliding motility revisited: how do the myxobacteria move without flagella? | journal = Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. | volume = 74 | issue = 2 | pages = 229–49 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20508248 | pmc = 2884410 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.00043-09}}</ref> They typically travel in ''[[swarm]]s'' (also known as ''wolf packs''), containing many [[Cell (biology)|cell]]s kept together by intercellular molecular [[Signal transduction|signals]]. Individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of the extracellular [[enzyme]]s that are used to digest food; this in turn increases feeding efficiency. Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as [[antibiotic]]s, and export those chemicals outside the cell.<ref name=Reichenbach_2001>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reichenbach H | title = Myxobacteria, producers of novel bioactive substances | journal = J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 149–56 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11780785 | doi = 10.1038/sj.jim.7000025 | s2cid = 34964313| doi-access = free }}</ref> | Myxobacteria can move by [[bacterial gliding|gliding]].<ref name="pmid20508248">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mauriello EM, Mignot T, Yang Z, Zusman DR | title = Gliding motility revisited: how do the myxobacteria move without flagella? | journal = Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. | volume = 74 | issue = 2 | pages = 229–49 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20508248 | pmc = 2884410 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.00043-09}}</ref> They typically travel in ''[[swarm]]s'' (also known as ''wolf packs''), containing many [[Cell (biology)|cell]]s kept together by intercellular molecular [[Signal transduction|signals]]. Individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of the extracellular [[enzyme]]s that are used to digest food; this in turn increases feeding efficiency. Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as [[antibiotic]]s, and export those chemicals outside the cell.<ref name=Reichenbach_2001>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reichenbach H | title = Myxobacteria, producers of novel bioactive substances | journal = J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 149–56 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11780785 | doi = 10.1038/sj.jim.7000025 | s2cid = 34964313| doi-access = free }}</ref> | ||
Myxobacteria are used to study the polysaccharide production in gram-negative bacteria like the model ''[[Myxococcus xanthus]]'' which have four different mechanisms<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Islam ST, Vergara Alvarez I, Saïdi F, Guiseppi A, Vinogradov E, Sharma G, Espinosa L, Morrone C, Brasseur G, Guillemot JF, Benarouche A, Bridot JL, Ravicoularamin G, Cagna A, Gauthier C, Singer M, Fierobe HP, Mignot T, Mauriello EM | display-authors = 6 | title = Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | | Myxobacteria are used to study the polysaccharide production in gram-negative bacteria like the model ''[[Myxococcus xanthus]]'' which have four different mechanisms<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Islam ST, Vergara Alvarez I, Saïdi F, Guiseppi A, Vinogradov E, Sharma G, Espinosa L, Morrone C, Brasseur G, Guillemot JF, Benarouche A, Bridot JL, Ravicoularamin G, Cagna A, Gauthier C, Singer M, Fierobe HP, Mignot T, Mauriello EM | display-authors = 6 | title = Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | article-number = e3000728 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32516311 | pmc = 7310880 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000728 | doi-access = free }}</ref> of polysaccharide secretion and where a new Wzx/Wzy mechanism producing a new [[polysaccharide]] was identified in 2020.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Myxobacteria are also good models to study | Myxobacteria are also good models to study [[Multicellular organism|multicellularity]] in the [[Bacteria|bacterial]] world.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Islam ST, Vergara Alvarez I, Saïdi F, Guiseppi A, Vinogradov E, Sharma G, Espinosa L, Morrone C, Brasseur G, Guillemot JF, Benarouche A, Bridot JL, Ravicoularamin G, Cagna A, Gauthier C, Singer M, Fierobe HP, Mignot T, Mauriello EM | display-authors = 6 | title = Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | article-number = e3000728 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32516311 | pmc = 7310880 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000728 | doi-access = free }}</ref> | ||
==Life cycle== | ==Life cycle== | ||
When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into ''fruiting bodies'' (not to be confused with [[fruiting body|those in fungi]]), a process long-thought to be mediated by [[chemotaxis]] but now considered to be a function of a form of contact-mediated signaling.<ref name=Kiskowski_2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kiskowski MA, Jiang Y, Alber MS | title = Role of streams in myxobacteria aggregate formation | journal = Phys Biol | volume = 1 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 173–83 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 16204837 | doi = 10.1088/1478-3967/1/3/005 | bibcode = 2004PhBio...1..173K | s2cid = 18846289 }}</ref><ref name=Sozinova_2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sozinova O, Jiang Y, Kaiser D, Alber M | title = A three-dimensional model of myxobacterial aggregation by contact-mediated interactions | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 102 | issue = 32 | pages = 11308–12 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16061806 | pmc = 1183571 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0504259102 | bibcode = 2005PNAS..10211308S | doi-access = free }}</ref> These fruiting bodies can take different shapes and colors, depending on the species. Within the fruiting bodies, cells begin as rod-shaped vegetative cells, and develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls. These myxospores, analogous to [[spore]]s in other organisms, are more likely to survive until nutrients are more plentiful. The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that [[cell growth]] is resumed with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than as isolated cells. Similar life cycles have developed among certain [[amoebae]], called cellular [[slime mold]]s. | When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into ''fruiting bodies'' (not to be confused with [[fruiting body|those in fungi]]), a process long-thought to be mediated by [[chemotaxis]] but now considered to be a function of a form of contact-mediated signaling.<ref name=Kiskowski_2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kiskowski MA, Jiang Y, Alber MS | title = Role of streams in myxobacteria aggregate formation | journal = Phys Biol | volume = 1 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 173–83 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 16204837 | doi = 10.1088/1478-3967/1/3/005 | bibcode = 2004PhBio...1..173K | s2cid = 18846289 }}</ref><ref name=Sozinova_2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sozinova O, Jiang Y, Kaiser D, Alber M | title = A three-dimensional model of myxobacterial aggregation by contact-mediated interactions | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 102 | issue = 32 | pages = 11308–12 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16061806 | pmc = 1183571 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0504259102 | bibcode = 2005PNAS..10211308S | doi-access = free }}</ref> These fruiting bodies can take different shapes and colors, depending on the species. Within the fruiting bodies, cells begin as rod-shaped vegetative cells, and develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls. These myxospores, analogous to [[spore]]s in other organisms, are more likely to survive until nutrients are more plentiful. The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that [[cell growth]] is resumed with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than as isolated cells. Similar life cycles have developed among certain [[amoebae]], called cellular [[slime mold]]s. | ||
At a molecular level, initiation of fruiting body development in ''[[Myxococcus xanthus]]'' is regulated by [[Pxr sRNA]].<ref name="Yu10">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yu YT, Yuan X, Velicer GJ | title = Adaptive evolution of an sRNA that controls Myxococcus development | journal = Science | volume = 328 | issue = 5981 | | At a molecular level, initiation of fruiting body development in ''[[Myxococcus xanthus]]'' is regulated by [[Pxr sRNA]].<ref name="Yu10">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yu YT, Yuan X, Velicer GJ | title = Adaptive evolution of an sRNA that controls Myxococcus development | journal = Science | volume = 328 | issue = 5981 | page = 993 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20489016 | pmc = 3027070 | doi = 10.1126/science.1187200 | bibcode = 2010Sci...328..993Y }}</ref><ref name="Fie06">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fiegna F, Yu YT, Kadam SV, Velicer GJ | title = Evolution of an obligate social cheater to a superior cooperator | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7091 | pages = 310–4 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16710413 | doi = 10.1038/nature04677 | bibcode = 2006Natur.441..310F | s2cid = 4371886 }}</ref> | ||
Myxobacteria such as ''[[Myxococcus xanthus]]'' and ''[[Stigmatella aurantiaca]]'' are used as [[model organisms]] for the study of development. | Myxobacteria such as ''[[Myxococcus xanthus]]'' and ''[[Stigmatella aurantiaca]]'' are used as [[model organisms]] for the study of development. | ||
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It has been suggested that the last common ancestor of myxobacteria was an aerobe and that their anaerobic predecessors lived syntrophically with early eukaryotes.<ref name="hoshino2021">{{cite journal | title = Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis | last1 = Hoshino | first1 = Y. | last2 = Gaucher | first2 = E.A. | journal = PNAS | volume = 118 | issue = 25 | year = 2021 | | It has been suggested that the last common ancestor of myxobacteria was an aerobe and that their anaerobic predecessors lived syntrophically with early eukaryotes.<ref name="hoshino2021">{{cite journal | title = Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis | last1 = Hoshino | first1 = Y. | last2 = Gaucher | first2 = E.A. | journal = PNAS | volume = 118 | issue = 25 | year = 2021 | article-number = e2101276118 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2101276118|issn=0027-8424 | pmid = 34131078| pmc = 8237579 | doi-access = free }}</ref> | ||
==Clinical use== | ==Clinical use== | ||
Latest revision as of 00:56, 1 October 2025
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The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances. The myxobacteria have very large genomes relative to other bacteria, e.g. 9–10 million nucleotides except for Anaeromyxobacter[1] and Vulgatibacter.[2] One species of myxobacteria, Minicystis rosea,[3] has the largest known bacterial genome with over 16 million nucleotides. The second largest is another myxobacteria Sorangium cellulosum.[4][5]
Myxobacteria can move by gliding.[6] They typically travel in swarms (also known as wolf packs), containing many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals. Individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of the extracellular enzymes that are used to digest food; this in turn increases feeding efficiency. Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as antibiotics, and export those chemicals outside the cell.[7]
Myxobacteria are used to study the polysaccharide production in gram-negative bacteria like the model Myxococcus xanthus which have four different mechanisms[8] of polysaccharide secretion and where a new Wzx/Wzy mechanism producing a new polysaccharide was identified in 2020.[8]
Myxobacteria are also good models to study multicellularity in the bacterial world.[9]
Life cycle
When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into fruiting bodies (not to be confused with those in fungi), a process long-thought to be mediated by chemotaxis but now considered to be a function of a form of contact-mediated signaling.[10][11] These fruiting bodies can take different shapes and colors, depending on the species. Within the fruiting bodies, cells begin as rod-shaped vegetative cells, and develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls. These myxospores, analogous to spores in other organisms, are more likely to survive until nutrients are more plentiful. The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that cell growth is resumed with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than as isolated cells. Similar life cycles have developed among certain amoebae, called cellular slime molds.
At a molecular level, initiation of fruiting body development in Myxococcus xanthus is regulated by Pxr sRNA.[12][13]
Myxobacteria such as Myxococcus xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca are used as model organisms for the study of development.
It has been suggested that the last common ancestor of myxobacteria was an aerobe and that their anaerobic predecessors lived syntrophically with early eukaryotes.[14]
Clinical use
Metabolites secreted by Sorangium cellulosum known as epothilones have been noted to have antineoplastic activity. This has led to the development of analogs which mimic its activity. One such analog, known as Ixabepilone is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved chemotherapy agent for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.[15]
Myxobacteria are also known to produce gephyronic acid, an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and a potential agent for cancer chemotherapy.[16]
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[17] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[18]
| 16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[19][20][21] | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[22][23][24] |
|---|---|
See also
References
External links
- The Myxobacteria Web Page
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