Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:45, 13 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Main otherScript error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".Template:Main other Hell's Kitchen, also known as Clinton, or Midtown West on real estate listings, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, New York. It is considered to be bordered by 34th Street (or 41st Street) to the south, 59th Street to the north, Eighth Avenue to the east, and the Hudson River to the west.

Hell's Kitchen had long been a bastion of poor and working-class Irish Americans, and its gritty reputation has long held real-estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan. But by 1969, the City Planning Commission's Plan for New York City reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location were driving people of modest means from the area. Gentrification has accelerated since the early 1980s, and rents have risen rapidly.

In addition to its long-established Irish-American and Hispanic-American populations, Hell's Kitchen has a large LGBTQ population and is home to many LGBTQ bars and businesses.^[1] The neighborhood has long been a home to fledgling and working actors; it is the home of the Actors Studio training school and sits near Broadway theatres.

Hell's Kitchen is part of Manhattan Community District 4.^[2] It is patrolled by the 10th and Midtown North Precincts of the New York City Police Department. The area provides transport, medical, and warehouse-infrastructure support to the business district of Manhattan. It is known for its extensive selection of multiethnic, small, and relatively inexpensive restaurants, delicatessens, bodegas, bars, and associated nightlife.

Boundaries

File:Hell's Kitchen NYC-Map.png

A general map of the Hell's Kitchen area, including the northern part of Hudson Yards to the south, but excluding the Columbus Circle transition area to the north

The name "Hell's Kitchen" generally refers to the area between 34th to the south and 59th Street to the north. Starting west of Eighth Avenue and the north side of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories. As a result, most of the buildings are older, and are often walk-up apartments. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses the ZIP Codes 10019 and 10036. The post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name for Rockefeller Center on Sixth Avenue.^[3]^[4]

The neighborhood overlaps Times Square and the Theater District to the east at Eighth Avenue. On its southeast border, it overlaps the Garment District also on Eighth Avenue. Two landmarks are located here – the New Yorker Hotel at 481 Eighth Avenue, and the Manhattan Center building at the northwest corner of 34th Street and Eighth Avenue. Included in the transition area on Eighth Avenue are the Port Authority Bus Terminal at 42nd Street, the Pride of Midtown fire station (from which an entire shift, 15 firefighters, died at the World Trade Center), several theatres including Studio 54, the original soup stand of SeinfeldTemplate:-'s "The Soup Nazi", and the Hearst Tower.^[3]

The northern edge of Hell's Kitchen borders the southern edge of the Upper West Side, though the section west of Ninth Avenue and south of 57th Street is also part of the Columbus Circle neighborhood. 57th Street was traditionally the boundary between the Upper West Side and Hell's Kitchen, but another interpretation puts the northern border at 59th Street, where the names of the north–south avenues change. Included between 57th and 59th Streets the Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle; Hudson Hotel; Mount Sinai West, where John Lennon died in 1980 after being shot; and John Jay College.^[3]

Beyond the southern boundary is Chelsea. The Hudson Yards neighborhood overlaps with Hell's Kitchen, and the areas are often lumped together as "West Midtown", given their proximity to the Midtown Manhattan business district. The traditional dividing line with Chelsea is 34th Street.^[3] The area between the rail corridor at Pennsylvania Station and the West Side Yard and 42nd Street, and east of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, is also known as Hell's Kitchen South.^[5]^[6]

The western border of the neighborhood is the Hudson River at the Hudson River Park and West Side Highway.^[3]

Name

File:Eighth Avenue 46th Street jeh.JPG

Looking south from Eighth Avenue and 46th Street

File:Ninth-north.jpg

View from between 47th and 48th Streets on Ninth Avenue looking northeast toward Time Warner Center and Hearst Tower

Several explanations exist for the origin of the neighborhood's current name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment Davy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan, Five Points. According to the Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area:

When, in 1835, Davy Crockett said "In my part of the country, when you meet an Irishman, you find a first-rate gentleman; but these are worse than savages; they are too mean to swab hell's kitchen", he was referring to the Five Points.^[7]

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According to an article by Kirkley Greenwell, published online by the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association:

No one can pin down the exact origin of the label, but some refer to a tenement on 54th Street as the first "Hell's Kitchen". Another explanation points to an infamous building at 39th as the true origin. A gang and a local dive took the name as well.^[8]

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Local historian Mary Clark explained the name thus:

... first appeared in print on September 22, 1881 when a New York Times reporter went to the West 30s with a police guide to get details of a multiple murder there. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and Tenth Avenue as "Hell's Kitchen" and said that the entire section was "probably the lowest and filthiest in the city". According to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hell's Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the name's origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heil's Kitchen, after its proprietors.^[9] But the most common version traces it to the story of "Dutch Fred the Cop", a veteran policeman, who with his rookie partner, was watching a small riot on West 39th Street near Tenth Avenue. The rookie is supposed to have said: "This place is hell itself", to which Fred replied: "Hell's a mild climate. This is Hell's Kitchen."^[10]

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The 1929 book Manna-Hatin: The Story of New York states that the Panic of 1857 led to the formation of gangs "in the notorious 'Gas House District' at Twenty-First Street and the East River, or in 'Hell's Kitchen', in the West Thirties".^[11]

Hell's Kitchen is frequently used to name the neighborhood, although real estate developers designate the area as "Clinton" and "Midtown West". The "Clinton name", used by the municipality of New York City, originated in 1959 in an attempt to change the image of the neighborhood by linking the area to DeWitt Clinton Park at 52nd and Eleventh Avenue, named after the 19th century New York governor, though The New York Times noted that those who live in the area "prefer Hell's Kitchen" as the name for the neighborhood.^[12]^[13]

History

Early history and development

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File:West-side-ship.jpg

Manhattan Cruise Terminal in Hell's Kitchen at 52nd Street

On the island of Manhattan when Europeans first saw it, the Great Kill formed from three small streams that united near present-day Tenth Avenue and 40th Street, and then wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, renowned for fish and waterfowl,^[14] emptying into the Hudson River at a deep bay on the river at the present 42nd Street.^[15] The name was retained in a tiny hamlet called Great Kill, which became a center for carriage-making. The upland to the south and east became known as Longacre, the predecessor of Longacre Square, now Times Square.^[16]

One of the large farms of the colonial era in this neighborhood was that of Andreas Hopper and his descendants, extending from today's 48th Street nearly to 59th Street and from the river east to what is now Sixth Avenue. One of the Hopper farmhouses, built in 1752 for John Hopper the younger, stood near 53rd Street and Eleventh Avenue. Christened "Rosevale" for its extensive gardens, it was the home of the War of 1812 veteran, Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker, and lasted until 1896, when it was demolished.^[17]

The site was purchased for the city and naturalistically landscaped by Samuel Parsons Jr. as DeWitt Clinton Park. In 1911, New York Hospital bought a full city block largely of the Hopper property, between 54th and 55th Streets, Eleventh and Twelfth Avenues.^[17] Beyond the railroad track, projecting into the river at 54th Street, was Mott's Point, with an 18th-century Mott family house surrounded by gardens, that was inhabited by members of the family until 1884 and survived until 1895.^[18]

File:Harbor View Terrace NYCHA jeh.jpg

Harborview Terrace public housing buildings between West 54th and West 56th Streets, and Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, part of the New York City Housing Authority^[19]

A lone surviving structure from the time this area was open farmland and suburban villas is a pre-1800s carriage house that once belonged to a villa owned by former Vice President and New York State governor George Clinton, now in a narrow court behind 422 West 46th Street.^[20] From 1811 until it was officially de-mapped in 1857, the diminutive Bloomingdale Square was part of the city's intended future. It extended from 53rd to 57th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It was eliminated after the establishment of Central Park,^[21] and the name shifted to the junction of Broadway, West End Avenue, and 106th Street, now Straus Park.^[22]

In 1825, the City purchased for $10 clear title to a right-of-way through John Leake Norton'sTemplate:Efn farm, "The Hermitage", to lay out 42nd Street clear to the river. Before long, cattle ferried from Weehawken were being driven along the unpaved route to slaughterhouses on the East Side.^[22] Seventy acres of the Leakes', later the Nortons' property, extending north from 42nd to 46th Street and from Broadway to the river, were purchased before 1807 by John Jacob Astor and William Cutting, who held it before dividing it into building lots as the district became more suburban.

The West Side later had its own slaughterhouses, which went out of business in the middle 20th century.^[23]

Unity with the city and deterioration

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File:Jacob Riis - Hells Kitchen and Sebastopol - photograph.jpg

Hell's Kitchen and Sebastopol, c. 1890, photographed by Jacob Riis

There were multiple changes that helped Hell's Kitchen integrate with New York City proper. The first was construction of the Hudson River Railroad, whose initial leg – the Template:Cvt to Peekskill – was completed on September 29, 1849, By the end of 1849, it stretched to Poughkeepsie and in 1851 it extended to Albany. The track ran at a steep grade up Eleventh Avenue, as far as 60th Street.^[24]

The formerly rural riverfront was industrialized by businesses, such as tanneries, that used the river for shipping products and dumping waste. The neighborhood that would later be known as Hell's Kitchen started forming in the southern part of the 22nd Ward in the mid-19th century. Irish immigrants – mostly refugees from the Great Famine – found work on the docks and railroad along the Hudson River and established shantytowns there.

File:782 8th Ave NYC 1915 where Elsie Sigel was murdered.jpg

Mission House, Hell's Kitchen, c. 1915

After the American Civil War, there was an influx of people who moved to New York City. The tenements that were built became overcrowded quickly. Many who lived in this congested, poverty-stricken area turned to gang life. Following Prohibition, implemented in 1919, the district's many warehouses were ideal locations for bootleg distilleries for the rumrunners who controlled illicit liquor. At the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood was controlled by gangs, including the violent Gopher Gang led by One Lung Curran and later by Owney Madden.^[25]

Early gangs, like the Hell's Kitchen Gang, transformed into organized crime entities, around the same time that Owney Madden became one of the most powerful mobsters in New York. It became known as the "most dangerous area on the American Continent".

By the 1930s, when the McGraw-Hill Building was constructed in Hell's Kitchen, the surrounding area was still largely tenements.^[26] After the repeal of Prohibition, many of the organized crime elements moved into other rackets, such as illegal gambling and union shakedowns. The postwar era was characterized by a flourishing waterfront, and longshoreman work was plentiful.^[27]

By the end of the 1970s, the implementation of containerized shipping led to the decline of the West Side piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of the Lincoln Tunnel in the 1930s, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal and ramps starting in 1950 destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.^[27]

In 1959, an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious "Capeman" murders in which two innocent teenagers, mistaken for rival gang members, were killed.^[28] By 1965, Hell's Kitchen was the home base of the Westies, an Irish mob aligned with the Gambino crime family. In the early 1980s widespread gentrification began to alter the demographics of the longtime working-class Irish American neighborhood. The 1980s saw an end to the Westies' reign of terror, when the gang lost all of its power after the RICO convictions of most of its principals in 1986.

First wave of gentrification

Special Clinton zoning district

File:NYC-play-pen.jpg

Eighth Avenue was once lined with porn stores and theaters. The stores have mostly gone since the late 1990s, but this particular store, which was highlighted in the 2003 film Phone Booth, remained until 2007.

Although the neighborhood is immediately west of New York's main business district, large-scale redevelopment has been kept in check for more than 40 years by strict zoning rules in a Special Clinton District^[29] designed to protect the neighborhood's residents and its low-rise character.

In part to qualify for federal aid, New York developed a comprehensive Plan for New York City in 1969–70. While for almost all neighborhoods, the master plan contained few proposals, it was very explicit about the bright future of Hell's Kitchen. The plan called for 2,000 to 3,000 new hotel rooms, 25,000 apartments, Template:Cvt of office space, a new super liner terminal, a subway along 48th Street, and a convention center to replace what the plan described as "blocks of antiquated and deteriorating structures of every sort."^[30]^[31] However, outrage at the massive residential displacement that this development project would have caused,^[32] and the failure of the City to complete any replacement housing, led to opposition to the first project – a new convention center to replace the New York Coliseum.^[33]

To prevent the convention center from sparking a development boom that would beget the rest of the master plan with its consequent displacement, the Clinton Planning Council and Daniel Gutman, their environmental planner, proposed that the convention center and all major development be located south of 42nd Street, where public policy had already left tracts of vacant land.^[34]

Nevertheless, in 1973, the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was approved for a 44th Street site that would replace piers 84 and 86. But in exchange, and after the defeat of a bond issue that would have funded a 48th Street "people mover",^[35] the City first abandoned the rest of the 1969–70 master plan^[36] and then gave the neighborhood a special zoning district to restrict further redevelopment.^[37] Since then, limited new development has filled in the many empty lots and rejuvenated existing buildings. Later, in 1978, when the city could not afford the higher cost of constructing the 44th Street convention center over water, the Mayor and Governor chose the rail yard site originally proposed by the local community.^[38]

The SCD was originally split into four areas:

Preservation Area: 43rd to 56th Streets between Eighth and Tenth Avenues. R-7 density, 6-story height limit on new buildings, suggested average apartment size of two bedrooms. This was a response to the fact that between 1960 and 1970 developers had torn down 2,300 family-sized units and replaced them with 1,500 smaller units.
Perimeter Area: Eighth Avenue, 42nd and 57th Streets. Bulkier development permitted to counterbalance the downzoning in the preservation area.
Mixed Use Area: Tenth and Eleventh Avenues between 43rd and 50th Streets. Mixed residential and manufacturing. New residential development only permitted in conjunction with manufacturing areas. Later combined into "Other Areas".
Other Areas: West of Eleventh Avenue. Industrial and waterfront uses. Later combined with "Mixed Use Area"

Special permits are required for all demolition and construction in the SCD, including demolition of "any sound housing in the District" and any rehabilitation that increases the number of dwellings in a structure. In the original provisions, no building could be demolished unless it was unsound. New developments, conversions, or alterations that create new units or zero bedroom units must contain at least 20% two bedroom apartments with a minimum room size of Template:Cvt.

Alterations that reduce the percentage of two-bedroom units are not permitted unless the resulting building meets the 20% two-bedroom requirement. Building height in the Preservation Area cannot exceed Template:Cvt or seven stories, whichever is less.

Windermere

File:Windermere-apartment.jpg

The Windermere Apartments at Ninth Avenue and 57th Street

As the gentrification pace increased, there were numerous reports of problems between landlords and tenants. The most extreme example was the eight-story Windermere Apartments complex at the southwest corner of Ninth Avenue and 57th Street. Built in 1881, it is the second-oldest large apartment house in Manhattan.^[39]

In 1980, the owner, Alan B. Weissman, tried to empty the building of its tenants. According to former tenants and court papers, rooms were ransacked, doors were ripped out, prostitutes were moved in, and tenants received death threats in the campaign to empty the building. All the major New York newspapers covered the trials that sent the Windermere's managers to jail. Although Weissman was never linked to the harassment, he and his wife made top billing in the 1985 edition of The Village VoiceTemplate:'s annual list, "The Dirty Dozen: New York's Worst Landlords."^[40]

Most of the tenants eventually settled and moved out of the building. In May 2006, seven tenants remained^[41] and court orders protecting the tenants and the building allowed it to remain in a derelict condition even as the surrounding neighborhood was experiencing a dramatic burst of demolition and redevelopment. In September 2007, the fire department evacuated the remaining seven residents from the building, citing dangerous conditions, and padlocked the front door.^[42] In 2008, the New York Supreme Court ruled that the owners of the building, who include the TOA Construction Corporation of Japan, must repair it.^[43]

Failed rezoning attempts

File:10th-ave.jpg

Looking south on Tenth Avenue from 59th Street

By the 1980s, the area south of 42nd Street was in decline. Both the state and the city hoped that the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center would renew the area.^[44] Hotels, restaurants, apartment buildings, and television studios were proposed.^[45] One proposal included apartments and hotels on a Template:Cvt pier jutting out onto Hudson River, which included a marina, ferry slip, stores, restaurants, and a performing arts center.^[46] At Ninth Avenue and 33rd Street, a 32-story office tower would be built.^[47] Hotels, apartment buildings, and a Madison Square Garden would be built over the tracks west of Pennsylvania Station.^[48]^[49] North of the Javits Center, a "Television City" would be developed by Larry Silverstein in conjunction with NBC.^[45]

One impediment to development was the lack of mass transit in the area, which is far from Penn Station, and none of the proposals for a link to Penn Station was pursued successfully, for example, the ill-fated West Side Transitway.^[50] No changes to the zoning policy happened until 1990, when the city rezoned a small segment of 11th Avenue near the Javits Center.^[51]^[52] In 1993, part of 9th Avenue between 35th and 41st Streets was also rezoned.^[53]^[54] However, neither of these rezonings was particularly significant, as most of the area was still zoned as a manufacturing district with low-rise apartment buildings.^[55]

By the early 1990s, there was a recession, which scuttled plans for rezoning and severely reduced the amount of development in the area.^[56] After the recession was over, developers invested in areas like Times Square, eastern Hell's Kitchen, and Chelsea, but mostly skipped the Far West Side.^[57]

September 11, 2001

File:Engine54-memorial.jpg

Memorial to 15 firefighters from Engine Co. 54/Ladder Co. 4/Battalion 9 who died on September 11, 2001

While most fire stations in Manhattan lost firefighters in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the station with the greatest loss of firefighters was Engine Co. 54/Ladder Co. 4/Battalion 9 at 48th Street and Eighth Avenue, which lost 15 firefighters, an entire shift on duty.^[58] Given its proximity to Midtown, the station specializes in skyscraper fires and rescues. In 2007, it was the second-busiest firehouse in New York City, with 9,685 runs between the two companies.^[59]

Its patch reads "Pride of Midtown" and "Never Missed a Performance". Memorials dot the station's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north. Ladder 21, the "Pride of Hell's Kitchen", located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and stationed with Engine Co. 34, lost seven firefighters on September 11.^[60] In addition, on September 11, Engine Co. 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine Co. 34/Ladder Co. 21 and lost many firefighters themselves.

Redevelopment and second wave of gentrification

File:8th Avenue looking northeast from 42nd Street.jpg

Looking north on 8th Avenue from 42nd Street

Hell's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the "old days",^[61]^[62]^[63] with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Manhattan.^[64] It has also acquired a large and diverse community as residents have moved north from Chelsea. Zoning has long restricted the extension of Midtown Manhattan's skyscraper development into Hell's Kitchen, at least north of 42nd Street.^[65]

In 1989, the David Childs- and Frank Williams-designed Worldwide Plaza established a beachhead when it was built at the former Madison Square Garden site, a full city block between 49th and 50th Streets and between Eighth and Ninth Avenues that was exempt from special district zoning rules. This project led a real-estate building boom on Eighth Avenue, including the Hearst Tower at 56th Street and Eighth Avenue.

An indication of how fast real estate prices rose in the neighborhood was a 2004 transaction involving the Howard Johnson's Motel at 52nd Street and Eighth Avenue. In June, Vikram Chatwal's Hampshire Hotel Group bought the motel and adjoining Studio Instrument Rental building for $9 million. In August, they sold the property to Elad Properties for about $43 million. Elad, which formerly owned the Plaza Hotel, built The Link, a luxury 44-story building, at that location.^[66]

Silverstein Properties and Greenwood Gaming & Entertainment had bid for a downstate New York casino license with the hope of developing a resort and casino in the neighborhood had they secured a license. They had proposed The Avenir, which would be a resort with 1,000 hotel rooms, an eight story casino and a 1,000 seat performance venue. 100 affordable housing units would also have been built.^[67] The community advisory committee rejected the proposal in September 2025.^[68]

Hudson Yards

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In 2003, the New York City Department of City Planning issued a master plan that envisioned the creation of Template:Cvt of commercial and residential development, two corridors of open space.^[69] Dubbed the Hudson Yards Master Plan, the area covered is bordered on the east by Seventh and Eighth Avenues, on the south by West 28th and 30th Streets, on the north by West 43rd Street, and on the west by Hudson River Park and the Hudson River. The City's plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association (HKNA). The main concept of the HKNA plan was to allow major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues.^[70]^[71]

As plans developed, they included a mixed-use real estate development by Related Companies and Oxford Properties over the MTA's West Side Yard;^[72] a renovation of the Javits Convention Center;^[73] and the 7 Subway Extension to the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station at 34th Street and 11th Avenue, which opened on September 13, 2015.^[74]^[75] The first phase of the Related project, completed in March 2019, comprises The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards, a public space centered around the Vessel structure, the Shed arts center, and several skyscrapers.^[76] By the 2010s, the neighborhood had become home to young Wall Street financiers.^[77]

Demographics

File:435 West 43rd Street.jpg

West 43rd Street

Based on data from the 2020 United States census, the population of Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) was 49,758, an increase of 3,874 (8.4%) from the 45,884 counted in 2010. Covering an area of 0.841 sq mi (2.18 km2), the neighborhood had a population density of 59,165/sq. mi (22,825/sq. km).^[78] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 52.8% White, 5.5% African American, 21.1% Hispanic or Latino, 17.5% Asian, and 3.2% from other races.^[78]

The entirety of Community District 4, which comprises Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, had 122,119 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 83.1 years.^[79]Template:Rp This was higher than the 2016 median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.^[80]Template:Rp^[81] In 2018, most inhabitants were adults: a plurality (45%) were between the ages of 25–44. 26% were aged between 45–64, and 13% were 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 9% and 8% respectively.^[79]Template:Rp

In 2017, the median household income in Community Districts 4 and 5 was $101,981.^[82] In 2018, an estimated 11% of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty residents (5%) was unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 41% in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, Template:As of, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.^[79]Template:Rp

Culture

Entertainment industry

File:Manhattan Plaza Ninth Avenue and 43rd.JPG

Manhattan Plaza, performing artists' residence, Ninth Avenue/43rd Street

Hell's Kitchen's gritty reputation had made its housing prices lower than elsewhere in Manhattan. Given the lower costs in the past and its proximity to Broadway theatres, the neighborhood is a haven for aspiring actors.^[83]^[84] Many famous actors and entertainers have resided there, including Burt Reynolds, Rip Torn, Timothée Chalamet, Bob Hope, Charlton Heston, James Dean, Madonna, Jerry Seinfeld, Larry David, Alicia Keys, and Sylvester Stallone. This is due in large part to the Actors Studio on West 44th at which Lee Strasberg taught and developed method acting.^[85]

With the opening of the original Improv by Budd Friedman in 1963, the club became a hangout for singers to perform and quickly attracted comedians as well, turning it into the reigning comedy club of its time. Once located at 358 West 44th Street and Ninth Avenue, it has since closed.^[86]

Manhattan Plaza at 43rd Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues was built in the 1970s to house artists. It consists of two 46-story towers with 70% of the apartments set aside for rent discounts for those who work in the arts.^[87] The Actors' Temple and St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church with its Actors' Chapel also testify to the long-time presence of show business people.

The neighborhood is also home to a number of broadcast and music-recording studios, including the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street, where the CBS television network records many of its news and sports programs such as 60 Minutes and The NFL Today; the former Sony Music Studios at 460 West 54th Street, which closed in 2007; Manhattan Center Studios at 311 West 34th Street; and Right Track Recording's Studio A509 orchestral recording facility at West 38th Street and Tenth Avenue.

The syndicated Montel Williams Show was taped at the Unitel Studios, 433 West 53rd Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. The Power Station recording studios are located near the intersection of 57th Street and Ninth Avenue in Hell's Kitchen. In 2016, singer and songwriter Sting recorded his album entitled 57th & 9th there.^[88] The progressive metal band Dream Theater recorded their fourth studio album Falling into Infinity at the studio. Their song "Hell's Kitchen" is named after this area.^[89]

The Comedy Central satirical news program The Daily Show was taped in Hell's Kitchen since its debut until late 2021 when it moved to Times Square. In 2005, it moved from its quarters at 54th Street and Tenth Avenue to a new studio in the neighborhood, at 733 Eleventh Avenue, between 51st and 52nd Streets. The 54th and 10th location was used for The Colbert Report throughout its entire run from 2005 until 2014. Until its cancellation, the studio was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, following Stephen Colbert's departure from Comedy Central. The studio was later used for Tha God's Honest Truth, produced by Colbert. Next door at 511 West 54th Street is Ars Nova theater, home to emerging artists Joe Iconis and breakout star Jesse Eisenberg, among others.

The headquarters of Troma studios was located in Hell's Kitchen before their move to Long Island City in Queens. The Baryshnikov Arts Center opened at 37 Arts on 37th Street in 2005, the Orchestra of St. Luke's opened the DiMenna Center for Classical Music in the same building in 2011. The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater opened at 55th Street and Ninth Avenue in 2006. The Metropolitan Community Church of New York, geared toward an LGBTQ membership, is located in Hell's Kitchen.

Food

File:Restaurant-row.jpg

Restaurant Row on West 46th Street

Ninth Avenue is noted for its many ethnic restaurants. The Ninth Avenue Association's International Food Festival stretches through Hell's Kitchen from 42nd to 57th Streets every May, usually on the third weekend of the month.^[90] It has been going on since 1974 and is one of the oldest street fairs in the city. There are Caribbean, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Italian, Irish, Mexican, and Thai restaurants as well as multiple Afghan, Argentine, Ethiopian, Peruvian, Turkish, Indian, Pakistani, and Vietnamese restaurants.

Restaurant Row, so-called because of the abundance of restaurants, is located on West 46th Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. There are more restaurants and food carts and trucks on Tenth Avenue between 43rd and 47th Streets.

USS Intrepid Museum

The Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum is located at Hudson River Pier 86, 46th Street. Besides the aircraft carrier Template:USS, the museum exhibits the cruise missile submarine Template:USS, a Concorde SST, a Lockheed A-12 supersonic reconnaissance plane, the Space Shuttle Enterprise, a Soyuz descent module, and other items.

Parks and recreation

File:Hells Kitchen 1453.JPG

Hell's Kitchen Park

Hell's Kitchen's side streets are mostly lined with trees. The neighborhood does not have many parks or recreational areas, though smaller plots have been converted into green spaces.

One such park is DeWitt Clinton Park on Eleventh Avenue between 52nd and 54th Streets.^[91] It is across the West Side Highway from Clinton Cove Park. Another is Hell's Kitchen Park, built in the 1970s on a former parking lot on 10th Avenue between 47th and 48th Streets.^[10]

A newer park in Hell's Kitchen is the Hudson Park and Boulevard, which is part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project.^[92]

The Template:Cvt Clinton Community Garden is located on West 48th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and consists of 108 plots. Previously a haven for illegal activity, in 1978 the West 48th Street Block Association joined with the Green Guerillas to secure a lease for the site to renovate it for community use. When the city put it up for auction in 1981, residents formed the Committee to Save Clinton Community Garden, through appeals to Mayor Ed Koch and unsuccessful efforts to purchase the site.^[93]

In 1984, one month before the auction, the garden was transferred to the city's Parks Department, making it the first community garden to become parkland. It is open from dawn to dusk. Over 2,000 residents have keys to the park, which is used by an average of 500–600 people, including over 100 children, during the warm months. Recreational events include an annual Summer Solstice event, art shows, chamber music picnics, gardening seminars, and dance recitals. Residents have held weddings in the park, and photographers have used it for photo shoots.^[93]

Police and crime

Hell's Kitchen is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD.^[94] The area south of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 10th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 230 West 20th Street in Chelsea.^[95] The area north of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 18th (Midtown North) Precinct, located at 306 West 54th Street.^[96] In 2010, the 10th Precinct ranked 61st safest out of 69 NYC patrol areas for per-capita crime,^[97] while the Midtown North and Midtown South precincts ranked 69th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime.^[98] Template:As of, with a non-fatal assault rate was 34 per 100,000 people, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of violent crimes per capita was less than the city average. The incarceration rate of 313 per 100,000 people was lower than the city average.^[79]Template:Rp

The 10th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.3% between 1990 and 2023. The precinct reported no murders, 9 rapes, 135 robberies, 159 felony assaults, 137 burglaries, 759 grand larcenies, and 77 grand larcenies auto in 2023.^[99] The 18th Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 83.6% between 1990 and 2023. The precinct reported 3 murders, 9 rapes, 137 robberies, 184 felony assaults, 130 burglaries, 1,979 grand larcenies, and 83 grand larcenies auto in 2023.^[100]

Fire safety

File:Rescue Company 1.jpg

Quarters of New York City Fire Department Rescue 1

Hell's Kitchen is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:^[101]

Rescue 1 – 530 West 43rd Street^[102]
Engine Company 26 – 222 West 37th Street^[103]
Engine Company 34/Ladder Company 21 – 440 West 38th Street^[104]
Engine Company 54/Ladder Company 4/Battalion 9 – 782 8th Avenue^[105]

Health

Template:As of, preterm births in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are the same as the city average, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there were 87 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 9.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).^[79]Template:Rp Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.^[79]Template:Rp

In 2018, the concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea is Template:Cvt, was more than the city average.^[79]Template:Rp Eleven percent of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents were smokers in 2018, less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.^[79]Template:Rp In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 10% of residents were obese in 2018, 5% were diabetic, and 18% had high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.^[79]Template:Rp In 2018, 14% of children were obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.^[79]Template:Rp

Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 86% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%.^[79]Template:Rp For every supermarket in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there are 7 bodegas.^[79]Template:Rp

The nearest major hospitals are Mount Sinai West in Hell's Kitchen, Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Medical Center in Kips Bay, and NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital on the Upper East Side.^[106]^[107]

Post offices and ZIP Codes

Hell's Kitchen is located within three primary ZIP Codes. From north to south they are 10018 between 34th and 41st Streets, 10036 between 41st and 48th Streets, and 10019 between 48th and 59th Streets.^[108] The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Hell's Kitchen:

Radio City Station – 322 West 52nd Street^[109]
RCU Annex Station – 340 West 42nd Street^[110]
Midtown Station – 223 West 38th Street^[111]

The James A. Farley Station, the main post office for New York City, is located at 421 8th Avenue.^[112]

Education

File:NYPL Columbus Branch, Manhattan crop.jpg

New York Public Library, Columbus branch

In 2018, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea generally had a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. In 2018, a majority of residents age 25 and older (78%) had a college education or higher, while 6% had less than a high school education. 17% were high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, in 2018, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents had a college education or higher.^[79]Template:Rp The percentage of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.^[113]

In 2016, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of elementary school student absenteeism was lower than the rest of New York City. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%.^[80]Template:Rp^[79]Template:Rp In 2018, 81% of high school students in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea graduated on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.^[79]Template:Rp

Schools

The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools in Hell's Kitchen as part of Community School District 2:^[114]

P.S. 35 (grades K, 2-12)^[115]
P.S. 51 Elias Howe (grades PK-5)^[116]
P.S. 111 Adolph S Ochs (grades PK-5, 7-8)^[117]

The following high schools are located in Hell's Kitchen, serving grades 9-12 unless otherwise indicated:^[114]

Business of Sports School^[118]
Facing History School^[119]
Food and Finance High School^[120]
High School for Environmental Studies^[121]
High School of Hospitality Management^[122]
Independence High School^[123]
Manhattan Bridges High School^[124]
Professional Performing Arts School (grades 6-12)^[125]
Urban Assembly Gateway School For Technology^[126]
Urban Assembly School of Design and Construction^[127]
The Beacon School^[128]

The Success Academy Charter Schools group opened an elementary school,^[129] Success Academy Hell's Kitchen,^[130] in the High School of Graphic Communication Arts building in 2013.^[129]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Manhattan. The Holy Cross School served the Hells Kitchen/Times Square area. In 2011, it had about 300 students.^[131] Some students originated from areas outside of New York City and outside New York State. In 2013 the archdiocese announced that the school was to close.^[132] The school had the possibility of remaining open if $720,000 in pledges to the school were obtained, and the school community almost got to the number. However, the school was closed anyway.^[133]

Library

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Columbus branch at 742 10th Avenue. The Columbus branch was founded in 1901 as the Columbus Catholic Club's collection, and it became an NYPL branch in 1905. The current Carnegie library building opened in 1909 and was renovated in 2004–2005.^[134]

Transportation

File:Port-authority-terminal.jpg

The Port Authority Bus Terminal at 42nd and Eighth Avenue

File:Amtrak Manhattan trench jeh.JPG

An Amtrak train in the Empire Connection trench

Public transport

Hell's Kitchen is bounded on the east by the New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line (Template:NYCS trains). The MTA built the 7 Subway Extension (Template:NYCS trains) for the aforementioned Hudson Yards development. The extension to 34th Street–Hudson Yards opened on September 13, 2015,^[74]^[75] making the IRT Flushing Line the westernmost New York City Subway line within Midtown.^[135]

Several New York City Bus routes, namely the Template:NYC bus link, as well as express bus routes, service the area.^[136]

Ferry operations in the neighborhood include Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises at West 42nd Street.^[137] NY Waterway service is available at the West Midtown Ferry Terminal at 38th Street.^[138] Service on the St. George route of the NYC Ferry system will also begin serving 38th Street in 2020.^[139]^[140]^[141]

Private transport

The Lincoln Tunnel connects New York City to New Jersey. The tunnel consists of three vehicular tubes of varying lengths, with two traffic lanes in each tube. The center tube contains reversible lanes.^[142]^[143]

Parking lots dot the neighborhood, but are dwindling in quantity as developments are being built. Eleventh Avenue is lined with car dealerships, many of which claim to have the highest volume among all dealerships for their brands in the country.^[144]

Many of the horse-drawn carriages from Central Park stay in stables just off the West Side Highway. It is not uncommon to hear the sound of horses in the neighborhood. There have been calls for banning horse-drawn carriages, especially from Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio following a handful of collisions between cars and carriages.^[145]^[146]^[147] The carriage horses live in stables originally built in the 19th century, but today contain modern design features such as fans, misting systems, box stalls, and sprinkler systems. The carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor.^[148]^[149]

Intercity and long-distance transport

The massive Port Authority Bus Terminal is between 40th and 42nd Streets and Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It serves numerous commuter and intercity routes, as well as airport shuttles and tour buses.^[150]

Cruise ships frequently dock at the New York Passenger Ship Terminal in the 48th to 52nd Street piers, respectively numbered Piers 88, 90, and 92.^[151] The piers originally built in 1930 are now considered small, and some cruise traffic uses other locations.^[152]

Located just southeast of Hell's Kitchen is Penn Station. It is the busiest railroad station in North America,^[153]^[154] with 600,000 Long Island Rail Road, NJ Transit Rail, and Amtrak passengers using the station on an average weekday Template:As of.^[155]^[156] One railroad line to Penn Station runs through the neighborhood, the Empire Connection, which is located in the sunken West Side Line west of Tenth Avenue. Parts of the trench have been covered over.^[157]

In popular culture

Comics

The Kitchen, an eight-issue Vertigo Comics miniseries, is a female-driven crime drama set in Hell's Kitchen.^[158]
The Marvel superhero Matt Murdock / Daredevil was born and raised in Hell's Kitchen; further, most of the comic's run takes place in the area.^[159]

Books

The character Gail Wynand in Ayn Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead grew up in Hell's Kitchen. Several chapters in the book are extensive flashbacks to his childhood and youth there. At the end of the book, he buys up several blocks of Hell's Kitchen, in which to build the world's tallest skyscraper.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Apollo, the protagonist from Rick Riordan's 2016 novel The Hidden Oracle, crashes in a Hell's Kitchen dumpster after being turned mortal, and meets and is saved from muggers by his companion Meg McCaffrey there.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The titular character in Taylor Jenkins Reid's 2017 novel The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo was born in Hell's Kitchen.^[160]
City of Girls (2019) by Elizabeth Gilbert is set in Hell's Kitchen in the 1940s.^[161]
Patrick Bateman in Bret Easton Ellis' American Psycho (1991) regularly disposed of his victims in Hell's Kitchen, as well as picking up several prostitutes, such as the returning character Christie.

Television

Route 66 (1960–63), TV show – Buz Murdock, one of the lead characters, grew up in Hell's Kitchen.^[162]
Daredevil and Daredevil: Born Again, adaptations of the comic series and character of the same name, are set in Hell's Kitchen. Matt Murdock's alter ego as a secretive and intimidating vigilante is first known to the public and various crime organizations as "The Man in Black" and later "The Devil of Hell's Kitchen" before his official branding as "Daredevil".^[159]
Criminal Minds, In season one, episode 17, a victim of the latest Unsub was found dead in his art studio in Hell's Kitchen.

Film

The Devil's Party (1938), a film by Ray McCarey based on the novel Hell's Kitchen Has a Pantry by Borden Chase, is set in Hell's Kitchen.^[163]
Fail Safe (1964), film by Sidney Lumet.^[164]
Taxi Driver (1976), film by Martin Scorsese, filmed and set largely in Hell's Kitchen.^[165]
State of Grace (1990), film by Phil Joanou set in Hell's Kitchen^[166]
Sleepers (1996), film by Barry Levinson based on Lorenzo Carcaterra's 1995 novel of the same name.^[167]
In America (2002), film by Jim Sheridan, set in 1985. The family settles in Hell's Kitchen.^[168]
Ash Wednesday (2002), by Edward Burns, set in the Hell's Kitchen of the early 1980s^[169]
The Kitchen (2019), by Andrea Berloff, set in the Hell's Kitchen of the late 1970s.

Video games

Deus Ex (2000) features a level set in Hell's Kitchen.^[170]

Music

The album Falling into Infinity by Dream Theater contains an instrumental named "Hell's Kitchen".^[171]

Notable residents

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Michael Alig (1966–2020), founder of the Club Kids, lived at Riverbank West,^[172] at 11th Avenue, which he described as "the place where I lived as part of my salary at Limelight"; it was the address where he and his roommate, Robert "Freeze" Riggs, killed Andre "Angel" Melendez^[173]
Carmelo Anthony (born 1984), basketball player^[174]
Benjamin Appel (1907–1977), crime novelist^[175]
Joaquin Badajoz (born 1972), poet, writer, and art critic^[176]
Lewis Black (born 1948), comedian^[177]
Anthony Bourdain (1956–2018), chef and author^[178]
James J. Braddock ("Cinderella Man"), boxer, lived on West 48th Street^[179]
James Cagney (1899–1986), actor^[180]
George Cain (1943–2010), author of Blueschild Baby^[181]
Yvette Calderon, Professor of Emergency Medicine^[182]
Lorenzo Carcaterra (born 1954), author, born and raised in Hell's Kitchen, which is featured in his autobiographical story "A Safe Place" as well as the novel and later film Sleepers^[183]
Vanessa Carlton (born 1980), singer-songwriter^[184]
Paul Cavonis (born 1937), actor^[185]
Timothée Chalamet (born 1995), actor, born and raised in Hell's Kitchen^[186]
Richard Christy (born 1974), comedian, radio personality, and musician^[187]
James Coonan (born 1946), mobster^[188]
Marlon Craft (born 1993), rapper^[189]
Larry David (born 1947), actor, producer of Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm^[190]
Marcelo Gomes (born 1979), Brazilian ballet dancer^[191]
Tom Gorman (1919–1986), Major League Baseball umpire^[192]
Charlton Heston, (1923-2008), Academy Award Winning Actor^[193]
Alicia Keys (born 1981), singer and pianist^[194]
Mako Komuro and Kei, former Japanese Imperial family and her husband^[195]
Kenny Kramer (born 1943), comedian, lived in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from Larry David and became the inspiration for the Cosmo Kramer character on Seinfeld.^[190]
Stanley Kramer (1913–2001), film director and producer^[196]
Hasan Minhaj (born 1985) comedian, writer, and political commentator^[197]
Robert Mitchum (1917–1997), actor^[198]
Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1927–2003), politician, sociologist, and diplomat^[199]
Brian Mullen (born 1962), NHL hockey player^[200]
Joe Mullen (born 1957), NHL hockey player^[200]
Joakim Noah (born 1985), NBA basketball player^[201]
Trevor Noah (born 1984), comedian & actor^[202]
Paul O'Neill (1956–2017), producer and founder of Trans-Siberian Orchestra^[203]
Jerry Orbach (1935–2004), actor. Kept an apartment on Eighth Avenue between 53rd and 54th Streets^[204]
Tony Orlando (born 1944), singer^[205]
Ilka Tanya Payán (1943–1996), actress and AIDS activist^[206]
Josh Peck (born 1986), actor, was born and raised in Hell's Kitchen^[207]
Mario Puzo (1920–1999), author of The Godfather^[208]^[209]
George Raft (1901–1980), actor^[210]
John Reed (born 1969), author^[211]
Mickey Rourke (born 1953), actor^[212]
Richie Scheinblum (1942–2021), Major League Baseball player^[213]
Max Schneider (born 1992), singer-songwriter and actor^[214]
Kevin Spacey (born 1959), actor^[215]
Vincent Speranza (1925–2023), WW2 veteran and hero of the siege of Bastogne, born and raised in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood^[216]
Mickey Spillane (1933–1977), mobster^[217]
Sylvester Stallone (born 1946), actor who was born and raised in the area^[218]
Lisa Velez (born 1966), singer of Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam^[219]
Bruce Willis (born 1955), actor, lived at West 49th Street and Tenth Avenue as a struggling actor^[220]
Andrew Yang (born 1975), businessman, attorney, lobbyist, 2020 Democratic Party presidential and 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral candidate^[221]Template:Div col end

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

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↑ "Hell's Kitchen LGBTQ+ Nightlife and Dining" Template:Webarchive, nycgo.com, April 4, 2017
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYCPlanning
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Benson, Michael R. "Clinton frets over that gleam in developers' eyes" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, December 22, 1985. Accessed May 23, 2020. "Hell's Kitchen, which stretched from 40th to 59th Streets and from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson, is now called Clinton. The modern district reaches south to 34th Street."
↑ Jacobson, Aileen. "Living In Hell's Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, November 11, 2020. Accessed November 15, 2020. "Stretching from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson River (busy commercial thoroughfare to sublime park) and from West 59th to West 41st Streets (sleek Time Warner Center to scruffy Port Authority bus terminal), Hell's Kitchen is a jumble of contrasts."
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↑ Lambert, Bruce. "Neighborhood Report: Chelsea/Clinton; Hell's Kitchen Hotter With Revivalist Fans" (Template:Webarchive), The New York Times, December 4, 1994. Accessed March 31, 2017. "Among the theories on the name is that it derived from a restaurant called Heil's Kitchen."
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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↑ Jscobson, Aileen. "Hell’s Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side", The New York Times, November 11, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2024. "By the 1960s, civic leaders seeking to improve the area’s image began referring to it as Clinton, after a family that owned property there in the 19th century. Most residents, however, prefer Hell's Kitchen."
↑ Gerard T. Koeppel, Water for Gotham: A History, 2001:10. Template:ISBN
↑ Eric W. Sanderson, Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City, 2009: Appendix A, p. 253 Template:ISBN; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, "Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan", in Historic New York, M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others.
↑ Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, 1999:721. Template:ISBN
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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↑ "Profile: Harborview Terrace" Template:Webarchive, NYCHA website
↑ Kevin Walsh, Forgotten New York: The Ultimate Urban Explorer's Guide to All Five Boroughs (2006), p. 176.
↑ Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York": "B" Streets Template:Webarchive.
↑ ^a ^b Ken Bloom, Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia, "Introduction", 2004, p. xiii.
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↑ Bayor, Ronald H. and Meagher, Timothy J. (1997). The New York Irish, pp. 217–18. JHU Press. Template:ISBN.
↑ Template:Cite NY1930
↑ ^a ^b English, T.J. (2006). The Westies: Inside New York's Irish Mob, p. 39. Macmillan. Template:ISBN.
↑ Hinckley, David. "https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cape-man-murders-shook-new-york-city-article-1.821121", New York Daily News, August 14, 2017. Accessed April 26, 2023. "There were 390 murders tallied by New York City police in 1959, and the Cape Man did only two of them. But these two shook loose the city's worst nightmares."
↑ Department of City Planning, Special Clinton District zoning text Template:Webarchive.
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↑ Richard Witkin, "State Will Cancel Some Road Projects," Template:Webarchive The New York Times, November 4, 1971.
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↑ "Ninth Avenue Noir" Template:Webarchive by Elias Wolfberg, The New York Times, January 20, 2002
↑ "An Epic Landlord-Tenant Fight, Crossing Years and Continents" Template:Webarchive by Anthony Ramirez, The New York Times, October 22, 2007
↑ "Fire Dept. Orders Windermere Tenants Out" Template:Webarchive by Anthony Ramirez, The New York Times, September 22, 2007
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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↑ ^a ^b Lyons, Richard. "Glittering Javits Center Kindles Dreams For West Side." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. April 6, 1986. Section B, page 7, column 1.
↑ Finder, Alan. "Developers Named For Hudson Complex." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. February 11, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.
↑ Scardino, Albert. "Project Would Extend Office Towers To Ninth Avenue." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. April 22, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.
↑ Gottlieb, Martin. "New Sports Arena Planned For Site West Of 10th Ave." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. April 26, 1986. Section 1, page 1, column 1.
↑ Scardino, Albert. "12-Block Office-Entertainment Center Planned On West Side." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. April 6, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.
↑ Gregory P. Benz, et al., "West Side Manhattan Transitway Study Template:Webarchive," Transportation Research Board, Special Report No. 221, May 8–11, 1988.
↑ Oser, Alan. "Perspectives: The West 30's; Land Uses Near the Convention Center." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. February 4, 1990. Section 10, page 9, column 2.
↑ Buder, Leonard. "Area Near Javits Center Is Rezoned." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. February 24, 1990. Section 1, page 29, column 2.
↑ Howe, Marvine. "Neighborhood Report: Midtown; After 30 Years It's Ciao, Giordano." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. October 24, 1993. Section 13, page 6, column 1.
↑ Lambert, Bruce. "Neighborhood Report: Clinton; On Ninth Ave., A New Call For Help..." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. July 10, 1994. Section 13, page 6, column 4.
↑ Lyons, Richard. "Postings: For Pioneers?; Housing Near Javits Center." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. July 2, 1989. Section 10, page 1, column 4.
↑ Rozhon, Tracie. "80's Giant Dreams Facing 90's Economic Realities." Template:Webarchive The New York Times, June 9, 1996. Section 9, page 1, column 4.
↑ Dunlap, David. "The Taming Of the 'Wild West'." Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, August 24, 1997. Accessed December 1, 2016.
↑ "Hardest Hit Firehouse Still Recovering 10 Years Later Template:Webarchive, WABC-TV, September 11, 2011. Accessed June 6, 2016. "No firehouse was hit harder than the one in Midtown Manhattan. Fifteen members of Engine 54, Ladder 4, Battalion 9 were killed."
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↑ Fertig, Beth. "Firemen on September 11th" Template:Webarchive, WNYC, September 12, 2002. Accessed June 6, 2016. "But all seven members of Ladder Company 21 who raced downtown on the big truck that morning perished. None of the bodies was ever recovered."
↑ Berger, Joseph."Hell's Kitchen, Swept Out and Remodeled" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, March 19, 2006. Accessed December 1, 2016.
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↑ Joseph J. Varga, Hell's Kitchen and the Battle for Urban Space: Class Struggle and Progressive Reform in New York City, 1894–1914. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2013.
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↑ ^a ^b Demographics by Neighborhood Tabulation Area (NTA) Template:Webarchive, New York City Department for the Aging, November 2020. Accessed February 28, 2023.
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↑ "Hell's Kitchen at a Glance" Template:Webarchive, LiquidSpace Template:Retrieved
↑ "Top 7 Best Neighborhoods In NYC to Live For Actors" Template:Webarchive by Maggie Bera, actoraesthetic.com Template:Retrieved
↑ Hirsch, Foster (1984) A Method to their Madness: The History of the Actors Studio. New York: W. W. Norton. Template:ISBN
↑ "Improv, in Chapter 11 Protection, Is Still Joking" Template:Webarchive by Dennis Hevesi, The New York Times, March 19, 1992
↑ Bagli, Charles V. "Developer Signs Deal For Complex" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, January 13, 2004. Accessed June 6, 2016. "The Department of Housing and Urban Development agreed to steep rent subsidies for about 70 percent of the apartments for tenants working as film or television actors, singers, dancers, stagehands or musicians, if they met certain income limits."
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↑ De Witt Clinton Park Template:Webarchive, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed June 6, 2016.
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↑ ^a ^b "Tales of Gardening Greatness: Hattie Carthan Community Garden" Template:Webarchive. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed January 14, 2019.
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↑ Name: Success Academy Hell's Kitchen (Success Academy Charter Schools) (official website) Template:Webarchive, as accessed December 2, 2012.
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↑ Template:Cite NYC bus map
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↑ Michael M. Grynbaum, "For de Blasio, Carriage Horse Ban Is No Walk in the Park" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, April 4, 2014
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↑ "Review: The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo" Template:Webarchive by Jennifer Mills, Library Journal, 1 April 2017
↑ Thomas-Kennedy, Jackie. "Review: City of Girls, by Elizabeth Gilbert; Fiction: Elizabeth Gilbert's chatty, freewheeling narrator overcomes most obstacles easily in this love song to Manhattan." Template:Webarchive, Star Tribune, June 7, 2019. Accessed August 10, 2020. "She begins in 1940, when, after being 'excused' from Vassar 'on account of never having attended classes,' she moves to Hell's Kitchen and into the Lily Playhouse with her Aunt Peg and Peg's partner, Olive, a woman billed in public and in fact as Peg's 'secretary'."
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↑ Template:Internet Archive film, intertitle at 1m10s
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↑ "A wild Irish bloodbath in Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive, review bt Don Groves, SBS World Movies, January 1, 2009
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↑ Barbara K. "La La Anthony dishes on her Hell's Kitchen crib" Template:Webarchive, New York Post, April 19, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016.
↑ Jamieson, Wendell. "City Lore; Hard-Boiled Tales, Told by a Gentleman" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, January 1, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "Benjamin Appel was an author of more than 25 novels from 1934 to 1977, many of them set in New York. He was raised in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan and lived much of his life in Roosevelt, N.J., but after he moved, he still came back to New York often."
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↑ Friend, Tad. "Lewis Black, Playwright" Template:Webarchive, The New Yorker, June 5, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016. "In his living room high up in Hell's Kitchen, the comedian Lewis Black sat on a sofa with three throw pillows tucked around him, as if he'd had a bad breakup and needed a hug and some Häagen-Dazs."
↑ "Disappearing Manhattan." Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations. Travel Channel. February 23, 2009.
↑ Dargis, Manohla. "Roll the Fairy Tale, Fade to the Fists" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, June 3, 2005. Accessed July 8, 2016. "On June 13, 1935, the boxer James J. Braddock fought the fight of a lifetime. Born in Hell's Kitchen when that New York neighborhood still warranted that rough-and-tumble epithet, the 30-year-old heavyweight was the son of immigrants whose bloodlines and hardscrabble woes traced back to Ireland."
↑ Eldridge, David. American Culture in the 1930s, p. 74. Edinburgh University Press, 2008. Template:ISBN. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Born in New York City's Hell's Kitchen, Cagney brought something 'fresh' to the movie, a machismo that was natural, uncontrolled and seemingly spontaneous (as when he spits beer into someone's face), and imbued with a wise-guy wit."
↑ Grimes, William. "George Cain, Writer of Blueschild Baby, Dies at 66" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, October 29, 2010. Accessed October 31, 2010.
↑ Gilbey, Ryan. " A Shot in the Arm" Template:Webarchive, Mount Sinair, March 2, 2021. Accessed October 25, 2022. "A Shot in the Arm."
↑ Lambert, Bruce. "Neighborhood Report: Point-Counterpoint; A Church vs. Sleepers" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, October 15, 1995. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and its elementary school on West 51st Street are focal elements in the current best seller Sleepers, which the author, Lorenzo Carcaterra, presents as a true story drawn from his Hell's Kitchen boyhood."
↑ Staff. "Second Cup Cafe: Vanessa Carlton", CBS News, November 17, 2007. Accessed August 10, 2009. "A few years ago, this three-time Grammy nominee was living in New York's Hell's Kitchen and working as a waitress in Lower Manhattan between performances at open mic nights in the city's clubs."
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↑ Krawitz, Alan. "Richard Christy: Queens' quirky caller" Template:Webarchive, Queens Chronicle, January 21, 2010. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Formerly a resident of Hell's Kitchen, Christy moved to LIC in 2008 and says he's been pleasantly surprised."
↑ Traub, James. "The Lords of Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, April 5, 1987. Accessed July 9, 2016.
↑ Marantz, Andrew. "Marlon Craft's Halal-Craft Listening Party", The New Yorker, July 29, 2019. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Marlon Craft, who is twenty-six, lives with his parents and his sister in Manhattan Plaza, the Section 8 apartment complex in Hell’s Kitchen."
↑ ^a ^b McShane, Larry. "The real Kramer says actor no racist: But Richards is 'paranoid,' 'very wound-up'" Template:Webarchive, Chicago Sun-Times, November 26, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "The real Kramer lived for 10 years in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from Seinfeld co-creator Larry David, and his life became the framework for Richards' quirky, bumbling Seinfeld sidekick."
↑ Kaufman, Joanne. "Marcelo Gomes, the Dancer at Home in Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, April 11, 2014. Accessed July 4, 2016. "Not long after Marcelo Gomes moved with his dachshund, Lua, into a subcompact (475 square feet) condo in Hell's Kitchen two and a half years ago, he gave a housewarming party."
↑ Berkow, Ira. "Sports of the Times; Tom Gorman's Final Call" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, August 17, 1986. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Yesterday, in a cemetery in Paramus, N.J., Thomas David Gorman, born in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, was laid to rest."
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↑ Mervis, Scott. "Music Preview: Through her first several records, Alicia Keys has a golden touch" Template:Webarchive, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 17, 2008. Accessed August 10, 2009. "Keys, a classically trained pianist raised in Hell's Kitchen by her Italian-Scottish mother, spent a few years after she dropped out of Columbia University trying to launch her pop career with songs on soundtracks."
↑ "Princess Mako, new husband move into one-bedroom in Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive by Emily Crane, New York Post, November 15, 2021
↑ Lyman, Rick. "Stanley Kramer, Filmmaker With Social Bent, Dies at 87" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, February 21, 2001. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Stanley Earl Kramer was born in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, the only child of a divorced mother who worked as a secretary for Paramount."
↑ "A Daily Show Correspondent Adjusts to Life in New York" Template:Webarchive by Joanne Kaufman, The New York Times, December 16, 2016
↑ Gene Freese (2019). The Western Films of Robert Mitchum; Hollywood's Cowboy Rebel
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↑ ^a ^b Allen, Kevin. "Mullen brothers come long way from Hell's Kitchen", USA Today, February 7, 1989. Accessed August 11, 2009.
↑ Kussoy, Howie. "You can't understand Joakim Noah until you know where he came from" Template:Webarchive, New York Post, October 28, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A life set up to be overshadowed started in Manhattan, but Noah grew up in one of Paris' wealthiest suburbs, splitting time between his divorced parents. When he was 12, he moved to New York, living with his mother – who had moved to New York as a teenager – and younger sister, Yelena, near the corner of 51st Street and 10th Avenue. In Hell's Kitchen, he was no longer the child of France's favorite son."
↑ Staff. "Trevor Noah Bought a $10 Million New York City Penthouse; The comedian upgraded to the best apartment in his building" Template:Webarchive, Architectural Digest, March 1, 2017. Accessed March 3, 2017. "After taking the helm of The Daily Show, Trevor Noah's hard work has clearly paid off. The comedian just purchased a $10 million penthouse apartment in the same building where he's been renting for the past six months, reports StreetEasy. The duplex is located in Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen, which is conveniently close to where The Daily Show films."
↑ Mervis, Scott. "Music Preview: Trans-Siberian Orchestra tour leans on old special and new album" Template:Webarchive, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 24, 2015. Accessed March 3, 2017. Template:"'I've always been fascinated by night', Mr. O'Neill says. 'Night is where the fringes of society can feel safe. At one point of my life I used to live in Hell's Kitchen, when I was younger, and at night you would see the winos, the schizophrenics, the drug addicts.Template:'"
↑ Brantley, Ben; Severo, Richard. "Jerry Orbach, Stage and TV Actor, Is Dead at 69" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, December 30, 2004. Accessed August 11, 2009.
↑ Van Matre, Lynn. "Tony Orlando: Fame dawns the second time around" Template:Webarchive, Chicago Tribune, July 2, 1975. Accessed March 3, 2017. "Raised in Manhattan's tough 'Hells' Kitchen' area (most of the people he grew up with, Orlando says, 'are either dead or in jail'), Tony attended high school only one week before dropping out."
↑ Mason, Kiki. "The Lady Is a Champ; Actress/Lawyer/Activist Ilka Tanya Payán fights for the glamorous life" Template:Webarchive POZ (magazine), August 1, 1995. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A homecare worker with a ring through her nose greets me at the door to Ilka Tanya Payán's high-rise apartment in Manhattan's West Fifties."
↑ via Associated Press. "Josh Peck leaves Drake & Josh behind" Template:Webarchive, Today, July 7, 2008. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A shy, overweight kid growing up in New York's Hell's Kitchen, Peck says he got into standup comedy as young as he did simply because it was the only thing he was good at."
↑ Homberger, Eric. "Mario Puzo: The author of the Godfather, the book the Mafia loved" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian, July 5, 1999. Accessed August 10, 2009. "Born the son of illiterate Neapolitan immigrants, and one of 12 children, Puzo grew up in Hell's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan."
↑ Gussow, Mel. "Mario Puzo, Author Who Made 'The Godfather' a World Addiction, Is Dead at 78" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, July 3, 1999. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Mario Puzo was born in Hell's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan. His parents were poor Italian-American immigrants from Naples (not, like the Corleones, from Sicily)."
↑ via Associated Press, "'Tough guy' George raft dies of emphysema at 85" Template:Webarchive, The Milwaukee Sentinel, November 25, 1980. Accessed August 10, 2009. "After growing up in New York's tough Hell's Kitchen area, Raft was a boxer, electrician and baseball player before landing a job as a dancer in nightclubs in the 1920s."
↑ John Reed Template:Webarchive, Pen Parentis, October 5, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2017. "I live with my wife and two young children in Hell's Kitchen."
↑ Frankel, Bruce. "Rourke sits in on trial of pal Gotti" Template:Webarchive, USA Today, March 17, 1992. Accessed August 10, 2009. "The bad-boy actor, who grew up in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, spent the morning in court on a 'family' – the Gotti family – pass, following transcripts of conversations between Gotti, Salvatore 'Sammy Bull' Gravano and others."
↑ Hillel Kuttler (August 22, 2016). "Q/A with Richie Scheinblum: All-Star with Royals; lessons from playing for Ted Williams," Jewish Baseball Museum.
↑ "MAX" Template:Webarchive, Interview Magazine, April 10, 2016.
↑ Template:Trim Template:Replace on YouTubeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, May 2, 2014
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↑ Traub, James. "The Lord's of Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, April 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "By the Mid-1970s, Control over Hell's Kitchen crime had passed to the mythically named Michael (Mickey) Spillane. A bookmaker, loan shark and murderer, Spillane was one of the last of the old-fashioned gangsters, handing out turkeys at Thanksgiving and paying visits to the elderly."
↑ Gilbey, Ryan. " Sylvester Stallone: the wacky people's champ who battled his own ego; Leading the race for best supporting actor Oscar for his comeback in Creed, this self-made star's creative fortunes have been inseparably bound to his most famous creation, Rocky Balboa" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian, February 24, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "He was born in Hell's Kitchen, New York City, to an astrologer mother and a father whom Stallone claimed ate raw sparrows and rabbit entrails."
↑ Hunt, Denis. "Lisa Lisa Is Cookin' In Hell's Kitchen", Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "To hear Lisa Velez talk, you'd think New York City's infamous Hell's Kitchen—a dangerous, drug-infested slum—was paradise.... Usually kids grow up in Hell's Kitchen with one thought: escaping as soon as they are able. But Velez, the youngest of 10 children, had a different goal. She wanted to be a singer."
↑ Turan, Kenneth. "Motion Pictures; Bruce Willis Looks for the Man Within the Icon" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, July 1, 1990. Accessed August 15, 2017. "Somewhere in Hell's Kitchen, hard by West 49th Street and 10th Avenue in Manhattan, there is an apartment with Bruce Willis's name on it. A railroad flat where, for $175 a month, he bivouacked as one of New York's small army of aspiring actors, it still remains, and not by accident, in the man's family."
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[1] "Hell's Kitchen LGBTQ+ Nightlife and Dining" Template:Webarchive, nycgo.com, April 4, 2017

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[nyt19851222-3] Benson, Michael R. "Clinton frets over that gleam in developers' eyes" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, December 22, 1985. Accessed May 23, 2020. "Hell's Kitchen, which stretched from 40th to 59th Streets and from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson, is now called Clinton. The modern district reaches south to 34th Street."

[4] Jacobson, Aileen. "Living In Hell's Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, November 11, 2020. Accessed November 15, 2020. "Stretching from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson River (busy commercial thoroughfare to sublime park) and from West 59th to West 41st Streets (sleek Time Warner Center to scruffy Port Authority bus terminal), Hell's Kitchen is a jumble of contrasts."

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[9] Lambert, Bruce. "Neighborhood Report: Chelsea/Clinton; Hell's Kitchen Hotter With Revivalist Fans" (Template:Webarchive), The New York Times, December 4, 1994. Accessed March 31, 2017. "Among the theories on the name is that it derived from a restaurant called Heil's Kitchen."

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[13] Jscobson, Aileen. "Hell’s Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side", The New York Times, November 11, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2024. "By the 1960s, civic leaders seeking to improve the area’s image began referring to it as Clinton, after a family that owned property there in the 19th century. Most residents, however, prefer Hell's Kitchen."

[14] Gerard T. Koeppel, Water for Gotham: A History, 2001:10. Template:ISBN

[15] Eric W. Sanderson, Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City, 2009: Appendix A, p. 253 Template:ISBN; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, "Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan", in Historic New York, M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others.

[16] Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, 1999:721. Template:ISBN

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[19] "Profile: Harborview Terrace" Template:Webarchive, NYCHA website

[20] Kevin Walsh, Forgotten New York: The Ultimate Urban Explorer's Guide to All Five Boroughs (2006), p. 176.

[21] Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York": "B" Streets Template:Webarchive.

[Ken_Bloom_2004-22] Ken Bloom, Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia, "Introduction", 2004, p. xiii.

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[25] Bayor, Ronald H. and Meagher, Timothy J. (1997). The New York Irish, pp. 217–18. JHU Press. Template:ISBN.

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[English,_T.J._2006_p._39-27] English, T.J. (2006). The Westies: Inside New York's Irish Mob, p. 39. Macmillan. Template:ISBN.

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[29] Department of City Planning, Special Clinton District zoning text Template:Webarchive.

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[35] Richard Witkin, "State Will Cancel Some Road Projects," Template:Webarchive The New York Times, November 4, 1971.

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[40] "Ninth Avenue Noir" Template:Webarchive by Elias Wolfberg, The New York Times, January 20, 2002

[41] "An Epic Landlord-Tenant Fight, Crossing Years and Continents" Template:Webarchive by Anthony Ramirez, The New York Times, October 22, 2007

[42] "Fire Dept. Orders Windermere Tenants Out" Template:Webarchive by Anthony Ramirez, The New York Times, September 22, 2007

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[nyt19860406-45] Lyons, Richard. "Glittering Javits Center Kindles Dreams For West Side." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. April 6, 1986. Section B, page 7, column 1.

[46] Finder, Alan. "Developers Named For Hudson Complex." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. February 11, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.

[47] Scardino, Albert. "Project Would Extend Office Towers To Ninth Avenue." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. April 22, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.

[48] Gottlieb, Martin. "New Sports Arena Planned For Site West Of 10th Ave." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. April 26, 1986. Section 1, page 1, column 1.

[49] Scardino, Albert. "12-Block Office-Entertainment Center Planned On West Side." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. April 6, 1987. Section B, page 1, column 2.

[50] Gregory P. Benz, et al., "West Side Manhattan Transitway Study Template:Webarchive," Transportation Research Board, Special Report No. 221, May 8–11, 1988.

[51] Oser, Alan. "Perspectives: The West 30's; Land Uses Near the Convention Center." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. February 4, 1990. Section 10, page 9, column 2.

[52] Buder, Leonard. "Area Near Javits Center Is Rezoned." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. February 24, 1990. Section 1, page 29, column 2.

[53] Howe, Marvine. "Neighborhood Report: Midtown; After 30 Years It's Ciao, Giordano." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. October 24, 1993. Section 13, page 6, column 1.

[54] Lambert, Bruce. "Neighborhood Report: Clinton; On Ninth Ave., A New Call For Help..." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. July 10, 1994. Section 13, page 6, column 4.

[55] Lyons, Richard. "Postings: For Pioneers?; Housing Near Javits Center." Template:Webarchive The New York Times. New York. July 2, 1989. Section 10, page 1, column 4.

[56] Rozhon, Tracie. "80's Giant Dreams Facing 90's Economic Realities." Template:Webarchive The New York Times, June 9, 1996. Section 9, page 1, column 4.

[57] Dunlap, David. "The Taming Of the 'Wild West'." Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, August 24, 1997. Accessed December 1, 2016.

[58] "Hardest Hit Firehouse Still Recovering 10 Years Later Template:Webarchive, WABC-TV, September 11, 2011. Accessed June 6, 2016. "No firehouse was hit harder than the one in Midtown Manhattan. Fifteen members of Engine 54, Ladder 4, Battalion 9 were killed."

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[60] Fertig, Beth. "Firemen on September 11th" Template:Webarchive, WNYC, September 12, 2002. Accessed June 6, 2016. "But all seven members of Ladder Company 21 who raced downtown on the big truck that morning perished. None of the bodies was ever recovered."

[61] Berger, Joseph."Hell's Kitchen, Swept Out and Remodeled" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, March 19, 2006. Accessed December 1, 2016.

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[65] Joseph J. Varga, Hell's Kitchen and the Battle for Urban Space: Class Struggle and Progressive Reform in New York City, 1894–1914. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2013.

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[71] Full HKNA Plan

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[83] "Hell's Kitchen at a Glance" Template:Webarchive, LiquidSpace Template:Retrieved

[84] "Top 7 Best Neighborhoods In NYC to Live For Actors" Template:Webarchive by Maggie Bera, actoraesthetic.com Template:Retrieved

[85] Hirsch, Foster (1984) A Method to their Madness: The History of the Actors Studio. New York: W. W. Norton. Template:ISBN

[86] "Improv, in Chapter 11 Protection, Is Still Joking" Template:Webarchive by Dennis Hevesi, The New York Times, March 19, 1992

[87] Bagli, Charles V. "Developer Signs Deal For Complex" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, January 13, 2004. Accessed June 6, 2016. "The Department of Housing and Urban Development agreed to steep rent subsidies for about 70 percent of the apartments for tenants working as film or television actors, singers, dancers, stagehands or musicians, if they met certain income limits."

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[130] Name: Success Academy Hell's Kitchen (Success Academy Charter Schools) (official website) Template:Webarchive, as accessed December 2, 2012.

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[145] Michael M. Grynbaum, "For de Blasio, Carriage Horse Ban Is No Walk in the Park" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, April 4, 2014

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[160] "Review: The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo" Template:Webarchive by Jennifer Mills, Library Journal, 1 April 2017

[161] Thomas-Kennedy, Jackie. "Review: City of Girls, by Elizabeth Gilbert; Fiction: Elizabeth Gilbert's chatty, freewheeling narrator overcomes most obstacles easily in this love song to Manhattan." Template:Webarchive, Star Tribune, June 7, 2019. Accessed August 10, 2020. "She begins in 1940, when, after being 'excused' from Vassar 'on account of never having attended classes,' she moves to Hell's Kitchen and into the Lily Playhouse with her Aunt Peg and Peg's partner, Olive, a woman billed in public and in fact as Peg's 'secretary'."

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[163] Template:Internet Archive film, intertitle at 1m10s

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[166] "A wild Irish bloodbath in Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive, review bt Don Groves, SBS World Movies, January 1, 2009

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[174] Barbara K. "La La Anthony dishes on her Hell's Kitchen crib" Template:Webarchive, New York Post, April 19, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016.

[175] Jamieson, Wendell. "City Lore; Hard-Boiled Tales, Told by a Gentleman" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, January 1, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "Benjamin Appel was an author of more than 25 novels from 1934 to 1977, many of them set in New York. He was raised in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan and lived much of his life in Roosevelt, N.J., but after he moved, he still came back to New York often."

[176] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[177] Friend, Tad. "Lewis Black, Playwright" Template:Webarchive, The New Yorker, June 5, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016. "In his living room high up in Hell's Kitchen, the comedian Lewis Black sat on a sofa with three throw pillows tucked around him, as if he'd had a bad breakup and needed a hug and some Häagen-Dazs."

[178] "Disappearing Manhattan." Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations. Travel Channel. February 23, 2009.

[179] Dargis, Manohla. "Roll the Fairy Tale, Fade to the Fists" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, June 3, 2005. Accessed July 8, 2016. "On June 13, 1935, the boxer James J. Braddock fought the fight of a lifetime. Born in Hell's Kitchen when that New York neighborhood still warranted that rough-and-tumble epithet, the 30-year-old heavyweight was the son of immigrants whose bloodlines and hardscrabble woes traced back to Ireland."

[180] Eldridge, David. American Culture in the 1930s, p. 74. Edinburgh University Press, 2008. Template:ISBN. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Born in New York City's Hell's Kitchen, Cagney brought something 'fresh' to the movie, a machismo that was natural, uncontrolled and seemingly spontaneous (as when he spits beer into someone's face), and imbued with a wise-guy wit."

[181] Grimes, William. "George Cain, Writer of Blueschild Baby, Dies at 66" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, October 29, 2010. Accessed October 31, 2010.

[182] Gilbey, Ryan. " A Shot in the Arm" Template:Webarchive, Mount Sinair, March 2, 2021. Accessed October 25, 2022. "A Shot in the Arm."

[183] Lambert, Bruce. "Neighborhood Report: Point-Counterpoint; A Church vs. Sleepers" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, October 15, 1995. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and its elementary school on West 51st Street are focal elements in the current best seller Sleepers, which the author, Lorenzo Carcaterra, presents as a true story drawn from his Hell's Kitchen boyhood."

[184] Staff. "Second Cup Cafe: Vanessa Carlton", CBS News, November 17, 2007. Accessed August 10, 2009. "A few years ago, this three-time Grammy nominee was living in New York's Hell's Kitchen and working as a waitress in Lower Manhattan between performances at open mic nights in the city's clubs."

[185] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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[187] Krawitz, Alan. "Richard Christy: Queens' quirky caller" Template:Webarchive, Queens Chronicle, January 21, 2010. Accessed July 8, 2016. "Formerly a resident of Hell's Kitchen, Christy moved to LIC in 2008 and says he's been pleasantly surprised."

[188] Traub, James. "The Lords of Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, April 5, 1987. Accessed July 9, 2016.

[189] Marantz, Andrew. "Marlon Craft's Halal-Craft Listening Party", The New Yorker, July 29, 2019. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Marlon Craft, who is twenty-six, lives with his parents and his sister in Manhattan Plaza, the Section 8 apartment complex in Hell’s Kitchen."

[Kramer-190] McShane, Larry. "The real Kramer says actor no racist: But Richards is 'paranoid,' 'very wound-up'" Template:Webarchive, Chicago Sun-Times, November 26, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "The real Kramer lived for 10 years in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from Seinfeld co-creator Larry David, and his life became the framework for Richards' quirky, bumbling Seinfeld sidekick."

[191] Kaufman, Joanne. "Marcelo Gomes, the Dancer at Home in Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, April 11, 2014. Accessed July 4, 2016. "Not long after Marcelo Gomes moved with his dachshund, Lua, into a subcompact (475 square feet) condo in Hell's Kitchen two and a half years ago, he gave a housewarming party."

[192] Berkow, Ira. "Sports of the Times; Tom Gorman's Final Call" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, August 17, 1986. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Yesterday, in a cemetery in Paramus, N.J., Thomas David Gorman, born in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, was laid to rest."

[193] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[194] Mervis, Scott. "Music Preview: Through her first several records, Alicia Keys has a golden touch" Template:Webarchive, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 17, 2008. Accessed August 10, 2009. "Keys, a classically trained pianist raised in Hell's Kitchen by her Italian-Scottish mother, spent a few years after she dropped out of Columbia University trying to launch her pop career with songs on soundtracks."

[195] "Princess Mako, new husband move into one-bedroom in Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive by Emily Crane, New York Post, November 15, 2021

[196] Lyman, Rick. "Stanley Kramer, Filmmaker With Social Bent, Dies at 87" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, February 21, 2001. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Stanley Earl Kramer was born in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, the only child of a divorced mother who worked as a secretary for Paramount."

[197] "A Daily Show Correspondent Adjusts to Life in New York" Template:Webarchive by Joanne Kaufman, The New York Times, December 16, 2016

[198] Gene Freese (2019). The Western Films of Robert Mitchum; Hollywood's Cowboy Rebel

[199] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Mullen-200] Allen, Kevin. "Mullen brothers come long way from Hell's Kitchen", USA Today, February 7, 1989. Accessed August 11, 2009.

[201] Kussoy, Howie. "You can't understand Joakim Noah until you know where he came from" Template:Webarchive, New York Post, October 28, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A life set up to be overshadowed started in Manhattan, but Noah grew up in one of Paris' wealthiest suburbs, splitting time between his divorced parents. When he was 12, he moved to New York, living with his mother – who had moved to New York as a teenager – and younger sister, Yelena, near the corner of 51st Street and 10th Avenue. In Hell's Kitchen, he was no longer the child of France's favorite son."

[202] Staff. "Trevor Noah Bought a $10 Million New York City Penthouse; The comedian upgraded to the best apartment in his building" Template:Webarchive, Architectural Digest, March 1, 2017. Accessed March 3, 2017. "After taking the helm of The Daily Show, Trevor Noah's hard work has clearly paid off. The comedian just purchased a $10 million penthouse apartment in the same building where he's been renting for the past six months, reports StreetEasy. The duplex is located in Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen, which is conveniently close to where The Daily Show films."

[203] Mervis, Scott. "Music Preview: Trans-Siberian Orchestra tour leans on old special and new album" Template:Webarchive, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 24, 2015. Accessed March 3, 2017. Template:"'I've always been fascinated by night', Mr. O'Neill says. 'Night is where the fringes of society can feel safe. At one point of my life I used to live in Hell's Kitchen, when I was younger, and at night you would see the winos, the schizophrenics, the drug addicts.Template:'"

[204] Brantley, Ben; Severo, Richard. "Jerry Orbach, Stage and TV Actor, Is Dead at 69" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, December 30, 2004. Accessed August 11, 2009.

[205] Van Matre, Lynn. "Tony Orlando: Fame dawns the second time around" Template:Webarchive, Chicago Tribune, July 2, 1975. Accessed March 3, 2017. "Raised in Manhattan's tough 'Hells' Kitchen' area (most of the people he grew up with, Orlando says, 'are either dead or in jail'), Tony attended high school only one week before dropping out."

[206] Mason, Kiki. "The Lady Is a Champ; Actress/Lawyer/Activist Ilka Tanya Payán fights for the glamorous life" Template:Webarchive POZ (magazine), August 1, 1995. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A homecare worker with a ring through her nose greets me at the door to Ilka Tanya Payán's high-rise apartment in Manhattan's West Fifties."

[207] via Associated Press. "Josh Peck leaves Drake & Josh behind" Template:Webarchive, Today, July 7, 2008. Accessed March 3, 2017. "A shy, overweight kid growing up in New York's Hell's Kitchen, Peck says he got into standup comedy as young as he did simply because it was the only thing he was good at."

[208] Homberger, Eric. "Mario Puzo: The author of the Godfather, the book the Mafia loved" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian, July 5, 1999. Accessed August 10, 2009. "Born the son of illiterate Neapolitan immigrants, and one of 12 children, Puzo grew up in Hell's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan."

[209] Gussow, Mel. "Mario Puzo, Author Who Made 'The Godfather' a World Addiction, Is Dead at 78" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, July 3, 1999. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Mario Puzo was born in Hell's Kitchen on the west side of Manhattan. His parents were poor Italian-American immigrants from Naples (not, like the Corleones, from Sicily)."

[210] via Associated Press, "'Tough guy' George raft dies of emphysema at 85" Template:Webarchive, The Milwaukee Sentinel, November 25, 1980. Accessed August 10, 2009. "After growing up in New York's tough Hell's Kitchen area, Raft was a boxer, electrician and baseball player before landing a job as a dancer in nightclubs in the 1920s."

[211] John Reed Template:Webarchive, Pen Parentis, October 5, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2017. "I live with my wife and two young children in Hell's Kitchen."

[212] Frankel, Bruce. "Rourke sits in on trial of pal Gotti" Template:Webarchive, USA Today, March 17, 1992. Accessed August 10, 2009. "The bad-boy actor, who grew up in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, spent the morning in court on a 'family' – the Gotti family – pass, following transcripts of conversations between Gotti, Salvatore 'Sammy Bull' Gravano and others."

[213] Hillel Kuttler (August 22, 2016). "Q/A with Richie Scheinblum: All-Star with Royals; lessons from playing for Ted Williams," Jewish Baseball Museum.

[214] "MAX" Template:Webarchive, Interview Magazine, April 10, 2016.

[215] Template:Trim Template:Replace on YouTubeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, May 2, 2014

[216] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[217] Traub, James. "The Lord's of Hell's Kitchen" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, April 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "By the Mid-1970s, Control over Hell's Kitchen crime had passed to the mythically named Michael (Mickey) Spillane. A bookmaker, loan shark and murderer, Spillane was one of the last of the old-fashioned gangsters, handing out turkeys at Thanksgiving and paying visits to the elderly."

[218] Gilbey, Ryan. " Sylvester Stallone: the wacky people's champ who battled his own ego; Leading the race for best supporting actor Oscar for his comeback in Creed, this self-made star's creative fortunes have been inseparably bound to his most famous creation, Rocky Balboa" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian, February 24, 2016. Accessed March 3, 2017. "He was born in Hell's Kitchen, New York City, to an astrologer mother and a father whom Stallone claimed ate raw sparrows and rabbit entrails."

[219] Hunt, Denis. "Lisa Lisa Is Cookin' In Hell's Kitchen", Los Angeles Times, July 5, 1987. Accessed March 3, 2017. "To hear Lisa Velez talk, you'd think New York City's infamous Hell's Kitchen—a dangerous, drug-infested slum—was paradise.... Usually kids grow up in Hell's Kitchen with one thought: escaping as soon as they are able. But Velez, the youngest of 10 children, had a different goal. She wanted to be a singer."

[220] Turan, Kenneth. "Motion Pictures; Bruce Willis Looks for the Man Within the Icon" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, July 1, 1990. Accessed August 15, 2017. "Somewhere in Hell's Kitchen, hard by West 49th Street and 10th Avenue in Manhattan, there is an apartment with Bruce Willis's name on it. A railroad flat where, for $175 a month, he bivouacked as one of New York's small army of aspiring actors, it still remains, and not by accident, in the man's family."

[221] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 | image_shield            =
 | shield_alt              =
-| nickname                = HK, Clinton
+| nicknames                = HK, Clinton
 | motto                   =
 | image_map               = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=y|frame-align=center|zoom=12|type=shape|from=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Hell's Kitchen.map}}
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 '''Hell's Kitchen''', also known as '''Clinton''', or '''Midtown West''' on [[Real estate|real estate listings]], is a neighborhood on the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] of [[Midtown Manhattan]] in [[New York City]], New York. It is considered to be bordered by [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th Street]] (or 41st Street) to the south, [[59th Street (Manhattan)|59th Street]] to the north, [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Eighth Avenue]] to the east, and the [[Hudson River]] to the west.
-Hell's Kitchen has long been a bastion of poor and working-class [[Irish Americans]], and its gritty reputation has long held real-estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan. But by 1969, the City Planning Commission's ''Plan for New York City'' reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location were [[Gentrification in the United States#New York City|driving people of modest means]] from the area. [[Gentrification of New York City|Gentrification]] has accelerated since the early 1980s, and rents have risen rapidly.
+Hell's Kitchen had long been a bastion of poor and working-class [[Irish Americans]], and its gritty reputation has long held real-estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan. But by 1969, the City Planning Commission's ''Plan for New York City'' reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location were [[Gentrification in New York City|driving people of modest means]] from the area. [[Gentrification]] has accelerated since the early 1980s, and rents have risen rapidly.
 In addition to its long-established Irish-American and Hispanic-American populations, Hell's Kitchen has a large [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] population and is home to many [[Gay bar|LGBTQ bar]]s and businesses.<ref>[https://www.nycgo.com/articles/hells-kitchen-dining-and-nightlife/ "Hell's Kitchen LGBTQ+ Nightlife and Dining"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195142/https://www.nycgo.com/articles/hells-kitchen-dining-and-nightlife |date=April 8, 2023 }}, nycgo.com, April 4, 2017</ref> The neighborhood has long been a home to fledgling and working actors; it is the home of the [[Actors Studio]] training school and sits near [[Broadway theatre]]s.
@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 [[File:Ninth-north.jpg|thumb|View from between 47th and 48th Streets on [[Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)|Ninth Avenue]] looking northeast toward [[Time Warner Center]] and [[Hearst Tower (New York City)|Hearst Tower]]]]
 Several explanations exist for the origin of the neighborhood's current name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment [[Davy Crockett]] made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan, [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]]. According to the Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area:
-{{Blockquote|When, in 1835, Davy Crockett said, "In my part of the country, when you meet an Irishman, you find a first-rate gentleman; but these are worse than savages; they are too mean to swab hell's kitchen", he was referring to the Five Points.<ref name="5 Points">{{cite web |url=http://www.irish-society.org/home/hedgemaster-archives-2/places-artifacts/the-five-points |title=The Five Points |last=Walsh |first=John |date=September 1994 |publisher=Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=March 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324073900/https://www.irish-society.org/home/hedgemaster-archives-2/places-artifacts/the-five-points |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
+{{Blockquote|When, in 1835, Davy Crockett said "In my part of the country, when you meet an Irishman, you find a first-rate gentleman; but these are worse than savages; they are too mean to swab hell's kitchen", he was referring to the Five Points.<ref name="5 Points">{{cite web |url=http://www.irish-society.org/home/hedgemaster-archives-2/places-artifacts/the-five-points |title=The Five Points |last=Walsh |first=John |date=September 1994 |publisher=Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area |access-date=April 21, 2015 |archive-date=March 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324073900/https://www.irish-society.org/home/hedgemaster-archives-2/places-artifacts/the-five-points |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
 According to an article by Kirkley Greenwell, published online by the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association:
-{{Blockquote|No one can pin down the exact origin of the label, but some refer to a [[tenement]] on [[54th Street (Manhattan)|54th Street]] as the first "Hell's Kitchen". Another explanation points to an infamous building at 39th as the true origin. A gang and a local [[Dive_bar|dive]] took the name as well.<ref name="HKNA Official site">{{cite web |url=http://hknanyc.org/aboutus/history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221013615/http://hknanyc.org/aboutus/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |title=Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association |last=Greenwell |first=Kirkley |work=HKNA Official website |publisher=World Wide Vibe.com |access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref>}}
+{{Blockquote|No one can pin down the exact origin of the label, but some refer to a [[tenement]] on [[54th Street (Manhattan)|54th Street]] as the first "Hell's Kitchen". Another explanation points to an infamous building at 39th as the true origin. A gang and a local [[Dive bar|dive]] took the name as well.<ref name="HKNA Official site">{{cite web |url=http://hknanyc.org/aboutus/history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221013615/http://hknanyc.org/aboutus/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 21, 2010 |title=Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association |last=Greenwell |first=Kirkley |work=HKNA Official website |publisher=World Wide Vibe.com |access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref>}}
 Local historian Mary Clark explained the name thus:
-{{Blockquote|...first appeared in print on September 22, 1881 when a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' reporter went to the West 30s with a police guide to get details of a multiple murder there. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and [[Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)|Tenth Avenue]] as "Hell's Kitchen" and said that the entire section was "probably the lowest and filthiest in the city." According to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hell's Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the name's origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heil's Kitchen, after its proprietors.<ref>Lambert, Bruce. [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chelsea-clinton-hell-s-kitchen-hotter-with-revivalist-fans.html "Neighborhood Report: Chelsea/Clinton; Hell's Kitchen Hotter With Revivalist Fans"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220030026/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chelsea-clinton-hell-s-kitchen-hotter-with-revivalist-fans.html |date=December 20, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 4, 1994. Accessed March 31, 2017. "Among the theories on the name is that it derived from a restaurant called Heil's Kitchen."</ref> But the most common version traces it to the story of "Dutch Fred the Cop", a veteran policeman, who with his rookie partner, was watching a small riot on West 39th Street near Tenth Avenue. The rookie is supposed to have said, "This place is hell itself", to which Fred replied, "Hell's a mild climate. This is Hell's Kitchen."<ref name="hells-kitchen-park"/>}}
+{{Blockquote|... first appeared in print on September 22, 1881 when a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' reporter went to the West 30s with a police guide to get details of a multiple murder there. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and [[Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)|Tenth Avenue]] as "Hell's Kitchen" and said that the entire section was "probably the lowest and filthiest in the city". According to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hell's Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the name's origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heil's Kitchen, after its proprietors.<ref>Lambert, Bruce. [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chelsea-clinton-hell-s-kitchen-hotter-with-revivalist-fans.html "Neighborhood Report: Chelsea/Clinton; Hell's Kitchen Hotter With Revivalist Fans"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220030026/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chelsea-clinton-hell-s-kitchen-hotter-with-revivalist-fans.html |date=December 20, 2020 }}), ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 4, 1994. Accessed March 31, 2017. "Among the theories on the name is that it derived from a restaurant called Heil's Kitchen."</ref> But the most common version traces it to the story of "Dutch Fred the Cop", a veteran policeman, who with his rookie partner, was watching a small riot on West 39th Street near Tenth Avenue. The rookie is supposed to have said: "This place is hell itself", to which Fred replied: "Hell's a mild climate. This is Hell's Kitchen."<ref name="hells-kitchen-park"/>}}
-The 1929 book ''Manna-Hatin: The Story of New York'' states that the [[Panic of 1857]] led to the formation of gangs "in the notorious '[[Gas House District]]' at Twenty-First Street and the East River, or in 'Hell's Kitchen', in the West Thirties."<ref>{{cite book |author=Bank of the Manhattan Company |author2=Brearley Service Organization |title="Manna-hatin": the story of New York |publisher=[[The Manhattan Company]] |series=Henry Ford Estate collection |year=1929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwMAAAAYAAJ |access-date=October 16, 2018 |page=160 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195142/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwMAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The 1929 book ''Manna-Hatin: The Story of New York'' states that the [[Panic of 1857]] led to the formation of gangs "in the notorious '[[Gas House District]]' at Twenty-First Street and the East River, or in 'Hell's Kitchen', in the West Thirties".<ref>{{cite book |author=Bank of the Manhattan Company |author2=Brearley Service Organization |title="Manna-hatin": the story of New York |publisher=[[The Manhattan Company]] |series=Henry Ford Estate collection |year=1929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwMAAAAYAAJ |access-date=October 16, 2018 |page=160 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195142/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwMAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Hell's Kitchen is frequently used to name the neighborhood, although real estate developers designate the area as 'Clinton' and 'Midtown West'. The 'Clinton name', used by the municipality of New York City, originated in 1959 in an attempt to change the image of the neighborhood by linking the area to [[DeWitt Clinton Park]] at 52nd and [[Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Eleventh Avenue]], named after the 19th century [[DeWitt Clinton|New York governor]], though ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted that those who live in the area "prefer Hell's Kitchen" as the name for the neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/realestate/a-place-of-contrasts-and-even-an-alias-living-in-hells-kitchen-north.html |title=A Place of Contrasts, and Even an Alias – Living In {{!}} Hell's Kitchen North |last=Gill |first=John Freeman |date=September 23, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 31, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514100714/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/realestate/a-place-of-contrasts-and-even-an-alias-living-in-hells-kitchen-north.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Jscobson, Aileen. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/realestate/living-in-hells-kitchen.html "Hell’s Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 11, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2024. "By the 1960s, civic leaders seeking to improve the area’s image began referring to it as Clinton, after a family that owned property there in the 19th century. Most residents, however, prefer Hell's Kitchen."</ref>
+Hell's Kitchen is frequently used to name the neighborhood, although real estate developers designate the area as "Clinton" and "Midtown West". The "Clinton name", used by the municipality of New York City, originated in 1959 in an attempt to change the image of the neighborhood by linking the area to [[DeWitt Clinton Park]] at 52nd and [[Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Eleventh Avenue]], named after the 19th century [[DeWitt Clinton|New York governor]], though ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted that those who live in the area "prefer Hell's Kitchen" as the name for the neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/realestate/a-place-of-contrasts-and-even-an-alias-living-in-hells-kitchen-north.html |title=A Place of Contrasts, and Even an Alias |last=Gill |first=John Freeman |date=September 23, 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 31, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514100714/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/realestate/a-place-of-contrasts-and-even-an-alias-living-in-hells-kitchen-north.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Jscobson, Aileen. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/11/realestate/living-in-hells-kitchen.html "Hell’s Kitchen: Where East Village Grit Meets the Artsy West Side"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 11, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2024. "By the 1960s, civic leaders seeking to improve the area’s image began referring to it as Clinton, after a family that owned property there in the 19th century. Most residents, however, prefer Hell's Kitchen."</ref>
 ==History==
@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 On the island of Manhattan when Europeans first saw it, the Great [[Kill (body of water)|Kill]] formed from three small streams that united near present-day Tenth Avenue and 40th Street, and then wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, renowned for fish and waterfowl,<ref>[[Gerard T. Koeppel]], ''Water for Gotham: A History'', 2001:10. {{ISBN|0-691-01139-7}}</ref> emptying into the [[Hudson River]] at a deep bay on the river at the present [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]].<ref>Eric W. Sanderson, ''Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City'', 2009: Appendix A, p. 253 {{ISBN|978-0-8109-9633-5}}; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, "Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan", in ''Historic New York'', M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others.</ref> The name was retained in a tiny hamlet called Great Kill, which became a center for carriage-making. The upland to the south and east became known as Longacre, the predecessor of [[Longacre Square]], now [[Times Square]].<ref>Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, ''Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898'', 1999:721. {{ISBN|0-19-511634-8}}</ref>
-One of the large farms of the colonial era in this neighborhood was that of Andreas Hopper and his descendants, extending from today's 48th Street nearly to 59th Street and from the river east to what is now [[Sixth Avenue]]. One of the Hopper farmhouses, built in 1752 for John Hopper the younger, stood near [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd Street]] and Eleventh Avenue. Christened "Rosevale" for its extensive gardens, it was the home of the War of 1812 veteran, Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker, and lasted until 1896, when it was demolished.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Hospital Home on Old Hopper Farm; Elegant Country Mansion for Over a Century on Block Bought by the New York Hospital. |work=The New York Times |date=March 12, 1911 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+One of the large farms of the colonial era in this neighborhood was that of Andreas Hopper and his descendants, extending from today's 48th Street nearly to 59th Street and from the river east to what is now [[Sixth Avenue]]. One of the Hopper farmhouses, built in 1752 for John Hopper the younger, stood near [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd Street]] and Eleventh Avenue. Christened "Rosevale" for its extensive gardens, it was the home of the War of 1812 veteran, Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker, and lasted until 1896, when it was demolished.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news |title=New Hospital Home on Old Hopper Farm; Elegant Country Mansion for Over a Century on Block Bought by the New York Hospital. |work=The New York Times |date=March 12, 1911 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The site was purchased for the city and naturalistically landscaped by Samuel Parsons Jr. as [[DeWitt Clinton Park]]. In 1911, [[Weill Cornell Medical Center|New York Hospital]] bought a full city block largely of the Hopper property, between 54th and 55th Streets, Eleventh and [[Twelfth Avenue (Manhattan)|Twelfth Avenues]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Hospital Home on Old Hopper Farm; Elegant Country Mansion for Over a Century on Block Bought by the New York Hospital. |work=The New York Times |date=March 12, 1911 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195145/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/12/archives/new-hospital-home-on-old-hopper-farm-elegant-country-mansion-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Beyond the railroad track, projecting into the river at 54th Street, was Mott's Point, with an 18th-century Mott family house surrounded by gardens, that was inhabited by members of the family until 1884 and survived until 1895.<ref name="NYT1902">{{cite news |title=New York's New Up-town Centre; Long Acre Square of To-day and Yesterday – Scenes Witnessed in the Neighborhood "During Revolutionary Times – Property Owners Whose Gardens and Farms Once Made the District Attractive – Washington's Connection with the Place – A Famous Road House and the Civil War. |work=The New York Times |date=September 21, 1902 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E1D91E3BE733A25752C2A96F9C946397D6CF |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195144/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/09/21/archives/new-yorks-new-uptown-centre-long-acre-square-of-today-and-yesterday.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The site was purchased for the city and naturalistically landscaped by Samuel Parsons Jr. as [[DeWitt Clinton Park]]. In 1911, [[Weill Cornell Medical Center|New York Hospital]] bought a full city block largely of the Hopper property, between 54th and 55th Streets, Eleventh and [[Twelfth Avenue (Manhattan)|Twelfth Avenues]].<ref name="The New York Times"/> Beyond the railroad track, projecting into the river at 54th Street, was Mott's Point, with an 18th-century Mott family house surrounded by gardens, that was inhabited by members of the family until 1884 and survived until 1895.<ref name="NYT1902">{{cite news |title=New York's New Up-town Centre; Long Acre Square of To-day and Yesterday – Scenes Witnessed in the Neighborhood "During Revolutionary Times – Property Owners Whose Gardens and Farms Once Made the District Attractive – Washington's Connection with the Place – A Famous Road House and the Civil War. |work=The New York Times |date=September 21, 1902 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E1D91E3BE733A25752C2A96F9C946397D6CF |access-date=September 20, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195144/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/09/21/archives/new-yorks-new-uptown-centre-long-acre-square-of-today-and-yesterday.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-[[File:Harbor View Terrace NYCHA jeh.jpg|thumb|Harborview Terrace public housing buildings between West 54th and West 56th Streets, and Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, part of the [[New York City Housing Authority]]<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/manharborview.shtml "Profile: Harborview Terrace"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307031614/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/manharborview.shtml |date=March 7, 2014 }}, NYCHA website</ref>]]
+[[File:Harbor View Terrace NYCHA jeh.jpg|thumb|[[Harborview Terrace]] public housing buildings between West 54th and West 56th Streets, and Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, part of the [[New York City Housing Authority]]<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/manharborview.shtml "Profile: Harborview Terrace"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307031614/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/manharborview.shtml |date=March 7, 2014 }}, NYCHA website</ref>]]
-A lone surviving structure from the time this area was open farmland and suburban villas is a pre-1800s carriage house that once belonged to a villa owned by former Vice President and New York State governor [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], now in a narrow court behind 422 West 46th Street.<ref>Kevin Walsh, [https://archive.org/details/forgottennewyork00wals ''Forgotten New York: The Ultimate Urban Explorer's Guide to All Five Boroughs''] (2006), p. 176.</ref> From 1811 until it was officially de-mapped in 1857, the diminutive Bloomingdale Square was part of the city's intended future. It extended from 53rd to 57th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It was eliminated after the establishment of Central Park,<ref>[http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?letter=B Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York": "B" Streets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714234946/http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?letter=B |date=July 14, 2011 }}.</ref> and the name shifted to the junction of Broadway, [[West End Avenue]], and 106th Street, now [[Straus Park]].<ref>Ken Bloom, ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia'', "Introduction", 2004, p. xiii.</ref>
+A lone surviving structure from the time this area was open farmland and suburban villas is a pre-1800s carriage house that once belonged to a villa owned by former Vice President and New York State governor [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], now in a narrow court behind 422 West 46th Street.<ref>Kevin Walsh, [https://archive.org/details/forgottennewyork00wals ''Forgotten New York: The Ultimate Urban Explorer's Guide to All Five Boroughs''] (2006), p. 176.</ref> From 1811 until it was officially de-mapped in 1857, the diminutive Bloomingdale Square was part of the city's intended future. It extended from 53rd to 57th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It was eliminated after the establishment of Central Park,<ref>[http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?letter=B Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York": "B" Streets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714234946/http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?letter=B |date=July 14, 2011 }}.</ref> and the name shifted to the junction of Broadway, [[West End Avenue]], and 106th Street, now [[Straus Park]].<ref name="Ken Bloom 2004">Ken Bloom, ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia'', "Introduction", 2004, p. xiii.</ref>
-In 1825, the City purchased for $10 clear title to a right-of-way through John Leake Norton's{{efn|Norton, the great-nephew of John Leake, founder of [[Leake and Watts Children's Home]], is listed among early 19th-century owners of considerable tracts in what is now Hell's Kitchen, with [[John Jacob Astor]], William Cutting, Thomas Addis Emmet, Andrew Hopper, John Horn and William Wright.<ref name=NYT1902 />}} farm, "The Hermitage", to lay out [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] clear to the river. Before long, cattle ferried from [[Weehawken]] were being driven along the unpaved route to slaughterhouses on the East Side.<ref>Ken Bloom, ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia'', "Introduction", 2004, p. xiii.</ref> Seventy acres of the Leakes', later the Nortons' property, extending north from 42nd to 46th Street and from Broadway to the river, were purchased before 1807 by [[John Jacob Astor]] and [[William Cutting]], who held it before dividing it into building lots as the district became more suburban.
+In 1825, the City purchased for $10 [[clear title]] to a [[right-of-way]] through John Leake Norton's{{efn|Norton, the great-nephew of John Leake, founder of [[Leake and Watts Children's Home]], is listed among early 19th-century owners of considerable tracts in what is now Hell's Kitchen, with [[John Jacob Astor]], William Cutting, Thomas Addis Emmet, Andrew Hopper, John Horn and William Wright.<ref name=NYT1902 /><ref name="abstracts-of-farm-tutt" >
+*''Abstracts of Farm Titles in the City of New York: Between 39th and 73rd Streets, West of the Common Lands, Excepting the Glass House Farm; With Maps'' by H. Croswell Tuttle (1881) New York, NY : The Spectator Company
+*[[:File:Abstracts of farm titles in the city of New York, between 39th and 73rd streets, west of common lands (IA abstractsoffarmt01tutt).pdf]]
+*[[:File:Abstracts of farm titles in the City of New York, between 39th and 73rd Streets, west of the common lands, excepting the Glass house farm - with maps (IA cu31924024831483).pdf]]
+</ref>}} farm, "The Hermitage", to lay out [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] clear to the river. Before long, cattle ferried from [[Weehawken]] were being driven along the unpaved route to slaughterhouses on the East Side.<ref name="Ken Bloom 2004"/> Seventy acres of the Leakes', later the Nortons' property, extending north from 42nd to 46th Street and from Broadway to the river, were purchased before 1807 by [[John Jacob Astor]] and [[William Cutting]], who held it before dividing it into building lots as the district became more suburban.
 The West Side later had its own slaughterhouses, which went out of business in the middle 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cow Tunnels – 99% Invisible |work=99% Invisible |url=https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/cow-tunnels/ |access-date=2021-07-08 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195146/https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/cow-tunnels/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 182: / Line 186: @@
 Early gangs, like the Hell's Kitchen Gang, transformed into organized crime entities, around the same time that Owney Madden became one of the most powerful mobsters in New York. It became known as the "most dangerous area on the American Continent".
-By the 1930s, when the [[330 West 42nd Street|McGraw-Hill Building]] was constructed in Hell's Kitchen, the surrounding area was still largely tenements.<ref>{{cite NY1930|page=580}}</ref> After the [[repeal of Prohibition]], many of the organized crime elements moved into other rackets, such as illegal gambling and union shakedowns. The postwar era was characterized by a flourishing waterfront, and longshoreman work was plentiful.<ref>English, T.J. (2006). ''The Westies: Inside New York's Irish Mob'', p. 39. Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-312-36284-6}}.</ref>
+By the 1930s, when the [[330 West 42nd Street|McGraw-Hill Building]] was constructed in Hell's Kitchen, the surrounding area was still largely tenements.<ref>{{cite NY1930|page=580}}</ref> After the [[repeal of Prohibition]], many of the organized crime elements moved into other rackets, such as illegal gambling and union shakedowns. The postwar era was characterized by a flourishing waterfront, and longshoreman work was plentiful.<ref name="English, T.J. 2006 p. 39">English, T.J. (2006). ''The Westies: Inside New York's Irish Mob'', p. 39. Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-312-36284-6}}.</ref>
-By the end of the 1970s, the implementation of [[containerization|containerized]] shipping led to the decline of the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] in the 1930s, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and the [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] and ramps starting in 1950 destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.<ref>English, T.J. (2006). ''The Westies: Inside New York's Irish Mob'', p. 39. Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-312-36284-6}}.</ref>
+By the end of the 1970s, the implementation of [[containerization|containerized]] shipping led to the decline of the [[West Side (Manhattan)|West Side]] piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] in the 1930s, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and the [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] and ramps starting in 1950 destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.<ref name="English, T.J. 2006 p. 39"/>
 In 1959, an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious "[[Salvador Agron|Capeman]]" murders in which two innocent teenagers, mistaken for rival gang members, were killed.<ref>Hinckley, David. [https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cape-man-murders-shook-new-york-city-article-1.821121 "https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cape-man-murders-shook-new-york-city-article-1.821121"], ''[[New York Daily News]]'', August 14, 2017. Accessed April 26, 2023. "There were 390 murders tallied by New York City police in 1959, and the Cape Man did only two of them. But these two shook loose the city's worst nightmares."</ref> By 1965, Hell's Kitchen was the home base of the [[Westies]], an [[Irish mob]] aligned with the [[Gambino crime family]]. In the early 1980s widespread [[gentrification]] began to alter the demographics of the longtime working-class [[Irish American]] neighborhood. The 1980s saw an end to the Westies' reign of terror, when the gang lost all of its power after the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act|RICO]] convictions of most of its principals in 1986.
@@ Line 216: / Line 220: @@
 As the gentrification pace increased, there were numerous reports of problems between landlords and tenants. The most extreme example was the eight-story Windermere Apartments complex at the southwest corner of Ninth Avenue and 57th Street. Built in 1881, it is the second-oldest large apartment house in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2171.pdf |title=The Windermere |date=June 28, 2005 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195147/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2171.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 1980, the owner, Alan B. Weissman, tried to empty the building of its tenants. According to former tenants and court papers, rooms were ransacked, doors were ripped out, prostitutes were moved in, and tenants received death threats in the campaign to empty the building. All the major New York newspapers covered the trials that sent the Windermere's managers to jail. Although Weissman was never linked to the harassment, he and his wife made top billing in the 1985 edition of ''[[The Village Voice]]''{{'s}} annual list, "The Dirty Dozen: New York's Worst Landlords."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/nyregion/ninth-avenue-noir.html?pagewanted=all "Ninth Avenue Noir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195144/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/nyregion/ninth-avenue-noir.html?pagewanted=all |date=April 8, 2023 }} by Elias Wolfberg, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 20, 2002</ref>
+In 1980, the owner, Alan B. Weissman, tried to empty the building of its tenants. According to former tenants and court papers, rooms were ransacked, doors were ripped out, [[prostitutes]] were moved in, and tenants received death threats in the campaign to empty the building. All the major New York newspapers covered the trials that sent the Windermere's managers to jail. Although Weissman was never linked to the harassment, he and his wife made top billing in the 1985 edition of ''[[The Village Voice]]''{{'s}} annual list, "The Dirty Dozen: New York's Worst Landlords."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/nyregion/ninth-avenue-noir.html?pagewanted=all "Ninth Avenue Noir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195144/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/nyregion/ninth-avenue-noir.html?pagewanted=all |date=April 8, 2023 }} by Elias Wolfberg, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 20, 2002</ref>
 Most of the tenants eventually settled and moved out of the building. In May 2006, seven tenants remained<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/nyregion/22windermere.html?_r=0&ref=nyregion&pagewanted=all "An Epic Landlord-Tenant Fight, Crossing Years and Continents"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195146/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/nyregion/22windermere.html?_r=0&ref=nyregion&pagewanted=all |date=April 8, 2023 }} by Anthony Ramirez, ''The New York Times'', October 22, 2007</ref> and court orders protecting the tenants and the building allowed it to remain in a derelict condition even as the surrounding neighborhood was experiencing a dramatic burst of demolition and redevelopment. In September 2007, the fire department evacuated the remaining seven residents from the building, citing dangerous conditions, and padlocked the front door.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9805E1D8123AF931A1575AC0A9619C8B63 "Fire Dept. Orders Windermere Tenants Out"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195150/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/22/nyregion/22windemere.html |date=April 8, 2023 }} by Anthony Ramirez, ''The New York Times'', September 22, 2007</ref> In 2008, the [[New York Supreme Court]] ruled that the owners of the building, who include the [[TOA Construction Corporation]] of Japan, must repair it.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/nyregion/10windermere.html |title=Repairs Ordered at Windermere |last=Associated Press |date=May 10, 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 25, 2009 |archive-date=January 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107161436/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/nyregion/10windermere.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 235: / Line 239: @@
 Its patch reads "Pride of Midtown" and "Never Missed a Performance". Memorials dot the station's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north. Ladder 21, the "Pride of Hell's Kitchen", located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and stationed with Engine Co. 34, lost seven firefighters on September 11.<ref>Fertig, Beth. [http://www.wnyc.org/story/85579-firemen-on-september-11th/ "Firemen on September 11th"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828181809/http://www.wnyc.org/story/85579-firemen-on-september-11th/ |date=August 28, 2016 }}, [[WNYC]], September 12, 2002. Accessed June 6, 2016. "But all seven members of Ladder Company 21 who raced downtown on the big truck that morning perished. None of the bodies was ever recovered."</ref> In addition, on September 11, Engine Co. 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine Co. 34/Ladder Co. 21 and lost many firefighters themselves.
-{{Clear}}
 ===Redevelopment and second wave of gentrification===
-[[File:8th Avenue looking northeast from 42nd Street.jpg|thumb|upright|Looking north on 8th Avenue from 42nd Street]]
+[[File:8th Avenue looking northeast from 42nd Street.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Looking north on 8th Avenue from 42nd Street]]
 Hell's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the "old days",<ref>Berger, Joseph.[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/nyregion/19hell.html "Hell's Kitchen, Swept Out and Remodeled"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731131659/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/nyregion/19hell.html |date=July 31, 2015 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 19, 2006. Accessed December 1, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercedeshouseny.com/blog/hells-kitchen-nycs-gentrified-yet-homey-neighborhood/ |title=Hell's Kitchen: NYC's gentrified, yet homey neighborhood |publisher=Mercedeshouseny.com |access-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506172434/http://www.mercedeshouseny.com/blog/hells-kitchen-nycs-gentrified-yet-homey-neighborhood/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Critchlow |first=Katharine |url=https://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/hells-kitchen-44364/ |title=Hell's Kitchen – April 29, 2013 |publisher=NewYork.com |date=April 29, 2013 |access-date=May 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506181402/https://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/hells-kitchen-44364/ |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manhattan Rental Market Report |url=http://www.mns.com/manhattan_rental_market_report#midtown-west |date=April 2014 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702160849/http://www.mns.com/manhattan_rental_market_report#midtown-west |url-status=live }}</ref> It has also acquired a large and diverse community as residents have moved north from [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]]. [[Zoning in the United States|Zoning]] has long restricted the extension of [[Midtown Manhattan]]'s skyscraper development into Hell's Kitchen, at least north of 42nd Street.<ref>Joseph J. Varga, ''Hell's Kitchen and the Battle for Urban Space: Class Struggle and Progressive Reform in New York City, 1894–1914.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 2013.</ref>
@@ Line 245: / Line 248: @@
 An indication of how fast real estate prices rose in the neighborhood was a 2004 transaction involving the [[Howard Johnson's]] Motel at 52nd Street and Eighth Avenue. In June, Vikram Chatwal's Hampshire Hotel Group bought the motel and adjoining Studio Instrument Rental building for $9 million. In August, they sold the property to [[El-Ad Group|Elad Properties]] for about $43 million. Elad, which formerly owned the [[Plaza Hotel]], built The Link, a luxury 44-story building, at that location.<ref>{{cite web |title=Developments |url=https://www.eladgroup.com/NewDevelopments.htm |publisher=EL AD Group |access-date=25 July 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918104015/https://www.eladgroup.com/NewDevelopments.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-[[Silverstein Properties]] and Greenwood Gaming & Entertainment are bidding for a downstate New York casino license and hope to develop a resort and casino in the neighborhood if they secure a license. They have proposed The Avenir, which would be a resort with 1,000 hotel rooms, an eight story casino and a 1,000 seat performance venue. 100 affordable housing units would also be built.<ref>{{cite news |last=Short |first=Aaron |date=February 10, 2025 |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2025/02/breaking-down-every-2025-new-york-casino-licenses-bid/402815/ |title=Breaking down every 2025 New York casino license bid |work=City & State New York |access-date=February 19, 2025}}</ref>
+[[Silverstein Properties]] and Greenwood Gaming & Entertainment had bid for a downstate New York casino license with the hope of developing a resort and casino in the neighborhood had they secured a license. They had proposed [[The Avenir]], which would be a resort with 1,000 hotel rooms, an eight story casino and a 1,000 seat performance venue. 100 affordable housing units would also have been built.<ref>{{cite news |last=Short |first=Aaron |date=February 10, 2025 |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2025/02/breaking-down-every-2025-new-york-casino-licenses-bid/402815/ |title=Breaking down every 2025 New York casino license bid |work=City & State New York |access-date=February 19, 2025}}</ref> The community advisory committee rejected the proposal in September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Savage |first1=Catie |last2=Allen |first2=Dashiell |date=September 17, 2025 |url=https://w42st.com/post/councilmember-bottcher-votes-no-on-west-side-casino-bids/ |title=Councilmember Bottcher Votes No on West Side Casino Bids |website=W42ST |access-date=September 17, 2025}}</ref>
 ====Hudson Yards====
-{{main article|Hudson Yards, Manhattan}}
+{{main|Hudson Yards, Manhattan}}
 In 2003, the [[New York City Department of City Planning]] issued a master plan that envisioned the creation of {{cvt|40,000,000|ft2|m2}} of commercial and residential development, two corridors of open space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hudson Yards Master Plan: Preferred Direction |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/hudson-yards/prefdir.pdf |date=February 2003 |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning |access-date=August 10, 2009 |archive-date=February 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228022559/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/hudson-yards/prefdir.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Dubbed the Hudson Yards Master Plan, the area covered is bordered on the east by Seventh and Eighth Avenues, on the south by West 28th and 30th Streets, on the north by West 43rd Street, and on the west by [[Hudson River Park]] and the [[Hudson River]]. The City's plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association (HKNA). The main concept of the HKNA plan was to allow major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/mancb4/downloads/pdf/hkna_plan_executive_summary_(3).pdf |title=HKNA plan summary |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208154051/http://www.nyc.gov/html/mancb4/downloads/pdf/hkna_plan_executive_summary_(3).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160422042404/http://www.home.earthlink.net/~hkna2/ Full HKNA Plan]</ref>
@@ Line 266: / Line 269: @@
 ===Entertainment industry===
-[[File:Hells-kitchen-gear.jpg|thumb|Hell's Kitchen gear for sale in the Video Cafe on Ninth Avenue (shop closed in January 2014)<ref>[http://vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com/2014/01/sweet-gifts-at-video-cafe.html Sweet Gifts at Video Cafe – Vanishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508062515/http://vanishingnewyork.blogspot.com/2014/01/sweet-gifts-at-video-cafe.html |date=May 8, 2016 }}, January 23, 2014</ref>]]
 [[File:Manhattan Plaza Ninth Avenue and 43rd.JPG|thumb|Manhattan Plaza, performing artists' residence, Ninth Avenue/43rd Street]]
@@ Line 277: / Line 279: @@
 The neighborhood is also home to a number of broadcast and [[recording studio|music-recording studios]], including the [[CBS Broadcast Center]] at 524 West 57th Street, where the [[CBS]] television network records many of its news and sports programs such as ''[[60 Minutes]]'' and ''[[The NFL Today]]''; the former [[Sony Music Studios]] at 460 West 54th Street, which closed in 2007; [[Manhattan Center|Manhattan Center Studios]] at 311 West 34th Street; and [[Right Track Recording]]'s Studio A509 orchestral recording facility at West 38th Street and Tenth Avenue.
-The syndicated ''[[The Montel Williams Show|Montel Williams Show]]'' was taped at the Unitel Studios, 433 West 53rd Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. The [[Power Station (recording studio)|Power Station]] recording studios are located near the intersection of 57th Street and Ninth Avenue in Hell's Kitchen. In 2016, singer and [[songwriter]] [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] recorded his album entitled ''[[57th & 9th]]'' there.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/arts/music/sting-57th-and-9th-interview.html?contentCollection=weekendreads&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=c-column-middle-span-region&region=c-column-middle-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-middle-span-region |title=With ''57th and 9th'', Sting Changes His Mind About Rock |author=[[Jon Pareles]] |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 8, 2016 |access-date=November 13, 2016 |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117215641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/arts/music/sting-57th-and-9th-interview.html?contentCollection=weekendreads&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=c-column-middle-span-region&region=c-column-middle-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-middle-span-region |url-status=live }}</ref> The progressive metal band [[Dream Theater]] recorded their fourth studio album [[Falling into Infinity]] at the studio. Their song "Hell's Kitchen" is named after this area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-03 |title=What is Hell's Kitchen? |url=https://dreamtheater.club/questions/question/what-is-hells-kitchen/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Dream Theater World |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026021508/https://dreamtheater.club/questions/question/what-is-hells-kitchen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The syndicated ''[[The Montel Williams Show|Montel Williams Show]]'' was taped at the Unitel Studios, 433 West 53rd Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. The [[Power Station (recording studio)|Power Station]] recording studios are located near the intersection of 57th Street and Ninth Avenue in Hell's Kitchen. In 2016, singer and [[songwriter]] [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] recorded his album entitled ''[[57th & 9th]]'' there.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/arts/music/sting-57th-and-9th-interview.html?contentCollection=weekendreads&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=c-column-middle-span-region&region=c-column-middle-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-middle-span-region |title=With ''57th and 9th'', Sting Changes His Mind About Rock |author=[[Jon Pareles]] |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 8, 2016 |access-date=November 13, 2016 |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117215641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/arts/music/sting-57th-and-9th-interview.html?contentCollection=weekendreads&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=c-column-middle-span-region&region=c-column-middle-span-region&WT.nav=c-column-middle-span-region |url-status=live }}</ref> The progressive metal band [[Dream Theater]] recorded their fourth studio album ''[[Falling into Infinity]]'' at the studio. Their song "Hell's Kitchen" is named after this area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-03 |title=What is Hell's Kitchen? |url=https://dreamtheater.club/questions/question/what-is-hells-kitchen/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Dream Theater World |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026021508/https://dreamtheater.club/questions/question/what-is-hells-kitchen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 The [[Comedy Central]] satirical news program ''[[The Daily Show]]'' was taped in Hell's Kitchen since its debut until late 2021 when it moved to [[Times Square]]. In 2005, it moved from its quarters at 54th Street and Tenth Avenue to a new studio in the neighborhood, at 733 Eleventh Avenue, between [[51st Street (Manhattan)|51st]] and 52nd Streets. The 54th and 10th location was used for ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' throughout its entire run from 2005 until 2014. Until its cancellation, the studio was used for ''[[The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore]]'', following [[Stephen Colbert]]'s departure from Comedy Central. The studio was later used for ''[[Tha God's Honest Truth]]'', produced by Colbert. Next door at 511 West 54th Street is [[Ars Nova (theater)|Ars Nova]] theater, home to emerging artists [[Joe Iconis]] and breakout star [[Jesse Eisenberg]], among others.
@@ Line 288: / Line 290: @@
 [[Restaurant Row (Manhattan)|Restaurant Row]], so-called because of the abundance of restaurants, is located on West 46th Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. There are more restaurants and [[food cart]]s and [[Food truck|trucks]] on Tenth Avenue between 43rd and 47th Streets.
-{{Clear}}
 ===USS ''Intrepid'' Museum===
@@ Line 303: / Line 304: @@
 A newer park in Hell's Kitchen is the [[Hudson Park and Boulevard]], which is part of the [[Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogan |first=Gwynne |title=New Park Begins Transformation of Industrial Hudson Yards District |website=DNAinfo New York |date=August 13, 2015 |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150813/hells-kitchen-clinton/new-park-begins-transformation-of-industrial-hudson-yards-district |access-date=August 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816191648/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150813/hells-kitchen-clinton/new-park-begins-transformation-of-industrial-hudson-yards-district |archive-date=August 16, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
-The {{cvt|100|by|150|foot|m}} Clinton Community Garden is located on West 48th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and consists of 108 plots. Previously a haven for illegal activity, in 1978 the West 48th Street Block Association joined with the [[Green Guerillas]] to secure a lease for the site to renovate it for community use. When the city put it up for auction in 1981, residents formed the Committee to Save Clinton Community Garden, through appeals to Mayor [[Ed Koch]] and unsuccessful efforts to purchase the site.<ref>[https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness "Tales of Gardening Greatness: Hattie Carthan Community Garden"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721234252/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness |date=July 21, 2016 }}. [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed January 14, 2019.</ref>
+The {{cvt|100|by|150|foot|m}} Clinton Community Garden is located on West 48th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and consists of 108 plots. Previously a haven for illegal activity, in 1978 the West 48th Street Block Association joined with the [[Green Guerillas]] to secure a lease for the site to renovate it for community use. When the city put it up for auction in 1981, residents formed the Committee to Save Clinton Community Garden, through appeals to Mayor [[Ed Koch]] and unsuccessful efforts to purchase the site.<ref name="nycgovparks.org">[https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness "Tales of Gardening Greatness: Hattie Carthan Community Garden"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721234252/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness |date=July 21, 2016 }}. [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed January 14, 2019.</ref>
-In 1984, one month before the auction, the garden was transferred to the city's [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|Parks Department]], making it the first community garden to become parkland. It is open from dawn to dusk. Over 2,000 residents have keys to the park, which is used by an average of 500–600 people, including over 100 children, during the warm months. Recreational events include an annual Summer Solstice event, art shows, chamber music picnics, gardening seminars, and dance recitals. Residents have held weddings in the park, and photographers have used it for photo shoots.<ref>[https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness "Tales of Gardening Greatness: Hattie Carthan Community Garden"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721234252/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/community-gardens/greatness |date=July 21, 2016 }}. [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed January 14, 2019.</ref>
+In 1984, one month before the auction, the garden was transferred to the city's [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|Parks Department]], making it the first community garden to become parkland. It is open from dawn to dusk. Over 2,000 residents have keys to the park, which is used by an average of 500–600 people, including over 100 children, during the warm months. Recreational events include an annual Summer Solstice event, art shows, chamber music picnics, gardening seminars, and dance recitals. Residents have held weddings in the park, and photographers have used it for photo shoots.<ref name="nycgovparks.org"/>
 ==Police and crime==
@@ Line 428: / Line 429: @@
 ===Music===
-*The album ''[[Falling into Infinity]]'' by [[Dream Theater]] contains an instrumental named "Hell's Kitchen".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dreamtheater.net/discography/falling-into-infinity/ | title=Falling into Infinity | access-date=June 10, 2022 | archive-date=May 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523231543/https://dreamtheater.net/discography/falling-into-infinity/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
+*The album ''[[Falling into Infinity]]'' by [[Dream Theater]] contains an instrumental named "Hell's Kitchen".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dreamtheater.net/discography/falling-into-infinity/ | title=Falling into Infinity | date=September 23, 1997 | access-date=June 10, 2022 | archive-date=May 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523231543/https://dreamtheater.net/discography/falling-into-infinity/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Notable residents==
@@ Line 437: / Line 438: @@
 * [[Michael Alig]] (1966–2020), founder of the [[Club Kids]], lived at Riverbank West,<ref>{{cite web |website=The Smoking Gun |title=Longhand Of The Law: Club Kids Kill An Angel (Handwritten confession of Robert Riggs) |page=1 |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/club-kids-kill-angel |date=December 1996 |author=Riggs, Robert |access-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426160204/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/club-kids-kill-angel |url-status=live }}</ref> at 11th Avenue, which he described as "the place where I lived as part of my salary at [[The Limelight|Limelight]]"; it was the address where he and his roommate, Robert "Freeze" Riggs, killed [[Andre Melendez|Andre "Angel" Melendez]]<ref>{{cite news |work=[[New York Post]] |last=Alig |first=Michael |url=https://nypost.com/2014/05/12/party-monster-relives-catfight-that-ended-in-murder/ |title=Club Kid killer relives bloody crime |date=May 12, 2014 |access-date=December 11, 2017 |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205083807/https://nypost.com/2014/05/12/party-monster-relives-catfight-that-ended-in-murder/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 * [[Carmelo Anthony]] (born 1984), basketball player<ref>Barbara K. [https://nypost.com/2012/04/19/la-la-anthony-dishes-on-her-hells-kitchen-crib/ "La La Anthony dishes on her Hell's Kitchen crib"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023401/http://nypost.com/2012/04/19/la-la-anthony-dishes-on-her-hells-kitchen-crib/ |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[New York Post]]'', April 19, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016.</ref>
-* [[Benjamin Appel]] (1907–1977), crime novelist<ref>Jamieson, Wendell. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE4DF1030F932A35752C0A9609C8B63 "City Lore; Hard-Boiled Tales, Told by a Gentleman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106071241/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE4DF1030F932A35752C0A9609C8B63 |date=January 6, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 1, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "Benjamin Appel was an author of more than 25 novels from 1934 to 1977, many of them set in New York. He was raised in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan and lived much of his life in Roosevelt, N.J., but after he moved he still came back to New York often."</ref>
+* [[Benjamin Appel]] (1907–1977), crime novelist<ref>Jamieson, Wendell. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE4DF1030F932A35752C0A9609C8B63 "City Lore; Hard-Boiled Tales, Told by a Gentleman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106071241/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE4DF1030F932A35752C0A9609C8B63 |date=January 6, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 1, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "Benjamin Appel was an author of more than 25 novels from 1934 to 1977, many of them set in New York. He was raised in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan and lived much of his life in Roosevelt, N.J., but after he moved, he still came back to New York often."</ref>
+* [[Joaquín Badajoz|Joaquin Badajoz]] (born 1972), poet, writer, and art critic<ref>{{cite web |last1=Badajoz |first1=Joaquin |title=Aurhor's bio |url=https://www.amazon.com/-/es/stores/author/B01FUVF5YY/about |website=Amazon |publisher=Hypermedia Americas |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
 * [[Lewis Black]] (born 1948), comedian<ref>Friend, Tad. [http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/lewis-black-playwright "Lewis Black, Playwright"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907100717/http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/lewis-black-playwright |date=September 7, 2014 }}, ''[[The New Yorker]]'', June 5, 2012. Accessed July 4, 2016. "In his living room high up in Hell's Kitchen, the comedian Lewis Black sat on a sofa with three throw pillows tucked around him, as if he'd had a bad breakup and needed a hug and some Häagen-Dazs."</ref>
 * [[Anthony Bourdain]] (1956–2018), chef and author<ref>"Disappearing Manhattan." ''[[Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations]]''. Travel Channel. February 23, 2009.</ref>
@@ Line 451: / Line 453: @@
 * [[James Coonan]] (born 1946), mobster<ref>[[James Traub|Traub, James]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/magazine/the-lord-s-of-hell-s-kitchen.html?pagewanted=all "The Lords of Hell's Kitchen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002710/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/magazine/the-lord-s-of-hell-s-kitchen.html?pagewanted=all |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 5, 1987. Accessed July 9, 2016.</ref>
 * [[Marlon Craft]] (born 1993), rapper<ref>Marantz, Andrew. [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/08/05/marlon-crafts-halal-cart-listening-party "Marlon Craft's Halal-Craft Listening Party"], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', July 29, 2019. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Marlon Craft, who is twenty-six, lives with his parents and his sister in Manhattan Plaza, the Section 8 apartment complex in Hell’s Kitchen."</ref>
-* [[Larry David]] (born 1947), actor, producer of ''[[Seinfeld]]'' and ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]''<ref name=Kramer>McShane, Larry. [http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/people/149555,CST-NWS-kramer26.article "The real Kramer says actor no racist: But Richards is 'paranoid,' 'very wound-up'"]{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', November 26, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "The real Kramer lived for 10 years in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from ''Seinfeld'' co-creator Larry David, and his life became the framework for Richards' quirky, bumbling Seinfeld sidekick."</ref>
+* [[Larry David]] (born 1947), actor, producer of ''[[Seinfeld]]'' and ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]''<ref name=Kramer>McShane, Larry. [http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/people/149555,CST-NWS-kramer26.article "The real Kramer says actor no racist: But Richards is 'paranoid,' 'very wound-up'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508103733/http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/people/149555,CST-NWS-kramer26.article |date=May 8, 2020 }}, ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', November 26, 2006. Accessed August 11, 2009. "The real Kramer lived for 10 years in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from ''Seinfeld'' co-creator Larry David, and his life became the framework for Richards' quirky, bumbling Seinfeld sidekick."</ref>
 * [[Marcelo Gomes (dancer)|Marcelo Gomes]] (born 1979), Brazilian ballet dancer<ref>Kaufman, Joanne. [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/realestate/marcelo-gomes-the-dancer-at-home-in-hells-kitchen.html "Marcelo Gomes, the Dancer at Home in Hell's Kitchen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915080535/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/realestate/marcelo-gomes-the-dancer-at-home-in-hells-kitchen.html |date=September 15, 2015 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 11, 2014. Accessed July 4, 2016. "Not long after Marcelo Gomes moved with his dachshund, Lua, into a subcompact (475 square feet) condo in Hell's Kitchen two and a half years ago, he gave a housewarming party."</ref>
 * [[Tom Gorman (umpire)|Tom Gorman]] (1919–1986), [[Major League Baseball]] umpire<ref>[[Ira Berkow|Berkow, Ira]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/17/sports/sports-of-the-times-tom-gorman-s-final-call.html "Sports of the Times; Tom Gorman's Final Call"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002540/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/17/sports/sports-of-the-times-tom-gorman-s-final-call.html |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 17, 1986. Accessed July 9, 2016. "Yesterday, in a cemetery in Paramus, N.J., Thomas David Gorman, born in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, was laid to rest."</ref>
@@ Line 493: / Line 495: @@
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category}}
+*[https://hknc.nyc/ Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Coalition]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041214092307/http://www.hknanyc.org/hood.html Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association]
 *[https://www.hkscnyc.org/ Hell's Kitchen South Coalition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610044414/https://www.hkscnyc.org/ |date=June 10, 2020 }}

Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:45, 13 November 2025

Boundaries

Name

History

Early history and development

Unity with the city and deterioration

First wave of gentrification

Special Clinton zoning district

Windermere

Failed rezoning attempts

September 11, 2001

Redevelopment and second wave of gentrification

Hudson Yards

Demographics

Culture

Entertainment industry

Food

USS Intrepid Museum

Parks and recreation

Police and crime

Fire safety

Health

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