Glossary of chess: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
imported>Bruce leverett
Unsourced
 
imported>MaxBrowne2
→Q: ce
 
(2 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|none}}
{{Short description|none}}
This '''glossary of chess''' explains commonly used terms in [[chess]], in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like ''[[#fork|fork]]'' and ''[[#pin|pin]]''. For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see [[Fairy chess piece]]; for a list of terms specific to [[chess problems]], see [[Glossary of chess problems]]; for a list of named [[#opening|opening lines]], see [[List of chess openings]]; for a list of chess-related games, see [[List of chess variants]]; for a list of terms general to [[board game]]s, see [[Glossary of board games]].


{{Compact TOC|short1|name=Directory|num=no|y=|seealso=yes|notesfirst=yes|refs=yes}}
This '''glossary of chess''' explains commonly used terms in [[chess]], in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like ''[[#fork|fork]]'' and ''[[#pin|pin]]''.
 
For a list of:
*unorthodox chess pieces, see [[Fairy chess piece]];
*terms specific to [[chess problems]], see [[Glossary of chess problems]];
*named [[#opening|opening lines]], see [[List of chess openings]];
*chess-related games, see [[List of chess variants]];
*terms general to [[board game]]s, see [[Glossary of board games]].
 
{{Compact TOC|short1|name=Directory|num=no|y=|seealso=yes|refs=yes|further=yes}}


==A==
==A==
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= absolute pin|content= [[Pin (chess)#Absolute pin|absolute pin]] {{anchor|Absolute pin|absolute pins}} }}
{{anchor|Absolute pin|absolute pins}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pin|pin]] against the [[#king|king]] is called ''absolute'' since the pinned piece cannot legally move out of the line of [[#attack|attack]] (as moving it would expose the king to [[#check|check]]).<ref>Wilkinson 2008, p. 128</ref> Cf. ''[[#relative pin|relative pin]]''.}}
{{term|term= absolute pin|content= [[Pin (chess)#Absolute pin|absolute pin]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pin|pin]] against the [[#king|king]] is called ''absolute'' since the pinned piece cannot legally move out of the line of [[#attack|attack]] (as moving it would expose the king to [[#check|check]]).{{Sfn|Wilkinson|2008|page=128}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#relative pin|relative pin]]''.}}


{{term|term= active|content= active {{anchor|Active|activity}} }}
{{anchor|Active|activity}}
{{defn|defn= Describes a [[#piece|piece]] that [[#threat|threatens]] a number of squares, or that has a number of squares available for its next move. It may also describe an aggressive style of play.<ref name="S&S_p237">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 237</ref> Antonym: ''[[#passive|passive]]''.}}
{{term|term= active|content= active}}
{{defn|defn= Describes a [[#piece|piece]] that [[#threat|threatens]] a number of squares, or that has a number of squares available for its next move. It may also describe an aggressive style of play.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=237}}{{Indent|6}}Antonym: ''[[#passive|passive]]''}}


[[Image:Adjournment.JPG|thumb|210px|Envelope used for the adjournment of a match game [[Efim Geller]] vs. [[Bent Larsen]], Copenhagen 1966]]
[[File:Adjournment.JPG|thumb|210px|Envelope used for the '''adjournment''' of a match game [[Efim Geller]] vs. [[Bent Larsen]], Copenhagen 1966]]
{{anchor|Adjournment|adjournments|adjourned}}
{{term|term= adjournment|content= [[Adjournment (games)#Chess|adjournment]]}}
{{defn|defn= Suspension of a chess game with the intention to finish it later. It was once very common in high-level competition, often occurring soon after the first [[#time control|time control]], but has been mostly abandoned due to the advent of computer analysis.{{Sfn|United States Chess Federation|2003|page=72}}
{{See also|#sealed move|label1=sealed move}}}}


{{term|term= adjournment|content= [[Adjournment (games)#Chess|adjournment]] {{anchor|Adjournment|adjournments|adjourned}} }}
{{anchor|Adjudication|adjudications|adjudicated}}
{{defn|defn= Suspension of a chess game with the intention to finish it later. It was once very common in high-level competition, often occurring soon after the first [[#time control|time control]], but has been mostly abandoned due to the advent of computer analysis.<ref>United States Chess Federation, p. 72</ref> See also ''[[#sealed move|sealed move]]''.}}
{{term|term= adjudication|content= adjudication}}
{{defn|defn= A way to decide the result of an unfinished game. A [[#tournament director|tournament director]], or an impartial and strong player, will evaluate the final position and assign a win, draw, or loss assuming best play by both players.{{Sfn|United States Chess Federation|2003|pages=84, 282}}}}


{{term|term= adjudication|content= adjudication {{anchor|Adjudication|adjudications|adjudicated}} }}
{{anchor|Adjust|j'adoube|adjustment|adjustments|adjusted}}
{{defn|defn= A way to decide the result of an unfinished game. A [[#tournament director|tournament director]], or an impartial and strong player, will evaluate the final position and assign a win, draw, or loss assuming best play by both players.<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. 84, 282</ref>}}
{{term|term= adjust|content= adjust}}
{{defn|defn= See [[#touch-move rule|touch-move rule]]. To adjust the position of a [[#piece|piece]] on its square without being required to move it. A player may do this only on their turn, and must first say "I adjust", or the French equivalent "J'adoube".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=59}}}}


{{term|term= adjust|content= adjust {{anchor|Adjust|j'adoube|adjustment|adjustments|adjusted}} }}
{{anchor|Advanced pawn|advanced pawns}}
{{defn|defn= See [[#touch-move rule|touch-move rule]]. To adjust the position of a [[#piece|piece]] on its square without being required to move it. A player may do this only on their turn, and must first say "I adjust", or the French equivalent "J'adoube".<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}
{{term|term= advanced pawn|content= advanced pawn}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that is on the opponent's half of the board (the fifth [[#rank|rank]] or higher for White; the fourth rank or lower for Black). An advanced pawn may be weak if it is [[#overextended|overextended]], lacking support and difficult to defend, or strong if it [[#cramped|cramps]] the enemy by limiting [[#mobility|mobility]]. An advanced [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] that threatens to [[#promotion|promote]] can be especially strong.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|pp=22–23}}}}


{{term|term= advanced pawn|content= advanced pawn {{anchor|Advanced pawn|advanced pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Advantage|advantages}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that is on the opponent's half of the board (the fifth [[#rank|rank]] or higher for White; the fourth rank or lower for Black). An advanced pawn may be weak if it is [[#overextended|overextended]], lacking support and difficult to defend, or strong if it [[#cramped|cramps]] the enemy by limiting [[#mobility|mobility]]. An advanced [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] that threatens to [[#promotion|promote]] can be especially strong.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, pp. 22–23</ref>}}
{{term|term= advantage|content= advantage}}
 
{{defn|defn= A better position with the chance of winning the game. Evaluation factors can include [[#space|space]], [[#time|time]], [[#material|material]], and [[#threat|threats]].{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=237}}}}
{{term|term= advantage|content= advantage {{anchor|Advantage|advantages}} }}
{{defn|defn= A better position with the chance of winning the game. Evaluation factors can include [[#space|space]], [[#time|time]], [[#material|material]], and [[#threat|threats]].<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 42: Line 56:
|  |  |rl|  |  |  |pl|pl
|  |  |rl|  |  |  |pl|pl
|  |  |ql|  |  |  |kl|  
|  |  |ql|  |  |  |kl|  
|Alekhine's gun  
|'''Alekhine's gun'''
}}
}}
{{term|term= Alekhine's gun|content= [[Alekhine's gun]] {{anchor|Alekhine's gun}} }}
{{defn|defn= A special form of [[#battery|battery]] in which a [[#queen|queen]] backs up two [[#rook|rooks]] on the same [[#file|file]].<ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 25</ref>}}


[[File:SCD algebraic notation.svg|right|Algebraic notation|frame]]
{{anchor|Alekhine's gun}}
{{term|term= Alekhine's gun|content= [[Alekhine's gun]]}}
{{defn|defn= A special form of [[#battery|battery]] in which a [[#queen|queen]] backs up two [[#rook|rooks]] on the same [[#file|file]].{{Sfn|van de Oudeweetering|2014|p=25}}}}


{{term|term= algebraic notation|content= [[Algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]] {{anchor|Algebraic notation|algebraic chess notation}} }}
[[File:SCD algebraic notation.svg|right|An example of '''algebraic notation'''|frame]]
{{defn|defn= The standard way to record the moves of a chess game, using alphanumeric coordinates for the squares.<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 14</ref> Also called ''standard notation''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 389</ref> Abbr. AN.}}
{{anchor|Algebraic notation|algebraic chess notation}}
{{term|term= algebraic notation|content= [[Algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]] ("AN")}}
{{defn|defn= The standard way to record the moves of a chess game, using alphanumeric coordinates for the squares.{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=14}} Also called ''standard notation''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=389}}}}


{{term|term= amateur|content= amateur {{anchor|Amateur|amateurs}} }}
{{anchor|Amateur|amateurs}}
{{defn|defn= Any player whose main occupation is not chess.<ref name="Brace_p17">Brace 1977, p. 17</ref> The distinction between professional and amateur is not very important in chess as amateurs may win prizes, accept appearance fees, and earn any title, including [[#World Champion|World Champion]].<ref name=Brace_p17 /><ref name="H&W_p13">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 13</ref> In the 19th century, "Amateur" was sometimes used in published game scores to conceal the name of the losing player in a Master vs. Amateur contest. It was thought to be impolite to use a player's name without permission, and the professional did not want to risk losing a customer.<ref name=H&W_p13 /> See also ''[[#NN|NN]]''.}}
{{term|term= amateur|content= amateur}}
{{defn|defn= Any player whose main occupation is not chess.{{Sfn|Brace|1977|p=17}} The distinction between professional and amateur is not very important in chess as amateurs may win prizes, accept appearance fees, and earn any title, including [[#World Champion|World Champion]].{{Sfn|Brace|1977|p=17}}{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=13}} In the 19th century, "Amateur" was sometimes used in published game scores to conceal the name of the losing player in a Master vs. Amateur contest. It was thought to be impolite to use a player's name without permission, and the professional did not want to risk losing a customer.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=389}}<br/>{{See also|#NN|label1=NN}}}}


{{term|term= analysis|content= analysis {{anchor|Analysis|analyses}} }}
{{anchor|Analysis|analyses}}
{{defn|defn= The study of a game or a position, in order to evaluate the quality of the moves and various other aspects of the game or position. At the end of a game, the players will often do an analysis of the game. See also ''[[#post-mortem|post-mortem]]''.<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}
{{term|term= analysis|content= analysis}}
{{defn|defn= The study of a game or a position, in order to evaluate the quality of the moves and various other aspects of the game or position. At the end of a game, the players will often do an analysis of the game.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=237}}<br/>{{See also|#post-mortem|label1=post-mortem}}}}


{{term|term= annotation|content= annotation {{anchor|Annotation|annotations}} }}
{{anchor|Annotation|annotations}}
{{defn|defn= Written commentary on a game or a position using words, [[chess symbols]], and/or [[#notation|notation]].<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}
{{term|term= annotation|content= annotation}}
{{defn|defn= Written commentary on a game or a position using words, [[chess symbols]], or [[#notation|notation]].{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=237}}}}


{{term|term= announced mate|content= announced mate {{anchor|Announced mate|announced checkmate}} }}
{{anchor|Announced mate|announced checkmate}}
{{defn|defn= A practice, common in the 19th century, whereby a player would announce a sequence of moves, believed by them to constitute [[#optimal play|best play]] by both sides, that led to a [[#forced mate|forced checkmate]] for the announcing player in a specified number of moves (for example, "mate in five").<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 28</ref>}}
{{term|term= announced mate|content= announced mate}}
{{defn|defn= A practice, common in the 19th century, whereby a player would announce a sequence of moves, believed by them to constitute [[#optimal play|best play]] by both sides, that led to a [[#forced mate|forced checkmate]] for the announcing player in a specified number of moves (for example, "mate in five").{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=28}}}}


{{term|term= antipositional|content= antipositional {{anchor|Antipositional}} }}
{{anchor|Antipositional}}
{{defn|defn= A move or a plan that is not in accordance with the principles of [[#positional play|positional play]].<ref>Brace 1977, p. 22</ref> Antipositional is used to describe moves that are part of an incorrect plan rather than a mistake made when trying to follow a correct plan. Antipositional moves are often [[#pawn|pawn]] moves; since pawns cannot move backwards to return to squares they have left, their advance can create irreparable weaknesses.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 18</ref>}}
{{term|term= antipositional|content= antipositional}}
{{defn|defn= A move or a plan that is not in accordance with the principles of [[#positional play|positional play]].{{Sfn|Brace|1977|p=22}} Antipositional is used to describe moves that are part of an incorrect plan rather than a mistake made when trying to follow a correct plan. Antipositional moves are often [[#pawn|pawn]] moves; since pawns cannot move backwards to return to squares they have left, their advance can create irreparable weaknesses.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=18}}}}


{{term|term= Anti-Sicilian|content= Anti-Sicilian {{anchor|Anti-Sicilian|Anti-Sicilians|anti-Sicilian}} }}
{{anchor|Anti-Sicilian|Anti-Sicilians|anti-Sicilian}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]] that [[#White|White]] uses against the [[Sicilian Defense]] (1.e4 c5) other than the most common plan of 2.Nf3 followed by 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 (the Open Sicilian). Some Anti-Sicilians include the [[Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation|Alapin Variation]] (2.c3), Moscow Variation (2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5+), Rossolimo Variation (2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5), Grand Prix Attack (2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 and now 5.Bc4 or 5.Bb5), Closed Sicilian (2.Nc3 followed by g3 and Bg2), [[Sicilian Defence, Smith–Morra Gambit|Smith–Morra Gambit]] (2.d4 cxd4 3.c3), and [[Wing Gambit]] (2.b4).<ref>Hoffman 1996, p. 12</ref>}}
{{term|term= Anti-Sicilian|content= Anti-Sicilian}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]] that [[#White|White]] uses against the [[Sicilian Defense]] (1.e4 c5) other than the most common plan of 2.Nf3 followed by 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 (the Open Sicilian). Some Anti-Sicilians include the [[Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation|Alapin Variation]] (2.c3), Moscow Variation (2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5+), Rossolimo Variation (2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5), Grand Prix Attack (2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 and now 5.Bc4 or 5.Bb5), Closed Sicilian (2.Nc3 followed by g3 and Bg2), [[Sicilian Defence, Smith–Morra Gambit|Smith–Morra Gambit]] (2.d4 cxd4 3.c3), and [[Wing Gambit]] (2.b4).{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=12}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 75: Line 97:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |rl
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |rl
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Arabian mate
|'''Arabian mate'''
}}
}}
{{term|term= Arabian mate|content= [[Checkmate pattern#Arabian mate|Arabian mate]] {{anchor|Arabian mate|Arabian checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate that occurs when the knight and rook trap the opposing king in a corner.<ref>Renaud & Kahn 1962, p. 182</ref>}}


{{term|term= arbiter|content= [[Arbiter (chess)|arbiter]] {{anchor|Arbiter|arbiters}} }}
{{anchor|Arabian mate|Arabian checkmate}}
{{term|term= Arabian mate|content= [[Checkmate pattern#Arabian mate|Arabian mate]]}}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate that occurs when the knight and rook trap the opposing king in a corner.{{Sfn|Renaud|Kahn|2015|p=182}}}}
 
{{anchor|Arbiter|arbiters}}
{{term|term= arbiter|content= [[Arbiter (chess)|arbiter]]}}
{{defn|defn= An official responsible for overseeing chess tournaments and ensuring that the rules of chess are obeyed.}}
{{defn|defn= An official responsible for overseeing chess tournaments and ensuring that the rules of chess are obeyed.}}


{{term|term= arena|content= arena {{anchor|Arena|arenas}} }}
{{anchor|Arena|arenas}}
{{defn|defn= A type of tournament without a fixed amount of rounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.chess.com/article/335-what-are-arena-tournaments |title=What are arena tournaments? |publisher=[[Chess.com]]}}</ref>}}
{{term|term= arena|content= arena}}
{{defn|defn= A type of tournament without a fixed amount of rounds.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are arena tournaments? |url=https://support.chess.com/article/335-what-are-arena-tournaments |publisher=[[Chess.com]]}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= Armageddon game|content= [[Armageddon chess|Armageddon game]] {{anchor|Armageddon game|Armageddon games|Armageddon}} }}
{{anchor|Armageddon game|Armageddon games|Armageddon}}
{{term|term= Armageddon game|content= [[Armageddon chess|Armageddon game]]}}
{{defn|defn= A game that is guaranteed to produce a decisive result, because if there is a draw it is ruled a victory for Black. In compensation for this White is given more time on the clock. Often White is given five minutes, and Black four. This format is typically used in playoff tiebreakers when shorter [[#blitz chess|blitz]] games have not resolved the tie.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/11/26/chess-grandmasters-on-track-for-possible-armageddon-at-world-championship/ "Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship"] Payne, Marissa. ''Washington Post''. 26 November 2016.</ref>}}
{{defn|defn= A game that is guaranteed to produce a decisive result, because if there is a draw it is ruled a victory for Black. In compensation for this White is given more time on the clock. Often White is given five minutes, and Black four. This format is typically used in playoff tiebreakers when shorter [[#blitz chess|blitz]] games have not resolved the tie.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/11/26/chess-grandmasters-on-track-for-possible-armageddon-at-world-championship/ "Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship"] Payne, Marissa. ''Washington Post''. 26 November 2016.</ref>}}


{{term|term= artificial castling|content= [[artificial castling]] {{anchor|Artificial castling}} }}
{{anchor|Artificial castling}}
{{defn|defn= Refers to a maneuver of several separate moves by the [[#king|king]] and by a [[#rook|rook]] where they end up as if they had [[#castling|castled]]. Also known as ''castling by hand''.<ref>Kaufmann 2014, p. 151</ref>}}
{{term|term= artificial castling|content= [[artificial castling]]}}
{{defn|defn= Also known as ''castling by hand''.<br/>Refers to a maneuver of several separate moves by the [[#king|king]] and by a [[#rook|rook]] where they end up as if they had [[#castling|castled]].{{Sfn|Kaufman|2014|p=151}}}}


{{term|term= attack|content= attack {{anchor|Attack|attacks|attacking|attacked}} }}
{{anchor|Attack|attacks|attacking|attacked}}
{{defn|defn= An aggressive action on a part of the chessboard, or to threaten the capture of a piece or pawn.<ref name="S&S_p238">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 238</ref> See also ''[[#counterattack|counterattack]]'', ''[[#discovered attack|discovered attack]]'', ''[[#double attack|double attack]]'', ''[[#mating attack|mating attack]]'', and ''[[#minority attack|minority attack]]''. Antonym: ''[[#defense|defense]]''.}}
{{term|term= attack|content= attack}}
{{defn|defn= An aggressive action on a part of the chessboard, or to threaten the capture of a piece or pawn.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=238}}{{Indent|6}}Antonym: ''[[#defense|defense]]''.<br/>{{See also|#counterattack|label1=counterattack|#discovered attack|label2=discovered attack|#double attack|label3=double attack|#mating attack|label4=mating attack|#minority attack|label5=minority attack}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|Example of attraction
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |rd|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |rd|  
|ql|qd|kd|  |  |  |  |  
|ql|qd|kd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |kl|rl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |kl|rl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|White wins with 1.Rd7+! The black king is attracted away from the defense of the black queen with a [[#skewer|skewer]].
|White wins with 1.Rd7+! The black king is '''attracted''' away from the defense of the black queen with a [[#skewer|skewer]].
}}
}}
{{term|term= attraction|content= [[Attraction (chess)|attraction]] {{anchor|Attraction|attracted}} }}
{{defn|defn= A type of [[#decoy|decoy]] involving a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a [[#minor piece|minor]] or [[#major piece|major]] piece on a square next to the enemy king, forcing the king to abandon the defense of another square. For example ({{em|see diagram}}), the black queen has interposed to block a check from the white queen, and White can check the king from the opposite direction to win the queen.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 34</ref>}}


{{term|term= automaton|content= [[automaton]] {{anchor|Automaton|automatons}} }}
{{anchor|Attraction|attracted}}
{{term|term= attraction|content= [[Attraction (chess)|attraction]]}}
{{defn|defn= A type of [[#decoy|decoy]] involving a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a [[#minor piece|minor]] or [[#major piece|major]] piece on a square next to the enemy king, forcing the king to abandon the defense of another square. For example ({{em|see diagram}}), the black queen has interposed to block a check from the white queen, and White can check the king from the opposite direction to win the queen.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=34}}}}
 
{{anchor|Automaton|automatons}}
{{term|term= automaton|content= [[automaton]]}}
{{defn|defn=An automaton is a self-operating machine. In chess, it refers to chess-playing machines that were in fact hoaxes and under the control of hidden human players. Automatons stirred up great interest in the 18th and 19th centuries and inspired early thoughts of the possibility of [[artificial intelligence]]. By far, the most famous chess-playing "automaton" was [[Mechanical Turk|The Turk]], whose secret of human control was kept for a long time. The first true automaton [[El Ajedrecista]] was created by [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]].}}
{{defn|defn=An automaton is a self-operating machine. In chess, it refers to chess-playing machines that were in fact hoaxes and under the control of hidden human players. Automatons stirred up great interest in the 18th and 19th centuries and inspired early thoughts of the possibility of [[artificial intelligence]]. By far, the most famous chess-playing "automaton" was [[Mechanical Turk|The Turk]], whose secret of human control was kept for a long time. The first true automaton [[El Ajedrecista]] was created by [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]].}}


Line 125: Line 157:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= B|content= B {{anchor|B}} }}
{{anchor|B}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#bishop|bishop]] when recording chess moves in English.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}
{{term|term= B|content= B}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#bishop|bishop]] when recording chess moves in English.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=57}}}}


{{term|term= back rank|content= back rank {{anchor|Back rank|back ranks}} }}
{{anchor|Back rank|back ranks}}
{{defn|defn= A player's first [[#rank|rank]] (the rank on which the pieces stand in the [[#starting position|starting position]]). White's back rank is Black's eighth rank; Black's back rank is White's eighth rank.<ref name="Fischer, Margulies 1982, p. 103">Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103</ref> Also called ''home rank'' and ''first rank''.}}
{{term|term= back rank|content= back rank}}
{{defn|defn= A player's first [[#rank|rank]] (the rank on which the pieces stand in the [[#starting position|starting position]]). White's back rank is Black's eighth rank; Black's back rank is White's eighth rank.{{Sfn|Fischer|Margulies|Mosenfelder|1982|p=103}} Also called ''home rank'' and ''first rank''.}}


{{term|term= back-rank mate|content= [[Back-rank checkmate|back-rank mate]] {{anchor|Back-rank mate|back-rank mates|back-rank checkmate|back-rank checkmates}} }}
{{anchor|Back-rank mate|back-rank mates|back-rank checkmate|back-rank checkmates}}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a [[#back rank|back rank]] from which the mated king is unable to move because it is blocked by friendly pieces (usually pawns) or squares under attack on the player's second rank.<ref name="Fischer, Margulies 1982, p. 103">Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103</ref> Also called ''back-row mate''.}}
{{term|term= back-rank mate|content= [[Back-rank checkmate|back-rank mate]]}}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a [[#back rank|back rank]] from which the mated king is unable to move because it is blocked by friendly pieces (usually pawns) or squares under attack on the player's second rank.{{Sfn|Fischer|Margulies|Mosenfelder|1982|p=103}} Also called ''back-row mate''.}}


{{term|term= back-rank weakness|content= back-rank weakness {{anchor|Back-rank weakness|back-rank weaknesses}} }}
{{anchor|Back-rank weakness|back-rank weaknesses}}
{{defn|defn= A situation in which a player is under threat of a [[#back-rank mate|back-rank mate]] and, having no time/option to create an escape for the king, must constantly watch and defend against that threat, for example by keeping a rook on the back rank.<ref name="Fischer, Margulies 1982, p. 103">Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103</ref>}}
{{term|term= back-rank weakness|content= back-rank weakness}}
{{defn|defn= A situation in which a player is under threat of a [[#back-rank mate|back-rank mate]] and, having no time/option to create an escape for the king, must constantly watch and defend against that threat, for example by keeping a rook on the back rank.{{Sfn|Fischer|Margulies|Mosenfelder|1982|p=103}}}}


{{term|term= backward pawn|content= [[backward pawn]] {{anchor|Backward pawn|backward pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Backward pawn|backward pawns}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that is behind a pawn of the same color on an adjacent [[#file|file]] and that cannot be advanced with the support of another pawn.<ref>Silman 1998, p. 236</ref>}}
{{term|term= backward pawn|content= [[backward pawn]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that is behind a pawn of the same color on an adjacent [[#file|file]] and that cannot be advanced with the support of another pawn.{{Sfn|Silman|1998|p=236}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 151: Line 188:
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|pl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|pl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|White has a bad bishop, Black has a good bishop {{Harvcol|Evans|1967|p=66}}.
|White has a '''bad bishop''', Black has a good bishop {{Harvcol|Evans|1967|p=66}}.
}}
}}
{{term|term= bad bishop|content= bad bishop {{anchor|Bad bishop|bad bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] that is hemmed in by the player's own [[#pawn|pawns]].<ref>Grooten 2017, p. 199</ref> Cf. ''[[#good bishop|good bishop]]''.}}


{{term|term= bare king|content= [[bare king]] {{anchor|Bare king|bare kings}} }}
{{anchor|Bad bishop|bad bishops}}
{{defn|defn= A position in which a [[#king|king]] is the only [[#man|man]] of its [[#color|color]] on the board.<ref>Pritchard 2012, p. 75</ref>}}
{{term|term= bad bishop|content= bad bishop}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] that is hemmed in by the player's own [[#pawn|pawns]].{{Sfn|Grooten|2017|p=199}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#good bishop|good bishop]]''.}}
 
{{anchor|Bare king|bare kings}}
{{term|term= bare king|content= [[bare king]]}}
{{defn|defn= A position in which a [[#king|king]] is the only [[#man|man]] of its [[#color|color]] on the board.{{Sfn|Pritchard|2012|p=75}}}}


{{term|term= Basque chess|content= Basque chess {{anchor|Basque chess|Basque Chess|Basque system|Basque System}} }}
{{anchor|Basque chess|Basque Chess|Basque system|Basque System}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''Basque system'''. A chess competition in which the players simultaneously play each other two games on two boards, each playing White on one and Black on the other. There is a clock at both boards. It removes the bonus in mini-matches of playing White first. Basque chess was first played in the 2012 [[Donostia]] Chess Festival in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/che-magazine-basque-che-does-it-work-for-you- |title=CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?! |publisher=[[ChessBase]] |date=29 February 2012 }}</ref>}}
{{term|term= Basque chess|content= Basque chess}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''Basque system'''. A chess competition in which the players simultaneously play each other two games on two boards, each playing White on one and Black on the other. There is a clock at both boards. It removes the bonus in mini-matches of playing White first. Basque chess was first played in the 2012 [[Donostia]] Chess Festival in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?! |url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/che-magazine-basque-che-does-it-work-for-you- |publisher=[[ChessBase]]}}</ref>}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 173: Line 214:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl
|  |  |  |  |rl|  |kl|  
|  |  |  |  |rl|  |kl|  
|A pair of white rooks are aligned along their battery, ready to do some action.
|A pair of white rooks, aligned forming a '''battery''', ready to take action
}}
}}
{{term|term= battery|content= [[Battery (chess)|battery]] {{anchor|Battery|batteries}} }}
{{defn|defn= Gathering pieces along a line of action in somewhat varying setups. In games, it usually means to line up rooks and/or the queen on a file, or to place a bishop and a queen on a diagonal.<ref name=S&S_p238 /> In chess problems, battery refers to an arrangement of two pieces in line with the enemy [[#king|king]] on a rank, file, or diagonal so that if the middle piece moves a [[#discovered check|discovered check]] (or a [[#threat|threat]] other than a check) will be delivered.<ref>Horton 1959, pp. 12–13; Brace 1977, p. 29; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 32</ref> See also ''[[#Alekhine's gun|Alekhine's gun]]''.}}


{{term|term= BCF|content= BCF {{anchor|BCF}} }}
{{anchor|Battery|batteries}}
{{defn|defn= British Chess Federation, the former name of the [[English Chess Federation]].<ref>Harding 2015, p. 424</ref> See also ''[[#ECF|ECF]]''.}}
{{term|term= battery|content= [[Battery (chess)|battery]]}}
{{defn|defn= Pieces gathered along a line of action in somewhat varying setups. In games, it usually means to line up rooks or the queen on a file, or to place a bishop and a queen on a diagonal.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=238}} In chess problems, a battery is an arrangement of two pieces in line with the enemy [[#king|king]] on a rank, file, or diagonal so that if the middle piece moves, a [[#discovered check|discovered check]] (or a [[#threat|threat]] other than a check) is delivered.{{Sfn|Horton|1973|pp=12–13}}{{Sfn|Brace|1977|p=29}}{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=32}}
{{See also|#Alekhine's gun|label1=Alekhine's gun}}}}
 
{{anchor|BCF}}
{{term|term= BCF|content= BCF}}
{{defn|defn= British Chess Federation, the former name of the [[English Chess Federation]].{{Sfn|Harding|2015|p=424}}
{{See also|#ECF|label1=ECF}}}}


{{term|term= BCM|content= ''[[British Chess Magazine|BCM]]'' {{anchor|BCM}} }}
{{anchor|BCM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the ''British Chess Magazine''.<ref>Hilbert 2013, p. 104</ref>}}
{{term|term= BCM|content= ''[[British Chess Magazine|BCM]]''}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the ''British Chess Magazine''.{{Sfn|Hilbert|2013|p=104}}}}


{{term|term= BCO|content= ''BCO'' {{anchor|BCO}} }}
{{anchor|BCO}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the 1982 [[#opening|openings]] reference book ''Batsford Chess Openings'', by [[Raymond Keene]] and [[Garry Kasparov]]. The second edition (1989) is often called ''BCO-2''.<ref>Pandolfini 1989, p. 233</ref> Cf. ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' and ''[[#MCO|MCO]]''.}}
{{term|term= BCO|content= ''BCO''}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the 1982 [[#opening|openings]] reference book ''Batsford Chess Openings'', by [[Raymond Keene]] and [[Garry Kasparov]]. The second edition (1989) is often called ''BCO-2''.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1989|p=233}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' and ''[[#MCO|MCO]]''.}}


{{term|term= best play|content= best play {{anchor|Best play|best move|best moves}} }}
{{anchor|Best play|best move|best moves}}
{{defn|defn= The theoretical absolute and ideal best moves from any given position.<ref>Roycroft, 1981, p. 346</ref>}}
{{term|term= best play|content= best play}}
{{defn|defn= The theoretical absolute and ideal best moves from any given position.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roycroft |first=A. J. |author-link=John Roycroft |title=The Chess Endgame Study: A Comprehensive Introduction |date=1981 |publisher=Courier Dover |isbn=9780486241869 |page=346}}</ref>}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|Charousek vs. Maroczy, 1895
|Charousek vs. Maroczy, 1895
|  |  |  |  |  |  |rd|kd  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |rd|kd
|  |pd|pd|  |  |  |pd|  
|  |pd|pd|  |  |  |pd|  
|  |rd|  |  |  |pd|  |pd
|  |rd|  |  |  |pd|  |pd
|pd|  |  |  |nd|pl|  |pl  
|pd|  |  |  |nd|pl|  |pl
|pl|  |pl|pd|pl|  |  |  
|pl|  |pl|pd|pl|  |  |  
|  |pl|  |pl|  |  |  |
|  |pl|  |pl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |kl|  |rl|
|  |  |bl|  |kl|  |rl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |rl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |rl|  
|Example of a "big pawn": the white bishop is doing the work of a pawn and has no bigger prospects.  
|Example of a '''big pawn''': the white bishop is doing the work of a pawn and has no bigger prospects.
}}
}}
{{term|term= big pawn|content= big pawn {{anchor|Big pawn|big pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bad bishop|bad bishop]] stuck behind its own pawns and defending them&mdash;effectively doing the work of a pawn.<ref>Soltis 2012, p. 11</ref>}}


{{term|term= bind|content= bind {{anchor|Bind|binds}} }}
{{anchor|Big pawn|big pawns}}
{{defn|defn= A strong grip or stranglehold on a position that is difficult for the opponent to break. A bind is usually an advantage in [[#space|space]] created by [[#advanced pawn|advanced pawns]]. The [[Maróczy Bind]] is a well-known example.<ref>Pandolfini 2013, p. 42</ref> See also ''[[#squeeze|squeeze]]''.}}
{{term|term= big pawn|content= big pawn}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bad bishop|bad bishop]] stuck behind its own pawns and defending them&mdash;effectively doing the work of a pawn.{{Sfn|Soltis|2012|p=11}}}}


{{term|term= bishop|content= [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]] {{anchor|Bishop|bishops}} }}
{{anchor|Bind|binds}}
{{term|term= bind|content= bind}}
{{defn|defn= A strong grip or stranglehold on a position that is difficult for the opponent to break. A bind is usually an advantage in [[#space|space]] created by [[#advanced pawn|advanced pawns]]. The [[Maróczy Bind]] is a well-known example.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2013|p=42}}
{{See also|#squeeze|label1=squeeze}}}}
 
{{anchor|Bishop|bishops}}
{{term|term= bishop|content= [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]]}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that may move along [[#diagonal|diagonals]] without jumping.}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that may move along [[#diagonal|diagonals]] without jumping.}}


{{term|term= bishop pair|content= bishop pair {{anchor|Bishop pair|bishop pairs}} }}
{{anchor|Bishop pair|bishop pairs}}
{{defn|defn=The player with two [[#bishop|bishops]] is said to have the ''bishop pair''. Two bishops are able to control the diagonals of both colors. In [[#open game|open positions]], two bishops are considered to have an advantage over two [[#knight|knights]], or a knight and a bishop.<ref name=S&S_p238 /> Also called ''the two bishops''.}}
{{term|term= bishop pair|content= bishop pair}}
{{defn|defn=The player with two [[#bishop|bishops]] is said to have the ''bishop pair''. Two bishops are able to control the diagonals of both colors. In [[#open game|open positions]], two bishops are considered to have an advantage over two [[#knight|knights]], or a knight and a bishop.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=238}} Also called ''the two bishops''.}}


{{term|term= bishop pawn|content= bishop pawn {{anchor|Bishop pawn|bishop's pawn|bishop pawns|bishop's pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Bishop pawn|bishop's pawn|bishop pawns|bishop's pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''bishop's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the bishop's [[#file|file]], i.e. the c-file or f-file. Sometimes abbreviated "BP".<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 3">Staunton 2009, p. 3</ref>}}
{{term|term= bishop pawn|content= bishop pawn}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''bishop's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the bishop's [[#file|file]], i.e. the c-file or f-file. Sometimes abbreviated "BP".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=3}}}}


{{term|term= bishops on opposite colors|content= bishops on opposite colors {{anchor|Bishops on opposite colors|bishops of opposite colors|Bishops of opposite colors|bishops on opposite colours|bishops of opposite colours|Bishops on opposite colours|Bishops of opposite colours}} }}
{{anchor|Bishops on opposite colors|bishops of opposite colors|Bishops of opposite colors|bishops on opposite colours|bishops of opposite colours|Bishops on opposite colours|Bishops of opposite colours}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''bishops of opposite colors'''. A situation in which one player has only a light-square [[#bishop|bishop]] remaining while the other has only a dark-square bishop remaining. In [[#endgame|endgames]], this often results in a draw if there are no other pieces than pawns, even if one side has a material advantage of one, two or even three pawns, since the bishops control different squares (see [[Opposite-colored bishops endgame]]). In the [[#middlegame|middlegame]], however, the presence of opposite-colored bishops imbalances the game and can lead to [[#mating attack|mating attacks]], since each bishop attacks squares that cannot be covered by the other.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 46</ref>}}
{{term|term= bishops on opposite colors|content= bishops on opposite colors}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''bishops of opposite colors'''. A situation in which one player has only a light-square [[#bishop|bishop]] remaining while the other has only a dark-square bishop remaining. In [[#endgame|endgames]], this often results in a draw if there are no other pieces than pawns, even if one side has a material advantage of one, two or even three pawns, since the bishops control different squares (see [[Opposite-colored bishops endgame]]). In the [[#middlegame|middlegame]], however, the presence of opposite-colored bishops imbalances the game and can lead to [[#mating attack|mating attacks]], since each bishop attacks squares that cannot be covered by the other.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=46}}}}


{{term|term= black|content= black {{anchor|black}} }}
{{anchor|black}}
{{defn|defn= The dark-colored squares on the [[#chessboard|chessboard]] are often referred to as "the black squares" even though they are often some other dark color. Similarly, "the black pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 1">Staunton 2009, p. 1</ref> See also ''[[#white|white]]''.}}
{{term|term= black|content= black}}
{{defn|defn= The dark-colored squares on the [[#chessboard|chessboard]] are often referred to as "the black squares" even though they are often some other dark color. Similarly, "the black pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=1}}
{{See also|#white|label1=white}}}}


{{term|term= Black|content= [[White and Black in chess|Black]] {{anchor|Black}} }}
{{anchor|Black}}
{{defn|defn= The designation for the player who moves second, even though the [[#piece|pieces]] ("the black pieces") are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 47">Pandolfini 1996, p. 47</ref> See also ''[[#White|White]]'' and ''[[#first-move advantage|first-move advantage]]''.}}
{{term|term= Black|content= [[White and Black in chess|Black]]}}
{{defn|defn= The designation for the player who moves second, even though the [[#piece|pieces]] ("the black pieces") are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=47}}
{{See also|#White|label1=White|First-move advantage in chess|label2=first-move advantage}}}}


{{term|term= blind chess|content= blind chess {{anchor|Blind chess}} }}
{{anchor|Blind chess}}
{{term|term= blind chess|content= blind chess}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Kriegspiel|Kriegspiel]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Kriegspiel|Kriegspiel]]''.}}


{{term|term= blindfold chess|content= [[blindfold chess]] {{anchor|Blindfold chess}} }}
{{anchor|Blindfold chess}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which one or both players are not allowed to see the board.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 45</ref>}}
{{term|term= blindfold chess|content= [[blindfold chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which one or both players are not allowed to see the board.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=45}}}}


{{term|term= blind pigs|content= blind pigs {{anchor|Blind pigs}} }}
{{anchor|Blind pigs}}
{{defn|defn= A pair of rooks on the opponent's second rank are referred to as "pigs" as they tend to devour pawns and pieces, and "blind pigs" if they cannot find the mate.<ref>MacEnulty 2004, p. 129</ref>}}
{{term|term= blind pigs|content= blind pigs}}
{{defn|defn= A pair of rooks on the opponent's second rank are referred to as "pigs" as they tend to devour pawns and pieces, and "blind pigs" if they cannot find the mate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacEnulty |first=David |title=The Chess Kid's Book of Checkmate |date=2004 |publisher=Random House Puzzles & Games |isbn=9780812935943 |page=129}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= blitz chess|content= [[Fast chess#Blitz|blitz chess]] {{anchor|Blitz chess}} }}
{{anchor|Blitz chess}}
{{defn|defn= [from {{langx|de|Blitz}}, "lightning"] A [[#fast chess|fast form of chess]] with a very short [[#time control|time limit]], usually three or five minutes per player for the entire game. With the advent of electronic [[#chess clock|chess clocks]], the time remaining is often incremented by one or two seconds per move.<ref name="Schiller 2003, p. 398">Schiller 2003, p. 398</ref>}}
{{term|term= blitz chess|content= [[Fast chess#Blitz|blitz chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= [from {{langx|de|Blitz}}, "lightning"] A [[#fast chess|fast form of chess]] with a very short [[#time control|time limit]], usually three or five minutes per player for the entire game. With the advent of electronic [[#chess clock|chess clocks]], the time remaining is often incremented by one or two seconds per move.{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=398}}}}


{{term|term= blitzkrieg|content= blitzkrieg {{anchor|Blitzkreig}} }}
{{anchor|Blitzkreig}}
{{defn|defn= A ''[[blitzkrieg]]'' is sometimes used to describe a quick attack on the [[#algebraic notation|f7- or f2-square]] early in the game.<ref>{{cite book |first=Harvey |last=Kidder |year=1970 |title=Illustrated Chess for Children |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |isbn=0-385-05764-4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/07/archives/chess-a-fortissimo-zuckertort-its-a-kevitz-blitzkrieg.html "Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg"], ''[[New York Times]]'', Dec. 7, 1964</ref> }}
{{term|term= blitzkrieg|content= blitzkrieg}}
{{defn|defn= A ''[[blitzkrieg]]'' is sometimes used to describe a quick attack on the [[#algebraic notation|f7- or f2-square]] early in the game.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kidder |first=Harvey |title=Illustrated Chess for Children |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |date=1970 |isbn=0-385-05764-4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/07/archives/chess-a-fortissimo-zuckertort-its-a-kevitz-blitzkrieg.html "Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg"], ''[[New York Times]]'', Dec. 7, 1964</ref>}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|rd|  |  |  |  |  |  |
|rd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |pd|kd  
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |pd|kd
|pd|  |bd|  |pd|  |  |  
|pd|  |bd|  |pd|  |  |  
|  |pd|  |nd|pl|pd|bl|
|  |pd|  |nd|pl|pd|bl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|  |  |rl|  |  |kl|
|rl|  |  |rl|  |  |kl|  
|Black has a solid light-square blockade. White's bishop cannot challenge Black's minor pieces.
|Black has a solid light-square '''blockade'''. White's bishop cannot challenge Black's minor pieces.
}}
}}
{{term|term= blockade|content= blockade {{anchor|Blockade|blockades}} }}
{{defn|defn= The placement of a piece directly in front of an enemy pawn, where it obstructs the pawn's advance, and hinders the movements of the other enemy pieces. The enemy pawn provides some shelter to the piece that is blocking it, thereby protecting it from attacks by enemy pieces. A blockade is most effective against passed or isolated pawns. The ideal piece to use as a blockader is the knight. This strategy was famously formulated by [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] in 1924.<ref>Nimzowitsch 1980, p. 5</ref><ref>Pandolfini 2013, p. 47</ref>}}


{{term|term= blocked position|content= blocked position {{anchor|Blocked position|blocked positions}} }}
{{anchor|Blockade|blockades}}
{{defn|defn= A position where both sides are constrained from making progress, typically by interlocking [[#pawn chain|pawn chain(s)]] dividing the available [[#space|space]] into two camps.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 100</ref> See also ''[[#closed game|closed game]]''.}}
{{term|term= blockade|content= blockade}}
{{defn|defn= The placement of a piece directly in front of an enemy pawn, where it obstructs the pawn's advance, and hinders the movements of the other enemy pieces. The enemy pawn provides some shelter to the piece that is blocking it, thereby protecting it from attacks by enemy pieces. A blockade is most effective against passed or isolated pawns. The ideal piece to use as a blockader is the knight. This strategy was famously formulated by [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] in 1924.{{Sfn|Nimzowitsch|1980|p=5}}{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2013|p=47}}}}
 
{{anchor|Blocked position|blocked positions}}
{{term|term= blocked position|content= blocked position}}
{{defn|defn= A position where both sides are constrained from making progress, typically by interlocking [[#pawn chain|pawn chain(s)]] dividing the available [[#space|space]] into two camps.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=100}}
{{See also|#closed game|label1=closed game}}}}


{{term|term= blunder|content= [[Blunder (chess)|blunder]] {{anchor|Blunder|blunders}} }}
{{anchor|Blunder|blunders}}
{{defn|defn= A critically bad move, an oversight (indicated by "??" in chess [[#annotation|annotation]]).<ref name=S&S_p238 />}}
{{term|term= blunder|content= [[Blunder (chess)|blunder]]}}
{{defn|defn= A critically bad move, an oversight (indicated by "??" in chess [[#annotation|annotation]]).{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=238}}}}


{{term|term= board|content= board {{anchor|Board|boards}} }}
{{anchor|Board|boards}}
{{term|term= board|content= board}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= See ''[[#chessboard|chessboard]]''.}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= See ''[[#chessboard|chessboard]]''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An assignment in team chess, e.g. [[#first board|first board]], second board, etc.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An assignment in team chess, e.g. [[#first board|first board]], second board, etc.}}


{{term|term= board one|content= board one {{anchor|Board one}} }}
{{anchor|Board one}}
{{term|term= board one|content= board one}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#first board|first board]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#first board|first board]]''.}}


Line 276: Line 349:
|  |  |kd|  |rd|  |  |rd
|  |  |kd|  |rd|  |  |rd
|pd|pd|pd|  |  |  |pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|  |  |  |pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |bl|  |bd|  |
|  |  |  |bl|  |bd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  |  
|bd|  |pl|  |bl|ql|  |
|bd|  |pl|  |bl|ql|  |  
|pl|  |  |nl|  |pl|  |pl
|pl|  |  |nl|  |pl|  |pl
|  |  |kl|rl|  |  |  |rl
|  |  |kl|rl|  |  |  |rl
|Boden's Mate
|'''Boden's mate'''
}}
}}
{{term|term= Boden's Mate|content= [[Boden's Mate]] {{anchor|Boden's Mate|Boden's mate|Boden's checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= Boden's Mate, named for [[Samuel Boden]], is a [[checkmate pattern]] in which the king, usually having castled queenside, is checkmated by two crisscrossing bishops. Immediately prior to delivering the mate, the winning side typically plays a queen [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] on c3 or c6 to set up the mating position.<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 299</ref>}}


{{term|term= book draw|content= book draw {{anchor|Book draw|book draws}} }}
{{anchor|Boden's Mate|Boden's checkmate}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] position known to be a [[#draw|draw]] with [[perfect play]]. Historically this was established by reference to [[chess endgame literature]], but in simplified positions computer analysis in an [[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]] can be used.<ref name="Haworth">Haworth, G. M. (2005) 6-man chess solved. ''[[ICGA Journal]]'', 28 (3). p. 153. ISSN 1389-6911</ref> Also called ''theoretical draw''.}}
{{term|term= Boden's mate|content= [[Boden's mate]]}}
{{defn|defn= Boden's mate, named for [[Samuel Boden]], is a [[checkmate pattern]] in which the king, usually having castled queenside, is checkmated by two crisscrossing bishops. Immediately prior to delivering the mate, the winning side typically plays a queen [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] on c3 or c6 to set up the mating position.{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=299}}}}
 
{{anchor|Book draw|book draws}}
{{term|term= book draw|content= book draw}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] position known to be a [[#draw|draw]] with [[perfect play]]. Historically this was established by reference to [[chess endgame literature]], but in simplified positions computer analysis in an [[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]] can be used.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haworth |first=G. M. |date=2005 |title=6-man chess solved |journal=ICGA Journal |volume=28 |issue=3 |page=153 |doi=10.3233/ICG-2005-28304 |issn=1389-6911}}</ref> Also called ''theoretical draw''.}}


{{term|term= book move|content= book move {{anchor|Book move|book moves}} }}
{{anchor|Book move|book moves}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] move found in standard reference books on [[Chess theory#Opening theory|opening theory]]. A game is said to be "in book" when both players are playing moves found in the opening references. A game is said to be "out of book" when the players have reached the end of the [[#variation|variations]] analyzed in the opening books, or if one of the players deviates with a [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]] (or a [[#blunder|blunder]]).<ref>Silman 1999, p. 428</ref>}}
{{term|term= book move|content= book move}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] move found in standard reference books on [[Chess theory#Opening theory|opening theory]]. A game is said to be "in book" when both players are playing moves found in the opening references. A game is said to be "out of book" when the players have reached the end of the [[#variation|variations]] analyzed in the opening books, or if one of the players deviates with a [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]] (or a [[#blunder|blunder]]).{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=428}}}}


{{term|term= book win|content= book win {{anchor|Book win|book wins}} }}
{{anchor|Book win|book wins}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] position known to be a [[#win|win]] with [[perfect play]]. Historically this was established by reference to [[chess endgame literature]], but in simplified positions (currently seven pieces or fewer) computer analysis in an [[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]] can be used.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 53</ref>}}
{{term|term= book win|content= book win}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] position known to be a [[#win|win]] with [[perfect play]]. Historically this was established by reference to [[chess endgame literature]], but in simplified positions (currently seven pieces or fewer) computer analysis in an [[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]] can be used.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=53}}}}


{{term|term= break|content= break {{anchor|Break|breaks}} }}
{{anchor|Break|breaks}}
{{defn|defn= A move that gains [[#space|space]] and therefore freedom of movement, or the opening of a [[#blocked position|blocked position]] by the advance or capture of a pawn.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 429">Silman 1999, p. 429</ref> See also ''[[#pawn break|pawn break]]''.}}
{{term|term= break|content= break}}
{{defn|defn= A move that gains [[#space|space]] and therefore freedom of movement, or the opening of a [[#blocked position|blocked position]] by the advance or capture of a pawn.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=429}}
{{See also|#pawn break|label1=pawn break}}}}


{{term|term= breakthrough|content= breakthrough {{anchor|Breakthrough|breakthroughs}} }}
{{anchor|Breakthrough|breakthroughs}}
{{defn|defn= Penetration of the opponent's position, or destruction of the defense, often by means of a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]].<ref name=S&S_p238 />}}
{{term|term= breakthrough|content= breakthrough}}
{{defn|defn= Penetration of the opponent's position, or destruction of the defense, often by means of a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]].{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=238}}}}


{{term|term= brevity|content= brevity {{anchor|Brevity|brevities}} }}
{{anchor|Brevity|brevities}}
{{term|term= brevity|content= brevity}}
{{defn|defn= [chiefly British] See ''[[#miniature|miniature]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= [chiefly British] See ''[[#miniature|miniature]]''.}}


{{term|term= brilliancy|content= brilliancy {{anchor|Brilliancy|brilliancies}} }}
{{anchor|Brilliancy|brilliancies}}
{{defn|defn= A game that contains a spectacular, deep and beautiful strategic idea, combination, or original plan.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 429">Silman 1999, p. 429</ref>}}
{{term|term= brilliancy|content= brilliancy}}
 
{{defn|defn= A game that contains a spectacular, deep and beautiful strategic idea, combination, or original plan.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=429}}}}
{{term|term= brilliancy prize|content= brilliancy prize {{anchor|Brilliancy prize|brilliancy prizes}} }}
{{defn|defn= A prize awarded at some [[#tournament|tournaments]] for the best [[#brilliancy|brilliancy]] played in the tournament.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 55">Pandolfini 1996, p. 55</ref>}}


{{term|term= Bronstein delay|content= Bronstein delay {{anchor|Bronstein delay}} }}
{{anchor|Brilliancy prize|brilliancy prizes}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] method with [[#time delay|time delay]], invented by [[David Bronstein]]. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the [[#chess clock|clock]] waits for the delay period before starting to subtract from the player's remaining time.<ref>Kasparov 2017, pp. 52–54</ref>}}
{{term|term= brilliancy prize|content= brilliancy prize}}
{{defn|defn= A prize awarded at some [[#tournament|tournaments]] for the best [[#brilliancy|brilliancy]] played in the tournament.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=55}}}}


[[File:Bughouse game animation.gif|thumb|right|420px|Bughouse chess]]
{{anchor|Bronstein delay}}
{{term|term= Bronstein delay|content= Bronstein delay}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] method with [[#time delay|time delay]], invented by [[David Bronstein]]. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the [[#chess clock|clock]] waits for the delay period before starting to subtract from the player's remaining time.{{Sfn|Kasparov|2017|pp=52–54}}}}


{{term|term= bughouse chess|content= [[bughouse chess]] {{anchor|Bughouse chess}} }}
[[File:Bughouse game animation.gif|thumb|420px|An example of '''bughouse chess''']]
{{defn|defn= A popular [[#chess variant|chess variant]] played with teams of two or more.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 56</ref>}}
{{anchor|Bughouse chess}}
{{term|term= bughouse chess|content= [[bughouse chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= A popular [[#chess variant|chess variant]] played with teams of two or more.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=56}}}}


{{term|term= building a bridge|content= building a bridge {{anchor|Building a bridge|building bridges}} }}
{{anchor|Building a bridge|building bridges}}
{{defn|defn= Making a path for a [[#king|king]] in the endgame by providing protective cover against [[#check|checks]] from [[#line piece|line pieces]]. A well-known example is the [[#Lucena position|Lucena position]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 154">Pandolfini 1992, p. 154</ref>}}
{{term|term= building a bridge|content= building a bridge}}
{{defn|defn= Making a path for a [[#king|king]] in the endgame by providing protective cover against [[#check|checks]] from [[#line piece|line pieces]]. A well-known example is the [[#Lucena position|Lucena position]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=154}}}}


{{term|term= bullet chess|content= [[Fast chess#Bullet|bullet chess]] {{anchor|Bullet chess}} }}
{{anchor|Bullet chess}}
{{defn|defn= Each side has one minute to make all their moves.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 162</ref>}}
{{term|term= bullet chess|content= [[Fast chess#Bullet|bullet chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= Each side has one minute to make all their moves.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2005|p=162}}}}


{{term|term= bust|content= bust {{anchor|Bust|busts}} }}
{{anchor|Bust|busts}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq.] A [[#refute|refutation]] of an [[#opening|opening]], an opening line, a tactic, or a previously published analysis.<ref>de Firmian 1999, p. 3</ref><ref name="Pan_1996_p57">Pandolfini 1996, p. 57</ref>}}
{{term|term= bust|content= bust}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq.] A [[#refute|refutation]] of an [[#opening|opening]], an opening line, a tactic, or a previously published analysis.{{Sfn|de Firmian|1999|p=3}}{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=57}}}}


{{term|term= bye|content= [[Bye (sports)|bye]] {{anchor|Bye|byes}} }}
{{anchor|Bye|byes}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tournament|tournament]] round in which a player does not have a game, usually because there are an odd number of players. A bye is normally scored as a [[#win|win]] (1 point), although in some tournaments a player is permitted to choose to take a bye (usually in the first or last round) and score it as a draw (½ point).<ref name=Pan_1996_p57 />}}
{{term|term= bye|content= [[Bye (sports)|bye]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tournament|tournament]] round in which a player does not have a game, usually because there are an odd number of players. A bye is normally scored as a [[#win|win]] (1 point), although in some tournaments a player is permitted to choose to take a bye (usually in the first or last round) and score it as a draw (½ point).{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=57}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 335: Line 424:
==C==
==C==
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}
[[Image:Caissa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.80|Caïssa, the patron goddess of chess (author unknown, 19th century)]]
{{term|term= Caïssa|content= [[Caïssa]] {{anchor|Caïssa|Caissa}} }}
{{defn|defn= Known as the goddess or muse of chess, whose name is taken from a nymph in a 1763 poem, ''Caïssa or The Game at Chess'', by Sir William Jones.<ref>Judovitz & Duchamp 2010, p. 137</ref>}}


{{term|term= calculate|content= calculate {{anchor|Calculate|calculation|calculations|calculated|calculating}} }}
[[File:Caissa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.80|'''Caïssa''', the patron goddess of chess (author unknown, 19th century)]]
{{defn|defn= To plan mentally a series of moves and consider possible responses, without actually moving the pieces.<ref name=S&S_p238 />}}
{{anchor|Caïssa|Caissa}}
{{term|term= Caïssa|content= [[Caïssa]]}}
{{defn|defn= Known as the goddess or muse of chess, whose name is taken from a nymph in a 1763 poem, ''Caïssa or The Game at Chess'', by [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]].{{Sfn|Judovitz|Duchamp|2010|p=137}}}}
 
{{anchor|Calculate|calculation|calculations|calculated|calculating}}
{{term|term= calculate|content= calculate}}
{{defn|defn= To plan mentally a series of moves and consider possible responses, without actually moving the pieces.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=238}}}}


{{term|term= Candidate Master|content= [[Candidate Master]] {{anchor|Candidate Master|Candidate Masters}} }}
{{anchor|Candidate Master|Candidate Masters}}
{{defn|defn= A chess title ranking below [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]].<ref name=cmandwcmtitles>{{Cite web|url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017|title = B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017 / FIDE Handbook}}</ref> Abbr. CM.}}
{{term|term= Candidate Master|content= [[Candidate Master]] ("CM")}}
{{defn|defn= A chess title ranking below [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]].<ref name="FIDE Part B"/>}}


{{term|term= candidate move|content= [[candidate move]] {{anchor|Candidate move|candidate moves}} }}
{{anchor|Candidate move|candidate moves}}
{{defn|defn= A move that seems good upon initial observation of the position, and that warrants further analysis.<ref>Johnson 2010, p. 12</ref>}}
{{term|term= candidate move|content= [[candidate move]]}}
{{defn|defn= A move that seems good upon initial observation of the position, and that warrants further analysis.{{Sfn|Johnson|2010|p=12}}}}


{{term|term= Candidates Match|content= Candidates Match {{anchor|Candidates Match|Candidates Matches}} }}
{{anchor|Candidates Match|Candidates Matches}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#knockout tournament|knockout]] match in the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]].<ref>Olafsson 2014, p. 32</ref>}}
{{term|term= Candidates Match|content= Candidates Match}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#knockout tournament|knockout]] match in the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]].{{Sfn|Ólafsson|2014|p=32}}}}


{{term|term= Candidates Tournament|content= Candidates Tournament {{anchor|Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournaments}} }}
{{anchor|Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournaments}}
{{defn|defn= A tournament organized by the [[#FIDE|FIDE]], the third and last qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. The participants are the top players of the [[#Interzonal tournament|Interzonal tournament]] plus possibly other players selected on the basis of rating or performance in the previous candidates tournament. The top ranking player(s) qualify(ies) for the world championship.<ref>Higgins, Andrew. "Masters of Chess, Not Self-Promotion". ''The New York Times''. 30 March 2016</ref>}}
{{term|term= Candidates Tournament|content= Candidates Tournament}}
{{defn|defn= A tournament organized by the [[#FIDE|FIDE]], the third and last qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. The participants are the top players of the [[#Interzonal tournament|Interzonal tournament]] plus possibly other players selected on the basis of rating or performance in the previous candidates tournament. The top ranking player(s) qualify(ies) for the world championship.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |title=Masters of Chess, Not Self-Promotion |work=The New York Times |date=30 March 2016}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= can opener|content= can opener {{anchor|Can opener|can openers}} }}
{{anchor|Can opener|can openers}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq.] The plan of attacking a [[#kingside|kingside]] position (sometimes a [[#fianchetto|fianchettoed]] one) by advancing the h-pawn with the intention of opening a file near the defender's king.<ref>Souleidis 2017, p. 176</ref>{{verify source|date=May 2024}}}}
{{term|term= can opener|content= can opener}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq.] The plan of attacking a [[#kingside|kingside]] position (sometimes a [[#fianchetto|fianchettoed]] one) by advancing the h-pawn with the intention of opening a file near the defender's king.{{Sfn|Souleidis|2017|p=176}}{{verify source|date=May 2024}}}}


{{term|term= capped piece|content= capped piece {{anchor|Capped piece|capped pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Capped piece|capped pieces}}
{{defn|defn= A particular piece with which one player attempts to deliver checkmate. The requirement to checkmate with the capped piece constitutes a [[#odds|handicap]]. When the capped piece is a [[#pawn|pawn]], it is called a ''pion coiffé'' [from French, "capped pawn"].<ref>Staunton 1875, p. 384</ref>}}
{{term|term= capped piece|content= capped piece}}
{{defn|defn= A particular piece with which one player attempts to deliver checkmate. The requirement to checkmate with the capped piece constitutes a [[#odds|handicap]]. When the capped piece is a [[#pawn|pawn]], it is called a ''pion coiffé'' [from French, "capped pawn"].{{Sfn|Staunton|1875|p=384}}}}


{{term|term= capture|content= capture {{anchor|Capture|captures|captured|capturing}} }}
{{anchor|Capture|captures|captured|capturing}}
{{defn|defn=A move by a pawn or piece that removes from the board the opponent's pawn or piece. The capturing piece then occupies the square of the captured piece, except in the case of a capture that is done ''[[#en passant|en passant]]''.<ref>Keene 1989, p. 178</ref>}}
{{term|term= capture|content= capture}}
{{defn|defn=A move by a pawn or piece that removes from the board the opponent's pawn or piece. The capturing piece then occupies the square of the captured piece, except in the case of a capture that is done ''[[#en passant|en passant]]''.{{Sfn|Keene|1989|p=178}}}}


{{term|term= castling|content= [[castling]] {{anchor|Castling|castle|castled}} }}
{{anchor|Castling|castle|castled}}
{{defn|defn= A move in which the [[#king|king]] and a [[#rook|rook]] are moved at the same time. It moves the king from the center to a flank where it usually is safer, and it [[#development|develops]] the rook. It is the only time two pieces are moved in a turn. Castling can be done on either the [[#kingside|kingside]] (notated 0-0) or the [[#queenside|queenside]] (0-0-0). Castling cannot be done in reply to a [[#check|check]], nor if the king were to cross or land on a square that is under attack by the opponent, nor if either the king or the rook involved has already moved.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 55">Staunton 2014, p. 55</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm|title=Chess Corner – Chess Tutorial – Castling|access-date=2019-06-25|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705231309/http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{term|term= castling|content= [[castling]]}}
{{defn|defn= A move in which the [[#king|king]] and a [[#rook|rook]] are moved at the same time. It moves the king from the center to a flank where it usually is safer, and it [[#development|develops]] the rook. It is the only time two pieces are moved in a turn. Castling can be done on either the [[#kingside|kingside]] (notated 0-0) or the [[#queenside|queenside]] (0-0-0). Castling cannot be done in reply to a [[#check|check]], nor if the king were to cross or land on a square that is under attack by the opponent, nor if either the king or the rook involved has already moved.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=55}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess Corner – Chess Tutorial – Castling |url=http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705231309/http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm |archive-date=2019-07-05 |access-date=2019-06-25}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= castling into it|content= castling into it {{anchor|Castling into it|castle into it|castled into it}} }}
{{anchor|Castling into it|castle into it|castled into it}}
{{defn|defn= A situation where one side [[castling|castles]] and a result is that the king is in more danger at the destination than on the initial square, either immediately or because lines and diagonals can be more readily opened against it.<ref>Pandolfini 1989, p. 64</ref>}}
{{term|term= castling into it|content= castling into it}}
{{defn|defn= A situation where one side [[castling|castles]] and a result is that the king is in more danger at the destination than on the initial square, either immediately or because lines and diagonals can be more readily opened against it.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1989|p=64}}}}


{{term|term= castling long|content= castling long {{anchor|Castling long|castle long|castles long|castled long}} }}
{{anchor|Castling long|castle long|castles long|castled long}}
{{defn|defn= [[#castling|Castling]] [[#queenside|queenside]]; in [[#notation|chess notation]]: 0-0-0.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 55">Staunton 2014, p. 55</ref> Also called ''long castling''.<ref name="H&W_1996_p71">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 71</ref>}}
{{term|term= castling long|content= castling long}}
{{defn|defn= [[#castling|Castling]] [[#queenside|queenside]]; in [[#notation|chess notation]]: 0-0-0.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=55}} Also called ''long castling''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=71}}}}


{{term|term= castling rights|content= [[Castling#Castling rights|castling rights]] {{anchor|Castling rights|castling right}} }}
{{anchor|Castling rights|castling right}}
{{term|term= castling rights|content= [[Castling#Castling rights|castling rights]]}}
{{defn|defn= The ability to castle under the [[#laws of chess|laws of chess]].}}
{{defn|defn= The ability to castle under the [[#laws of chess|laws of chess]].}}


{{term|term= castling short|content= castling short {{anchor|Castling short|castle short|castles short|castled short}} }}
{{anchor|Castling short|castle short|castles short|castled short}}
{{defn|defn= [[#castling|Castling]] [[#kingside|kingside]]; in [[#notation|chess notation]]: 0-0.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 55">Staunton 2014, p. 55</ref> Also called ''short castling''.<ref name=H&W_1996_p71 />}}
{{term|term= castling short|content= castling short}}
{{defn|defn= [[#castling|Castling]] [[#kingside|kingside]]; in [[#notation|chess notation]]: 0-0.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=55}} Also called ''short castling''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=71}}}}


{{term|term= casual game|content= casual game {{anchor|Casual game|casual games}} }}
{{anchor|Casual game|casual games}}
{{term|term= casual game|content= casual game}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#friendly game|friendly game]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#friendly game|friendly game]]''.}}


{{term|term= category|content= category {{anchor|Category|categories|category of a tournament}} }}
{{anchor|Category|categories|category of a tournament}}
{{defn|defn= The category of a tournament is a measure of its strength based on the average [[#Elo rating system|FIDE rating]] of the participants. The category is calculated by rounding up the number: (average rating&nbsp;−&nbsp;2250)&nbsp;÷&nbsp;25. So each category covers a 25-point rating range, starting with Category{{nbsp}}1 which spans ratings between 2251 and 2275. A Category 18 tournament has an average rating between 2676 and 2700.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 426</ref>}}
{{term|term= category|content= category}}
{{defn|defn= The category of a tournament is a measure of its strength based on the average [[#Elo rating system|FIDE rating]] of the participants. The category is calculated by rounding up the number: (average rating&nbsp;−&nbsp;2250)&nbsp;÷&nbsp;25. So each category covers a 25-point rating range, starting with Category{{nbsp}}1 which spans ratings between 2251 and 2275. A Category 18 tournament has an average rating between 2676 and 2700.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=426}}}}


{{term|term= CC|content= CC {{anchor|CC}} }}
{{anchor|CC}}
{{term|term= CC|content= CC}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation sometimes used for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]] or for [[#chess club|chess club]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation sometimes used for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]] or for [[#chess club|chess club]].}}


Line 399: Line 505:
|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|The center squares are marked "<big>×</big>".
|The '''center''' squares are marked "<big>×</big>".
}}
}}
{{term|term= center|content= center {{anchor|Center|centre}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre'''. The four squares in the middle of the [[#chessboard|board]].<ref name="S&S_p239">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 239</ref> See also ''[[#expanded center|expanded center]]''. Sometimes short for ''[[#pawn center|pawn center]]''. A king "in the center" can refer to an uncastled king on a [[#center file|center file]]. }}


{{term|term= center file|content= center file {{anchor|Center file|centre file|center files|centre files}} }}
{{anchor|Center|centre}}
{{term|term= center|content= center}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre'''. The four squares in the middle of the [[#chessboard|board]].{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=239}} Sometimes short for ''[[#pawn center|pawn center]]''. A king "in the center" can refer to an uncastled king on a [[#center file|center file]].
{{See also|#expanded center|label1=expanded center}}}}
 
{{anchor|Center file|centre file|center files|centre files}}
{{term|term= center file|content= center file}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre file'''. The king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre file'''. The king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).}}


{{term|term= center pawn|content= center pawn {{anchor|Center pawn|centre pawn|center pawns|centre pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Center pawn|centre pawn|center pawns|centre pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 72</ref>}}
{{term|term= center pawn|content= center pawn}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=72}}}}


{{term|term= centipawn|content= centipawn {{anchor|Centipawn|centipawns}} }}
{{anchor|Centipawn|centipawns}}
{{term|term= centipawn|content= centipawn}}
{{defn|defn= A unit of evaluation used by [[chess engines]], e.g. an evaluation of +1.32 is worth 20 centipawns more than an evaluation of +1.12. Historically a centipawn corresponded to a material value of 0.01 of a pawn; however, the strongest modern engines no longer rate pawns as worth 1.<ref>[[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish]] source code [https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/src/types.h#L189-L193].</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2024}}}}
{{defn|defn= A unit of evaluation used by [[chess engines]], e.g. an evaluation of +1.32 is worth 20 centipawns more than an evaluation of +1.12. Historically a centipawn corresponded to a material value of 0.01 of a pawn; however, the strongest modern engines no longer rate pawns as worth 1.<ref>[[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish]] source code [https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/src/types.h#L189-L193].</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2024}}}}


{{term|term= central file|content= central file {{anchor|Central file|central files}} }}
{{anchor|Central file|central files}}
{{term|term= central file|content= central file}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#center file|center file]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#center file|center file]]''.}}


{{term|term= centralization|content= [[Chess strategy#Control of the center|centralization]] {{anchor|Centralization|centralisation|centralized|centralizing}} }}
{{anchor|Centralization|centralisation|centralized|centralizing}}
{{defn|defn= Moving a piece or pieces toward the center of the board, where they will not only [[#control of the center|control the center]], but also extend their influence to other areas. Pieces are best placed near the center of the board, because they increase their power and maneuverability. [[#knight|Knights]] in particular benefit from being centralized.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 430">Silman 1999, p. 430</ref> Antonym: ''decentralization''.<ref name="H&W_p102">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 102</ref>}}
{{term|term= centralization|content= [[Chess strategy#Control of the center|centralization]]}}
{{defn|defn= Moving a piece or pieces toward the center of the board, where they will not only [[#control of the center|control the center]], but also extend their influence to other areas. Pieces are best placed near the center of the board, because they increase their power and maneuverability. [[#knight|Knights]] in particular benefit from being centralized.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=430}}{{Indent|6}}Antonym: ''decentralization''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=102}}}}


{{term|term= central pawn|content= central pawn {{anchor|Central pawn|central pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Central pawn|central pawns}}
{{term|term= central pawn|content= central pawn}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#center pawn|center pawn]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#center pawn|center pawn]]''.}}


{{term|term= cheapo|content= cheapo {{anchor|Cheapo|cheapos}} }}
{{anchor|Cheapo|cheapos}}
{{defn|defn= Slang for a primitive [[#trap|trap]], often set in the hope of [[#swindle|swindling]] a win or a draw from a lost position.<ref>Snyder 2007, p. 22</ref> Also called ''cheap shot''.}}
{{term|term= cheapo|content= cheapo}}
{{defn|defn= Slang for a primitive [[#trap|trap]], often set in the hope of [[#swindle|swindling]] a win or a draw from a lost position.{{Sfn|Snyder|2007|p=22}} Also called ''cheap shot''.}}


{{term|term= check|content= [[Check (chess)|check]] {{anchor|Check|checks|checked|checking}} }}
{{anchor|Check|checks|checked|checking}}
{{defn|defn= A direct attack on the [[#king|king]] by an enemy [[#man|man]]. The attacked king is said to be ''in check''. There are only three possible responses to a check: capturing the attacking piece, moving the king to an unattacked square, or [[#interpose|interposing]] a piece between the attacker and the king. In casual games a player usually announces "check"; however, this is not a requirement in tournament games.<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 48</ref>}}
{{term|term= check|content= [[Check (chess)|check]]}}
{{defn|defn= A direct attack on the [[#king|king]] by an enemy [[#man|man]]. The attacked king is said to be ''in check''. There are only three possible responses to a check: capturing the attacking piece, moving the king to an unattacked square, or [[#interpose|interposing]] a piece between the attacker and the king. In casual games a player usually announces "check"; however, this is not a requirement in tournament games.{{Sfn|Staunton|2014|p=48}}}}


{{term|term= checkmate|content= [[checkmate]] {{anchor|Checkmate|checkmates|checkmated|checkmating}} }}
{{anchor|Checkmate|checkmates|checkmated|checkmating}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''mate'''. A position in which a player's [[#king|king]] is in [[#check|check]] and the player has no legal move (i.e. cannot move out of or escape the check). A player whose king is checkmated loses the game.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 53">Staunton 2014, p. 53</ref>}}
{{term|term= checkmate|content= [[checkmate]]}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''mate'''. A position in which a player's [[#king|king]] is in [[#check|check]] and the player has no legal move (i.e. cannot move out of or escape the check). A player whose king is checkmated loses the game.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=53}}}}


{{term|term= chess annotation|content= chess annotation {{anchor|Chess annotation|chess annotations}} }}
{{anchor|Chess annotation|chess annotations}}
{{term|term= chess annotation|content= chess annotation}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#annotation|annotation]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#annotation|annotation]]''.}}


{{term|term= chess blindness|content=chess blindness {{anchor|Chess blindness}} }}
{{anchor|Chess blindness}}
{{defn|defn=The failure of a player to see a good move or danger that should normally be considered obvious. The term was coined by [[Siegbert Tarrasch]]. Similar to [[#Kotov syndrome|Kotov syndrome]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 210</ref>}}
{{term|term= chess blindness|content=chess blindness}}
 
{{defn|defn=The failure of a player to see a good move or danger that should normally be considered obvious. The term was coined by [[Siegbert Tarrasch]]. Similar to [[#Kotov syndrome|Kotov syndrome]].{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=210}}}}
{{term|term= chessboard|content= [[chessboard]] {{anchor|Chessboard|chessboards}} }}
{{defn|defn= The chequered board used in chess, consisting of 64 squares (eight rows by eight columns) arranged in two alternating colors, light and dark.<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 30</ref>}}


[[Image:Sah sahovska ura.png|thumb|210px|A chess clock]]
{{anchor|Chessboard|chessboards}}
{{term|term= chessboard|content= [[chessboard]]}}
{{defn|defn= The chequered board used in chess, consisting of 64 squares (eight rows by eight columns) arranged in two alternating colors, light and dark.{{Sfn|Staunton|2014|p=30}}}}


{{term|term= chess clock|content= [[chess clock]] {{anchor|Chess clock|chess clocks}} }}
[[File:Sah sahovska ura.png|thumb|210px|A '''chess clock''']]
{{defn|defn= A device made up of two adjacent clocks and buttons, keeping track of the total time each player takes for their moves. Immediately after moving, the player presses their button, which simultaneously stops their clock and starts their opponent's. The picture shown displays an analogue clock from which the term ''[[#flag fall|flag fall]]'' originates. Modern clocks are digital.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 66</ref>}}
{{anchor|Chess clock|chess clocks}}
{{term|term= chess clock|content= [[chess clock]]}}
{{defn|defn= A device made up of two adjacent clocks and buttons, keeping track of the total time each player takes for their moves. Immediately after moving, the player presses their button, which simultaneously stops their clock and starts their opponent's. The picture shown displays an analogue clock from which the term ''[[#flag fall|flag fall]]'' originates. Modern clocks are digital.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=66}}}}


{{term|term= chess club|content= [[chess club]] {{anchor|Chess club|chess clubs}} }}
{{anchor|Chess club|chess clubs}}
{{term|term= chess club|content= [[chess club]]}}
{{defn|defn= An in-person, local chess play organization.}}
{{defn|defn= An in-person, local chess play organization.}}


{{term|term= chessmen|content= chessmen {{anchor|Chessmen|chessman}} }}
{{anchor|Chessmen|chessman}}
{{defn|defn= The movable figures placed on the board in a game of chess. Includes both [[#piece|pieces]] and [[#pawn|pawns]].<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref> Singular: ''chessman''.}}
{{term|term= chessmen|content= chessmen}}
{{defn|defn= The movable figures placed on the board in a game of chess. Includes both [[#piece|pieces]] and [[#pawn|pawns]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}} Singular: ''chessman''.}}


{{term|term= chess notation|content= chess notation {{anchor|Chess notation|chess notations}} }}
{{anchor|Chess notation|chess notations}}
{{term|term= chess notation|content= chess notation}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#notation|notation]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#notation|notation]]''.}}


{{term|term= chess opening|content= chess opening {{anchor|Chess opening|chess openings}} }}
{{anchor|Chess opening|chess openings}}
{{term|term= chess opening|content= chess opening}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening|opening]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening|opening]]''.}}


{{term|term= chess problem|content= [[chess problem]] {{anchor|Chess problem|chess problems}} }}
{{anchor|Chess problem|chess problems}}
{{term|term= chess problem|content= [[chess problem]]}}
{{defn|defn= Also called ''{{chessprobgloss|composition}}''.  A chess position created by the composer which presents the solver with a particular task; for example, "White mates in two" (i.e., White to move and [[#checkmate|checkmate]] Black in two moves against any possible defense).}}
{{defn|defn= Also called ''{{chessprobgloss|composition}}''.  A chess position created by the composer which presents the solver with a particular task; for example, "White mates in two" (i.e., White to move and [[#checkmate|checkmate]] Black in two moves against any possible defense).}}


[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|210px|A wooden chess set and board]]
[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|210px|A wooden '''chess set''' and board]]
 
{{anchor|Chess set|chess sets}}
{{term|term= chess set|content= [[chess set]] {{anchor|Chess set|chess sets}} }}
{{term|term= chess set|content= [[chess set]]}}
{{defn|defn= The thirty-two [[#piece|pieces]] required for a game, plus a [[#chessboard|chessboard]].}}
{{defn|defn= The thirty-two [[#piece|pieces]] required for a game, plus a [[#chessboard|chessboard]].}}


{{term|term= chess variant|content= [[chess variant]] {{anchor|Chess variant|chess variants}} }}
{{anchor|Chess variant|chess variants}}
{{defn|defn= A chess-like game played using a board, pieces, or rules different from standard chess.<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 13">Hochberg 2005, p. 13</ref>}}
{{term|term= chess variant|content= [[chess variant]]}}
{{defn|defn= A chess-like game played using a board, pieces, or rules different from standard chess.{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=13}}}}


{{term|term= Chess960|content= [[Chess960]] {{anchor|Chess960}} }}
{{anchor|Chess960}}
{{defn|defn= Also known as ''Fischer Random Chess''. A [[#chess variant|variation of chess]] invented and advocated by [[Bobby Fischer]]. The pieces and pawns have their normal moves, but the setup of pieces on the [[#back rank|first rank]] is random, except that two rules must be followed: the king must be placed on a square between the rooks, and the bishops are placed on squares of opposite color. Black's pieces are placed opposite White's. Castling may be done; the special castling rules incorporate the normal castling in classic chess.{{refn|See section "II.3 Chess960 castling rules" under "Guidelines" in the FIDE Laws of Chess}}<ref name="FideLawsOfChess">{{Cite web |title=FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018 |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012018 |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=FIDE}}</ref><ref>Gligorić 2002, p. 40</ref>}}
{{term|term= Chess960|content= [[Chess960]]}}
{{defn|defn= Also known as ''Fischer Random Chess''. A [[#chess variant|variation of chess]] invented and advocated by [[Bobby Fischer]]. The pieces and pawns have their normal moves, but the setup of pieces on the [[#back rank|first rank]] is random, except that two rules must be followed: the king must be placed on a square between the rooks, and the bishops are placed on squares of opposite color. Black's pieces are placed opposite White's. Castling may be done; the special castling rules incorporate the normal castling in classic chess.{{Sfn|FIDE Laws of Chess|2023|loc=Article II.3 "Chess960 castling rules"}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gligorić |first=Svetozar |author-link=Svetozar Gligorić |title=Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess? |date=2002 |publisher=[[Anova Books|B.T. Batsford Ltd]] |isbn=0-7134-8764-X |page=40}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= chop wood|content= chop wood {{anchor|Chop wood}} }}
{{anchor|Chop wood}}
{{defn|defn= Slang for [[#capture|capturing]] or [[#exchange|exchanging]] pieces.<ref name="Shibut 2012, p. 68">Shibut 2012, p. 68</ref> See also ''[[#wood|wood]]''.}}
{{term|term= chop wood|content= chop wood}}
{{defn|defn= Slang for [[#capture|capturing]] or [[#exchange|exchanging]] pieces.<ref name="Shibut 68">{{Cite book |last=Shibut |first=Macon |title=Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory |date=2012 |publisher=Courier |isbn=9780486149875 |page=68}}</ref>
{{See also|#wood|label1=wood}}}}


{{term|term= classical|content= classical {{anchor|Classical}} }}
{{anchor|Classical}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= An [[#opening system|opening system]] geared towards forming a full [[#pawn center|pawn center]]. Classical ideas were challenged by [[#hypermodernism|hypermodern]] ideas.<ref name=S&S_p239 />}}
{{term|term= classical|content= classical}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A game using a longer [[#time control|time control]] such as 40/2; the opposite of [[#fast chess|fast chess]] categories such as [[#rapid chess|rapid]], [[#blitz chess|blitz]] or [[#bullet chess|bullet]].<ref name="ReferenceA">United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 8</ref>}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= An [[#opening system|opening system]] geared towards forming a full [[#pawn center|pawn center]]. Classical ideas were challenged by [[#hypermodernism|hypermodern]] ideas.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=239}}}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A game using a longer [[#time control|time control]] such as 40/2; the opposite of [[#fast chess|fast chess]] categories such as [[#rapid chess|rapid]], [[#blitz chess|blitz]] or [[#bullet chess|bullet]].{{Sfn|United States Chess Federation|2003|page=8}}}}


{{term|term= classical bishop sacrifice|content= classical bishop sacrifice {{anchor|Classical bishop sacrifice|classical bishop sacrifices}} }}
{{anchor|Classical bishop sacrifice|classical bishop sacrifices}}
{{term|term= classical bishop sacrifice|content= classical bishop sacrifice}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Greek gift sacrifice|Greek gift sacrifice]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Greek gift sacrifice|Greek gift sacrifice]]''.}}


{{term|term= clearance|content= clearance {{anchor|Clearance}} }}
{{anchor|Clearance}}
{{defn|defn=Removal of piece from a square, [[#rank|rank]], [[#file|file]] or [[#diagonal|diagonal]] so that another piece may use it. It often involves sacrificing the piece that blocked the position.<ref>Hertan 2014, p. 373</ref> See [[Clearance sacrifice]].}}
{{term|term= clearance|content= clearance}}
{{defn|defn=Removal of piece from a square, [[#rank|rank]], [[#file|file]] or [[#diagonal|diagonal]] so that another piece may use it. It often involves sacrificing the piece that blocked the position.{{Sfn|Hertan|2014|p=373}} See [[Clearance sacrifice]].}}


{{term|term= clock move|content= clock move {{anchor|Clock move}} }}
{{anchor|Clock move}}
{{defn|defn= In a game played ''clock move'', a move is considered completed only after the clock is pressed. For example, one could touch a piece, then move a different piece—as long as the player has not pressed their clock button. This way of playing is uncommon but can be seen in [[#friendly game|casual games]] or [[#blitz chess|blitz]] games.<ref>Lawson 1992, pp. 25–26</ref>}}
{{term|term= clock move|content= clock move}}
{{defn|defn= In a game played ''clock move'', a move is considered completed only after the clock is pressed. For example, one could touch a piece, then move a different piece—as long as the player has not pressed their clock button. This way of playing is uncommon but can be seen in [[#friendly game|casual games]] or [[#blitz chess|blitz]] games.{{Sfn|Lawson|1992|pp=25–26}}}}


{{term|term= clock time|content= clock time {{anchor|Clock time|clock times}} }}
{{anchor|Clock time|clock times}}
{{defn|defn= Time (consumed or remaining) on the [[#chess clock|chess clock]], in a [[#tournament|tournament game]].<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 181</ref>}}
{{term|term= clock time|content= clock time}}
{{defn|defn= Time (consumed or remaining) on the [[#chess clock|chess clock]], in a [[#tournament|tournament game]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=181}}}}


{{term|term= closed file|content= closed file {{anchor|Closed file|closed files}} }}
{{anchor|Closed file|closed files}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which White and Black each have a [[#pawn|pawn]].<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 42</ref>}}
{{term|term= closed file|content= closed file}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which White and Black each have a [[#pawn|pawn]].{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=42}}}}


{{term|term= closed game|content= closed game {{anchor|Closed game|closed games|close game|close games|closed position|closed positions}} }}
{{anchor|Closed game|closed games|close game|close games|closed position|closed positions}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''close game'''. A closed game has few open lines ([[#file|files]] or [[#diagonal|diagonals]]). It is generally characterized by interlocking [[#pawn chain|pawn chains]], [[#cramped|cramped]] positions with few opportunities to [[#exchange|exchange]], and extensive maneuvering behind lines. Such a game may evolve and later become an ''[[#open game|open game]]''.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 70</ref> See also ''[[#positional play|positional play]]''.}}
{{term|term= closed game|content= closed game}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''close game'''. A closed game has few open lines ([[#file|files]] or [[#diagonal|diagonals]]). It is generally characterized by interlocking [[#pawn chain|pawn chains]], [[#cramped|cramped]] positions with few opportunities to [[#exchange|exchange]], and extensive maneuvering behind lines. Such a game may evolve and later become an ''[[#open game|open game]]''.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=70}}
{{See also|#positional play|label1=positional play}}}}


{{term|term= Closed Game|content= [[Closed Game]] {{anchor|Closed Game|Closed Games}} }}
{{anchor|Closed Game|Closed Games}}
{{defn|defn= A Closed Game is a particular [[#opening|opening]] that begins with the moves 1.d4 d5. It is also known as a ''Double Queen's Pawn Opening'' or ''Double Queen's Pawn Game''.<ref>de Firmian 1999, p. 389</ref> Cf. ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]''. See also ''[[#Semi-Open Game|Semi-Open Game]]''.}}
{{term|term= Closed Game|content= [[Closed Game]]}}
{{defn|defn= A Closed Game is a particular [[#opening|opening]] that begins with the moves 1.d4 d5. It is also known as a ''Double Queen's Pawn Opening'' or ''Double Queen's Pawn Game''.{{Sfn|de Firmian|1999|p=389}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]''.
{{See also|#Semi-Closed Game|label1=Semi-Closed Game}}}}


{{term|term= closed tournament|content= closed tournament {{anchor|Closed tournament|closed tournaments}} }}
{{anchor|Closed tournament|closed tournaments}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tournament|tournament]] in which only invited or qualifying players may participate. Also called ''invitational tournament''. Cf. ''[[#open tournament|open tournament]]''.}}
{{term|term= closed tournament|content= closed tournament}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tournament|tournament]] in which only invited or qualifying players may participate. Also called ''invitational tournament''.{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#open tournament|open tournament]]''.}}


{{term|term= CM|content= CM {{anchor|CM|CMs}} }}
{{anchor|CM|CMs}}
{{term|term= CM|content= CM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Candidate Master|Candidate Master]] title.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Candidate Master|Candidate Master]] title.}}


Line 510: Line 652:
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |bl|nd|pl|  |  |
|  |  |bl|nd|pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|The [[Blackburne Shilling Gambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!), an example of coffeehouse play
|The [[Blackburne Shilling Gambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!), an example of '''coffeehouse''' play
}}
 
{{anchor|Coffeehouse}}
{{term|term= coffeehouse|content= coffeehouse}}
{{defn|defn= Adjective used to describe a move, player, or style of play characterized by risky, positionally dubious play that sets traps for the opponent. The name comes from the notion that one would expect to see such play in [[#skittles|skittles]] games played in a coffeehouse or similar setting, particularly in games played for stakes or [[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]. The [[Blackburne Shilling Gambit]] is a typical example of coffeehouse play.{{Sfn|Avni|2014|pp=35–37}}}}
 
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|  |  |bd|  |kd|  |  |rd
|pd|pd|  |  |pl|  |  |
|  |  |pd|  |  |  |rl|ql
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl
|pl|qd|  |rd|  |  |pl|kl
|  |  |  |  |rl|  |  |
|White played a '''collinear move''' 41.Qh5 and won. ([[Géza Maróczy|Maróczy]]–[[Max Romih|Romi]], San Remo, 25 January 1930)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Przewoznik |first1=Jan |title=How to Think in Chess |last2=Soszynski |first2=Marek |publisher=Russell Enterprises |date=2001 |isbn=9781888690101 |page=234}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{term|term= coffeehouse|content= coffeehouse {{anchor|Coffeehouse}} }}
{{defn|defn= Adjective used to describe a move, player, or style of play characterized by risky, positionally dubious play that sets traps for the opponent. The name comes from the notion that one would expect to see such play in [[#skittles|skittles]] games played in a coffeehouse or similar setting, particularly in games played for stakes or [[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]. The [[Blackburne Shilling Gambit]] is a typical example of coffeehouse play.<ref>Avni 2014, pp. 35–37</ref>}}


{{term|term= color|content= color {{anchor|Color|colour|colors|colours}} }}
{{anchor|Collinear move|collinear moves|collinear-move}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''colour'''. The white or black [[#piece|pieces]], and the white or black squares. The actual pieces and squares may be other colors, usually light and dark, but they are referred to as white and black.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref> See [[White and Black in chess]].}}
{{term|term= collinear move|content= collinear move}}
{{defn|defn= A move in which two opposing pieces face each other, and one slides along the line of attack without capturing the enemy piece.{{Sfn|Nunn|1998|pp=55–57}}}}


{{term|term= colorbound|content= colorbound {{anchor|Colorbound|colourbound}} }}
{{anchor|Color|colour|colors|colours}}
{{term|term= color|content= color}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''colour'''. The white or black [[#piece|pieces]], and the white or black squares. The actual pieces and squares may be other colors, usually light and dark, but they are referred to as white and black.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}} See [[White and Black in chess]].}}
 
{{anchor|Colorbound|colourbound}}
{{term|term= colorbound|content= colorbound}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''colourbound'''. The property of a piece to access only squares of one color. In standard chess, each [[#bishop|bishop]] is colorbound to either the [[#white|white]] or [[#black|black]] squares.}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''colourbound'''. The property of a piece to access only squares of one color. In standard chess, each [[#bishop|bishop]] is colorbound to either the [[#white|white]] or [[#black|black]] squares.}}


{{term|term= colors reversed|content= colors reversed {{anchor|Colors reversed|colours reversed}} }}
{{anchor|Colors reversed|colours reversed}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''colours reversed'''. ''With colors reversed'' refers to opening moves by White normally played by Black, or vice versa. An example is the [[King's Indian Attack]], where White's opening setup mirrors Black's setup in the [[King's Indian Defense]]. In such openings, White necessarily has an extra [[#tempo|tempo]] compared to Black. Also called a ''reverse opening''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 339</ref>}}
{{term|term= colors reversed|content= colors reversed}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''colours reversed'''. ''With colors reversed'' refers to opening moves by White normally played by Black, or vice versa. An example is the [[King's Indian Attack]], where White's opening setup mirrors Black's setup in the [[King's Indian Defense]]. In such openings, White necessarily has an extra [[#tempo|tempo]] compared to Black. Also called a ''reverse opening''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=339}}}}


{{term|term= combination|content= [[Combination (chess)|combination]] {{anchor|Combination|combinations}} }}
{{anchor|Combination|combinations}}
{{defn|defn= A sequence of moves, including [[#forced move|forced moves]], and often involving a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]], to gain an advantage.<ref name=S&S_p239 />}}
{{term|term= combination|content= [[Combination (chess)|combination]]}}
{{defn|defn= A sequence of moves, including [[#forced move|forced moves]], and often involving a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]], to gain an advantage.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=239}}}}


{{term|term= compensation|content= [[Compensation (chess)|compensation]] {{anchor|Compensation|compensations}} }}
{{anchor|Compensation|compensations}}
{{defn|defn= That which is gained in return for a loss – often a positional improvement in return for loss of [[#material|material]]. If material is [[#sacrifice|sacrificed]] there may be a gain in [[#development|development]], or if a minor piece is [[#exchange|exchanged]] for two or three pawns, the pawns would be the compensation.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 72</ref>}}
{{term|term= compensation|content= [[Compensation (chess)|compensation]]}}
{{defn|defn= That which is gained in return for a loss – often a positional improvement in return for loss of [[#material|material]]. If material is [[#sacrifice|sacrificed]] there may be a gain in [[#development|development]], or if a minor piece is [[#exchange|exchanged]] for two or three pawns, the pawns would be the compensation.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=72}}}}


{{term|term= computer move|content= computer move {{anchor|Computer move|computer moves}} }}
{{anchor|Computer move|computer moves}}
{{defn|defn= A move that seems likely to have been played by a [[Computer chess|computer]] rather than a human, either because the move seems counterintuitive, or to not make immediate sense, or to eventually make sense but not until deep into the game. Computer moves seem to be what they are: moves based on millions of brute-force calculations, and not on intuition, aesthetics, or emotion. A computer move would overlook a dramatic capture that might cause an opponent to immediately [[#resign|resign]], in favor of an obscure move that may turn out to be only slightly better. At one time the term was used disparagingly, but its meaning has evolved as computers have improved. It is occasionally used to suggest that a player has been assisted by computer.<ref>Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 99</ref><ref>Hertan 2014, p. 7</ref>}}
{{term|term= computer move|content= computer move}}
{{defn|defn= A move that seems likely to have been played by a [[Computer chess|computer]] rather than a human, either because the move seems counterintuitive, or to not make immediate sense, or to eventually make sense but not until deep into the game. Computer moves seem to be what they are: moves based on millions of brute-force calculations, and not on intuition, aesthetics, or emotion. A computer move would overlook a dramatic capture that might cause an opponent to immediately [[#resign|resign]], in favor of an obscure move that may turn out to be only slightly better. At one time the term was used disparagingly, but its meaning has evolved as computers have improved. It is occasionally used to suggest that a player has been assisted by computer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rasskin-Gutman |first=Diego |title=Chess Metaphors: Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind |date=2009 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262182676 |page=99}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hertan|2014|p=7}}}}


{{term|term= connected passed pawns|content= [[Passed pawn#Protected passed pawn|connected passed pawns]] {{anchor|Connected passed pawns|connected passed pawn}} }}
{{anchor|Connected passed pawns|connected passed pawn}}
{{defn|defn= [[#passed pawn|Passed pawns]] on adjacent [[#file|files]]. These are considered to be unusually powerful (often worth a minor piece or rook if on the sixth rank or above and not properly blockaded) because they can advance together.<ref name=S&S_p239 /> See also ''[[#connected pawns|connected pawns]]''.}}
{{term|term= connected passed pawns|content= [[Passed pawn#Protected passed pawn|connected passed pawns]]}}
{{defn|defn= [[#passed pawn|Passed pawns]] on adjacent [[#file|files]]. These are considered to be unusually powerful (often worth a minor piece or rook if on the sixth rank or above and not properly blockaded) because they can advance together.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=239}}
{{See also|#connected pawns|label1=connected pawns}}}}


{{term|term= connected pawns|content= [[connected pawns]] {{anchor|Connected pawns|connected pawn}} }}
{{anchor|Connected pawns|connected pawn}}
{{defn|defn= Refers to two or more [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on adjacent [[#file|files]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 430">Silman 1999, p. 430</ref> Cf. ''[[#isolated pawn|isolated pawns]]''.}}
{{term|term= connected pawns|content= [[connected pawns]]}}
{{defn|defn= Refers to two or more [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on adjacent [[#file|files]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=430}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#isolated pawn|isolated pawns]]''.}}


{{term|term= connected rooks|content= connected rooks {{anchor|Connected rooks|connected rook|connect rooks|connecting rooks}} }}
{{anchor|Connected rooks|connected rook|connect rooks|connecting rooks}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#rook|rooks]] of the same color on the same [[#rank|rank]] or [[#file|file]] with no pawns or pieces between them. Connected rooks are usually desirable. Players often connect rooks on their own [[#home rank|first rank]] or along an [[#open file|open file]].<ref>Pandolfini 1989, p. 223</ref> See also ''[[#doubled rooks|doubled rooks]]''.}}
{{term|term= connected rooks|content= connected rooks}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#rook|rooks]] of the same color on the same [[#rank|rank]] or [[#file|file]] with no pawns or pieces between them. Connected rooks are usually desirable. Players often connect rooks on their own [[#home rank|first rank]] or along an [[#open file|open file]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1989|p=223}}
{{See also|#doubled rooks|label1=doubled rooks}}}}


{{term|term= consolidation|content= consolidation {{anchor|Consolidation|consolidations|consolidate|consolidated|consolidating}} }}
{{anchor|Consolidation|consolidations|consolidate|consolidated|consolidating}}
{{defn|defn= The improvement of a player's position by the reposition of one or more pieces to better square(s), typically after a player's attack or [[#combination|combination]] has left their pieces in poor positions or [[#coordination|uncoordinated]].<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 76</ref>}}
{{term|term= consolidation|content= consolidation}}
{{defn|defn= The improvement of a player's position by the reposition of one or more pieces to better square(s), typically after a player's attack or [[#combination|combination]] has left their pieces in poor positions or [[#coordination|uncoordinated]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=76}}}}


{{term|term= consultation game|content= consultation game {{anchor|Consultation game|consultation games|consultation}} }}
{{anchor|Consultation game|consultation games|consultation}}
{{defn|defn= A game in which two or more players consult with each other to jointly decide the moves for one side. Consultation games may also involve teams of two or more players playing on both sides.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 92</ref>}}
{{term|term= consultation game|content= consultation game}}
{{defn|defn= A game in which two or more players consult with each other to jointly decide the moves for one side. Consultation games may also involve teams of two or more players playing on both sides.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=92}}}}


{{term|term= continuation|content= continuation {{anchor|Continuation|continuations}} }}
{{anchor|Continuation|continuations}}
{{term|term= continuation|content= continuation}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#variation|variation]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#variation|variation]]''.}}


{{term|term= control |content= control {{anchor|Control|controlled|controlling}} }}
{{anchor|Control|controlled|controlling}}
{{defn|defn= When a player's pawn, piece or pieces guard a square, or squares, or a file, or a rank in such a way that the territory can be advantageously used; and the opponent is prevented from using the territory.<ref>Borders 2007, p. 102</ref> Also, the player who has the [[#initiative|initiative]] has control.}}
{{term|term= control |content= control}}
{{defn|defn= When a player's pawn, piece or pieces guard a square, or squares, or a file, or a rank in such a way that the territory can be advantageously used; and the opponent is prevented from using the territory.{{Sfn|Borders|2007|p=102}} Also, the player who has the [[#initiative|initiative]] has control.}}


{{term|term= control of the center|content= [[Chess strategy#Control of the center|control of the center]] {{anchor|Control of the center|control of the centre}} }}
{{anchor|Control of the center|control of the centre}}
{{defn|defn= Having one or more pieces that attack any of the four center squares; an important strategy, and one of the main aims of [[#opening|openings]].<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, pp. 44, 149</ref>}}
{{term|term= control of the center|content= [[Chess strategy#Control of the center|control of the center]]}}
{{defn|defn= Having one or more pieces that attack any of the four center squares; an important strategy, and one of the main aims of [[#opening|openings]].{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|pp=44, 149}}}}


{{term|term= cook|content= cook {{anchor|Cook|cooks}} }}
{{anchor|Cook|cooks}}
{{defn|defn= In {{chessprobgloss|composition|chess problems}}, an unintended alternative solution, or a [[#refutation|refutation]].<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 20</ref> See also {{seclink|Glossary of chess problems|cook}}.}}
{{term|term= cook|content= cook}}
{{defn|defn= In {{chessprobgloss|composition|chess problems}}, an unintended alternative solution, or a [[#refutation|refutation]].{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=20}}{{See also|Glossary of chess problems#cook}}}}


{{term|term= coordination|content= coordination {{anchor|Coordination|coordinated|coordinating|uncoordinated}} }}
{{anchor|Coordination|coordinated|coordinating|uncoordinated}}
{{defn|defn= The quality of multiple pieces working together, mutually supporting and complementing one another.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Artur Yusupov (chess player) |last=Yusupov |first=Artur |title=Boost Your Chess 1: The Fundamentals |year=2010 |publisher=Quality Chess |isbn=9781906552404 |page=218}}</ref>}}
{{term|term= coordination|content= coordination}}
{{defn|defn= The quality of multiple pieces working together, mutually supporting and complementing one another.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yusupov |first=Artur |author-link=Artur Yusupov (chess player) |title=Boost Your Chess 1: The Fundamentals |publisher=Quality Chess |date=2010 |isbn=9781906552404 |page=218}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= corr.|content= corr. {{anchor|Corr.}} }}
{{anchor|Corr.}}
{{term|term= corr.|content= corr.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence game]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence game]].}}


{{term|term= correspondence chess|content= [[correspondence chess]] {{anchor|Correspondence chess}} }}
{{anchor|Correspondence chess}}
{{defn|defn= Chess played at a long [[#time control|time control]] by long-distance correspondence. Traditionally correspondence chess was played though the post; today it is usually played over a [[correspondence chess server]] or by [[e-mail|email]]. Typically, one move is transmitted in every correspondence.<ref>Dunne 1991, p. 1</ref>}}
{{term|term= correspondence chess|content= [[correspondence chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= Chess played at a long [[#time control|time control]] by long-distance correspondence. Traditionally correspondence chess was played though the post; today it is usually played over a [[correspondence chess server]] or by [[e-mail|email]]. Typically, one move is transmitted in every correspondence.{{Sfn|Dunne|1991|p=1}}}}


{{term|term= corresponding squares|content= [[corresponding squares]] {{anchor|Corresponding squares}} }}
{{anchor|Corresponding squares}}
{{defn|defn= Corresponding squares are pairs of squares such that when a king moves to one square, it forces the opponent's king to occupy the other square in order to hold the position. Corresponding squares usually occur in pawn [[#endgame|endgames]]. The theory of corresponding squares has developed to include complex calculations based on math-like formulas.<ref>Dvoretsky 2006, p. 15</ref> Also called ''related squares''. Cf. ''[[#opposition|opposition]]''.}}
{{term|term= corresponding squares|content= [[corresponding squares]]}}
{{defn|defn= Corresponding squares are pairs of squares such that when a king moves to one square, it forces the opponent's king to occupy the other square in order to hold the position. Corresponding squares usually occur in pawn [[#endgame|endgames]]. The theory of corresponding squares has developed to include complex calculations based on math-like formulas.{{Sfn|Dvoretsky|2006|p=15}} Also called ''related squares''.{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#opposition|opposition]]''.}}


{{term|term= counterattack|content= counterattack {{anchor|Counterattack|counterattacks}} }}
{{anchor|Counterattack|counterattacks}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#attack|attack]] that responds to an attack by the opponent.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 125</ref>}}
{{term|term= counterattack|content= counterattack}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#attack|attack]] that responds to an attack by the opponent in a way other than by direct defense.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2005|p=125}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 586: Line 770:
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pd|pd|  |  |
|  |  |  |pd|pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|pl|  |
|  |  |  |  |pl|pl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|The [[Falkbeer Countergambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5), a gambit response to the [[King's Gambit]]
|The [[Falkbeer Countergambit|Falkbeer '''Countergambit''']] (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5), a gambit response to the [[King's Gambit]]
}}
}}
{{term|term= countergambit|content= countergambit {{anchor|Countergambit|countergambits}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#gambit|gambit]] offered by [[#Black|Black]], for example the Greco Counter Gambit, usually called the [[Latvian Gambit]] today (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5{{chesspunc|?!}}); the [[Albin Countergambit]] (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); and the [[Falkbeer Countergambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5). An opening need not have "countergambit" in its name to be one, for instance the [[Benko Gambit]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5); the [[Englund Gambit]] (1.d4 e5?!); the [[Budapest Gambit]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5); the [[Blackburne Shilling Gambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!); and many lines of the [[Two Knights Defense]] (e.g. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 and now 4...Bc5{{chesspunc|!?}} [the Wilkes–Barre Variation or Traxler Counterattack]; 4...Nxe4?!; 4...d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 [the [[#main line|main line]]]; 4...d5 5.exd5 Nd4 [the Fritz Variation]; and 4...d5 5.exd5 b5 [the Ulvestad Variation]) are all examples of countergambits.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 78</ref>}}


{{term|term= counterplay|content= counterplay {{anchor|Counterplay}} }}
{{anchor|Countergambit|countergambits|counter-gambit|counter gambit}}
{{defn|defn= The defending side's own aggressive action.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 431">Silman 1999, p. 431</ref>}}
{{term|term= countergambit|content= countergambit}}
{{defn|defn= Also "counter-gambit", "counter gambit". An opening [[#gambit|gambit]] offered by [[#Black|Black]].{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=96}} Some writers define the term more narrowly as an opening gambit offered by Black in response to an opening gambit by White{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=78}} such as the [[Albin Countergambit]] (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5) or the [[Falkbeer Countergambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5).}}
 
{{anchor|Counterplay}}
{{term|term= counterplay|content= counterplay}}
{{defn|defn= The defending side's own aggressive action.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=431}}}}


{{term|term= country move|content= country move {{anchor|Country move|country moves}} }}
{{anchor|Country move|country moves}}
{{defn|defn= A disparaging term for a move considered unsophisticated, especially an unnecessary single-step advance of the [[#rook's pawn|rook's pawn]] in the [[#opening|opening]]. The term was popular in London in the late 19th century.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 96</ref>}}
{{term|term= country move|content= country move}}
{{defn|defn= A disparaging term for a move considered unsophisticated, especially an unnecessary single-step advance of the [[#rook's pawn|rook's pawn]] in the [[#opening|opening]]. The term was popular in London in the late 19th century.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=96}}}}


{{term|term= cover|content= cover {{anchor|Cover|covered|convering}} }}
{{anchor|Cover|covered|convering}}
{{term|term= cover|content= cover}}
{{defn|defn= To protect a piece or control a square.}}
{{defn|defn= To protect a piece or control a square.}}


{{term|term= cramped|content= cramped {{anchor|Cramped|cramp|cramping}} }}
{{anchor|Cramped|cramp|cramping}}
{{defn|defn= Having limited [[#mobility|mobility]] in a position.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 79</ref>}}
{{term|term= cramped|content= cramped}}
{{defn|defn= Having limited [[#mobility|mobility]] in a position.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=79}}}}


{{term|term= critical position|content= critical position {{anchor|Critical position|critical positions}} }}
{{anchor|Critical position|critical positions}}
{{defn|defn=The moment in a game or [[#opening|opening]] when the evaluation shows that things are about to change, either towards an advantage for one player, or towards equality; a wrong move can be disastrous.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 431">Silman 1999, p. 431</ref>}}
{{term|term= critical position|content= critical position}}
{{defn|defn=The moment in a game or [[#opening|opening]] when the evaluation shows that things are about to change, either towards an advantage for one player, or towards equality; a wrong move can be disastrous.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=431}}}}


{{term|term= critical square|content= critical square {{anchor|Critical square|critical squares}} }}
{{anchor|Critical square|critical squares}}
{{term|term= critical square|content= critical square}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#key square|key square]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#key square|key square]]''.}}


{{term|term= cross-check|content= [[Cross-check (chess)|cross-check]] {{anchor|Cross-check|cross-checks}} }}
{{anchor|Cross-check|cross-checks}}
{{defn|defn= A cross-check is a [[#check|check]] played in reply to a check, especially when the original check is blocked by a piece that itself either delivers check or reveals a [[#discovered check|discovered check]] from another piece.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 81</ref>}}
{{term|term= cross-check|content= [[Cross-check (chess)|cross-check]]}}
{{defn|defn= A cross-check is a [[#check|check]] played in reply to a check, especially when the original check is blocked by a piece that itself either delivers check or reveals a [[#discovered check|discovered check]] from another piece.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=81}}}}


{{term|term= crosstable|content= crosstable {{anchor|Crosstable|crosstables}} }}
{{anchor|Crosstable|crosstables}}
{{defn|defn= An arrangement of the results of every game in a [[#tournament|tournament]] in tabular form. The names of the players run down the left side of the table in numbered rows. The names may be listed in order of results, alphabetically, or in pairing order, but results order is most common. There may be one column for each successive round, or, in a [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]], there may be one column for each player, with the players in the same order in the columns as in the rows. For each player, the table cells on the player's row record the results of the player's games, using 1{{nbsp}}for a win, 0{{nbsp}}for a loss, and ½ for a draw. (In a double [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]] each cell contains two entries, as each pair of players plays two games alternating [[#White|White]] and [[#Black|Black]].)<ref>Lawson 1992, pp. 31–32, 53</ref> For examples see [[Hastings 1895 chess tournament]], [[Nottingham 1936 chess tournament]], and [[AVRO 1938 chess tournament|AVRO tournament]].}}
{{term|term= crosstable|content= crosstable}}
{{defn|defn= An arrangement of the results of every game in a [[#tournament|tournament]] in tabular form. The names of the players run down the left side of the table in numbered rows. The names may be listed in order of results, alphabetically, or in pairing order, but results order is most common. There may be one column for each successive round, or, in a [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]], there may be one column for each player, with the players in the same order in the columns as in the rows. For each player, the table cells on the player's row record the results of the player's games, using 1{{nbsp}}for a win, 0{{nbsp}}for a loss, and ½ for a draw. (In a double [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]] each cell contains two entries, as each pair of players plays two games alternating [[#White|White]] and [[#Black|Black]].){{Sfn|Lawson|1992|pp=31–32, 53}} For examples see [[Hastings 1895 chess tournament]], [[Nottingham 1936 chess tournament]], and [[AVRO 1938 chess tournament|AVRO tournament]].}}


{{term|term= crush|content= crush {{anchor|Crush|crushes|crushed|crushing}} }}
{{anchor|Crush|crushes|crushed|crushing}}
{{term|term= crush|content= crush}}
{{defn|defn= Colloquial for a quick win, especially an overwhelming [[#Attack|attack]] versus poor defensive play. A crushing move is a decisive one.}}
{{defn|defn= Colloquial for a quick win, especially an overwhelming [[#Attack|attack]] versus poor defensive play. A crushing move is a decisive one.}}


Line 629: Line 824:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= dark-square bishop|content= dark-square bishop {{anchor|Dark-square bishop|dark-square bishops|dark-squared bishop|dark-squared bishops|dark bishop|dark bishops|DSB}}}}
{{anchor|Dark-square bishop|dark-square bishops|dark-squared bishop|dark-squared bishops|dark bishop|dark bishops|DSB}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''dark bishop'''<ref name=H&W_p102 /> or abbreviated '''DSB'''. One of the two [[#bishop|bishops]] that moves only on the [[#dark squares|dark squares]]. In the [[#starting position|starting position]], White's dark-square bishop is on c1; Black's is on f8.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 47">Pandolfini 1996, p. 47</ref> Cf. ''[[#light-square bishop|light-square bishop]]''.}}
{{term|term= dark-square bishop|content= dark-square bishop}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''dark bishop'''{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=102}} or abbreviated '''DSB'''. One of the two [[#bishop|bishops]] that moves only on the [[#dark squares|dark squares]]. In the [[#starting position|starting position]], White's dark-square bishop is on c1; Black's is on f8.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=47}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#light-square bishop|light-square bishop]]''.}}


{{term|term= dark squares|content= dark squares {{anchor|Dark squares|dark square}} }}
{{anchor|Dark squares|dark square}}
{{defn|defn= The 32 dark-colored squares on the chessboard, such as a1 and h8. A dark square is always located at a player's left-hand corner.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 47">Pandolfini 1996, p. 47</ref> Cf. ''[[#light squares|light squares]]''.}}
{{term|term= dark squares|content= dark squares}}
{{defn|defn= The 32 dark-colored squares on the chessboard, such as a1 and h8. A dark square is always located at a player's left-hand corner.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=47}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#light squares|light squares]]''.}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |bl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |bl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |kd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |kd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|A dead draw by means of insufficient material. King versus king and bishop will never lead to checkmate. If for Black, a knight or a light-squared bishop were added to the position (e.g. a Nf3 or Bf3), a mate would be possible in theory for either side, but not with reasonable play, making it a "dead draw" in the broader sense.
|A '''dead draw''' by means of insufficient material. King versus king and bishop will never lead to checkmate. If for Black, a knight or a light-squared bishop were added to the position (e.g. a Nf3 or Bf3), a mate would be possible in theory for either side, but not with reasonable play, making it a "dead draw" in the broader sense.
}}
}}
{{term|term= dead draw|content= dead draw {{anchor|Dead draw|dead draws}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#draw|drawn]] position in which neither player has any realistic chance to win. In the strict sense, dead draw may refer to a position in which it is impossible for either player to win (such as [[#insufficient material|insufficient material]]). In a broader sense, it may refer to a simple, lifeless position that would require a major [[#blunder|blunder]] before either side would have a chance to win.<ref>Webb 2006, p. 49</ref>}}


{{term|term= dead position|content= [[Rules of chess#Dead position|dead position]] {{anchor|Dead position|dead positions}} }}
{{anchor|Dead draw|dead draws}}
{{defn|defn= A position where neither player can [[#checkmate|mate]] the opponent's king with any series of legal moves (e.g. knight and king against a [[bare king]]). This position is [[#draw|drawn]].{{refn|Article 5.2.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}}}
{{term|term= dead draw|content= dead draw}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#draw|drawn]] position in which neither player has any realistic chance to win. In the strict sense, dead draw may refer to a position in which it is impossible for either player to win (such as [[#insufficient material|insufficient material]]). In a broader sense, it may refer to a simple, lifeless position that would require a major [[#blunder|blunder]] before either side would have a chance to win.{{Sfn|Webb|2006|p=49}}}}


{{term|term= decoy|content= [[Decoy (chess)|decoy]] {{anchor|Decoy|decoys|decoying|decoyed}} }}
{{anchor|Dead position|dead positions}}
{{defn|defn= This is a [[#tactics|tactic]] used to lure an enemy [[#man|man]] away from its defensive position.<ref name="S&S_p240">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 240</ref><ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 102–03</ref>  See also ''[[#deflection|deflection]]'' and ''[[#attraction|attraction]]''.}}
{{term|term= dead position|content= [[Rules of chess#Dead position|dead position]]}}
{{defn|defn= A position where neither player can [[#checkmate|mate]] the opponent's king with any series of legal moves (e.g. knight and king against a [[bare king]]). This position is [[#draw|drawn]].{{Sfn|FIDE Laws of Chess|2023|loc=Article 5: "The Completion of the Game" / Section 5.2.2}}}}


{{term|term= defense|content= defense {{anchor|Defense|defence|Defence|defenses|defences}} }}
{{anchor|Decoy|decoys|decoying|decoyed}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A move or plan to meet the opponent's [[#attack|attack]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 431">Silman 1999, p. 431</ref>}}
{{term|term= decoy|content= [[Decoy (chess)|decoy]]}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= Part of the name of [[#opening|openings]] played by Black; e.g. the [[Scandinavian Defense]], [[King's Indian Defense]], [[English Defense]], etc.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 431">Silman 1999, p. 431</ref>}}
{{defn|defn= This is a [[#tactics|tactic]] used to lure an enemy [[#man|man]] away from its defensive position.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=240}}{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|pp=102–103}}
{{See also|#deflection|label1=deflection|#attraction|label2=attraction}}}}


{{term|term= deflection|content= [[Deflection (chess)|deflection]] {{anchor|Deflection|deflections|deflect|deflecting|deflected}} }}
{{anchor|Defense|defence|Defence|defenses|defences}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#decoy|decoy]] tactic that involves luring an enemy piece away from a good square; typically, away from a square on which it defends another piece or threat. Deflection is thus closely related to [[#overloaded|overloading]].<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 274</ref> See also ''[[#attraction|attraction]]''.}}
{{term|term= defense|content= defense}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A move or plan to meet the opponent's [[#attack|attack]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=431}}}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= Part of the name of [[#opening|openings]] played by Black; e.g. the [[Scandinavian Defense]], [[King's Indian Defense]], [[English Defense]], etc.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=431}}}}


[[Image:WouterMeesRotterdam1991.jpg|thumb|210px|Wouter Mees at a demonstration board]]
{{anchor|Deflection|deflections|deflect|deflecting|deflected}}
{{term|term= deflection|content= [[Deflection (chess)|deflection]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#decoy|decoy]] tactic that involves luring an enemy piece away from a good square; typically, away from a square on which it defends another piece or threat. Deflection is thus closely related to [[#overloaded|overloading]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1988|p=274}}
{{See also|#attraction|label1=attraction}}}}


{{term|term= demonstration board|content= demonstration board {{anchor|Demonstration board|demonstration boards|demo board|demo boards}} }}
[[File:WouterMeesRotterdam1991.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Wouter Mees]] at a '''demonstration board''']]
{{defn|defn= A large standing chess board used to analyze a game or show a game in progress. [[Johann Löwenthal]] invented the demonstration board in 1857.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 64</ref>}}
{{anchor|Demonstration board|demonstration boards|demo board|demo boards}}
{{term|term= demonstration board|content= demonstration board}}
{{defn|defn= A large standing chess board used to analyze a game or show a game in progress. [[Johann Löwenthal]] invented the demonstration board in 1857.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2005|p=64}}}}


{{term|term= descriptive notation|content= [[Descriptive chess notation|descriptive notation]] {{anchor|Descriptive notation|Descriptive}} }}
{{anchor|Descriptive notation|Descriptive}}
{{defn|defn= A system of recording chess moves, used primarily in the English- and Spanish-speaking countries until the 1980s. Descriptive notation is based on natural language descriptions of chess moves rendered in abbreviated form, for example "pawn to queen's bishop's fourth" is rendered as "P-QB4". Now replaced by the standard [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]].<ref>Wilson 1994, p. 60</ref>}}
{{term|term= descriptive notation|content= [[Descriptive chess notation|descriptive notation]]}}
{{defn|defn= A system of recording chess moves, used primarily in the English- and Spanish-speaking countries until the 1980s. Descriptive notation is based on natural language descriptions of chess moves rendered in abbreviated form, for example "pawn to queen's bishop's fourth" is rendered as "P-QB4". Now replaced by the standard [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]].{{Sfn|Wilson|1994|p=60}}}}


{{term|term= desperado|content= [[Desperado (chess)|desperado]] {{anchor|Desperado|desperados}} }}
{{anchor|Desperado|desperados}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]] that seems determined to give itself up, typically to bring about [[#stalemate|stalemate]] or [[#perpetual check|perpetual check]]. Also an ''[[#en prise|en prise]]'' or trapped piece that sacrifices itself for the maximum [[#compensation|compensation]] possible.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 106; Pandolfini 1996, p. 89</ref>}}
{{term|term= desperado|content= [[Desperado (chess)|desperado]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]] that seems determined to give itself up, typically to bring about [[#stalemate|stalemate]] or [[#perpetual check|perpetual check]]. Also an ''[[#en prise|en prise]]'' or trapped piece that sacrifices itself for the maximum [[#compensation|compensation]] possible.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=106}}{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=89}}}}


{{term|term= development|content= development {{anchor|Development|develop|develops|developed|developing|undeveloped}} }}
{{anchor|Development|develop|develops|developed|developing|undeveloped}}
{{defn|defn= The movement of non-pawn pieces in the [[#opening|opening]] from their original squares to squares where they can be more [[#active|active]]. Development of one's pieces is one of the [[Chess opening#Common aims in opening play|objectives of the opening]] phase of the game.<ref name=S&S_p240 />}}
{{term|term= development|content= development}}
{{defn|defn= The movement of non-pawn pieces in the [[#opening|opening]] from their original squares to squares where they can be more [[#active|active]]. Development of one's pieces is one of the [[Chess opening#Common aims in opening play|objectives of the opening]] phase of the game.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=240}}}}


{{term|term= diagonal|content= diagonal {{anchor|Diagonal|diagonals}} }}
{{anchor|Diagonal|diagonals}}
{{defn|defn= A line of squares of the same color touching corner to corner, along which a queen or bishop moves.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 56">Staunton 2014, p. 56</ref>}}
{{term|term= diagonal|content= diagonal}}
{{defn|defn= A line of squares of the same color touching corner to corner, along which a queen or bishop moves.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=56}}}}


{{term|term= discovered attack|content= [[discovered attack]] {{anchor|Discovered attack|discovered attacks}} }}
{{anchor|Discovered attack|discovered attacks}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#attack|attack]] made by a queen, rook, or bishop when another piece or pawn moves out of its way.<ref name=S&S_p240 />}}
{{term|term= discovered attack|content= [[discovered attack]]}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#attack|attack]] made by a queen, rook, or bishop when another piece or pawn moves out of its way.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=240}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|  |  |  |  |qd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |qd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |kd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |kd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |bl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |bl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |rl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |rl|  |  |  
|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|Once the e4-bishop moves, it is discovered check by the rook.
|Once the e4-bishop moves, it is '''discovered check''' by the rook.
}}
}}
{{term|term= discovered check|content= [[discovered check]] {{anchor|Discovered check|discovered checks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A discovered attack to the king. This occurs when a player moves a piece, resulting in another piece putting their opponent's king in check.<ref>{{cite book|last=Staunton|first=Howard|year=1876|title=Chess: Theory and Practice|quote=When the King is directly attacked by an adverse man, the move is called simply check; when the Piece or Pawn moved does not itself attack the King, but unmasks another which does, it is called a discovered check; and when both the man moved and the one unmasked attack the King, they are said to give double check.|pages=48–49|url=https://archive.org/details/chesstheorypract00stau/page/48/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reinfeld|first=Fred|year=1955|title=1001 Winning Chess Sacrifices and Combinations|quote=Discovered check is really a kind of discovered attack, with this important difference: the "discovering" piece moves away to allow its colleague to give check along the vacated line.|page=74|isbn=0-87980-111-5}}</ref><ref>Staunton 2014, p. 50</ref>}}


{{term|term= diversionary sacrifice|content= diversionary sacrifice {{anchor|Diversionary sacrifice|diversionary sacrifices|diversionary sac|diversionary sacs}} }}
{{anchor|Discovered check|discovered checks}}
{{defn|defn= Especially in the [[#middlegame|middlegame]], the [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a [[#decoy|decoy]] piece.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 110</ref>}}
{{term|term= discovered check|content= [[discovered check]]}}
{{defn|defn= A discovered attack to the king. This occurs when a player moves a piece, resulting in another piece putting their opponent's king in check.<ref>{{cite book |last=Staunton |first=Howard |url=https://archive.org/details/chesstheorypract00stau/page/48/mode/2up |title=Chess: Theory and Practice |date=1876 |pages=48–49 |quote=When the King is directly attacked by an adverse man, the move is called simply check; when the Piece or Pawn moved does not itself attack the King, but unmasks another which does, it is called a discovered check; and when both the man moved and the one unmasked attack the King, they are said to give double check.}}</ref>{{Sfn |Reinfeld |2014 |page=74 |loc=Discovered check is really a kind of discovered attack, with this important difference: the 'discovering' piece moves away to allow its colleague to give check along the vacated line}}{{Sfn|Staunton|2014|p=50}}}}
 
{{anchor|Diversionary sacrifice|diversionary sacrifices|diversionary sac|diversionary sacs}}
{{term|term= diversionary sacrifice|content= diversionary sacrifice}}
{{defn|defn= Especially in the [[#middlegame|middlegame]], the [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a [[#decoy|decoy]] piece.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=110}}}}


{{term|term= domination|content= [[Domination (chess)|domination]] {{anchor|Domination}} }}
{{anchor|Domination}}
{{defn|defn= From [[endgame studies]], control of all movement squares of an enemy piece.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 111</ref>}}
{{term|term= domination|content= [[Domination (chess)|domination]]}}
{{defn|defn= From [[endgame studies]], control of all movement squares of an enemy piece.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=111}}}}


{{term|term= double attack|content= double attack {{anchor|Double attack|double attacks}} }}
{{anchor|Double attack|double attacks}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#attack|attacks]] made with one move: these attacks may be made by the same piece (in which case it is a ''[[#fork|fork]]''); or by different pieces, for example in a [[#discovered attack|discovered attack]] when the moved piece also makes a threat.<ref name=S&S_p240 />}}
{{term|term= double attack|content= double attack}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#attack|attacks]] made with one move: these attacks may be made by the same piece (in which case it is a ''[[#fork|fork]]''); or by different pieces, for example in a [[#discovered attack|discovered attack]] when the moved piece also makes a threat.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=240}}}}


{{term|term= double check|content= [[double check]] {{anchor|Double check|double checks}} }}
{{anchor|Double check|double checks}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#check|check]] delivered by two pieces at the same time. A double check necessarily involves a [[#discovered check|discovered check]]. By its nature a double check cannot be met by interposing a defending piece in a line of attack, or by capturing an attacker; when subjected to a double check, the attacked king must move. This makes the double check especially powerful as an attacking tactic.<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 51</ref>}}
{{term|term= double check|content= [[double check]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#check|check]] delivered by two pieces at the same time. A double check necessarily involves a [[#discovered check|discovered check]]. By its nature a double check cannot be met by interposing a defending piece in a line of attack, or by capturing an attacker; when subjected to a double check, the attacked king must move. This makes the double check especially powerful as an attacking tactic.{{Sfn|Staunton|2014|p=51}}}}


{{term|term= doubled pawns|content= [[doubled pawns]] {{anchor|Doubled pawns|doubled pawn}} }}
{{anchor|Doubled pawns|doubled pawn}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on the same [[#file|file]]; generally considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 56">Staunton 2014, p. 56</ref>}}
{{term|term= doubled pawns|content= [[doubled pawns]]}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on the same [[#file|file]]; generally considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=56}}}}


{{term|term= doubled rooks|content= doubled rooks {{anchor|Doubled rooks|doubled rook}} }}
{{anchor|Doubled rooks|doubled rook}}
{{defn|defn= A powerful configuration in which a player's two rooks are placed on the same [[#file|file]] or [[#rank|rank]] with no other [[#man|men]] between them. They defend each other and attack along the shared file or rank, as well as two additional ranks or files. The configuration can be especially decisive in the [[#endgame|endgame]].<ref>Pandolfini 2013, p. 75</ref>}}
{{term|term= doubled rooks|content= doubled rooks}}
{{defn|defn= A powerful configuration in which a player's two rooks are placed on the same [[#file|file]] or [[#rank|rank]] with no other [[#man|men]] between them. They defend each other and attack along the shared file or rank, as well as two additional ranks or files. The configuration can be especially decisive in the [[#endgame|endgame]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2013|p=75}}}}


{{term|term= double fianchetto|content= double fianchetto {{anchor|Double fianchetto|double fianchetti}} }}
{{anchor|Double fianchetto|double fianchetti}}
{{defn|defn= A player's [[#king bishop|king bishop]] and [[#queen bishop|queen bishop]] have both been [[#fianchetto|fianchettoed]].<ref name=OCC_p133 />}}
{{term|term= double fianchetto|content= double fianchetto}}
{{defn|defn= A player's [[#king bishop|king bishop]] and [[#queen bishop|queen bishop]] have both been [[#fianchetto|fianchettoed]].{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=133}}}}


{{term|term= draw|content= [[Draw (chess)|draw]] {{anchor|Draw|draws}} }}
{{anchor|Draw|draws}}
{{defn|defn= A game that ends without victory for either player. Most drawn games are [[draw by agreement|draws by agreement]]. The other ways that a game can end in a draw are by [[#stalemate|stalemate]], by a [[#dead position|dead position]], by the [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition rule]], by the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]], by the [[#fivefold repetition|fivefold repetition rule]], and by the [[#seventy-five-move rule|seventy-five-move rule]]. A position is said to be a draw (or a "drawn position" or "theoretical draw") if either player can, through correct play, eventually force the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the moves made by the other player. A draw is usually scored as ½ point, although in some matches only wins are counted and draws are ignored.<ref name=S&S_p240 />}}
{{term|term= draw|content= [[Draw (chess)|draw]]}}
{{defn|defn= A game that ends without victory for either player. Most drawn games are [[draw by agreement|draws by agreement]]. The other ways that a game can end in a draw are by [[#stalemate|stalemate]], by a [[#dead position|dead position]], by the [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition rule]], by the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]], by the [[#fivefold repetition|fivefold repetition rule]], and by the [[#seventy-five-move rule|seventy-five-move rule]]. A position is said to be a draw (or a "drawn position" or "theoretical draw") if either player can, through correct play, eventually force the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the moves made by the other player. A draw is usually scored as ½ point, although in some matches only wins are counted and draws are ignored.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=240}}}}


{{term|term= draw by agreement|content= [[draw by agreement]] {{anchor|Draw by agreement|draws by agreement}} }}
{{anchor|Draw by agreement|draws by agreement}}
{{defn|defn= A game that is ended by both players' accepting a draw.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 96</ref> See also ''[[#resign|resign]]''.}}
{{term|term= draw by agreement|content= [[draw by agreement]]}}
{{defn|defn= A game that is ended by both players' accepting a draw.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=96}}
{{See also|#resign|label1=resign}}}}


{{term|term= draw death|content= draw death {{anchor|Draw death|draw deaths}} }}
{{anchor|Draw death|draw deaths}}
{{defn|defn= Hypothetical scenario whereby elite-level chess players, aided by modern computer analysis, become so good that they never make mistakes, leading to endless drawn games (since chess is widely believed to be drawn with best play from both sides).<ref>Grooten 2017, p. 289</ref>}}
{{term|term= draw death|content= draw death}}
{{defn|defn= Hypothetical scenario whereby elite-level chess players, aided by modern computer analysis, become so good that they never make mistakes, leading to endless drawn games (since chess is widely believed to be drawn with best play from both sides).{{Sfn|Grooten|2017|p=289}}}}


{{term|term= drawing line|content= drawing line {{anchor|Drawing line|drawing lines}} }}
{{anchor|Drawing line|drawing lines}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]] that commonly ends in a [[#draw|draw]].<ref>Soltis 2002, p. 146</ref>}}
{{term|term= drawing line|content= drawing line}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]] that commonly ends in a [[#draw|draw]].{{Sfn|Soltis|2002|p=146}}}}


{{term|term= drawing weapon|content= drawing weapon {{anchor|Drawing weapon|drawing weapons}} }}
{{anchor|Drawing weapon|drawing weapons}}
{{defn|defn= An opening [[#line|line]] played with the intent of drawing the game.<ref>Desjarlais 2011, p. 99</ref>}}
{{term|term= drawing weapon|content= drawing weapon}}
{{defn|defn= An opening [[#line|line]] played with the intent of drawing the game.{{Sfn|Desjarlais|2011|p=99}}}}


{{term|term= drawish|content= drawish {{anchor|Drawish}} }}
{{anchor|Drawish}}
{{defn|defn= An adjective describing a position or game that is likely to end in a [[#draw|draw]].<ref>Edwards 2007, p. 258</ref>}}
{{term|term= drawish|content= drawish}}
{{defn|defn= An adjective describing a position or game that is likely to end in a [[#draw|draw]].{{Sfn|Edwards|2007|p=258}}}}


{{term|term= draw odds|content= draw odds {{anchor|Draw odds}} }}
{{anchor|Draw odds}}
{{defn|defn= A type of chess [[#odds|handicap]] where one player (Black in an [[#Armageddon game|Armageddon game]]) has only to draw in order to win the match.<ref>Capablanca 2002, p. 79</ref>}}
{{term|term= draw odds|content= draw odds}}
{{defn|defn= A type of chess [[#odds|handicap]] where one player (Black in an [[#Armageddon game|Armageddon game]]) has only to draw in order to win the match.{{Sfn|Capablanca|2002|p=79}}}}


{{term|term= draw offer|content= draw offer {{anchor|Draw offer|draw offers}} }}
{{anchor|Draw offer|draw offers}}
{{defn|defn= A proposal by a player to the opponent that the game be [[#draw by agreement|drawn by agreement]].<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 376</ref>}}
{{term|term= draw offer|content= draw offer}}
{{defn|defn= A proposal by a player to the opponent that the game be [[#draw by agreement|drawn by agreement]].{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=376}}}}


{{term|term= dynamism|content= dynamism {{anchor|Dynamism|dynamic}} }}
{{anchor|Dynamism|dynamic}}
{{defn|defn= A style of play in which the activity of the pieces is favored over more positional considerations, even to the point of accepting permanent structural or [[#space|spatial]] weaknesses. Dynamism stemmed from the teachings of the [[#hypermodernism|Hypermodern school]] and challenged the dogma found in more classical teachings, such as those put forward by [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] and [[Siegbert Tarrasch]].<ref>Suba 2014, p. 104</ref>}}
{{term|term= dynamism|content= dynamism}}
{{defn|defn= A style of play in which the activity of the pieces is favored over more positional considerations, even to the point of accepting permanent structural or [[#space|spatial]] weaknesses. Dynamism stemmed from the teachings of the [[#hypermodernism|Hypermodern school]] and challenged the dogma found in more classical teachings, such as those put forward by [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] and [[Siegbert Tarrasch]].{{Sfn|Suba|2014|p=104}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 753: Line 982:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= eat|content= eat {{anchor|Eat}} }}
{{anchor|Eat}}
{{defn|defn= [slang] To remove the opponent's [[#piece|piece]] or [[#pawn|pawn]] from the board by taking it with one's own piece or pawn.<ref>Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 281</ref><ref>Silman 1998, p. 10</ref> Synonym: ''[[#capture|capture]]''.}}
{{term|term= eat|content= eat}}
{{defn|defn= [slang] To remove the opponent's [[#piece|piece]] or [[#pawn|pawn]] from the board by taking it with one's own piece or pawn.{{Sfn|Nimzowitsch|2016|p=281}}{{Sfn|Silman|1998|p=10}} Synonym: ''[[#capture|capture]]''.}}


{{term|term= ECF|content= [[English Chess Federation|ECF]] {{anchor|ECF}} }}
{{anchor|ECF}}
{{term|term= ECF|content= [[English Chess Federation|ECF]]}}
{{defn|defn= The English Chess Federation (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is one of the federations of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]]. It was known as the British Chess Federation (BCF) until 2005 when it was renamed.}}
{{defn|defn= The English Chess Federation (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is one of the federations of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]]. It was known as the British Chess Federation (BCF) until 2005 when it was renamed.}}


{{term|term= ECO|content= ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings|ECO]]'' {{anchor|ECO|ECO code|ECO codes}} }}
{{anchor|ECO|ECO code|ECO codes}}
{{term|term= ECO|content= ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings|ECO]]''}}
{{defn|defn= The ''Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings'' (''ECO''), a standard and comprehensive [[#opening|chess opening]] reference. Also '''''ECO''''' '''code''', a classification system for openings that assigns an alphanumeric code from A00 to E99 to each opening.}}
{{defn|defn= The ''Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings'' (''ECO''), a standard and comprehensive [[#opening|chess opening]] reference. Also '''''ECO''''' '''code''', a classification system for openings that assigns an alphanumeric code from A00 to E99 to each opening.}}


{{term|term= ECU|content= [[European Chess Union|ECU]] {{anchor|ECU}} }}
{{anchor|ECU}}
{{term|term= ECU|content= [[European Chess Union|ECU]]}}
{{defn|defn= The European Chess Union (ECU) is the continental association for chess in Europe.}}
{{defn|defn= The European Chess Union (ECU) is the continental association for chess in Europe.}}


{{term|term= edge|content= edge {{anchor|Edge}} }}
{{anchor|Edge}}
{{defn|defn= A small but meaningful advantage in the position against one's opponent. It is often said White has an ''edge'' in the [[#starting position|starting position]], since White moves first (see [[First-move advantage in chess]]).<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 301</ref> Cf. ''[[#initiative|initiative]]''.}}
{{term|term= edge|content= edge}}
{{defn|defn= A small but meaningful advantage in the position against one's opponent. It is often said White has an ''edge'' in the [[#starting position|starting position]], since White moves first (see [[First-move advantage in chess]]).{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=301}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#initiative|initiative]]''.}}


{{term|term= eighth rank|content= eighth rank {{anchor|Eighth rank|eighth ranks}} }}
{{anchor|Eighth rank|eighth ranks}}
{{term|term= eighth rank|content= eighth rank}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#rank|rank]] on which pawns [[#promotion|promote]] (rank eight for White; rank one for Black). Also called ''last rank''.}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#rank|rank]] on which pawns [[#promotion|promote]] (rank eight for White; rank one for Black). Also called ''last rank''.}}


{{term|term= Elo rating system|content= [[Elo rating system]] {{anchor|Elo rating system|Elo rating|Elo}} }}
{{anchor|Elo rating system|Elo rating|Elo}}
{{defn|defn= The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of chess players, named after [[Arpad Elo]]. Since 2012, [[#FIDE|FIDE]] publishes a monthly international chess rating list using the Elo system.<ref name="S&S_p241">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 241</ref>}}
{{term|term= Elo rating system|content= [[Elo rating system]]}}
{{defn|defn= The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of chess players, named after [[Arpad Elo]]. Since 2012, [[#FIDE|FIDE]] publishes a monthly international chess rating list using the Elo system.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=241}}}}


{{term|term= endgame|content= [[Chess endgame|endgame]] {{anchor|Endgame|endgames}} }}
{{anchor|Endgame|endgames}}
{{defn|defn= The third and last phase of the game, when there are few pieces left on the board. The endgame follows the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].<ref name=S&S_p241 />}}
{{term|term= endgame|content= [[Chess endgame|endgame]]}}
{{defn|defn= The third and last phase of the game, when there are few pieces left on the board. The endgame follows the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=241}}}}


{{term|term= endgame tablebase|content= [[endgame tablebase]] {{anchor|Endgame tablebase|endgame tablebases}} }}
{{anchor|Endgame tablebase|endgame tablebases}}
{{defn|defn= A computerized database of [[#endgame|endgames]] with a small number of pieces, providing [[perfect play]] for both players, and thus completely solving those endgames. As of 2012, tablebases have been calculated for all positions with up to seven pieces.<ref>Moore & Mertens 2011, p. 14</ref>}}
{{term|term= endgame tablebase|content= [[endgame tablebase]]}}
{{defn|defn= A computerized database of [[#endgame|endgames]] with a small number of pieces, providing [[perfect play]] for both players, and thus completely solving those endgames. As of 2012, tablebases have been calculated for all positions with up to seven pieces.{{Sfn|Moore|Mertens|2011|p=14}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 785: Line 1,023:
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|  |pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|  |pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |xx|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |xx|  |  |  
|  |  |pd|pl|pd|  |  |
|  |  |pd|pl|pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|After 1.d4 c5 2.d5 e5, White can play 3.dxe6, capturing the e-pawn ''en passant'' on the next move. The white pawn is placed on e6, and the black pawn on e5 is removed from the board.
|After 1.d4 c5 2.d5 e5, White can play 3.dxe6, capturing the e-pawn '''''en passant''''' on the next move. The white pawn is placed on e6, and the black pawn on e5 is removed from the board.
}}
}}
{{term|term= en passant|content= ''[[en passant]]'' {{anchor|En passant}} }}
 
{{defn|defn= [from French, "in the act of passing"] The rule that allows a [[#pawn|pawn]] that has just advanced two squares to be captured by an enemy pawn that is on the same [[#rank|rank]] and adjacent [[#file|file]]. The pawn can be taken as if it had advanced only one square. Capturing ''en passant'' is possible only on the next move.<ref>Alburt & Parr 2003, pp. 22–23</ref> Abbr. e.p.}}
{{anchor|En passant}}
{{term|term= en passant|content= ''[[en passant]]'' ("e.p.")}}
{{defn|defn= [from French, "in the act of passing"] The rule that allows a [[#pawn|pawn]] that has just advanced two squares to be captured by an enemy pawn that is on the same [[#rank|rank]] and adjacent [[#file|file]]. The pawn can be taken as if it had advanced only one square. Capturing ''en passant'' is possible only on the next move.{{Sfn|Alburt|Parr|2003|pp=22–23}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 801: Line 1,041:
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |nd|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |nd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|The pawn on e4 is ''en prise''.
|The pawn on e4 is '''''en prise'''''.
}}
}}
{{term|term= en prise|content= ''en prise'' {{anchor|En prise}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from French, "in a position to be taken",<ref>Brace 1977</ref><ref>''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]''</ref> often italicized] ''En prise'' describes a piece or pawn exposed to a material-winning capture by the opponent. This is either a [[#hanging|hanging]] piece, an undefended [[#pawn|pawn]], a piece attacked by a less valuable attacker, or a piece or pawn defended insufficiently. For instance, 1.e4 Nf6 2.Nf3? leaves White's e-pawn ''en prise''.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 57">Staunton 2014, p. 57</ref><ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/enprise.html "En prise (Chess Term)" by Edward Winter]</ref>}}


{{term|term= e.p.|content= e.p. {{anchor|E.p.|ep}} }}
{{anchor|En prise}}
{{term|term= en prise|content= ''en prise''}}
{{defn|defn= [from French, "in a position to be taken",{{Sfn|Brace|1977}}<ref>''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]'' {{Page needed|date=September 2025}}</ref> often italicized] ''En prise'' describes a piece or pawn exposed to a material-winning capture by the opponent. This is either a [[#hanging|hanging]] piece, an undefended [[#pawn|pawn]], a piece attacked by a less valuable attacker, or a piece or pawn defended insufficiently. For instance, 1.e4 Nf6 2.Nf3? leaves White's e-pawn ''en prise''.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=57}}<ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/enprise.html "En prise (Chess Term)" by Edward Winter]</ref>}}
 
{{anchor|E.p.|ep}}
{{term|term= e.p.|content= e.p.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for ''[[#en passant|en passant]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for ''[[#en passant|en passant]]''.}}


{{term|term= epaulette mate|content= [[epaulette mate]] {{anchor|Epaulette mate|epaulette checkmate}} }}
{{anchor|Epaulette mate|epaulette checkmate}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#checkmate|checkmate]] position where the king is blocked on both sides by its own rooks.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 102</ref>}}
{{term|term= epaulette mate|content= [[epaulette mate]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#checkmate|checkmate]] position where the king is blocked on both sides by its own rooks.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=102}}}}


{{term|term= EPD|content= EPD {{anchor|EPD}} }}
{{anchor|EPD}}
{{term|term= EPD|content= EPD}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Extended Position Description|Extended Position Description]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Extended Position Description|Extended Position Description]].}}


{{term|term= equalize|content= equalize {{anchor|Equalize|equalizing|equalise|equalising|equality|equal|equal chances}} }}
{{anchor|Equalize|equalizing|equalise|equalising|equality|equal|equal chances}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''equalise'''. To reach a position where the players have equal chances of winning, referred to as ''equality'', or a position that is ''equal''. In the [[#opening|opening]], because White has the [[#first-move advantage|advantage of the first move]], the immediate goal for Black is to achieve equality.<ref>Wilson 1994, p. 55</ref>}}
{{term|term= equalize|content= equalize}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''equalise'''. To reach a position where the players have equal chances of winning, referred to as ''equality'', or a position that is ''equal''. In the [[#opening|opening]], because White has the [[First-move advantage in chess|advantage of the first move]], the immediate goal for Black is to achieve equality.{{Sfn|Wilson|1994|p=55}}}}


{{term|term= escape square|content= escape square {{anchor|Escape square|escape squares}} }}
{{anchor|Escape square|escape squares}}
{{term|term= escape square|content= escape square}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#flight square|flight square]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#flight square|flight square]]''.}}


{{term|term= evaluation|content= evaluation {{anchor|Evaluation|evaluations|eval}} }}
{{anchor|Evaluation|evaluations|eval}}
{{defn|defn= Or simply '''eval'''. The analysis of a position. A computer or engine evaluation is a means of assigning a number value to a position, based not on intelligence, but on algorithms, which vary from engine to engine and depend on engine strength. Engine evaluations have foibles and imperfections even when functioning as designed. If an engine describes a position as +2.50, the plus sign ("+") indicates the position is favorable to White; a minus sign ("−") indicates the position is favorable to Black. The number can correspond to the approximate value of pieces, although engines use other factors besides [[#material|material]]. The notation +2.50 indicates that White is ahead by two and one-half pawns. The notation +M4 (or sometimes #4) indicates that White can force checkmate in four moves.<ref>David 2016, pp. 88–96</ref><ref>ChessMN16. "How to Read Engine Evaluations". Chess.com. April 29, 2015</ref><ref>Newborn 2013, pp. 1–14</ref> Cf. ''[[#analysis|analysis]]''.}}
{{term|term= evaluation|content= evaluation}}
{{defn|defn= Or simply '''eval'''. The analysis of a position. A computer or engine evaluation is a means of assigning a number value to a position, based not on intelligence, but on algorithms, which vary from engine to engine and depend on engine strength. Engine evaluations have foibles and imperfections even when functioning as designed. If an engine describes a position as +2.50, the plus sign ("+") indicates the position is favorable to White; a minus sign ("−") indicates the position is favorable to Black. The number can correspond to the approximate value of pieces, although engines use other factors besides [[#material|material]]. The notation +2.50 indicates that White is ahead by two and one-half pawns. The notation +M4 (or sometimes #4) indicates that White can force checkmate in four moves.{{Sfn|David|Netanyahu|Wolf|2016|pp=88–96}}<ref>ChessMN16. "How to Read Engine Evaluations". Chess.com. April 29, 2015</ref>{{Sfn|Newborn|2013|pp=1–14}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#analysis|analysis]]''.}}


{{term|term= exchange|content= [[Exchange (chess)|exchange]] {{anchor|Exchange|exchanges|exchanged|exchanging}} }}
{{anchor|Exchange|exchanges|exchanged|exchanging}}
{{defn|defn= To swap or trade pieces by [[#capture|capture]]. Usually the pieces are of equal value (i.e., rook for rook, knight for knight, etc.), or of bishop for knight (two pieces that are considered approximately equal in value).<ref>Golombek 1977, p. 113, and Silman 1999, p. 432, define an exchange to always be of equal value, but most writers do not: Horton 1952, p. 63; Brace 1977, p. 97; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 130; Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 188.</ref>}}
{{term|term= exchange|content= [[Exchange (chess)|exchange]]}}
{{defn|defn= To swap or trade pieces by [[#capture|capture]]. Usually the pieces are of equal value (i.e., rook for rook, knight for knight, etc.), or of bishop for knight (two pieces that are considered approximately equal in value). Although some writers{{Sfn|Golombek|1977|p=113}}{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=432}} define an exchange to always be of equal value, most writers{{Sfn|Horton|1973|p=63}}{{Sfn|Brace|1977|p=97}} do not.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=130}}{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=188}}}}


{{term|term= exchange, the|content= [[The exchange (chess)|exchange, the]] {{anchor|Exchange, the|the exchange|The exchange}} }}
{{anchor|Exchange, the|the exchange|The exchange}}
{{defn|defn= The advantage of a rook over a [[#minor piece|minor piece]] (knight or bishop). The player who captures a rook for a minor piece is said to have "won the exchange", the player who has lost the rook has "lost the exchange". An ''[[The exchange (chess)#Exchange sacrifice|exchange sacrifice]]'' is giving up a rook for a minor piece.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 57">Staunton 2014, p. 57</ref>}}
{{term|term= exchange, the|content= [[The exchange (chess)|exchange, the]]}}
{{defn|defn= The advantage of a rook over a [[#minor piece|minor piece]] (knight or bishop). The player who captures a rook for a minor piece is said to have "won the exchange", the player who has lost the rook has "lost the exchange". An ''[[The exchange (chess)#Exchange sacrifice|exchange sacrifice]]'' is giving up a rook for a minor piece.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=57}}}}


{{term|term= exchange variation|content= [[exchange variation]] {{anchor|Exchange variation|exchange variations}} }}
{{anchor|Exchange variation|exchange variations}}
{{defn|defn= This is a type of [[#opening|opening]] in which there is an early, voluntary exchange of pawns or pieces.<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 113</ref>}}
{{term|term= exchange variation|content= [[exchange variation]]}}
{{defn|defn= This is a type of [[#opening|opening]] in which there is an early, voluntary exchange of pawns or pieces.{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=113}}}}


{{term|term= exhibition|content= exhibition {{anchor|Exhibition|exhibitions}} }}
{{anchor|Exhibition|exhibitions}}
{{defn|defn= Chess games played for the public in various formats and for various purposes, often to promote the game, or a particular match or player, or as a fundraiser. An exhibition may pit two masters against each other, and normally use [[#chess clock|chess clocks]]. In a [[#simultaneous chess|simultaneous exhibition]], one player takes on a number of opponents at once, and it is often not [[#time control|timed]]. A blindfold exhibition is the same but more challenging, since the exhibitor plays without seeing the boards.<ref>Soltis 2002, p. 102</ref>}}
{{term|term= exhibition|content= exhibition}}
{{defn|defn= Chess games played for the public in various formats and for various purposes, often to promote the game, or a particular match or player, or as a fundraiser. An exhibition may pit two masters against each other, and normally use [[#chess clock|chess clocks]]. In a [[#simultaneous chess|simultaneous exhibition]], one player takes on a number of opponents at once, and it is often not [[#time control|timed]]. A blindfold exhibition is the same but more challenging, since the exhibitor plays without seeing the boards.{{Sfn|Soltis|2002|p=102}}}}


{{term|term= expanded center|content= expanded center {{anchor|Expanded center|expanded centre|expanded centers|expanded centres}} }}
{{anchor|Expanded center|expanded centre|expanded centers|expanded centres}}
{{defn|defn= The central sixteen squares of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]].<ref>Lawrence & Alburt 2010, p. 88</ref>}}
{{term|term= expanded center|content= expanded center}}
{{defn|defn= The central sixteen squares of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]].{{Sfn|Lawrence|Alburt|2010|p=88}}}}


{{term|term= exposed king|content= exposed king {{anchor|Exposed king|exposed kings}} }}
{{anchor|Exposed king|exposed kings}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#king|king]] lacking [[#pawn|pawns]] to shield it from enemy attack.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, pp. 56, 94, 118</ref>}}
{{term|term= exposed king|content= exposed king}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#king|king]] lacking [[#pawn|pawns]] to shield it from enemy attack.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|pp=56, 94, 118}}}}


{{term|term= extended fianchetto|content= extended fianchetto {{anchor|Extended financhetto|extended fianchetti}} }}
{{anchor|Extended financhetto|extended fianchetti}}
{{term|term= extended fianchetto|content= extended fianchetto}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#fianchetto|fianchetto]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#fianchetto|fianchetto]]''.}}


{{term|term= Extended Position Description|content= Extended Position Description {{anchor|Extended Position Description}} }}
{{anchor|Extended Position Description}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] derivative format that contains the position on the chessboard, but not the game. It is primarily used to test [[chess engine]]s.<ref>Pawlak, Robert. "Your Computer as Opponent, Coach, and Training Assistant". ''Chess Life'', Vol. 56, issue 11. November 2001. pp. 22–25.</ref> Abbr. EPD.}}
{{term|term= Extended Position Description|content= Extended Position Description ("EPD")}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] derivative format that contains the position on the chessboard, but not the game. It is primarily used to test [[chess engine]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pawlak |first=Robert |title=Your Computer as Opponent, Coach, and Training Assistant |journal=Chess Life |volume=56 |issue=11 |date=November 2001 |pages=22–25}}</ref>}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 859: Line 1,115:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= family fork|content= family fork {{anchor|Family fork|family forks|family check|family checks}} }}
{{anchor|Family fork|family forks|family check|family checks}}
{{defn|defn= A knight [[#fork|fork]] that simultaneously attacks the enemy king (giving [[#check|check]]), queen, and possibly other pieces. Also known as a ''family check''.<ref name="Pandolfini 1989, p. 225">Pandolfini 1989, p. 225</ref>}}
{{term|term= family fork|content= family fork}}
{{defn|defn= A knight [[#fork|fork]] that simultaneously attacks the enemy king (giving [[#check|check]]), queen, and possibly other pieces. Also known as a ''family check''.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1989|p=225}}}}


{{term|term= FAN|content= FAN {{anchor|FAN}} }}
{{anchor|FAN}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[Chess notation#Notation systems|figurine algebraic notation]], which substitutes symbols for letters to represent piece names (e.g. ♘f3 instead of Nf3).<ref>Soltis 2002, p. 71</ref>}}
{{term|term= FAN|content= FAN}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[Chess notation#Notation systems|figurine algebraic notation]], which substitutes symbols for letters to represent piece names (e.g. ♘f3 instead of Nf3).{{Sfn|Soltis|2002|p=71}}}}


{{term|term= fast chess|content= [[fast chess]] {{anchor|Fast chess}} }}
{{anchor|Fast chess}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which both sides are given less time to make their moves than under the normal tournament [[#time control|time controls]]. See also ''[[#rapid chess|rapid chess]]'', ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]'', and ''[[#bullet chess|bullet chess]]''.}}
{{term|term= fast chess|content= [[fast chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which both sides are given less time to make their moves than under the normal tournament [[#time control|time controls]].
{{See also|#rapid chess|label1=rapid chess|#blitz chess|label2=blitz chess|#bullet chess|label3=bullet chess}}}}


{{term|term= FEN|content= FEN {{anchor|FEN}} }}
{{anchor|FEN}}
{{term|term= FEN|content= FEN}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]].}}


{{term|term= FGM|content= FGM {{anchor|FGM}} }}
{{anchor|FGM}}
{{term|term= FGM|content= FGM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#FICGS Grandmaster|FICGS Grandmaster]] title.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#FICGS Grandmaster|FICGS Grandmaster]] title.}}


{{term|term= fianchetto|content= [[fianchetto]] {{anchor|Fianchetto|fianchettos|fiachetti|fianchettoing|fianchettoed}} }}
{{anchor|Fianchetto|fianchettos|fiachetti|fianchettoing|fianchettoed}}
{{defn|defn= To [[#development|develop]] a [[#bishop|bishop]] to the board's longest diagonal on the file of the adjacent knight (b2 or g2 for White; b7 or g7 for Black). The fianchetto of both bishops by a player is called a ''double fianchetto''. Less common is to develop a bishop to the rook's file (a3 or h3 for White; a6 or h6 for Black), called ''extended fianchetto''.<ref name="OCC_p133">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 133</ref> The Italian word ("little flank") is pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|i|ə|n|ˈ|k|ɛ|t|oʊ}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|i|ə|n|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|t|oʊ}} in English, while its name sounds like {{IPA|it|fjaŋˈketto|}} in Italian.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 433">Silman 1999, p. 433</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Fianchetto |encyclopedia=Dizionario Italiano |url=https://www.dizionario-italiano.it/dizionario-italiano.php?parola=fianchetto |access-date=2 March 2022 }}</ref>}}
{{term|term= fianchetto|content= [[fianchetto]]}}
{{defn|defn= To [[#development|develop]] a [[#bishop|bishop]] to the board's longest diagonal on the file of the adjacent knight (b2 or g2 for White; b7 or g7 for Black). The fianchetto of both bishops by a player is called a ''double fianchetto''. Less common is to develop a bishop to the rook's file (a3 or h3 for White; a6 or h6 for Black), called ''extended fianchetto''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=133}} The Italian word ("little flank") is pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|i|ə|n|ˈ|k|ɛ|t|oʊ}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|i|ə|n|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|t|oʊ}} in English, while its name sounds like {{IPA|it|fjaŋˈketto|}} in Italian.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=433}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Fianchetto |encyclopedia=Dizionario Italiano |url=https://www.dizionario-italiano.it/dizionario-italiano.php?parola=fianchetto |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= FICGS Grandmaster|content= FICGS Grandmaster {{anchor|FICGS Grandmaster}} }}
{{anchor|FICGS Grandmaster}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]] title calculated by the FICGS (Free Internet Correspondence Games Server) organization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ficgs.com/membership.html#titles |title=FICGS correspondence chess titles }}</ref>}}
{{term|term= FICGS Grandmaster|content= FICGS Grandmaster}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]] title calculated by the FICGS (Free Internet Correspondence Games Server) organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=FICGS correspondence chess titles |url=http://www.ficgs.com/membership.html#titles}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= FIDE|content= [[FIDE]] {{anchor|FIDE}} }}
{{anchor|FIDE}}
{{defn|defn= The World Chess Federation (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the primary international chess organizing and governing body. The abbreviated name FIDE is nearly always used in place of the full name in French.<ref name="Pan_1996_p108">Pandolfini 1996, p. 108</ref>}}
{{term|term= FIDE|content= [[FIDE]]}}
{{defn|defn= The World Chess Federation (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the primary international chess organizing and governing body. The abbreviated name FIDE is nearly always used in place of the full name in French.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=108}}}}


{{term|term= FIDE Master|content= [[FIDE Master]] {{anchor|FIDE Master|FIDE master|FIDE Masters}} }}
{{anchor|FIDE Master|FIDE master|FIDE Masters}}
{{defn|defn= A chess title ranking below [[#International Master|International Master]].<ref>Ashley 2007, p. 232</ref> Abbr. FM.}}
{{term|term= FIDE Master|content= [[FIDE Master]] ("FM")}}
{{defn|defn= A chess title ranking below [[#International Master|International Master]].{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=232}}}}


{{term|term= FIDE rating|content= FIDE rating {{anchor|FIDE rating|FIDE ratings}} }}
{{anchor|FIDE rating|FIDE ratings}}
{{term|term= FIDE rating|content= FIDE rating}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Elo rating system|Elo rating system]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Elo rating system|Elo rating system]]''.}}


{{term|term= fifty-move rule|content= [[fifty-move rule]] {{anchor|Fifty-move rule}} }}
{{anchor|Fifty-move rule}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#draw|draw]] may be claimed if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last fifty moves by either side.<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 16</ref> For the occurrence of seventy-five such moves, see ''[[#seventy-five-move_rule|seventy-five-move rule]]''.}}
{{term|term= fifty-move rule|content= [[fifty-move rule]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#draw|draw]] may be claimed if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last fifty moves by either side.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1988|p=16}} For the occurrence of seventy-five such moves, see ''[[#seventy-five-move_rule|seventy-five-move rule]]''.}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |  
|The f-file
|The '''f-file'''
}}
}}
{{term|term= file|content= file {{anchor|File|files|Files}} }}
{{defn|defn= A column of squares of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]]. A specific file can be named either using its position in [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], a–h, or by using its position in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]]. For example, "f-file" and "king bishop file" both denote the squares f1–f8 (or KB1–KB8 in descriptive notation).<ref name=Pan_1996_p108 />}}


{{term|term= fingerfehler|content= fingerfehler {{anchor|Fingerfehler}} }}
{{anchor|File|files|Files}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "finger mistake"] An error caused by unthinkingly touching the wrong piece or releasing a piece on the wrong square, forcing the player to move that piece in accordance with the [[#touch-move rule|touch-move rule]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/style/pastimes-chess.html |last=Byrne |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Byrne (chess player) |title=Pastimes; Chess |publisher={{em|The New York Times}} |date=4 November 1990 }}</ref>}}
{{term|term= file|content= file}}
{{defn|defn= A column of squares of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]]. A specific file can be named either using its position in [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], a–h, or by using its position in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]]. For example, "f-file" and "king bishop file" both denote the squares f1–f8 (or KB1–KB8 in descriptive notation).{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=108}}}}
 
{{anchor|Fingerfehler}}
{{term|term= fingerfehler|content= fingerfehler}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "finger mistake"] An error caused by unthinkingly touching the wrong piece or releasing a piece on the wrong square, forcing the player to move that piece in accordance with the [[#touch-move rule|touch-move rule]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Byrne |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Byrne (chess player) |date=4 November 1990 |title=Pastimes; Chess |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/style/pastimes-chess.html |publisher={{em|The New York Times}}}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= first board|content= first board {{anchor|First board|first boards}} }}
{{anchor|First board|first boards}}
{{term|term= first board|content= first board}}
{{defn|defn= In team chess, the player who is assigned to face the strongest opponents. Also called ''top board'' and ''board one''. Second board faces the next strongest players, followed by third board, and so on. Generally board assignments must be made before the competition begins. Players may not switch boards, although reserve players are often allowed as substitutes.}}
{{defn|defn= In team chess, the player who is assigned to face the strongest opponents. Also called ''top board'' and ''board one''. Second board faces the next strongest players, followed by third board, and so on. Generally board assignments must be made before the competition begins. Players may not switch boards, although reserve players are often allowed as substitutes.}}


{{term|term= first-move advantage|content= [[First-move advantage in chess|first-move advantage]] {{anchor|First-move advantage}} }}
{{anchor|First-move advantage}}
{{defn|defn= The slight (by most accounts) advantage that [[#White|White]] has by virtue of moving first.<ref name=Pan_1996_p108 />}}
{{term|term= first-move advantage|content= [[First-move advantage in chess|first-move advantage]]}}
{{defn|defn= The slight (by most accounts) advantage that [[#White|White]] has by virtue of moving first.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=108}}}}


{{term|term= first player|content= first player {{anchor|First player|first players}} }}
{{anchor|First player|first players}}
{{term|term= first player|content= first player}}
{{defn|defn= The expression "the first player" is sometimes used to refer to [[#White|White]].}}
{{defn|defn= The expression "the first player" is sometimes used to refer to [[#White|White]].}}


{{term|term= first rank|content= first rank {{anchor|First rank|first ranks}} }}
{{anchor|First rank|first ranks}}
{{term|term= first rank|content= first rank}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#home rank|home rank]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#home rank|home rank]]''.}}


{{term|term= Fischer delay|content= Fischer delay {{anchor|Fischer delay}} }}
{{anchor|Fischer delay}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] method with [[#time delay|time delay]], invented by [[Bobby Fischer]]. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the delay is added to the player's remaining time.<ref>Olafsson 2014, p. 80</ref>}}
{{term|term= Fischer delay|content= Fischer delay}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] method with [[#time delay|time delay]], invented by [[Bobby Fischer]]. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the delay is added to the player's remaining time.{{Sfn|Ólafsson|2014|p=80}}}}


{{term|term= Fischerandom |content= Fischerandom {{anchor|Fischerandom|Fischerandom chess|Fischerandom Chess}} }}
{{anchor|Fischerandom|Fischerandom chess|Fischerandom Chess}}
{{term|term= Fischerandom |content= Fischerandom}}
{{defn|defn= The name given by [[Bobby Fischer]] for the [[#chess variant|variation of chess]] he invented. See ''[[#Chess960|Chess960]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= The name given by [[Bobby Fischer]] for the [[#chess variant|variation of chess]] he invented. See ''[[#Chess960|Chess960]]''.}}


{{term|term= Fischer Random Chess |content= Fischer Random Chess {{anchor|Fischer Random Chess|Fischer random chess}} }}
{{anchor|Fischer Random Chess|Fischer random chess}}
{{term|term= Fischer Random Chess |content= Fischer Random Chess}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Chess960|Chess960]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Chess960|Chess960]]''.}}


{{term|term= fish|content= fish {{anchor|Fish|fishes}} }}
{{anchor|Fish|fishes}}
{{defn|defn= [derogatory slang] A weak or easily defeated player or players. See also ''[[#woodpusher|woodpusher]]''.}}
{{term|term= fish|content= fish}}
{{defn|defn= [derogatory slang] A weak or easily defeated player or players.
{{See also|#woodpusher|label1=woodpusher}}}}


{{term|term= fivefold repetition|content= [[Threefold repetition#Fivefold repetition rule|fivefold repetition]] {{anchor|Fivefold repetition}} }}
{{anchor|Fivefold repetition}}
{{defn|defn= A game is drawn if the same position occurs five times, with specific meaning of occurrence as under [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition]].{{refn|Article 9.6.1 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}}}
{{term|term= fivefold repetition|content= [[Threefold repetition#Fivefold repetition rule|fivefold repetition]]}}
{{defn|defn= A game is drawn if the same position occurs five times, with specific meaning of occurrence as under [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition]].{{Sfn|FIDE Laws of Chess|2023|loc=Article 9: The Drawn Game / Section 9.6.1}}}}


{{term|term= five-minute chess|content= five-minute chess {{anchor|Five-minute chess}} }}
{{anchor|Five-minute chess}}
{{term|term= five-minute chess|content= five-minute chess}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]''.}}


{{term|term= flag|content= flag {{anchor|Flag|flags}} }}
{{anchor|Flag|flags}}
{{defn|defn= Part of an analogue [[#chess clock|chess clock]], usually red, that indicates when the minute hand passes the hour. To "flag" someone means winning the game on the basis of the opponent exceeding the [[#time control|time control]].<ref name=Pan_1996_p108 />}}
{{term|term= flag|content= flag}}
{{defn|defn= Part of an analogue [[#chess clock|chess clock]], usually red, that indicates when the minute hand passes the hour. To "flag" someone means winning the game on the basis of the opponent exceeding the [[#time control|time control]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=108}}}}


{{term|term= flag-fall|content= flag-fall {{anchor|Flag-fall|flag fall|flag-falls}} }}
{{anchor|Flag-fall|flag fall|flag-falls}}
{{defn|defn= The event when the allotted time of a player has just expired; the player has run out of time.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}
{{term|term= flag-fall|content= flag-fall}}
{{defn|defn= The event when the allotted time of a player has just expired; the player has run out of time.{{Sfn|FIDE Laws of Chess|2023}}}}


{{term|term= flank|content= flank {{anchor|Flank|flanks}} }}
{{anchor|Flank|flanks}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#queenside|queenside]] a-, b-, and c-files; or the [[#kingside|kingside]] f-, g-, and h-files. Distinguished from the [[#center|center]] d- and e-files.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 189</ref> Also called ''wing''.}}
{{term|term= flank|content= flank}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#queenside|queenside]] a-, b-, and c-files; or the [[#kingside|kingside]] f-, g-, and h-files. Distinguished from the [[#center|center]] d- and e-files.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=189}} Also called ''wing''.}}


{{term|term= flank opening|content= [[flank opening]] {{anchor|Flank opening|flank openings}} }}
{{anchor|Flank opening|flank openings}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] played by [[#White|White]] and typified by play on one or both [[#flank|flanks]].<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 234</ref>}}
{{term|term= flank opening|content= [[flank opening]]}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] played by [[#White|White]] and typified by play on one or both [[#flank|flanks]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=234}}}}


{{term|term= flight square|content= [[flight square]] {{anchor|Flight square|flight squares}} }}
{{anchor|Flight square|flight squares}}
{{defn|defn= A square to which a piece can move, that allows it to escape attack.<ref name="Pandolfini 1989, p. 225">Pandolfini 1989, p. 225</ref> Also called ''escape square''. See also ''[[#luft|luft]]''.}}
{{term|term= flight square|content= [[flight square]]}}
{{defn|defn= A square to which a piece can move, that allows it to escape attack.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1989|p=225}} Also called ''escape square''.
{{See also|#luft|label1=luft}}}}


{{term|term= FM|content= FM {{anchor|FM|FMs}} }}
{{anchor|FM|FMs}}
{{term|term= FM|content= FM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]] title.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]] title.}}


{{term|term= FOA|content= FOA {{anchor|FOA}} }}
{{anchor|FOA}}
{{term|term= FOA|content= FOA}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[FIDE Online Arena]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[FIDE Online Arena]].}}


[[File:fools mate animation.gif|frame|right|Fool's mate]]
[[File:fools mate animation.gif|frame|right|An example of '''Fool's mate''']]
 
{{anchor|Fool's mate|fool's mate|Fool's mates|fool's mates|Fool's checkmate|fool's checkmate}}
{{term|term= Fool's mate|content= [[Fool's mate]] {{anchor|Fool's mate|fool's mate|Fool's mates|fool's mates|Fool's checkmate|fool's checkmate}} }}
{{term|term= Fool's mate|content= [[Fool's mate]]}}
{{defn|defn= The shortest possible chess game ending in [[#checkmate|mate]]: 1.f3 e5 2.g4 Qh4# (or minor variations on this).<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 58">Staunton 2014, p. 58</ref>}}
{{defn|defn= The shortest possible chess game ending in [[#checkmate|mate]]: 1.f3 e5 2.g4 Qh4# (or minor variations on this).{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=58}}}}


{{term|term= forced mate|content= forced mate {{anchor|Forced mate|forced mates|forced checkmate|forced checkmates}} }}
{{anchor|Forced mate|forced mates|forced checkmate|forced checkmates}}
{{defn|defn= A sequence of two or more moves culminating in [[#checkmate|checkmate]] that the opponent cannot prevent.<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 47</ref>}}
{{term|term= forced mate|content= forced mate}}
{{defn|defn= A sequence of two or more moves culminating in [[#checkmate|checkmate]] that the opponent cannot prevent.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1988|p=47}}}}


{{term|term= forced move|content= forced move {{anchor|Forced move|forced moves}} }}
{{anchor|Forced move|forced moves}}
{{defn|defn= A move that is the only one to not result in a serious disadvantage for the moving player. ''Forced'' can also be used to describe a sequence of moves for which the player has no viable alternative, for example "the forced win of a piece" or "a forced checkmate". In these cases the player cannot avoid the loss of a piece or checkmate, respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 58">Staunton 2014, p. 58</ref> Cf. ''[[#forcing move|forcing move]]''.}}
{{term|term= forced move|content= forced move}}
{{defn|defn= A move that is the only one to not result in a serious disadvantage for the moving player. ''Forced'' can also be used to describe a sequence of moves for which the player has no viable alternative, for example "the forced win of a piece" or "a forced checkmate". In these cases the player cannot avoid the loss of a piece or checkmate, respectively.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=58}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#forcing move|forcing move]]''.}}


{{term|term= forced win|content= forced win {{anchor|Forced win|forced wins}} }}
{{anchor|Forced win|forced wins}}
{{term|term= forced win|content= forced win}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#win|win]] guaranteed by a series of [[#forcing move|forcing move]]s.}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#win|win]] guaranteed by a series of [[#forcing move|forcing move]]s.}}


{{term|term= forcing move|content= forcing move {{anchor|Forcing move|forcing moves}} }}
{{anchor|Forcing move|forcing moves}}
{{defn|defn= A move that presents a threat and limits the opponent's responses.<ref>Hendriks 2014, pp. 161–62</ref> Cf. ''[[#forced move|forced move]]''.}}
{{term|term= forcing move|content= forcing move}}
{{defn|defn= A move that presents a threat and limits the opponent's responses.{{Sfn|Hendriks|2014|pp=161–162}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#forced move|forced move]]''.}}


{{term|term= forfeit|content= forfeit {{anchor|Forfeit|forfeits}} }} <!-- [[Forfeit (chess)]] redirects here and is used on DAB page [[Forfeit]] (courtesy note as per [[WP:LINK#Piped links to sections]]) -->
{{anchor|Forfeit|forfeits}}
{{defn|defn= Refers to losing the game by breaking rules, by absence or by exceeding the [[#time control|time control]] (forfeit on time).<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. xxvii, 29, 34, 64, 69</ref>}}
{{term|term= forfeit|content= forfeit}} <!-- [[Forfeit (chess)]] redirects here and is used on DAB page [[Forfeit]] (courtesy note as per [[WP:LINK#Piped links to sections]]) -->
{{defn|defn= Refers to losing the game by breaking rules, by absence or by exceeding the [[#time control|time control]] (forfeit on time).{{Sfn|United States Chess Federation|2003|pages=xxvii, 29, 34, 64, 69}}}}


{{term|term= fork|content= [[Fork (chess)|fork]] {{anchor|Fork|forks|forked|forking}} }}
{{anchor|Fork|forks|forked|forking}}
{{defn|defn= A simultaneous attack by a single piece on two (or more) of the opponent's pieces (or other direct target, such as a [[#checkmate|mate]] threat). When the attacker is a [[#knight|knight]] the tactic is often specifically called a ''knight fork''. Some sources state that only a knight can give a fork and that the term ''[[#double attack|double attack]]'' is correct when another piece is involved, but this usage is rare.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}
{{term|term= fork|content= [[Fork (chess)|fork]]}}
{{defn|defn= A simultaneous attack by a single piece on two (or more) of the opponent's pieces (or other direct target, such as a [[#checkmate|mate]] threat). When the attacker is a [[#knight|knight]] the tactic is often specifically called a ''knight fork''. Some sources state that only a knight can give a fork and that the term ''[[#double attack|double attack]]'' is correct when another piece is involved, but this usage is rare.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=59}}}}


{{term|term= Forsyth–Edwards Notation|content= [[Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] {{anchor|Forsyth–Edwards Notation}} }}
{{anchor|Forsyth–Edwards Notation}}
{{defn|defn= A standard notation for describing a particular board position of a chess game. The purpose of FEN notation is to provide all the necessary information to restart a game from a particular position.<ref>Brown 2012, p. 241</ref><ref>Moore 2015, p. 77</ref> Abbr. FEN.}}
{{term|term= Forsyth–Edwards Notation|content= [[Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] ("FEN")}}
{{defn|defn= A standard notation for describing a particular board position of a chess game. The purpose of FEN notation is to provide all the necessary information to restart a game from a particular position.{{Sfn|Brown|2012|p=241}}{{Sfn|Moore|2015|p=77}}}}


{{term|term= fortress|content= [[Fortress (chess)|fortress]] {{anchor|Fortress|fortresses}} }}
{{anchor|Fortress|fortresses}}
{{defn|defn= In [[#endgame|endgame theory]], a fortress is an impenetrable position which, if obtained by the side with a material disadvantage, may result in a [[#draw|draw]] due to the stronger side's inability to make progress.<ref>Soltis 2014, p. 31</ref>}}
{{term|term= fortress|content= [[Fortress (chess)|fortress]]}}
{{defn|defn= In [[#endgame|endgame theory]], a fortress is an impenetrable position which, if obtained by the side with a material disadvantage, may result in a [[#draw|draw]] due to the stronger side's inability to make progress.{{Sfn|Soltis|2014|p=31}}}}


{{term|term= frame |content= frame {{anchor|Frame|frames}} }}
{{anchor|Frame|frames}}
{{defn|defn= A square region of the board enclosing another region not part of the given frame, akin to a [[picture frame]]. Also referred to as a ''ring''.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Maurice Ashley |last=Ashley |first=Maurice |title=The Most Valuable Skills in Chess |year=2009 |publisher=Gambit |isbn=9781904600879 |pages=15–16 }}</ref> The outer frame consists of the 28 squares along the edge of the board, the middle frame consists of the 20 squares just inside the outer frame, and the inner frame consists of the 12 squares just inside the middle frame.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 144</ref> The notion of the frame may be expanded to include the [[#center|center]] itself as the innermost frame. The [[#mobility|mobility]] of pieces is closely related to the frame on which they stand. In general, a piece closer to the center has greater freedom of movement than a piece closer to the edge of the board.}}
{{term|term= frame |content= frame}}
{{defn|defn= A square region of the board enclosing another region not part of the given frame, akin to a [[picture frame]]. Also referred to as a ''ring''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ashley |first=Maurice |author-link=Maurice Ashley |title=The Most Valuable Skills in Chess |publisher=Gambit |date=2009 |isbn=9781904600879 |pages=15–16}}</ref> The outer frame consists of the 28 squares along the edge of the board, the middle frame consists of the 20 squares just inside the outer frame, and the inner frame consists of the 12 squares just inside the middle frame.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=144}} The notion of the frame may be expanded to include the [[#center|center]] itself as the innermost frame. The [[#mobility|mobility]] of pieces is closely related to the frame on which they stand. In general, a piece closer to the center has greater freedom of movement than a piece closer to the edge of the board.}}


{{term|term= friendly game|content= friendly game {{anchor|Friendly game|friendly games}} }}
{{anchor|Friendly game|friendly games}}
{{defn|defn= A game that is not played as part of a [[#match|match]], [[#tournament|tournament]], or [[#exhibition|exhibition]]. Often the game is not [[#time control|timed]], but if a [[#chess clock|chess clock]] is used, [[#fast chess|rapid time controls]] are common. The term refers only to the circumstances in which the game is played, not the relationship between the players or the intensity of the competition.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 145</ref> Also called ''casual game'' and ''informal game''.}}
{{term|term= friendly game|content= friendly game}}
{{defn|defn= A game that is not played as part of a [[#match|match]], [[#tournament|tournament]], or [[#exhibition|exhibition]]. Often the game is not [[#time control|timed]], but if a [[#chess clock|chess clock]] is used, [[#fast chess|rapid time controls]] are common. The term refers only to the circumstances in which the game is played, not the relationship between the players or the intensity of the competition.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=145}} Also called ''casual game'' and ''informal game''.}}


{{term|term= frontier line|content= frontier line {{anchor|Frontier line}} }}
{{anchor|Frontier line}}
{{defn|defn= An imaginary line dividing the board into two halves, passing between the fourth and fifth [[#rank|ranks]].<ref name="EvansNew">{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Evans (chess player) |title=New Ideas in Chess |year=2011 |publisher=Cardoza |isbn=9781580422741 |page=121 }}</ref><ref name="Horton">{{cite book |last=Horton |first=Byrne J. |title=Dictionary of Modern Chess |year=1959 |publisher=Philosophical Library |pages=76–77 }}</ref> The frontier line separates White's side of the board from Black's side.  Coined by [[Aron Nimzowitsch|Nimzowitsch]].<ref name="Nimzo2016">{{cite book |last=Nimzowitsch |first=Aron |author-link=Aron Nimzowitsch |title=My System & Chess Praxis |year=2016 |publisher=[[New in Chess]] |isbn=9789056916596 |page=15 }}</ref><ref name="Pthink">{{cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=Chess Thinking |year=1995 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |series=Fireside Chess Library |isbn=9780671795023 |pages=30, 114–115, 168 }}</ref>}}
{{term|term= frontier line|content= frontier line}}
{{defn|defn= An imaginary line dividing the board into two halves, passing between the fourth and fifth [[#rank|ranks]].{{Sfn|Evans|1967|page=121}}{{Sfn|Horton|1973|pp=76–77}} The frontier line separates White's side of the board from Black's side.  Coined by [[Aron Nimzowitsch|Nimzowitsch]].{{Sfn|Nimzowitsch|2016|page=15}}{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|pp=30, 114–115, 168}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,005: Line 1,306:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= gambit|content= [[gambit]] {{anchor|Gambit|gambits}} }}
{{anchor|Gambit|gambits}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] (usually of a pawn) used to gain an early advantage in [[#space|space]] or [[#time|time]] in the [[#opening|opening]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref> See also ''[[#countergambit|countergambit]]''.}}
{{term|term= gambit|content= [[gambit]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] (usually of a pawn) used to gain an early advantage in [[#space|space]] or [[#time|time]] in the [[#opening|opening]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=59}}
{{See also|#countergambit|label1=countergambit}}}}


{{term|term= game clock|content= game clock {{anchor|Game clock|game clocks}} }}
{{anchor|Game clock|game clocks}}
{{term|term= game clock|content= game clock}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#chess clock|chess clock]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#chess clock|chess clock]]''.}}


{{term|term= game score|content= game score {{anchor|Game score|game scores}} }}
{{anchor|Game score|game scores}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''score'''. The record of a game in some form of [[#notation|notation]], usually [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]]. In [[#over the board|over-the-board]] tournaments, the game score is recorded on a [[#score sheet|score sheet]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 134">Pandolfini 1996, p. 134</ref>}}
{{term|term= game score|content= game score}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''score'''. The record of a game in some form of [[#notation|notation]], usually [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]]. In [[#over the board|over-the-board]] tournaments, the game score is recorded on a [[#score sheet|score sheet]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=134}}}}


{{term|term= gardez|content= gardez {{anchor|Gardez}} }}
{{anchor|Gardez}}
{{defn|defn= [from {{langx|fr|gardez la reine!}}, "Protect the Queen!"] An announcement to the opponent that their queen is under direct attack, similar to the announcement of "check". This warning was customary until the early 20th century.<ref>Murray 2012, pp. 390–91</ref>}}
{{term|term= gardez|content= gardez}}
{{defn|defn= [from {{langx|fr|gardez la reine!}}, "Protect the Queen!"] An announcement to the opponent that their queen is under direct attack, similar to the announcement of "check". This warning was customary until the early 20th century.{{Sfn|Murray|2012|pp=390–391}}}}


{{term|term= GM|content= GM {{anchor|GM|GMs}} }}
{{anchor|GM|GMs}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]].<ref>Ashley 2007, p. 233</ref>}}
{{term|term= GM|content= GM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]].{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=233}}}}


{{term|term= God|content= God {{anchor|God|Gods}} }}
{{anchor|God|Gods}}
{{defn|defn= Metaphorical; a hypothetical player who always plays perfectly.<ref>Kvanvig 2008, p. 229</ref>}}
{{term|term= God|content= God}}
{{defn|defn= Metaphorical; a hypothetical player who always plays perfectly.{{Sfn|Kvanvig|2008|p=229}}}}


{{term|term= good bishop|content= good bishop {{anchor|Good bishop|good bishops}} }}
{{anchor|Good bishop|good bishops}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] that has greater mobility, because the player's own pawns are on squares of color opposite to that of the bishop.<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 165</ref> Cf. ''[[#bad bishop|bad bishop]]''.}}
{{term|term= good bishop|content= good bishop}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] that has greater mobility, because the player's own pawns are on squares of color opposite to that of the bishop.{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=165}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#bad bishop|bad bishop]]''.}}


{{term|term= Grandmaster|content= [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] {{anchor|Grandmaster|grandmaster|Grandmasters|grandmasters}} }}
{{anchor|Grandmaster|grandmaster|Grandmasters|grandmasters}}
{{defn|defn= The highest title a chess player can attain (besides [[#World Champion|World Champion]]). Awarded by [[#FIDE|FIDE]], the title is valid for life unless exceptional circumstances (such as [[Cheating in chess|cheating]]) occur.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 434">Silman 1999, p. 434</ref> Abbr. GM.}}
{{term|term= Grandmaster|content= [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] ("GM")}}
{{defn|defn= The highest title a chess player can attain (besides [[#World Champion|World Champion]]). Awarded by [[#FIDE|FIDE]], the title is valid for life unless exceptional circumstances (such as [[Cheating in chess|cheating]]) occur.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=434}}}}


{{term|term= grandmaster draw|content= [[Draw by agreement#Grandmaster draw|grandmaster draw]] {{anchor|Grandmaster draw|grandmaster draws}} }}
{{anchor|Grandmaster draw|grandmaster draws}}
{{defn|defn= A game in which the players agree to a quick [[#draw|draw]]. Originally it referred to such games between [[#Grandmaster|grandmasters]], but the term can now refer to any such game.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 434">Silman 1999, p. 434</ref>}}
{{term|term= grandmaster draw|content= [[Draw by agreement#Grandmaster draw|grandmaster draw]]}}
{{defn|defn= A game in which the players agree to a quick [[#draw|draw]]. Originally it referred to such games between [[#Grandmaster|grandmasters]], but the term can now refer to any such game.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=434}}}}


{{term|term= Greek gift sacrifice|content= [[Greek gift sacrifice]] {{anchor|Greek gift sacrifice|Greek gift sacrifices|Greek gift|Greek gifts}} }}
{{anchor|Greek gift sacrifice|Greek gift sacrifices|Greek gift|Greek gifts}}
{{defn|defn= A typical sacrifice of a [[#bishop|bishop]] by White playing Bxh7+ or by Black playing ...Bxh2+ against a [[#castling|castled king]] to initiate a [[#mating attack|mating attack]]. Also known as the ''classical bishop sacrifice''.<ref>Clarke 1963, p. 1</ref>}}
{{term|term= Greek gift sacrifice|content= [[Greek gift sacrifice]]}}
{{defn|defn= A typical sacrifice of a [[#bishop|bishop]] by White playing Bxh7+ or by Black playing ...Bxh2+ against a [[#castling|castled king]] to initiate a [[#mating attack|mating attack]]. Also known as the ''classical bishop sacrifice''.{{Sfn|Clarke|2000|p=1}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,040: Line 1,352:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= half-open file|content= [[half-open file]] {{anchor|Half-open file|half-open files}} }}
{{anchor|Half-open file|half-open files}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which only one player has pawns.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 242</ref> Also called ''semi-open file''.}}
{{term|term= half-open file|content= [[half-open file]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which only one player has pawns.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=242}} Also called ''semi-open file''.}}


{{term|term= handicap|content= [[Chess handicap|handicap]] {{anchor|Handicap|handicaps}} }}
{{anchor|Handicap|handicaps}}
{{term|term= handicap|content= [[Chess handicap|handicap]]}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#odds|odds]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#odds|odds]]''.}}


{{term|term= hanging|content= hanging {{anchor|Hanging|hang|hung}} }}
{{anchor|Hanging|hang|hung}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq.] Unprotected and exposed to capture. A hanging piece may also be said to be ''[[#en prise|en prise]]''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 434">Silman 1999, p. 434</ref>}}
{{term|term= hanging|content= hanging}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq.] Unprotected and exposed to capture. A hanging piece may also be said to be ''[[#en prise|en prise]]''.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=434}}}}


{{term|term= hanging pawns|content= [[Pawn structure#Hanging pawns|hanging pawns]] {{anchor|Hanging pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Hanging pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on adjacent [[#file|files]], with no pawns of the same color on the files to either side of them.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 434">Silman 1999, p. 434</ref>}}
{{term|term= hanging pawns|content= [[Pawn structure#Hanging pawns|hanging pawns]]}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on adjacent [[#file|files]], with no pawns of the same color on the files to either side of them.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=434}}}}


{{term|term= harmony|content= harmony {{anchor|Harmony|piece harmony}} }}
{{anchor|Harmony|piece harmony}}
{{term|term= harmony|content= harmony}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#coordination|coordination]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#coordination|coordination]]''.}}


{{term|term= Harrwitz bishops|content= Harrwitz bishops }}
{{term|term= Harrwitz bishops|content= Harrwitz bishops}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Horwitz bishops|Horwitz bishops]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Horwitz bishops|Horwitz bishops]]''.}}


{{term|term= Harry|content= Harry {{anchor|Harry|Harry|Harrys}} }}
{{anchor|Harry|Harry|Harrys}}
{{defn|defn= A nickname for the h-pawn, sometimes occurring in the expression, "Harry the h-pawn".<ref>Barden 2017</ref><ref>Cranston 2017, p. 1</ref>}}
{{term|term= Harry|content= Harry}}
{{defn|defn= A nickname for the h-pawn, sometimes occurring in the expression, "Harry the h-pawn".{{Sfn|Barden|2017}}{{Sfn|Cranston|2017|p=1}}}}


{{term|term= hauptturnier|content= hauptturnier {{anchor|Hauptturnier}} }}
{{anchor|Hauptturnier}}
{{defn|defn= German word that is freely translated as "candidates tournament". In the early part of the 20th century, it was necessary for the ambitious European amateur to win a succession of prizes in small tournaments, to progress to a higher level of competition. The creation of the ''hauptturnier'' enabled the process to become more formalized, and they became a regular feature of the major German chess congresses. Winning such an event conferred the title of 'Master of the German Chess Federation', and this, in turn, could be used to gain admittance to prestigious international tournaments. Some of the best players in chess history, such as [[Emanuel Lasker]] and [[Siegbert Tarrasch]], secured their Master titles and advanced their chess careers in this way.<ref>Lombardy & Daniels 1977, pp. 10, 11</ref> }}
{{term|term= hauptturnier|content= hauptturnier}}
{{defn|defn= German word that is freely translated as "candidates tournament". In the early part of the 20th century, it was necessary for the ambitious European amateur to win a succession of prizes in small tournaments, to progress to a higher level of competition. The creation of the ''hauptturnier'' enabled the process to become more formalized, and they became a regular feature of the major German chess congresses. Winning such an event conferred the title of 'Master of the German Chess Federation', and this, in turn, could be used to gain admittance to prestigious international tournaments. Some of the best players in chess history, such as [[Emanuel Lasker]] and [[Siegbert Tarrasch]], secured their Master titles and advanced their chess careers in this way.{{Sfn|Lombardy|Daniels|1977|pp=10, 11}}}}


{{term|term= heavy piece|content= heavy piece {{anchor|Heavy piece|heavy pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Heavy piece|heavy pieces}}
{{term|term= heavy piece|content= heavy piece}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#major piece|major piece]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#major piece|major piece]]''.}}


Line 1,078: Line 1,398:
|pl|pl|  |  |  |  |pl|pl
|pl|pl|  |  |  |  |pl|pl
|  |  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
|The dots indicate holes. (Evans, 1967)
|The dots indicate '''holes'''.{{Sfn|Evans|1967}}
}}
}}
{{term|term= hole|content= hole {{anchor|Hole|holes}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square that is inside or near a player's territory that cannot be controlled by a pawn. It is a gap in a player's pawn configuration, and especially dangerous when the hole is close to the center or near the king. A knight landing on a hole may be part of an attack. An example of a hole is the e4-square in the [[Stonewall Attack]].<ref>Znosko-Borovsky 2012, p. 39</ref>}}


{{term|term= home rank|content= home rank {{anchor|Home rank|home ranks}} }}
{{anchor|Hole|holes}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#rank|rank]] on which the pieces stand in the [[#starting position|starting position]] (rank one for White; rank eight for Black).<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 69</ref> Also called ''[[#back rank|back rank]]'' and ''first rank''.}}
{{term|term= hole|content= hole}}
{{defn|defn= A square that is inside or near a player's territory that cannot be controlled by a pawn. It is a gap in a player's pawn configuration, and especially dangerous when the hole is close to the center or near the king. A knight landing on a hole may be part of an attack. An example of a hole is the e4-square in the [[Stonewall Attack]].{{Sfn|Znosko-Borovsky|2012|p=39}}}}
 
{{anchor|Home rank|home ranks}}
{{term|term= home rank|content= home rank}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#rank|rank]] on which the pieces stand in the [[#starting position|starting position]] (rank one for White; rank eight for Black).{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2005|p=69}} Also called ''[[#back rank|back rank]]'' and ''first rank''.}}


{{term|term= horizontal line|content= horizontal line {{anchor|Horizontal line|horizontal lines}} }}
{{anchor|Horizontal line|horizontal lines}}
{{term|term= horizontal line|content= horizontal line}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#rank|rank]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#rank|rank]]''.}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|Horwitz vs. Harrwitz, <br />London 1846, rd. 10, 0–1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/London_m4_1846/29141 |title=London m4 Games |website=365Chess.com }}</ref>  
|Horwitz vs. Harrwitz,<br/>London 1846, rd. 10, 0–1<ref>{{cite web |title=London m4 Games |url=https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/London_m4_1846/29141 |website=365Chess.com}}</ref>
|  |rd|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |rd|  |  |  |  |  |  
|pd|  |pd|  |  |  |  |kd
|pd|  |pd|  |  |  |  |kd
|  |bd|pd|pd|  |  |rd|
|  |bd|pd|pd|  |  |rd|  
|  |  |  |bd|pd|  |  |
|  |  |  |bd|pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |pl|qd
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |pl|qd
|pl|pl|pl|  |ql|  |nl|bl
|pl|pl|pl|  |ql|  |nl|bl
|rl|  |  |  |  |rl|  |kl
|rl|  |  |  |  |rl|  |kl
|After 30.Qe2. Black's Horwitz bishops are aimed at White's kingside.<ref>Hertan 2013, p. 109</ref>
|After 30.Qe2. Black's '''Horwitz bishops''' are aimed at White's kingside.{{Sfn|Hertan|2013|p=109}}
}}
}}
{{term|term= Horwitz bishops|content= Horwitz bishops {{anchor|Horwitz bishops|Harrwitz bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A player's [[#light-square bishop|light-square bishop]] and [[#dark-square bishop|dark-square bishop]] placed so that they occupy adjacent [[#diagonal|diagonals]], creating a potent attack. Also called ''raking bishops'', and sometimes ''Harrwitz bishops''.<ref>Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 466</ref><ref>Timman 2014, p. 71</ref>}}


{{term|term= human move|content= human move {{anchor|Human move|human moves}} }}
{{anchor|Horwitz bishops|Harrwitz bishops}}
{{defn|defn= A move a human would make, as opposed to the kind of move that only a computer would make.<ref>Lee 2016, p. 158</ref>}}
{{term|term= Horwitz bishops|content= Horwitz bishops}}
{{defn|defn= A player's [[#light-square bishop|light-square bishop]] and [[#dark-square bishop|dark-square bishop]] placed so that they occupy adjacent [[#diagonal|diagonals]], creating a potent attack. Also called ''raking bishops'', and sometimes ''Harrwitz bishops''.{{Sfn|Nimzowitsch|2016|p=466}}{{Sfn|Timman|2014|p=71}}}}
 
{{anchor|Human move|human moves}}
{{term|term= human move|content= human move}}
{{defn|defn= A move a human would make, as opposed to the kind of move that only a computer would make.{{Sfn|Lee|2016|p=158}}}}


{{term|term= Hutton pairing|content= Hutton pairing {{anchor|Hutton pairing|Hutton pairings}} }}
{{anchor|Hutton pairing|Hutton pairings}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pairing|pairing]] technique invented in 1921 by George Dickson Hutton for matching teams of players in which only one game is required per player. Has been used regularly for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence]] team events and for matches between many teams conducted on one day.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 178</ref> Also called ''jamboree pairing''.}}
{{term|term= Hutton pairing|content= Hutton pairing}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pairing|pairing]] technique invented in 1921 by George Dickson Hutton for matching teams of players in which only one game is required per player. Has been used regularly for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence]] team events and for matches between many teams conducted on one day.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=178}} Also called ''jamboree pairing''.}}


{{term|term= hypermodernism|content= [[Hypermodernism (chess)|hypermodernism]] {{anchor|Hypermodernism|hypermodern|Hypermodern}} }}
{{anchor|Hypermodernism|hypermodern|Hypermodern}}
{{defn|defn= A school of thought that prefers controlling the center with pieces from the [[#flank|flanks]] as opposed to occupying it directly with pawns. Two major proponents of hypermodernism were [[Richard Réti]] and [[Aron Nimzowitsch]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 435">Silman 1999, p. 435</ref> See also ''[[#classical|classical]]''.}}
{{term|term= hypermodernism|content= [[Hypermodernism (chess)|hypermodernism]]}}
{{defn|defn= A school of thought that prefers controlling the center with pieces from the [[#flank|flanks]] as opposed to occupying it directly with pawns. Two major proponents of hypermodernism were [[Richard Réti]] and [[Aron Nimzowitsch]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=435}}
{{See also|#classical|label1=classical}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,119: Line 1,449:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= IA|content= IA {{anchor|IA}} }}
{{anchor|IA}}
{{term|term= IA|content= IA}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#International Arbiter|International Arbiter]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#International Arbiter|International Arbiter]].}}


{{term|term= ICCA|content= ICCA {{anchor|ICCA}} }}
{{anchor|ICCA}}
{{term|term= ICCA|content= ICCA}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#International Correspondence Chess Federation|International Correspondence Chess Federation]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#International Correspondence Chess Federation|International Correspondence Chess Federation]]''.}}


{{term|term= ICCF|content= ICCF {{anchor|ICCF}} }}
{{anchor|ICCF}}
{{term|term= ICCF|content= ICCF}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#International Correspondence Chess Federation|International Correspondence Chess Federation]].<ref name="Dunne 1991, p. 99">Dunne 1991, p. 99</ref>}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#International Correspondence Chess Federation|International Correspondence Chess Federation]].<ref name="Dunne 1991, p. 99">Dunne 1991, p. 99</ref>}}


{{term|term= ICS|content= ICS {{anchor|ICS|ICSs}} }}
{{anchor|ICS|ICSs}}
{{term|term= ICS|content= ICS}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Internet chess server|Internet chess server]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Internet chess server|Internet chess server]].}}


{{term|term= IGM|content= IGM {{anchor|IGM|IGMs}} }}
{{anchor|IGM|IGMs}}
{{term|term= IGM|content= IGM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the older term ''International Grandmaster''. The modern usage is ''[[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]]'' (GM).}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the older term ''International Grandmaster''. The modern usage is ''[[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]]'' (GM).}}


{{term|term= illegal move|content= illegal move {{anchor|Illegal move|illegal moves}} }}
{{anchor|Illegal move|illegal moves}}
{{defn|defn= A move that is not permitted by the [[rules of chess]]. An illegal move discovered during the course of a game must be corrected.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 124">Pandolfini 1996, p. 124</ref>}}
{{term|term= illegal move|content= illegal move}}
{{defn|defn= A move that is not permitted by the [[rules of chess]]. An illegal move discovered during the course of a game must be corrected.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=124}}}}


{{term|term= illegal position|content= illegal position {{anchor|Illegal position|illegal positions}} }}
{{anchor|Illegal position|illegal positions}}
{{term|term= illegal position|content= illegal position}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A position in a game that is a consequence of an [[#illegal move|illegal move]] or an incorrect [[#starting position|starting position]]}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A position in a game that is a consequence of an [[#illegal move|illegal move]] or an incorrect [[#starting position|starting position]]}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A position that is impossible to reach by any sequence of legal moves.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A position that is impossible to reach by any sequence of legal moves.}}
{{defn|<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 124">Pandolfini 1996, p. 124</ref>}}
{{defn|{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=124}}}}


{{term|term= IM|content= IM {{anchor|IM|IMs}} }}
{{anchor|IM|IMs}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#International Master|International Master]] title.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 125">Pandolfini 1996, p. 125</ref>}}
{{term|term= IM|content= IM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#International Master|International Master]] title.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=125}}}}


{{term|term= imbalance|content= imbalance {{anchor|Imbalance|imbalances|imbalanced}} }}
{{anchor|Imbalance|imbalances|imbalanced}}
{{defn|defn= Any difference between the positions of White and Black. An imbalanced position is one where White and Black both have unique advantages. Conversely, a balanced position may be [[#drawish|drawish]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 435">Silman 1999, p. 435</ref>}}
{{term|term= imbalance|content= imbalance}}
{{defn|defn= Any difference between the positions of White and Black. An imbalanced position is one where White and Black both have unique advantages. Conversely, a balanced position may be [[#drawish|drawish]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=435}}}}


{{term|term= inaccuracy|content= inaccuracy {{anchor|Inaccuracy|inaccuracies|inaccurate}} }}
{{anchor|Inaccuracy|inaccuracies|inaccurate}}
{{defn|defn= A move that is not the best, but not as bad as a [[#blunder|blunder]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 125">Pandolfini 1996, p. 125</ref>}}
{{term|term= inaccuracy|content= inaccuracy}}
{{defn|defn= A move that is not the best, but not as bad as a [[Chess symbols|mistake]] or [[#blunder|blunder]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=125}}}}


{{term|term= inactive|content= inactive {{anchor|Inactive}} }}
{{anchor|Inactive}}
{{term|term= inactive|content= inactive}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#passive|passive]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#passive|passive]]''.}}


{{term|term= in check|content= in check }}
{{term|term= in check|content= in check}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#check|check]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#check|check]]''.}}


{{term|term= increment|content= increment {{anchor|Increment|increments}} }}
{{anchor|Increment|increments}}
{{defn|defn= Refers to the amount of time added to each player's time before each move. For instance, [[#rapid chess|rapid chess]] might be played with "25 minutes plus 10 second per move increment", meaning that each player starts with 25 minutes on their clock, and this increments by 10 seconds after (or before) each move, usually using the Fischer Delay method.<ref name="Schiller 2003, p. 398">Schiller 2003, p. 398</ref> See {{seclink|Time control|Increment and delay methods}}.}}
{{term|term= increment|content= increment}}
{{defn|defn= Refers to the amount of time added to each player's time before each move. For instance, [[#rapid chess|rapid chess]] might be played with "25 minutes plus 10 second per move increment", meaning that each player starts with 25 minutes on their clock, and this increments by 10 seconds after (or before) each move, usually using the Fischer Delay method.{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=398}}{{See also|Time control#Increment and delay methods}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|  |rd|kd|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|  |rd|kd|  
|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|bd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|bd|pd
|  |  |  |pd|  |nd|pd|
|  |  |  |pd|  |nd|pd|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |pl|pl|  |  |  |
|  |  |pl|pl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|pl|
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|pl|  
|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|bl|pl
|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|bl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|  |rl|kl|
|rl|nl|bl|ql|  |rl|kl|  
|In the [[King's Indian Defence#Fianchetto Variation|KID Fianchetto Variation]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7 4.g3 0-0 5.Bg2 d6 6.0-0), both sides have Indian bishops.
|In the [[King's Indian Defence#Fianchetto Variation|KID Fianchetto Variation]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7 4.g3 0-0 5.Bg2 d6 6.0-0), both sides have '''Indian''' bishops.
}}
}}
{{term|term= Indian bishop|content= Indian bishop {{anchor|Indian bishop|Indian bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#fianchetto|fianchettoed]] [[#bishop|bishop]], characteristic of the [[#Indian Defense|Indian defenses]], the [[King's Indian Defence|King's Indian]] and the [[Queen's Indian Defense|Queen's Indian]].<ref>Lemos 2014, pp. 30–32</ref>}}


{{term|term= Indian Defense|content= [[Indian Defence|Indian Defense]] {{anchor|Indian Defense|Indian defense|Indian Defence|Indian defence|Indian  defenses|Indian defences}} }}
{{anchor|Indian bishop|Indian bishops}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.d4 Nf6. Originally used to describe queen's pawn defenses involving the [[#fianchetto|fianchetto]] of one or both black bishops; now used to describe all Black defenses after 1.d4 Nf6 that do not [[#transposition|transpose]] into the [[Queen's Gambit]].<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 126.</ref>}}
{{term|term= Indian bishop|content= Indian bishop}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#fianchetto|fianchettoed]] [[#bishop|bishop]], characteristic of the [[#Indian Defense|Indian defenses]], the [[King's Indian Defence|King's Indian]] and the [[Queen's Indian Defense|Queen's Indian]].{{Sfn|Lemos|2014|pp=30–32}}}}
 
{{anchor|Indian Defense|Indian defense|Indian Defence|Indian defence|Indian  defenses|Indian defences}}
{{term|term= Indian Defense|content= [[Indian Defence|Indian Defense]]}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.d4 Nf6. Originally used to describe queen's pawn defenses involving the [[#fianchetto|fianchetto]] of one or both black bishops; now used to describe all Black defenses after 1.d4 Nf6 that do not [[#transposition|transpose]] into the [[Queen's Gambit]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=126}}}}


{{term|term= informal game|content= informal game {{anchor|Informal game|informal games}} }}
{{anchor|Informal game|informal games}}
{{term|term= informal game|content= informal game}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#friendly game|friendly game]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#friendly game|friendly game]]''.}}


{{term|term= initiative|content= [[Initiative (chess)|initiative]] {{anchor|Initiative|initiatives}} }}
{{anchor|Initiative|initiatives}}
{{defn|defn= The ability to make attacking moves, and [[#forcing move|force]] the course of play. It is an aspect of [[#time|time]]. The attacking player has the initiative, and the defending player attempts to seize it.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 128">Pandolfini 1996, p. 128</ref>}}
{{term|term= initiative|content= [[Initiative (chess)|initiative]]}}
{{defn|defn= The ability to make attacking moves, and [[#forcing move|force]] the course of play. It is an aspect of [[#time|time]]. The attacking player has the initiative, and the defending player attempts to seize it.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=128}}}}


{{term|term= innovation|content= innovation {{anchor|Innovation|innovations}} }}
{{anchor|Innovation|innovations}}
{{term|term= innovation|content= innovation}}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}


{{term|term= insufficient material|content= insufficient material {{anchor|Insufficient material}} }}
{{anchor|Insufficient material}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king remaining while the other has only its king, a king plus a knight, or a king plus a bishop. A king plus bishop versus a king plus bishop with the bishops on the same color is also a draw, since neither side can [[#checkmate|checkmate]], regardless of play. Situations where checkmate is possible only if the inferior side [[#blunder|blunders]] are covered by the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]].<ref name="Pandolfini 2009, p. 302">Pandolfini 2009, p. 302</ref> See {{section link|Draw (chess)|Draws in all games}}.}}
{{term|term= insufficient material|content= insufficient material}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king remaining while the other has only its king, a king plus a knight, or a king plus a bishop. A king plus bishop versus a king plus bishop with the bishops on the same color is also a draw, since neither side can [[#checkmate|checkmate]], regardless of play. Situations where checkmate is possible only if the inferior side [[#blunder|blunders]] are covered by the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=302}}{{See also|Draw (chess)#Draws in all games}}}}


{{term|term= interference|content= [[Interference (chess)|interference]] {{anchor|Interference|interferences|interfere|interfering}} }}
{{anchor|Interference|interferences|interfere|interfering}}
{{defn|defn= The interruption of the line or diagonal between an attacked piece and its defender by [[#interpose|interposing]] a piece.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 128">Pandolfini 1996, p. 128</ref>}}
{{term|term= interference|content= [[Interference (chess)|interference]]}}
{{defn|defn= The interruption of the line or diagonal between an attacked piece and its defender by [[#interpose|interposing]] a piece.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=128}}}}


{{term|term= intermediate move|content= intermediate move {{anchor|Intermediate move|intermediate moves}} }}
{{anchor|Intermediate move|intermediate moves}}
{{term|term= intermediate move|content= intermediate move}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]]''.}}


{{term|term= intermezzo|content= intermezzo {{anchor|Intermezzo|intermezzos|intermezzi}} }}
{{anchor|Intermezzo|intermezzos|intermezzi}}
{{term|term= intermezzo|content= intermezzo}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]]''.}}


{{term|term= International Arbiter|content= [[Arbiter (chess)#International Arbiter|International Arbiter]] {{anchor|International Arbiter|International Arbiters|international arbiter|international arbiters}} }}
{{anchor|International Arbiter|International Arbiters|international arbiter|international arbiters}}
{{defn|defn= A tournament official who arbitrates disputes and performs other duties such as keeping the [[#game score|score]] when players are under [[#time pressure|time pressure]]. Abbr. IA.}}
{{term|term= International Arbiter|content= [[Arbiter (chess)#International Arbiter|International Arbiter]] ("IA")}}
{{defn|defn= A tournament official who arbitrates disputes and performs other duties such as keeping the [[#game score|score]] when players are under [[#time pressure|time pressure]].}}


{{term|term= International Correspondence Chess Federation|content= [[International Correspondence Chess Federation]] {{anchor|International Correspondence Chess Federation}} }}
{{anchor|International Correspondence Chess Federation}}
{{defn|defn= The International Correspondence Chess Federation (abbr. ICCF) was founded in 1951 to replace the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA).<ref name="Dunne 1991, p. 99">Dunne 1991, p. 99</ref>}}
{{term|term= International Correspondence Chess Federation (Abbr. ICCF).|content= [[International Correspondence Chess Federation]]}}
{{defn|defn= Organization founded in 1951 to replace the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA).<ref name="Dunne 1991, p. 99">Dunne 1991, p. 99</ref>}}


{{term|term= International Grandmaster|content= International Grandmaster {{anchor|International Grandmaster|International Grandmasters|international grandmaster|international grandmasters}} }}
{{anchor|International Grandmaster|International Grandmasters|international grandmaster|international grandmasters}}
{{defn|defn= Abbr. IGM. The original name of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]] title, now simply called ''[[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]]'' (GM).}}
{{term|term= International Grandmaster|content= International Grandmaster ("IGM")}}
{{defn|defn=The original name of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]] title, now simply called ''[[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]]'' ("GM")}}


{{term|term= International Master|content= [[International Master]] {{anchor|International Master|International Masters|international master|international masters}} }}
{{anchor|International Master|International Masters|international master|international masters}}
{{defn|defn= A chess title that ranks below [[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]] but above [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]]. Abbr. IM.}}
{{term|term= International Master|content= [[International Master]] ("IM")}}
{{defn|defn= A chess title that ranks below [[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]] but above [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]].}}


{{term|term= International Woman Master|content= International Woman Master {{anchor|International Woman Master|IWM}} }}
{{anchor|International Woman Master|IWM}}
{{term|term= International Woman Master|content= International Woman Master}}
{{defn|defn= Obsolete name for [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]].}}
{{defn|defn= Obsolete name for [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]].}}


{{term|term= Internet chess server|content= [[Internet chess server]] {{anchor|Internet chess server|internet chess server|Internet chess servers|internet chess servers}} }}
{{anchor|Internet chess server|internet chess server|Internet chess servers|internet chess servers}}
{{defn|defn= An external server that provides the facility to play, discuss, and view chess over the [[Internet]]. Abbr. ICS.}}
{{term|term= Internet chess server|content= [[Internet chess server]] ("ICS")}}
{{defn|defn= An external server that provides the facility to play, discuss, and view chess over the [[Internet]].}}


{{term|term= interpose|content= interpose {{anchor|Interpose|interposing|interposed}} }}
{{anchor|Interpose|interposing|interposed}}
{{defn|defn= To move a piece between an attacking piece and its target, blocking the line or diagonal of attack. Interposing is not possible if the attacker is a knight, king, or pawn, thus only possible in case of attacking rooks, bishops, or queens. Interposing a piece is one of the three possible responses to a [[#check|check]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}
{{term|term= interpose|content= interpose}}
{{defn|defn= To move a piece between an attacking piece and its target, blocking the line or diagonal of attack. Interposing is not possible if the attacker is a knight, king, or pawn, thus only possible in case of attacking rooks, bishops, or queens. Interposing a piece is one of the three possible responses to a [[#check|check]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=59}}}}


{{term|term= Interzonal tournament|content= [[Interzonal]] tournament {{anchor|Interzonal tournament|interzonal tournament|Interzonal|interzonal|Interzonal tournaments|interzonal tournaments|interzonals}} }}
{{anchor|Interzonal tournament|interzonal tournament|Interzonal|interzonal|Interzonal tournaments|interzonal tournaments|interzonals}}
{{defn|defn= A tournament organized by the [[#FIDE|FIDE]] starting from the 1950s to 1993. It was the second qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. The participants were selected from the top players of the [[#Zonal tournaments|Zonal tournaments]]. The top-ranking players qualified for the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]]. Since 1998 the winners of the zonal tournaments have played short matches against each other over a few weeks in a [[#knockout tournament|knockout-style competition]] to determine who is eligible for the Candidates Tournament. }}
{{term|term= Interzonal tournament|content= [[Interzonal]] tournament}}
{{defn|defn= A tournament organized by the [[#FIDE|FIDE]] starting from the 1950s to 1993. It was the second qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. The participants were selected from the top players of the [[#Zonal tournaments|Zonal tournaments]]. The top-ranking players qualified for the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]]. Since 1998 the winners of the zonal tournaments have played short matches against each other over a few weeks in a [[#knockout tournament|knockout-style competition]] to determine who is eligible for the Candidates Tournament.}}


{{term|term= IQP|content= IQP {{anchor|IQP|IQPs}} }}
{{anchor|IQP|IQPs}}
{{term|term= IQP|content= IQP}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for isolated queen pawn. See ''[[#isolani|isolani]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for isolated queen pawn. See ''[[#isolani|isolani]]''.}}


{{term|term= irregular opening|content= [[Irregular chess opening|irregular opening]] {{anchor|Irregular opening|irregular openings}} }}
{{anchor|Irregular opening|irregular openings}}
{{defn|defn= Early 19th-century chess literature classified all [[#opening|openings]] that did not begin with either 1.e4 e5 or 1.d4 d5 as "irregular". As [[Chess theory#Opening theory|opening theory]] developed and many openings previously considered "irregular" became standard (e.g. the [[Sicilian Defense]]), the term gradually became less common. Opening books today are more likely to describe debuts such as 1.b4 (the [[Sokolsky Opening]]) as "uncommon" or "unorthodox".<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 91.</ref>}}
{{term|term= irregular opening|content= [[Irregular chess opening|irregular opening]]}}
{{defn|defn= Early 19th-century chess literature classified all [[#opening|openings]] that did not begin with either 1.e4 e5 or 1.d4 d5 as "irregular". As [[Chess theory#Opening theory|opening theory]] developed and many openings previously considered "irregular" became standard (e.g. the [[Sicilian Defense]]), the term gradually became less common. Opening books today are more likely to describe debuts such as 1.b4 (the [[Sokolsky Opening]]) as "uncommon" or "unorthodox".{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=91}}}}


{{term|term= isolani|content= [[Isolated pawn#Isolated queen pawn|isolani]] {{anchor|Isolani|isolanis}} }}
{{anchor|Isolani|isolanis}}
{{defn|defn= Refers to a d-pawn with no pawns of the same color on the adjacent c-file and e-file, and is a synonym for ''isolated queen pawn''. [[Aron Nimzowitsch]], who coined the term, regarded the isolani as a weapon of attack in the [[#middlegame|middlegame]] but an [[#endgame|endgame]] weakness; he saw the problem of [[#hanging pawns|hanging pawns]] as related.<ref>Pandolfini 1989, p. 227</ref> See also {{seclink|Pawn structure|Queen's Gambit – Isolani}}.}}
{{term|term= isolani|content= [[Isolated pawn#Isolated queen pawn|isolani]]}}
{{defn|defn= Refers to a d-pawn with no pawns of the same color on the adjacent c-file and e-file, and is a synonym for ''isolated queen pawn''. [[Aron Nimzowitsch]], who coined the term, regarded the isolani as a weapon of attack in the [[#middlegame|middlegame]] but an [[#endgame|endgame]] weakness; he saw the problem of [[#hanging pawns|hanging pawns]] as related.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1989|p=227}}{{See also|Pawn structure#Queen's Gambit – Isolani}}}}


{{term|term= isolated pawn|content= [[isolated pawn]] {{anchor|Isolated pawn|isolated pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Isolated pawn|isolated pawns}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] with no pawn of the same color on an adjacent [[#file|file]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 61">Staunton 2014, p. 61</ref>}}
{{term|term= isolated pawn|content= [[isolated pawn]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] with no pawn of the same color on an adjacent [[#file|file]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=61}}}}


{{term|term= isolated queen pawn|content= isolated queen pawn {{anchor|Isolated queen pawn|isolated queen pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Isolated queen pawn|isolated queen pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''isolated queen's pawn'''. Abbr. IQP. See ''[[#isolani|isolani]]''.}}
{{term|term= isolated queen pawn|content= isolated queen pawn ("IQP")}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''isolated queen's pawn'''.{{See also|#isolani|label1=isolani}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 1,250: Line 1,615:
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|Italian bishops in the Giuoco Piano
|'''Italian bishops''' in the Giuoco Piano
}}
}}
{{term|term= Italian bishop|content= Italian bishop {{anchor|Italian bishop|Italian bishops}} }}
 
{{defn|defn= A white [[#bishop|bishop]] developed to [[#algebraic notation|c4]] or a black bishop developed to [[#algebraic notation|c5]]. A bishop so developed is characteristic of the [[Italian Game]]. In the [[Giuoco Piano]] both players have Italian bishops. The Italian bishop stands in contrast to the [[#Spanish bishop|Spanish bishop]] on b5 characteristic of the [[Ruy Lopez]]. "Italian" may be used as an adjective for an [[#opening|opening]] where one or both players have Italian bishops.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 183</ref>}}
{{anchor|Italian bishop|Italian bishops}}
{{term|term= Italian bishop|content= Italian bishop}}
{{defn|defn= A white [[#bishop|bishop]] developed to [[#algebraic notation|c4]] or a black bishop developed to [[#algebraic notation|c5]]. A bishop so developed is characteristic of the [[Italian Game]]. In the [[Giuoco Piano]] both players have Italian bishops. The Italian bishop stands in contrast to the [[#Spanish bishop|Spanish bishop]] on b5 characteristic of the [[Ruy Lopez]]. "Italian" may be used as an adjective for an [[#opening|opening]] where one or both players have Italian bishops.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=183}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,260: Line 1,627:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= j'adoube|content= j'adoube {{anchor|J'adoube}} }}
{{anchor|J'adoube}}
{{defn|defn= (from French, "I adjust", {{IPA|fr|ʒa.dub|pron}}) The international signal of the intention to adjust the position of a piece on the board. When playing with the [[touch-move rule]], a player must say this in order to be able to touch a piece without being subject to the [[#touched piece rule|touched piece rule]]. The verb ''adouber'', literally "to dub" (raise to the knighthood), is rarely used in contemporary French outside of this context. A local language equivalent, e.g. "I am adjusting", is generally also acceptable.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}
{{term|term= j'adoube|content= j'adoube}}
{{defn|defn= (from French, "I adjust", {{IPA|fr|ʒa.dub|pron}}) The international signal of the intention to adjust the position of a piece on the board. When playing with the [[touch-move rule]], a player must say this in order to be able to touch a piece without being subject to the [[#touched piece rule|touched piece rule]]. The verb ''adouber'', literally "to dub" (raise to the knighthood), is rarely used in contemporary French outside of this context. A local language equivalent, e.g. "I am adjusting", is generally also acceptable.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=59}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,268: Line 1,636:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= K|content= K {{anchor|K}} }}
{{anchor|K}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#king|king]] when recording chess moves in English.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}
{{term|term= K|content= K}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#king|king]] when recording chess moves in English.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=57}}}}


{{term|term= key square|content= [[key square]] {{anchor|Key square|key squares}} }}
{{anchor|Key square|key squares}}
{{term|term= key square|content= [[key square]]}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= An important square.}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= An important square.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= In pawn endings, a square whose occupation by one side's king guarantees the achievement of a certain goal, such as the [[#promotion|promotion]] of a pawn or the win of a pawn.<ref name="Pandolfini 2009, p. 302">Pandolfini 2009, p. 302</ref> Also called ''critical square''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= In pawn endings, a square whose occupation by one side's king guarantees the achievement of a certain goal, such as the [[#promotion|promotion]] of a pawn or the win of a pawn.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=302}} Also called ''critical square''.}}


{{term|term= KGA|content= [[King's Gambit#King's Gambit Accepted|KGA]] {{anchor|KGA}} }}
{{anchor|KGA}}
{{term|term= KGA|content= [[King's Gambit#King's Gambit Accepted|KGA]]}}
{{defn|defn= The King's Gambit Accepted [[#opening|opening]].}}
{{defn|defn= The King's Gambit Accepted [[#opening|opening]].}}


{{term|term= KGD|content= [[King's Gambit#King's Gambit Declined|KGD]] {{anchor|KGD}} }}
{{anchor|KGD}}
{{term|term= KGD|content= [[King's Gambit#King's Gambit Declined|KGD]]}}
{{defn|defn= The King's Gambit Declined [[#opening|opening]].}}
{{defn|defn= The King's Gambit Declined [[#opening|opening]].}}


{{term|term= KIA|content= [[King's Indian Attack|KIA]] {{anchor|KIA}} }}
{{anchor|KIA}}
{{term|term= KIA|content= [[King's Indian Attack|KIA]]}}
{{defn|defn= The King's Indian Attack [[#opening|opening]].}}
{{defn|defn= The King's Indian Attack [[#opening|opening]].}}


{{term|term= kibitz|content= [[Kibitzer|kibitz]] {{anchor|Kibitz}} }}
{{anchor|Kibitz}}
{{defn|defn= As a spectator, making comments on a chess game that can be heard by the players. Kibitzing on a serious game while it is in progress (rather than during a [[#post-mortem|post-mortem]]) is a serious breach of chess etiquette.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 136">Pandolfini 1996, p. 136</ref>}}
{{term|term= kibitz|content= [[Kibitzer|kibitz]]}}
{{defn|defn= As a spectator, making comments on a chess game that can be heard by the players. Kibitzing on a serious game while it is in progress (rather than during a [[#post-mortem|post-mortem]]) is a serious breach of chess etiquette.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=136}}}}


{{term|term= kick|content= kick {{anchor|Kick}} }}
{{anchor|Kick}}
{{defn|defn= Attacking a [[#piece|piece]], often a [[#knight|knight]], with a [[#pawn|pawn]], so that it will move. Kicking a piece may lead to gaining a [[#tempo|tempo]], or may force the opponent to concede control of [[#key square|key squares]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 136">Pandolfini 1996, p. 136</ref>}}
{{term|term= kick|content= kick}}
{{defn|defn= Attacking a [[#piece|piece]], often a [[#knight|knight]], with a [[#pawn|pawn]], so that it will move. Kicking a piece may lead to gaining a [[#tempo|tempo]], or may force the opponent to concede control of [[#key square|key squares]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=136}}}}


{{term|term= KID|content= [[King's Indian Defence|KID]] {{anchor|KID}} }}
{{anchor|KID}}
{{term|term= KID|content= [[King's Indian Defence|KID]]}}
{{defn|defn= The King's Indian Defense [[#opening|opening]].}}
{{defn|defn= The King's Indian Defense [[#opening|opening]].}}


{{term|term= king|content= [[King (chess)|king]] {{anchor|King|kings}} }}
{{anchor|King|kings}}
{{term|term= king|content= [[King (chess)|king]]}}
{{defn|defn= The most important piece in chess. It may move to any adjacent square, and it may [[#castling|castle]]. A king threatened with [[#capture|capture]] is in [[#check|check]]; a player cannot end their move with their king in check. If a player's king is in check and there is no escape, then the king is in [[#checkmate|checkmate]], and the player loses. If the player whose turn it is has no legal moves and their king is not in check, then it is [[#stalemate|stalemate]], and the game is drawn.}}
{{defn|defn= The most important piece in chess. It may move to any adjacent square, and it may [[#castling|castle]]. A king threatened with [[#capture|capture]] is in [[#check|check]]; a player cannot end their move with their king in check. If a player's king is in check and there is no escape, then the king is in [[#checkmate|checkmate]], and the player loses. If the player whose turn it is has no legal moves and their king is not in check, then it is [[#stalemate|stalemate]], and the game is drawn.}}


{{term|term= king bishop|content= king bishop {{anchor|King bishop|king's bishop|King's bishop|king bishops}} }}
{{anchor|King bishop|king's bishop|King's bishop|king bishops}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's bishop'''. The [[#bishop|bishop]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KB".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= king bishop|content= king bishop}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's bishop'''. The [[#bishop|bishop]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KB".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}


{{term|term= king hunt|content= [[king hunt]] {{anchor|King hunt|king hunts}} }}
{{anchor|King hunt|king hunts}}
{{defn|defn= A sustained [[#attack|attack]] on the enemy [[#king|king]] that results in the king being driven a far distance from its initial position, typically resulting in its [[#checkmate|checkmate]]. Some of the most famous games featuring king hunts are [[Edward Lasker#Notable games|Edward Lasker–Thomas]], [[Rashid Nezhmetdinov#Illustrative games|Polugaevsky–Nezhmetdinov]], and Kasparov–Topalov.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011478 |title=Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> Also called ''king chase''.}}
{{term|term= king hunt|content= [[king hunt]]}}
{{defn|defn= A sustained [[#attack|attack]] on the enemy [[#king|king]] that results in the king being driven a far distance from its initial position, typically resulting in its [[#checkmate|checkmate]]. Some of the most famous games featuring king hunts are [[Edward Lasker#Notable games|Edward Lasker–Thomas]], [[Rashid Nezhmetdinov#Illustrative games|Polugaevsky–Nezhmetdinov]], and Kasparov–Topalov.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999 |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011478 |website=[[Chessgames.com]]}}</ref> Also called ''king chase''.}}


{{term|term= king knight|content= king knight {{anchor|King knight|king's knight|King's knight|king knights}} }}
{{anchor|King knight|king's knight|King's knight|king knights}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's knight'''. The [[#knight|knight]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KN".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= king knight|content= king knight}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's knight'''. The [[#knight|knight]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KN".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}


{{term|term= king pawn|content= king pawn {{anchor|King pawn|king's pawn|King's pawn|king pawns}} }}
{{anchor|King pawn|king's pawn|King's pawn|king pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the king's [[#file|file]], i.e. the e-file. Sometimes abbreviated "KP". Also ''king bishop pawn'' (KBP), ''king knight pawn'' (KNP), and ''king rook pawn'' (KRP) for a pawn on the f-, g-, or h-file, respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= king pawn|content= king pawn}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the king's [[#file|file]], i.e. the e-file. Sometimes abbreviated "KP". Also ''king bishop pawn'' (KBP), ''king knight pawn'' (KNP), and ''king rook pawn'' (KRP) for a pawn on the f-, g-, or h-file, respectively.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}


{{term|term= king pawn opening|content= [[King's Pawn Game|king pawn opening]] {{anchor|King pawn opening|king's pawn opening|King's pawn opening|king pawn openings}} }}
{{anchor|King pawn opening|king's pawn opening|King's pawn opening|king pawn openings}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's pawn opening'''. An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.e4. }}
{{term|term= king pawn opening|content= [[King's Pawn Game|king pawn opening]]}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's pawn opening'''. An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.e4.}}


{{term|term= king rook|content= king rook {{anchor|King rook|king's rook|King's rook|king rooks}} }}
{{anchor|King rook|king's rook|King's rook|king rooks}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's rook'''. The [[#rook|rook]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KR".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= king rook|content= king rook}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's rook'''. The [[#rook|rook]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KR".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}


{{term|term= kingside|content= kingside {{anchor|Kingside|king's side|King's side}} }}
{{anchor|Kingside|king's side|King's side}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's side'''. The side of the board (half-board) the [[#king|kings]] are on at the start of the game (the e- through h-[[#file|file]]), as opposed to the ''[[#queenside|queenside]]''.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 3">Staunton 2009, p. 3</ref> Also called ''king's wing''.}}
{{term|term= kingside|content= kingside}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's side'''. The side of the board (half-board) the [[#king|kings]] are on at the start of the game (the e- through h-[[#file|file]]), as opposed to the ''[[#queenside|queenside]]''.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=3}} Also called ''king's wing''.}}


{{term|term= king walk|content= king walk {{anchor|King walk|king walks}} }}
{{anchor|King walk|king walks}}
{{defn|defn= A consecutive series of king moves designed to bring the king to a safer square. For example, if a player has castled kingside but the opponent has sacrificed a piece to destroy the kingside pawn cover, they may choose to walk the king over to the queenside to shelter behind the queenside pawns.<ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 220</ref> See also [[King walk]].}}
{{term|term= king walk|content= king walk}}
{{defn|defn= A consecutive series of king moves designed to bring the king to a safer square. For example, if a player has castled kingside but the opponent has sacrificed a piece to destroy the kingside pawn cover, they may choose to walk the king over to the queenside to shelter behind the queenside pawns.{{Sfn|van de Oudeweetering|2014|p=220}}{{See also|King walk}}}}


{{term|term= knight|content= [[Knight (chess)|knight]] {{anchor|Knight|knights}} }}
{{anchor|Knight|knights}}
{{term|term= knight|content= [[Knight (chess)|knight]]}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that may move to any nearest square not on a [[#rank|rank]], [[#file|file]], or [[#diagonal|diagonal]] on which it stands. In other words, it may move two squares horizontally or vertically and then one square perpendicular to that (forming an L shape), jumping over any pieces in the way.}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that may move to any nearest square not on a [[#rank|rank]], [[#file|file]], or [[#diagonal|diagonal]] on which it stands. In other words, it may move two squares horizontally or vertically and then one square perpendicular to that (forming an L shape), jumping over any pieces in the way.}}


{{term|term= knight pawn|content= knight pawn {{anchor|Knight pawn|knight's pawn|Knight's pawn|knight pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Knight pawn|knight's pawn|Knight's pawn|knight pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''knight's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the knight's [[#file|file]], i.e. the b-file or g-file. Sometimes abbreviated "NP".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= knight pawn|content= knight pawn}}
 
{{defn|defn= Or '''knight's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the knight's [[#file|file]], i.e. the b-file or g-file. Sometimes abbreviated "NP".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}
[[File:Knight's tour anim 2.gif|thumb|210px|Example of an open knight's tour]]


{{term|term= knight's tour|content= [[knight's tour]] {{anchor|Knight's tour|Knight's Tour}} }}
[[File:Knight's tour anim 2.gif|thumb|210px|Example of an open '''knight's tour''']]
{{defn|defn= A puzzle that challenges a person to set a knight on an empty chessboard, and make the piece move around (as it moves in a chess game), but to visit every square only once. The knight's tour is the best known of a variety of tours and puzzles based on chess pieces. A ''closed tour'' (also known as a ''re-entrant tour'') ends on the same square on which it began and needs 64 moves. An ''open tour'' ends on a different square and needs only 63 moves.<ref>Petković 1997, pp. 50–55</ref>}}
{{anchor|Knight's tour|Knight's Tour}}
{{term|term= knight's tour|content= [[knight's tour]]}}
{{defn|defn= A puzzle that challenges a person to set a knight on an empty chessboard, and make the piece move around (as it moves in a chess game), but to visit every square only once. The knight's tour is the best known of a variety of tours and puzzles based on chess pieces. A ''closed tour'' (also known as a ''re-entrant tour'') ends on the same square on which it began and needs 64 moves. An ''open tour'' ends on a different square and needs only 63 moves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petković |first=Miodrag |title=Mathematics and Chess: 110 Entertaining Problems and Solutions |date=1997 |publisher=Courier |isbn=9780486294322 |pages=50–55}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= knockout tournament|content= knockout tournament {{anchor|Knockout tournament|knockout tournaments}} }}
{{anchor|Knockout tournament|knockout tournaments}}
{{defn|defn= See [[Single-elimination tournament]]. A tournament conducted as a series of [[#match|matches]] in which the winner of each match advances to the next round and the loser is eliminated. Well-known chess tournaments held in the knockout format include [[London 1851 chess tournament|London 1851]] and the [[Chess World Cup 2007|2007 Chess World Cup]]. Cf. ''[[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]]'' and ''[[#Swiss tournament|Swiss tournament]]''.}}
{{term|term= knockout tournament|content= knockout tournament}}
{{defn|defn= See [[Single-elimination tournament]]. A tournament conducted as a series of [[#match|matches]] in which the winner of each match advances to the next round and the loser is eliminated. Well-known chess tournaments held in the knockout format include [[London 1851 chess tournament|London 1851]] and the [[Chess World Cup 2007|2007 Chess World Cup]].{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]]'' and ''[[#Swiss tournament|Swiss tournament]]''.}}


{{term|term= Kotov syndrome|content= [[Kotov syndrome]] {{anchor|Kotov syndrome}} }}
{{anchor|Kotov syndrome}}
{{defn|defn= This phenomenon, described by [[Alexander Kotov]] in his 1971 book ''Think Like a Grandmaster'', can occur when a player does not find a good plan after thinking long and hard on a position. The player, under [[#time pressure|time pressure]], then suddenly decides to make a move that they have hardly thought about at all, and it may not be a good move for that reason.<ref>Kotov 2012, p. 12</ref>}}
{{term|term= Kotov syndrome|content= [[Kotov syndrome]]}}
{{defn|defn= This phenomenon, described by [[Alexander Kotov]] in his 1971 book ''Think Like a Grandmaster'', can occur when a player does not find a good plan after thinking long and hard on a position. The player, under [[#time pressure|time pressure]], then suddenly decides to make a move that they have hardly thought about at all, and it may not be a good move for that reason.{{Sfn|Kotov|2012|p=12}}}}


{{term|term= Kriegspiel|content= [[Kriegspiel (chess)|Kriegspiel]] {{anchor|Kriegspiel}} }}
{{anchor|Kriegspiel}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "war game"] Kriegspiel is a [[#chess variant|chess variant]] played by two opponents who can see only their own board, and one monitoring umpire who makes the moves of both players on a neutral board. It requires three chess sets and boards. The players make their moves based on limited information from the umpire. It was introduced in 1898. It is sometimes referred to as ''blind chess'', not to be confused with [[#blindfold chess|blindfold chess]].<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 73</ref>}}
{{term|term= Kriegspiel|content= [[Kriegspiel (chess)|Kriegspiel]]}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "war game"] Kriegspiel is a [[#chess variant|chess variant]] played by two opponents who can see only their own board, and one monitoring umpire who makes the moves of both players on a neutral board. It requires three chess sets and boards. The players make their moves based on limited information from the umpire. It was introduced in 1898. It is sometimes referred to as ''blind chess'', not to be confused with [[#blindfold chess|blindfold chess]].{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=73}}}}


{{term|term= Kt|content= Kt {{anchor|Kt}} }}
{{anchor|Kt}}
{{defn|defn= The symbol sometimes used for the [[#knight|knight]] when recording chess moves in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]], mainly in older literature. An ''N'' is used instead in [[#Algebraic notation|algebraic notation]] and in later descriptive notation to avoid confusion with ''K'', the symbol for the [[#King|king]].<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}
{{term|term= Kt|content= Kt}}
{{defn|defn= The symbol sometimes used for the [[#knight|knight]] when recording chess moves in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]], mainly in older literature. An ''N'' is used instead in [[#Algebraic notation|algebraic notation]] and in later descriptive notation to avoid confusion with ''K'', the symbol for the [[#King|king]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=57}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,348: Line 1,739:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= last rank|content= last rank {{anchor|Last rank|last ranks}} }}
{{anchor|Last rank|last ranks}}
{{term|term= last rank|content= last rank}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#eighth rank|eighth rank]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#eighth rank|eighth rank]]''.}}


{{term|term= laws of chess|content= [[Rules of chess|laws of chess]] {{anchor|Laws of Chess|Laws of chess}} }}
{{anchor|Laws of Chess|Laws of chess}}
{{defn|defn= The rules of chess.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}
{{term|term= laws of chess|content= [[Rules of chess|laws of chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= The rules of chess.{{Sfn|FIDE Laws of Chess|2023}}}}


{{term|term= lightning chess|content= lightning chess {{anchor|Lightning chess}} }}
{{anchor|Lightning chess}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess with an extremely short [[#time control|time limit]], either [[#blitz chess|blitz chess]] or [[#bullet chess|bullet chess]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 146">Pandolfini 1996, p. 146</ref>}}
{{term|term= lightning chess|content= lightning chess}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess with an extremely short [[#time control|time limit]], either [[#blitz chess|blitz chess]] or [[#bullet chess|bullet chess]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=146}}}}


{{term|term= light-square bishop|content= light-square bishop {{anchor|Light-square bishop|light-square bishops|light-squared bishop|light-squared bishops|light bishop|light bishops}} }}
{{anchor|Light-square bishop|light-square bishops|light-squared bishop|light-squared bishops|light bishop|light bishops}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''light bishop'''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 226</ref> One of the two [[#bishop|bishops]] that moves only on the [[#light squares|light squares]]. In the [[#starting position|starting position]], White's light-square bishop is on f1; Black's is on c8.<ref name="Pandolfini 2009, p. 302">Pandolfini 2009, p. 302</ref> Cf. ''[[#dark-square bishop|dark-square bishop]]''.}}
{{term|term= light-square bishop|content= light-square bishop}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''light bishop'''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=226}} One of the two [[#bishop|bishops]] that moves only on the [[#light squares|light squares]]. In the [[#starting position|starting position]], White's light-square bishop is on f1; Black's is on c8.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=302}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#dark-square bishop|dark-square bishop]]''.}}


{{term|term= light squares|content= light squares {{anchor|Light squares|light square}} }}
{{anchor|Light squares|light square}}
{{defn|defn= The 32 light-colored squares on the chessboard, such as h1 and a8.<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 46</ref> Cf. ''[[#dark squares|dark squares]]''.}}
{{term|term= light squares|content= light squares}}
{{defn|defn= The 32 light-colored squares on the chessboard, such as h1 and a8.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=46}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#dark squares|dark squares]]''.}}


{{term|term= line|content= line {{anchor|Line|lines}} }}
{{anchor|Line|lines}}
{{term|term= line|content= line}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A sequence of moves, usually in the [[#opening|opening]] or in analyzing a position.}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A sequence of moves, usually in the [[#opening|opening]] or in analyzing a position.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An open path for a piece (queen, rook, or bishop) to move or control squares.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 146">Pandolfini 1996, p. 146</ref>}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An open path for a piece (queen, rook, or bishop) to move or control squares.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=146}}}}


{{term|term= line piece|content= line piece {{anchor|Line piece|line-piece|line pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Line piece|line-piece|line pieces}}
{{defn|defn= A piece whose movement is defined to be along straight lines of squares (i.e. the [[#rook|rook]], [[#bishop|bishop]], and [[#queen|queen]]).<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 147</ref>}}
{{term|term= line piece|content= line piece}}
{{defn|defn= A piece whose movement is defined to be along straight lines of squares (i.e. the [[#rook|rook]], [[#bishop|bishop]], and [[#queen|queen]]).{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=147}}}}


{{term|term= liquidation|content= liquidation {{anchor|Liquidation|liquidations}} }}
{{anchor|Liquidation|liquidations}}
{{term|term= liquidation|content= liquidation}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#simplification|simplification]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#simplification|simplification]]''.}}


{{term|term= long castling|content= long castling {{anchor|Long castling}} }}
{{anchor|Long castling}}
{{term|term= long castling|content= long castling}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#castling long|castling long]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#castling long|castling long]]''.}}


{{term|term= long diagonal|content= long diagonal {{anchor|Long diagonal|long diagonals}} }}
{{anchor|Long diagonal|long diagonals}}
{{defn|defn= One of the two [[#diagonal|diagonals]] with eight squares (a1–h8 or h1–a8).<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 148</ref>}}
{{term|term= long diagonal|content= long diagonal}}
{{defn|defn= One of the two [[#diagonal|diagonals]] with eight squares (a1–h8 or h1–a8).{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=148}}}}


{{term|term= long fianchetto|content= long fianchetto {{anchor|Long fianchetto|long fianchetti}} }}
{{anchor|Long fianchetto|long fianchetti}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#fianchetto|fianchetto]] whereby the [[#knight's pawn|knight's pawn]] has advanced two squares (b4 or g4 for White; b5 or g5 for Black) instead of one.<ref name=OCC_p133 />}}
{{term|term= long fianchetto|content= long fianchetto}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#fianchetto|fianchetto]] whereby the [[#knight's pawn|knight's pawn]] has advanced two squares (b4 or g4 for White; b5 or g5 for Black) instead of one.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=133}}}}


{{term|term= long-range piece|content= long-range piece {{anchor|Long-range piece|long-range pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Long-range piece|long-range pieces}}
{{term|term= long-range piece|content= long-range piece}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]], [[#rook|rook]], or [[#queen|queen]].}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]], [[#rook|rook]], or [[#queen|queen]].}}


{{term|term= loose piece|content= loose piece {{anchor|Loose piece|loose pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Loose piece|loose pieces}}
{{defn|defn= A piece vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is undefended and cannot easily be withdrawn or supported.<ref>Euwe & Meiden 2013, p. 19</ref>}}
{{term|term= loose piece|content= loose piece}}
{{defn|defn= A piece vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is undefended and cannot easily be withdrawn or supported.{{Sfn|Euwe|Meiden|2013|p=19}}}}


{{term|term= loose position|content= loose position {{anchor|Loose position|loose positions}} }}
{{anchor|Loose position|loose positions}}
{{term|term= loose position|content= loose position}}
{{defn|defn= A position vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is [[#overextended|overextended]] or its pieces are [[#coordination|uncoordinated]].}}
{{defn|defn= A position vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is [[#overextended|overextended]] or its pieces are [[#coordination|uncoordinated]].}}


{{term|term= losing a tempo|content= losing a tempo {{anchor|Losing a tempo|losing tempi}} }}
{{anchor|Losing a tempo|losing tempi}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#tempo|tempo]]''. }}
{{term|term= losing a tempo|content= losing a tempo}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#tempo|tempo]]''.}}


{{term|term= loss|content= loss {{anchor|Loss|losses}} }}
{{anchor|Loss|losses}}
{{defn|defn= A defeat for one of the two players, which may occur due to that player being [[#checkmate|checkmated]] by the other player, [[#resign|resigning]], exceeding the [[#time control|time control]], or being [[#forfeit|forfeited]] by the [[#tournament director|tournament director]]. In chess, a [[zero-sum game]], this results in a [[#win|win]] for the other player.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 150</ref>}}
{{term|term= loss|content= loss}}
{{defn|defn= A defeat for one of the two players, which may occur due to that player being [[#checkmate|checkmated]] by the other player, [[#resign|resigning]], exceeding the [[#time control|time control]], or being [[#forfeit|forfeited]] by the [[#tournament director|tournament director]]. In chess, a [[zero-sum game]], this results in a [[#win|win]] for the other player.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=150}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|Lucena position
|
|  |kl|  |kd|  |  |  |
|  |kl|  |kd|  |  |  |  
|  |pl|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |pl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|rd|  |  |  |  |  |  |
|rd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |rl|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |rl|  |  |  |  |  
|White wins by 1.Rd1+ Ke7 2.Rd4! Ra1 3.Kc7 Rc1+ 4.Kb6 Rb1+ 5.Kc6 Rc1+ 6.Kb5 Rb1+ 7.Rb4 and the pawn queens.
|'''Lucena position''': White wins by 1.Rd1+ Ke7 2.Rd4! Ra1 3.Kc7 Rc1+ 4.Kb6 Rb1+ 5.Kc6 Rc1+ 6.Kb5 Rb1+ 7.Rb4 and the pawn queens.
}}
}}
{{term|term= Lucena position|content= [[Lucena position]] {{anchor|Lucena position}} }}
{{defn|defn= A well-known [[rook and pawn versus rook endgame]] position in which the player with the extra pawn can force a win by cutting off the opponent's king and placing a rook on the 4th rank in order to block the opponent's rook checks, thereby allowing the pawn to [[#promotion|queen]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 154">Pandolfini 1992, p. 154</ref>}}


{{term|term= luft|content= [[luft]] {{anchor|Luft}} }}
{{anchor|Lucena position}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "air"] Space made for a [[castling|castled]] king to give it a [[#flight square|flight square]] to prevent a [[#back-rank mate|back-rank mate]]. Usually luft is made by moving a [[#pawn|pawn]] on the second [[#rank|rank]] in front of the king.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 243</ref> See also ''[[#flight square|flight square]]''.}}
{{term|term= Lucena position|content= [[Lucena position]]}}
{{defn|defn= A well-known [[rook and pawn versus rook endgame]] position in which the player with the extra pawn can force a win by cutting off the opponent's king and placing a rook on the 4th rank in order to block the opponent's rook checks, thereby allowing the pawn to [[#promotion|queen]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=154}}}}
 
{{anchor|Luft}}
{{term|term= luft|content= [[luft]]}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "air"] Space made for a [[castling|castled]] king to give it a [[#flight square|flight square]] to prevent a [[#back-rank mate|back-rank mate]]. Usually luft is made by moving a [[#pawn|pawn]] on the second [[#rank|rank]] in front of the king.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=243}}
{{See also|#flight square|label1=flight square}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,421: Line 1,832:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= main line|content= main line {{anchor|Main line|main lines}} }}
{{anchor|Main line|main lines}}
{{defn|defn= The principal, most important, or most often played [[#variation|variation]] of an [[#opening|opening]].<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 152</ref>}}
{{term|term= main line|content= main line}}
{{defn|defn= The principal, most important, or most often played [[#variation|variation]] of an [[#opening|opening]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=152}}}}


{{term|term= majority|content= majority {{anchor|Majority|majorities}} }}
{{anchor|Majority|majorities}}
{{defn|defn= A larger number of pawns on one [[#flank|flank]] opposed by a smaller number of the opponent's; often a player with a majority on one flank has a minority on the other.<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 109">Pandolfini 1992, p. 109</ref> A ''central pawn majority'' is a larger number of pawns on the [[#center files|center files]].}}
{{term|term= majority|content= majority}}
{{defn|defn= A larger number of pawns on one [[#flank|flank]] opposed by a smaller number of the opponent's; often a player with a majority on one flank has a minority on the other.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=109}} A ''central pawn majority'' is a larger number of pawns on the [[#center files|center files]].}}


{{term|term= major piece|content= major piece {{anchor|Major piece|major pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Major piece|major pieces}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#queen|queen]] or [[#rook|rook]], also known as a ''heavy piece''.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 303</ref> The primary distinction of major pieces versus [[#minor piece|minor pieces]] is that major pieces are capable of checkmate with only their own king for support, as the enemy king is unable to step across the ranks and files they control. On an otherwise empty board, a major piece can move from any square to any other square in at most two moves.}}
{{term|term= major piece|content= major piece}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#queen|queen]] or [[#rook|rook]], also known as a ''heavy piece''.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=303}} The primary distinction of major pieces versus [[#minor piece|minor pieces]] is that major pieces are capable of checkmate with only their own king for support, as the enemy king is unable to step across the ranks and files they control. On an otherwise empty board, a major piece can move from any square to any other square in at most two moves.}}


{{term|term= man|content= man {{anchor|Man|men}} }}
{{anchor|Man|men}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]] or a [[#pawn|pawn]], when the term "piece" is used as exclusive of pawns.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 244</ref>}}
{{term|term= man|content= man}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]] or a [[#pawn|pawn]], when the term "piece" is used as exclusive of pawns.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=244}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 1,438: Line 1,853:
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|  |pd
|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|  |pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |pd|
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |pd|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |pl|nl|pl|  |  |
|  |  |pl|nl|pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|A typical Maróczy Bind position
|A typical '''Maróczy Bind''' position
}}
}}
{{term|term= Maróczy Bind|content= [[Maróczy Bind]] {{anchor|Maróczy Bind}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bind|bind]] on the light squares in the [[#center|center]], particularly d5, obtained by White by placing pawns on c4 and e4. Named for [[Géza Maróczy]], it originally referred to formations arising in some variations of the [[Sicilian Defense]], but the name is now also applied to similar setups in the [[English Opening]] and the [[Queen's Indian Defense]]. It was once greatly feared by Black but means of countering it have been developed since the 1980s and earlier.<ref>Kmoch 2013, p. 143</ref>}}


{{term|term= master|content= master {{anchor|Master|masters}} }}
{{anchor|Maróczy Bind}}
{{defn|defn= Loosely, a strong chess player who would be expected to beat most amateurs. It may also refer to a formal title such as [[#International Master|International Master]] or [[National Master]]. Standards vary, but a master will usually have an [[#Elo rating system|Elo rating]] of over 2200.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 234">Ashley 2007, p. 234</ref>}}
{{term|term= Maróczy Bind|content= [[Maróczy Bind]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bind|bind]] on the light squares in the [[#center|center]], particularly d5, obtained by White by placing pawns on c4 and e4. Named for [[Géza Maróczy]], it originally referred to formations arising in some variations of the [[Sicilian Defense]], but the name is now also applied to similar setups in the [[English Opening]] and the [[Queen's Indian Defense]]. It was once greatly feared by Black but means of countering it have been developed since the 1980s and earlier.{{Sfn|Kmoch|2013|p=143}}}}
 
{{anchor|Master|masters}}
{{term|term= master|content= master}}
{{defn|defn= Loosely, a strong chess player who would be expected to beat most amateurs. It may also refer to a formal title such as [[#International Master|International Master]] or [[National Master]]. Standards vary, but a master will usually have an [[#Elo rating system|Elo rating]] of over 2200.{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=234}}}}


{{term|term= match|content= match {{anchor|Match|matches}} }}
{{anchor|Match|matches}}
{{defn|defn= The term "match" does not refer to an individual game of chess, but to either a competition between two teams or a series of games between two individuals. A match may be the entire competition, or it may be a round in a [[#knockout tournament|knockout tournament]] or team tournament. A match between individuals usually consists of several games, continuing until one of the players has achieved either a set score or a set number of wins.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 234"/>}}
{{term|term= match|content= match}}
{{defn|defn= The term "match" does not refer to an individual game of chess, but to either a competition between two teams or a series of games between two individuals. A match may be the entire competition, or it may be a round in a [[#knockout tournament|knockout tournament]] or team tournament. A match between individuals usually consists of several games, continuing until one of the players has achieved either a set score or a set number of wins.{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=234}}}}


{{term|term= mate|content= mate {{anchor|Mate}} }}
{{anchor|Mate}}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#checkmate|checkmate]]''.<ref>Pandolfini 2008, p. 351</ref>}}
{{term|term= mate|content= mate}}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#checkmate|checkmate]]''.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2008|p=351}}}}


{{term|term= material|content= material {{anchor|Material}} }}
{{anchor|Material}}
{{defn|defn= A player's pieces and pawns on the board. The player with pieces and pawns of total greater value is said to have a ''material advantage''. Gaining a material advantage is called ''winning material''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref> See [[Chess piece relative value]].}}
{{term|term= material|content= material}}
{{defn|defn= A player's pieces and pawns on the board. The player with pieces and pawns of total greater value is said to have a ''material advantage''. Gaining a material advantage is called ''winning material''.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=436}} See [[Chess piece relative value]].}}


{{term|term= materialism|content= materialism {{anchor|Materialism|materialistic}} }}
{{anchor|Materialism|materialistic}}
{{defn|defn= Playstyle characterized by a willingness to win [[#material|material]] at the expense of positional considerations. Chess engines historically were often materialistic.<ref>Hartston 1997, p. 118</ref>}}
{{term|term= materialism|content= materialism}}
{{defn|defn= Playstyle characterized by a willingness to win [[#material|material]] at the expense of positional considerations. Chess engines historically were often materialistic.{{Sfn|Hartston|1997|p=118}}}}


{{term|term= mating attack|content= mating attack {{anchor|Mating attack|mating attacks}} }}
{{anchor|Mating attack|mating attacks}}
{{defn|defn= An attack aimed at [[#checkmate|checkmating]] the enemy [[#king|king]].<ref name="Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187">Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187</ref>}}
{{term|term= mating attack|content= mating attack}}
{{defn|defn= An attack aimed at [[#checkmate|checkmating]] the enemy [[#king|king]].{{Sfn|Waitzkin|Waitzkin|1995|p=187}}}}


{{term|term= mating net|content= mating net {{anchor|Mating net|mating nets}} }}
{{anchor|Mating net|mating nets}}
{{defn|defn= A position or series of moves that leads to [[#forced mate|forced mate]].<ref name="Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187">Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187</ref>}}
{{term|term= mating net|content= mating net}}
{{defn|defn= A position or series of moves that leads to [[#forced mate|forced mate]].{{Sfn|Waitzkin|Waitzkin|1995|p=187}}}}


{{term|term= MCO|content= ''[[Modern Chess Openings|MCO]]'' {{anchor|MCO}} }}
{{anchor|MCO}}
{{defn|defn= ''Modern Chess Openings'', a popular [[#opening|chess opening]] reference. Often the edition is also given, as in ''MCO-14'', the 14th edition. Cf. ''[[#ECO|ECO]]''.}}
{{term|term= MCO|content= ''[[Modern Chess Openings|MCO]]''}}
{{defn|defn= ''Modern Chess Openings'', a popular [[#opening|chess opening]] reference. Often the edition is also given, as in ''MCO-14'', the 14th edition.{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#ECO|ECO]]''.}}


{{term|term= middlegame|content= [[Chess middlegame|middlegame]] {{anchor|Middlegame|middlegames}} }}
{{anchor|Middlegame|middlegames}}
{{defn|defn= The part of a chess game that follows the [[#opening|opening]] and comes before the [[#endgame|endgame]], beginning after the pieces are developed in the opening. This is usually roughly moves 20 through 40.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref>}}
{{term|term= middlegame|content= [[Chess middlegame|middlegame]]}}
{{defn|defn= The part of a chess game that follows the [[#opening|opening]] and comes before the [[#endgame|endgame]], beginning after the pieces are developed in the opening. This is usually roughly moves 20 through 40.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=436}}}}


{{term|term= miniature|content= miniature {{anchor|Miniature|miniatures}} }}
{{anchor|Miniature|miniatures}}
{{defn|defn= A short game (usually no more than 20 to 25 moves), for example: 1.e3 e5 2.Qf3 d5 3.Nc3 e4 4.Qf4?? Bd6! and White resigned in Spiel–Künzel, Europe 1900,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3 |title=Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2 |website=Chess Edinburgh and Lothians |access-date=2012-05-02 |archive-date=2011-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916014322/http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> because the queen is trapped. However, some authors include games up to 30 moves.<ref>Nunn 1999, p. 6</ref> Usually only decisive games (not draws) are considered miniatures. Ideally, a miniature should not be spoiled by an obvious [[#blunder|blunder]] by the losing side. A miniature may also qualify as a [[#brilliancy|brilliancy]]. The [[Morphy versus the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard|Opera Game]] is a famous example. Sometimes called a ''brevity'' [chiefly British].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 55">Pandolfini 1996, p. 55</ref> See also {{seclink|Glossary of chess problems|miniature}}.}}
{{term|term= miniature|content= miniature}}
{{defn|defn= A short game (usually no more than 20 to 25 moves), for example: 1.e3 e5 2.Qf3 d5 3.Nc3 e4 4.Qf4?? Bd6! and White resigned in Spiel–Künzel, Europe 1900,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2 |url=http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916014322/http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3 |archive-date=2011-09-16 |access-date=2012-05-02 |website=Chess Edinburgh and Lothians}}</ref> because the queen is trapped. However, some authors include games up to 30 moves.{{Sfn|Nunn|1999|p=6}} Usually only decisive games (not draws) are considered miniatures. Ideally, a miniature should not be spoiled by an obvious [[#blunder|blunder]] by the losing side. A miniature may also qualify as a [[#brilliancy|brilliancy]]. The [[Morphy versus the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard|Opera Game]] is a famous example. Sometimes called a ''brevity'' [chiefly British].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=55}}{{See also|Glossary of chess problems#miniature}}}}


{{term|term= minor exchange|content= minor exchange {{anchor|Minor exchange|minor exchanges}} }}
{{anchor|Minor exchange|minor exchanges}}
{{defn|defn= The exchange of a [[#bishop|bishop]] for a [[#knight|knight]].<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 63</ref>}}
{{term|term= minor exchange|content= minor exchange}}
{{defn|defn= The exchange of a [[#bishop|bishop]] for a [[#knight|knight]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=63}}}}


{{term|term= minority|content= minority {{anchor|Minority|minorities}} }}
{{anchor|Minority|minorities}}
{{defn|defn= A smaller number of pawns on one [[#flank|flank]] opposed by a larger number of the opponent's; often a player with a minority on one flank has a majority on the other.<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 109">Pandolfini 1992, p. 109</ref>}}
{{term|term= minority|content= minority}}
{{defn|defn= A smaller number of pawns on one [[#flank|flank]] opposed by a larger number of the opponent's; often a player with a minority on one flank has a majority on the other.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=109}}}}


{{term|term= [[minority attack]]|content= [[minority attack]] {{anchor|Minority attack|minority attacks}} }}
{{anchor|Minority attack|minority attacks}}
{{defn|defn= An advance of [[#pawn|pawns]] on the side of the board where one has fewer pawns than the opponent, an attack strategy usually carried out to provoke a weakness.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref>}}
{{term|term= [[minority attack]]|content= [[minority attack]]}}
{{defn|defn= An advance of [[#pawn|pawns]] on the side of the board where one has fewer pawns than the opponent, an attack strategy usually carried out to provoke a weakness.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=436}}}}


{{term|term= minor piece|content= minor piece {{anchor|Minor piece|minor pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Minor piece|minor pieces}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] or [[#knight|knight]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref> Unlike [[#major piece|major pieces]], minor pieces are unable to contain the enemy king or block his advance alone, as he can simply pass through the holes in their line of attack. Compared to major pieces, minor pieces also find it difficult to navigate the entire board; a knight may require four moves to reach a square two squares away, while a bishop can only ever control half of all squares.}}
{{term|term= minor piece|content= minor piece}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] or [[#knight|knight]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=436}} Unlike [[#major piece|major pieces]], minor pieces are unable to contain the enemy king or block his advance alone, as he can simply pass through the holes in their line of attack. Compared to major pieces, minor pieces also find it difficult to navigate the entire board; a knight may require four moves to reach a square two squares away, while a bishop can only ever control half of all squares.}}


{{term|term= mobile pawn center|content= mobile pawn center {{anchor|Mobile pawn center|mobile pawn centre|Mobile pawn centre}} }}
{{anchor|Chess symbols|Mistake}}
{{defn|defn= [[#pawn|Pawns]] on [[#center|central squares]] able to advance without becoming weak.<ref>Keene 1989, p. 73</ref>}}
{{term|term= blunder|content= [[Chess symbols|Mistake]]}}
A bad move (indicated by "?" in chess [[#annotation|annotation]]).


{{term|term= mobility|content= mobility {{anchor|Mobility}} }}
{{anchor|Mobile pawn center|mobile pawn centre|Mobile pawn centre}}
{{defn|defn= The ability of a piece(s) to move around the board. Having ''[[#space|space]]''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref>}}
{{term|term= mobile pawn center|content= mobile pawn center}}
{{defn|defn= [[#pawn|Pawns]] on [[#center|central squares]] able to advance without becoming weak.{{Sfn|Keene|1989|p=73}}}}


{{term|term= mouse slip|content= mouse slip {{anchor|Mouse slip|mouse slips}} }}
{{anchor|Mobility}}
{{defn|defn= A fumble by a player in the use of a computer control tool while playing chess on the [[Internet]] that results in an unintended move, usually a [[#blunder|blunder]].<ref>[http://www.uschess.org/content/view/13082/826/] Klein, Mike. "Five Crowned In ChessKid.com National Championship". The United States Chess Federation website.9 June 2015 "The rules specify that mouse-slips stand, so Perkins' win drew him even with Vaidya at 3.0/4."</ref>}}
{{term|term= mobility|content= mobility}}
{{defn|defn= The ability of a piece(s) to move around the board. Having ''[[#space|space]]''.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=436}}}}


{{term|term= move|content= move {{anchor|Move|moves}} }}
{{anchor|Move|moves}}
{{defn|defn= A full move is a turn by both players, White and Black. A turn by either White or Black is a half-move, or (in computer context) one [[#ply|ply]].<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 12">Hochberg 2005, p. 12</ref>}}
{{term|term= move|content= move}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A turn taken by one of the players, moving a piece to a new square (sometimes with the [[#capture|capture]] of an opponent's piece or the [[#promotion|promotion]] of a pawn) or [[#castling|castling]].{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=12}}}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A turn by both players, White and Black: for example, in the context of the [[#fifty-move rule|50-move rule]], or when referring to the duration or stage of a game (as in "the position after move 15" or "the game ended after 27 moves"). A turn by either White or Black may then be called a half-move, or (in computer contexts) one [[#ply|ply]].{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=12}}}}


{{term|term= move order|content= move order {{anchor|Move order|move orders}} }}
{{anchor|Move order|move orders}}
{{defn|defn= The sequence of moves one chooses to play an [[#opening|opening]] or execute a plan. Different move orders often have different advantages and disadvantages. A plan that uses certain moves can sometimes be improved by making the identical moves but in a different sequence.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 185</ref> See also ''[[#transposition|transposition]]''.}}
{{term|term= move order|content= move order}}
{{defn|defn= The sequence of moves one chooses to play an [[#opening|opening]] or execute a plan. Different move orders often have different advantages and disadvantages. A plan that uses certain moves can sometimes be improved by making the identical moves but in a different sequence.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2005|p=185}}
{{See also|#transposition|label1=transposition}}}}


{{term|term= mysterious rook move|content= mysterious rook move {{anchor|Mysterious rook move|mysterious rook moves}} }}
{{anchor|Mysterious rook move|mysterious rook moves}}
{{defn|defn= Coined by [[Aron Nimzowitsch|Nimzowitsch]] to refer to the placing of a rook on a closed file in anticipation that the opponent is going to open the file. This move may either achieve a position with a rook on an open file, or it may alternatively hinder the opponent's intentions ([[#prophylaxis|prophylaxis]]). The meaning of the word has since expanded to refer to any rook move that appears to have a hidden purpose.<ref>Nimzowitsch 2014, p. 182</ref><ref>Hallman, 2013, p. 154</ref>}}
{{term|term= mysterious rook move|content= mysterious rook move}}
{{defn|defn= Coined by [[Aron Nimzowitsch|Nimzowitsch]] to refer to the placing of a rook on a closed file in anticipation that the opponent is going to open the file. This move may either achieve a position with a rook on an open file, or it may alternatively hinder the opponent's intentions ([[#prophylaxis|prophylaxis]]). The meaning of the word has since expanded to refer to any rook move that appears to have a hidden purpose.{{Sfn|Nimzowitsch|2014|p=182}}{{Sfn|Hallman|2013|p=154}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,514: Line 1,953:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= N|content = N {{anchor|N}} }}
{{anchor|N}}
{{term|term= N|content = N}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= Symbol used for the [[#knight|knight]] when recording chess moves in English.}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= Symbol used for the [[#knight|knight]] when recording chess moves in English.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An abbreviation for [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An abbreviation for [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]].}}


{{term|term= NCO|content = ''NCO'' {{anchor|NCO}} }}
{{anchor|NCO}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation sometimes used for the [[#opening|chess opening]] reference ''Nunn's Chess Openings''. Cf. ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' and ''[[#MCO|MCO]]''.}}
{{term|term= NCO|content = ''NCO''}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation sometimes used for the [[#opening|chess opening]] reference ''Nunn's Chess Openings''.{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' and ''[[#MCO|MCO]]''.}}


{{term|term= NN|content= NN {{anchor|NN}} }}
{{anchor|NN}}
{{defn|defn= Traditionally used in [[#game score|game scores]] to indicate a player whose name is not known. The origin is uncertain. It may be an abbreviation of the Latin ''nomina'' ("names"), or it may be short for the Latin phrase ''[[nomen nescio]]'' ("name unknown").<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 274</ref> Sometimes ''N.N.''}}
{{term|term= NN|content= NN}}
{{defn|defn= Traditionally used in [[#game score|game scores]] to indicate a player whose name is not known. The origin is uncertain. It may be an abbreviation of the Latin ''nomina'' ("names"), or it may be short for the Latin phrase ''[[nomen nescio]]'' ("name unknown").{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=274}} Sometimes ''N.N.''}}


{{term|term= norm|content= [[Norm (chess)|norm]] {{anchor|Norm|norms}} }}
{{anchor|Norm|norms}}
{{defn|defn=A step toward earning a [[chess title]], such as [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] or [[International Master]]. To qualify for the award of norms, a tournament must be rated by FIDE, must be sufficiently strong, must include a mix of nationalities, must include a specified number of titled players, and must meet certain other requirements regarding time control and playing conditions. The score necessary to qualify for a norm depends on the strength of the tournament. In practice, three norms are usually required for a title, though regulations have varied over the years.<ref name="FideNorms">{{Cite web|title=FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017|url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017|access-date=12 July 2020|website=FIDE}}</ref><ref>Agdestein 2013, p. 141</ref>}}
{{term|term= norm|content= [[Norm (chess)|norm]]}}
{{defn|defn=A step toward earning a [[chess title]], such as [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] or [[International Master]]. To qualify for the award of norms, a tournament must be rated by FIDE, must be sufficiently strong, must include a mix of nationalities, must include a specified number of titled players, and must meet certain other requirements regarding time control and playing conditions. The score necessary to qualify for a norm depends on the strength of the tournament. In practice, three norms are usually required for a title, though regulations have varied over the years.<ref name="FIDE Part B"/>{{Sfn|Agdestein|2013|p=141}}}}


{{term|term= notation|content= [[Chess notation|notation]] {{anchor|Notation|chess notation|Chess notation}} }}
{{anchor|Notation|chess notation|Chess notation}}
{{defn|defn=Any method of recording chess moves, allowing games to be later published, replayed and analyzed. The most common notation today is [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], which is used internationally. Formerly [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]] was standard in English language publications. There are also systems of notation for recording chess positions without the use of diagrams, the most common of which is [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] (FEN).<ref>Wilson 1994, p. 4</ref> Cf. ''[[#annotation|annotation]]''.}}
{{term|term= notation|content= [[Chess notation|notation]]}}
{{defn|defn=Any method of recording chess moves, allowing games to be later published, replayed and analyzed. The most common notation today is [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], which is used internationally. Formerly [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]] was standard in English language publications. There are also systems of notation for recording chess positions without the use of diagrams, the most common of which is [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] (FEN).{{Sfn|Wilson|1994|p=4}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#annotation|annotation]]''.}}


{{term|term= novelty|content= novelty {{anchor|Novelty|novelties}} }}
{{anchor|Novelty|novelties}}
{{term|term= novelty|content= novelty}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}


Line 1,538: Line 1,983:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= occupation|content= occupation {{anchor|Occupation}} }}
{{anchor|Occupation}}
{{defn|defn= Occupation of a rank or file means a rook or queen controls it; occupation of a square means a piece or pawn sits on it.<ref>Znosko-Borovsky 2012, pp. 118–19</ref><ref>Komarov & Djuric 2016, p.10</ref>}}
{{term|term= occupation|content= occupation}}
{{defn|defn= Occupation of a rank or file means a rook or queen controls it; occupation of a square means a piece or pawn sits on it.{{Sfn|Komarov|Djuric|2016|p=10}}}}


{{term|term= octopus|content= octopus {{anchor|Octopus}} }}
{{anchor|Octopus}}
{{defn|defn= A strongly positioned knight in enemy territory. A knight not near the edge reaches out in eight directions, like the eight tentacles of an octopus.<ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 13</ref>}}
{{term|term= octopus|content= octopus}}
{{defn|defn= A strongly positioned knight in enemy territory. A knight not near the edge reaches out in eight directions, like the eight tentacles of an octopus.{{Sfn|van de Oudeweetering|2014|p=13}}}}


{{term|term= odds|content= [[Chess handicap|odds]] {{anchor|Odds}} }}
{{anchor|Odds}}
{{defn|defn= This refers to the stronger player giving the weaker player some sort of advantage in order to make the game more competitive. It may be an advantage in [[#material|material]], in extra moves, in time on the [[#chess clock|clock]], or some combination of those elements. Since the advent of the chess clock, time odds have become more common than material odds.<ref>Keene 1989, p. 182</ref>}}
{{term|term= odds|content= [[Chess handicap|odds]]}}
{{defn|defn= This refers to the stronger player giving the weaker player some sort of advantage in order to make the game more competitive. It may be an advantage in [[#material|material]], in extra moves, in time on the [[#chess clock|clock]], or some combination of those elements. Since the advent of the chess clock, time odds have become more common than material odds.{{Sfn|Keene|1989|p=182}}}}


{{term|term= offhand game|content= offhand game {{anchor|Offhand game|offhand games}} }}
{{anchor|Offhand game|offhand games}}
{{term|term= offhand game|content= offhand game}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#skittles|skittles]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#skittles|skittles]]''.}}


{{term|term= Olympiad|content= [[Chess Olympiad|Olympiad]] {{anchor|Olympiad|Olympiads}} }}
{{anchor|Olympiad|Olympiads}}
{{term|term= Olympiad|content= [[Chess Olympiad|Olympiad]]}}
{{defn|defn= An international team chess tournament organized biennially by [[#FIDE|FIDE]]. Each team represents a FIDE member country.}}
{{defn|defn= An international team chess tournament organized biennially by [[#FIDE|FIDE]]. Each team represents a FIDE member country.}}


Line 1,558: Line 2,008:
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
| The e-file is open in the [[French Defence#Exchange Variation|French Defense, Exchange Variation]] after 3.exd5 exd5.
|The e-file is '''open''' in the [[French Defence#Exchange Variation|French Defense, Exchange Variation]] after 3.exd5 exd5.
}}
}}
{{term|term= open file|content= [[open file]] {{anchor|Open file|open files|Open files}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which there are no [[#pawn|pawns]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref> Cf. ''[[#half-open file|half-open file]]''.}}


{{term|term= open game|content= open game {{anchor|open game|open games|open position|open positions}} }}
{{anchor|Open file|open files|Open files}}
{{defn|defn= A game in which exchanges have opened files and diagonals, and there are few pawns in the center, as opposed to a ''[[#closed game|closed game]]''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 437">Silman 1999, p. 437</ref> See also ''[[#positional play|positional play]]''.}}
{{term|term= open file|content= [[open file]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which there are no [[#pawn|pawns]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=59}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#half-open file|half-open file]]''.}}


{{term|term= Open Game|content= [[Open Game]] {{anchor|Open Game|Open Games}} }}
{{anchor|open game|open games|open position|open positions}}
{{defn|defn= Any [[#opening|opening]] that begins with the moves 1.e4 e5. Examples of Open Games include the [[Ruy Lopez]], the [[Giuoco Piano]], the [[Danish Gambit]], and many others. The Open Game is also referred to as a ''Double King's Pawn Opening'' or ''Double King's Pawn Game''.}}
{{term|term= open game|content= open game}}
{{defn|defn= A game in which exchanges have opened files and diagonals, and there are few pawns in the center, as opposed to a ''[[#closed game|closed game]]''.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=437}}
{{See also|#positional play|label1=positional play}}}}


{{term|term= opening|content= [[Chess opening|opening]] {{anchor|Opening|openings}} }}
{{anchor|Open Game|Open Games}}
{{defn|defn= The beginning phase of the game, roughly the first dozen moves, but it can extend much farther. In the opening players set up their [[#pawn structure|pawn structures]], [[#development|develop]] their pieces, and usually [[castling|castle]]. The opening precedes the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 437">Silman 1999, p. 437</ref>}}
{{term|term= Open Game|content= [[Open Game]]}}
{{defn|defn= Any [[#opening|opening]] that begins with the moves 1.e4 e5. Examples of Open Games include the [[Ruy Lopez]], the [[Giuoco Piano]], the [[Danish Gambit]], and many others. The Open Game is also referred to as a ''Double King's Pawn Opening'' or ''Double King's Pawn Game''.{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#Closed Game|Closed Game]]''.
{{See also|#Semi-Open Game|label1=Semi-Open Game}}}}


{{term|term= opening innovation|content= opening innovation {{anchor|Opening innovation|opening innovations}} }}
{{anchor|Opening|openings}}
{{term|term= opening|content= [[Chess opening|opening]]}}
{{defn|defn= The beginning phase of the game, roughly the first dozen moves, but it can extend much farther. In the opening players set up their [[#pawn structure|pawn structures]], [[#development|develop]] their pieces, and usually [[castling|castle]]. The opening precedes the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=437}}}}
 
{{anchor|Opening innovation|opening innovations}}
{{term|term= opening innovation|content= opening innovation}}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}


{{term|term= opening preparation|content= opening preparation {{anchor|Opening preparation|opening preparations}} }}
{{anchor|Opening preparation|opening preparations}}
{{defn|defn= Home study and analysis of [[#opening|openings]] and defenses that one expects to play, or meet, in later tournament or match games. In high-level play, an important part of this is the search for [[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelties]] that improve upon previous play or previously published analysis.<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 19</ref>}}
{{term|term= opening preparation|content= opening preparation}}
{{defn|defn= Home study and analysis of [[#opening|openings]] and defenses that one expects to play, or meet, in later tournament or match games. In high-level play, an important part of this is the search for [[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelties]] that improve upon previous play or previously published analysis.{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=19}}}}


{{term|term= opening repertoire|content= opening repertoire {{anchor|Opening repertoire|opening repertoires}} }}
{{anchor|Opening repertoire|opening repertoires}}
{{defn|defn= The set of [[#opening|openings]] played by a particular player. The breadth of different players' repertoires varies from very narrow to very broad.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 166</ref>}}
{{term|term= opening repertoire|content= opening repertoire}}
{{defn|defn= The set of [[#opening|openings]] played by a particular player. The breadth of different players' repertoires varies from very narrow to very broad.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=166}}}}


{{term|term= opening system|content= opening system {{anchor|Opening system|opening systems}} }}
{{anchor|Opening system|opening systems}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that is defined by one player's moves and that can be played generally regardless of the moves of the opponent, with the goal of reaching a desired type of [[#middlegame|middlegame]] position. Sometimes several different [[#move order|move orders]] are possible. Examples include the [[Colle System]] and [[Hippopotamus Defense]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 405</ref>}}
{{term|term= opening system|content= opening system}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that is defined by one player's moves and that can be played generally regardless of the moves of the opponent, with the goal of reaching a desired type of [[#middlegame|middlegame]] position. Sometimes several different [[#move order|move orders]] are possible. Examples include the [[Colle System]] and [[Hippopotamus Defense]].{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=405}}}}


{{term|term= open lines|content= open lines {{anchor|Open lines|open line}} }}
{{anchor|Open lines|open line}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= ''n''. Unobstructed [[#file|files]] and [[#diagonal|diagonals]]. See also ''[[#open game|open game]]''.}}  
{{term|term= open lines|content= open lines}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= ''n''. Unobstructed [[#file|files]] and [[#diagonal|diagonals]].
{{See also|#open game|label1=open game}}}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= ''v''. To move or exchange pawns to bring about unobstructed files and diagonals.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= ''v''. To move or exchange pawns to bring about unobstructed files and diagonals.}}


{{term|term= open tournament|content= open tournament {{anchor|Open tournament|open tournaments}} }}
{{anchor|Open tournament|open tournaments}}
{{defn|defn= A tournament where anyone can enter, regardless of rating or invitation.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 167</ref> Cf. ''[[#closed tournament|closed tournament]]''.}}
{{term|term= open tournament|content= open tournament}}
{{defn|defn= A tournament where anyone can enter, regardless of rating or invitation.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=167}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#closed tournament|closed tournament]]''.}}


{{term|term= opposite castling|content= [[Castling#Strategy|opposite castling]] {{anchor|Opposite castling|opposite-side castling|Opposite-side castling}} }}
{{anchor|Opposite castling|opposite-side castling|Opposite-side castling}}
{{term|term= opposite castling|content= [[Castling#Strategy|opposite castling]]}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''opposite-side castling'''. Describes when one player has castled [[#kingside|kingside]] and the opponent has castled [[#queenside|queenside]].}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''opposite-side castling'''. Describes when one player has castled [[#kingside|kingside]] and the opponent has castled [[#queenside|queenside]].}}


{{term|term= opposite-colored bishops|content= opposite-colored bishops {{anchor|Opposite-colored bishops|opposite-coloured bishops|Opposite-coloured bishops|Opposite color bishops|Opposite colour bishops|Opposite colored bishops|Opposite coloured bishops}} }}
{{anchor|Opposite-colored bishops|opposite-coloured bishops|Opposite-coloured bishops|Opposite color bishops|Opposite colour bishops|Opposite colored bishops|Opposite coloured bishops}}
{{term|term= opposite-colored bishops|content= opposite-colored bishops}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#bishops on opposite colors|bishops on opposite colors]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#bishops on opposite colors|bishops on opposite colors]]''.}}


{{term|term= opposition|content= [[Opposition (chess)|opposition]] {{anchor|Opposition}} }}
{{anchor|Opposition}}
{{defn|defn= A position in which two kings stand on the same rank, file, or diagonal with one empty square between them. The player to move may be forced to move the king to a less advantageous square. Opposition is a particularly important concept in [[#endgame|endgames]].<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 60</ref> One orthogonal square separation is ''direct opposition''; one diagonal square is ''diagonal opposition''; multiple squares separation is ''distant opposition''. Cf. ''[[#corresponding squares|corresponding squares]]''.}}
{{term|term= opposition|content= [[Opposition (chess)|opposition]]}}
{{defn|defn= A position in which two kings stand on the same rank, file, or diagonal with one empty square between them. The player to move may be forced to move the king to a less advantageous square. Opposition is a particularly important concept in [[#endgame|endgames]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2014|p=60}} One orthogonal square separation is ''direct opposition''; one diagonal square is ''diagonal opposition''; multiple squares separation is ''distant opposition''.{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#corresponding squares|corresponding squares]]''.}}


{{term|term= optimal play|content= optimal play {{anchor|Optimal play}} }}
{{anchor|Optimal play}}
{{defn|defn= See [[Best response]]. Both sides playing their best move at each turn, or one of equally good alternatives. One side tries to win as quickly as possible while the other side tries to delay it as long as possible, or optimal play may result in a draw. Cf. {{seclink|Solved game|Perfect play}}.}}
{{term|term= optimal play|content= optimal play}}
{{defn|defn= See [[Best response]]. Both sides playing their best move at each turn, or one of equally good alternatives. One side tries to win as quickly as possible while the other side tries to delay it as long as possible, or optimal play may result in a draw.{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} [[Solved game#Perfect play]]}}


{{term|term= OTB|content = OTB {{anchor|OTB}} }}
{{anchor|OTB}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#over the board|over the board]].<ref name="Webb 2006, p. 72">Webb 2006, p. 72</ref>}}
{{term|term= OTB|content = OTB}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#over the board|over the board]].{{Sfn|Webb|2006|p=72}}}}


{{term|term= outpost|content= [[Outpost (chess)|outpost]] {{anchor|Outpost|outposts}} }}
{{anchor|Outpost|outposts}}
{{defn|defn= An outpost is a square protected by a pawn that is in or near the enemy's stronghold. Outposts are a favorable position from which one can launch an attack, particularly using a knight.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 113</ref>}}
{{term|term= outpost|content= [[Outpost (chess)|outpost]]}}
{{defn|defn= An outpost is a square protected by a pawn that is in or near the enemy's stronghold. Outposts are a favorable position from which one can launch an attack, particularly using a knight.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=113}}}}


{{term|term= outside passed pawn|content= [[Passed pawn#Outside passed pawn|outside passed pawn]] {{anchor|Outside passed pawn|outside passed pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Outside passed pawn|outside passed pawns}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] near the edge of the board and not in the path of threats from the opponent's pawns. In the [[#endgame|endgame]], such a pawn can constitute a strong advantage, because it threatens to promote, and it also diverts the opponent's forces to restrain its advance.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 305</ref>}}
{{term|term= outside passed pawn|content= [[Passed pawn#Outside passed pawn|outside passed pawn]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] near the edge of the board and not in the path of threats from the opponent's pawns. In the [[#endgame|endgame]], such a pawn can constitute a strong advantage, because it threatens to promote, and it also diverts the opponent's forces to restrain its advance.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=305}}}}


{{term|term= overextended|content= overextended {{anchor|Overextended}} }}
{{anchor|Overextended}}
{{defn|defn= An overextended position results when a player has advanced pawns too far into the opponent's side without sufficient support. The premature advance can leave weaknesses in the player's camp or the advanced pawns themselves may be weak ("overextended pawns").<ref>Seirwan & Silman 2005, p. 246; Horton 1959, p. 147</ref>}}
{{term|term= overextended|content= overextended}}
{{defn|defn= An overextended position results when a player has advanced pawns too far into the opponent's side without sufficient support. The premature advance can leave weaknesses in the player's camp or the advanced pawns themselves may be weak ("overextended pawns").{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=246}}{{Sfn|Horton|1973|p=147}}}}


{{term|term= overloaded|content= [[Overloading (chess)|overloaded]] {{anchor|Overloaded|overloading|Overloading}} }}
{{anchor|Overloaded|overloading|Overloading}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that has too many defensive duties. An overloaded piece can sometimes be [[#deflect|deflected]], or required to abandon one of its defensive duties.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 237</ref>}}
{{term|term= overloaded|content= [[Overloading (chess)|overloaded]]}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that has too many defensive duties. An overloaded piece can sometimes be [[#deflect|deflected]], or required to abandon one of its defensive duties.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=237}}}}


{{term|term= overprotection|content= overprotection {{anchor|Overprotection}} }}
{{anchor|Overprotection}}
{{defn|defn= The strategy of protecting an important pawn or square more than is apparently necessary. This serves to dissuade the opponent from attacking that point, and the latent power of the "over protectors" assembled around an important point is a significant threat that can bear fruit at a small tactical change in the position. [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] coined the term and was a proponent of overprotection.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 438">Silman 1999, p. 438</ref>}}
{{term|term= overprotection|content= overprotection}}
{{defn|defn= The strategy of protecting an important pawn or square more than is apparently necessary. This serves to dissuade the opponent from attacking that point, and the latent power of the "over protectors" assembled around an important point is a significant threat that can bear fruit at a small tactical change in the position. [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] coined the term and was a proponent of overprotection.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=438}}}}


{{term|term= over the board|content= over the board {{anchor|Over the board|over the board (OTB)|over-the-board|Over-the-board}} }}
{{anchor|Over the board|over the board (OTB)|over-the-board|Over-the-board}}
{{term|term= over the board|content= over the board}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= An over-the-board game is played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to a remote opponent as in [[Internet chess server|online chess]] or [[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]].}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= An over-the-board game is played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to a remote opponent as in [[Internet chess server|online chess]] or [[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= Analysis carried out during a game in real time (not necessarily a face-to-face game) as opposed to during [[#prepared variation|preparation]]. Finding accurate moves over the board is harder than finding them with computer assistance in one's own time. "I looked up the [[#gambit|gambit]] Smith played and there's a [[#line|line]] that [[#refute|refutes]] it, but I couldn't find it over the board."<ref name="Webb 2006, p. 72">Webb 2006, p. 72</ref>}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= Analysis carried out during a game in real time (not necessarily a face-to-face game) as opposed to during [[#prepared variation|preparation]]. Finding accurate moves over the board is harder than finding them with computer assistance in one's own time. "I looked up the [[#gambit|gambit]] Smith played and there's a [[#line|line]] that [[#refute|refutes]] it, but I couldn't find it over the board."{{Sfn|Webb|2006|p=72}}}}
{{defn|Abbr. OTB.}}
{{defn|Abbr. OTB.}}


{{term|term= overworked|content= overworked {{anchor|Overworked}} }}
{{anchor|Overworked}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#overloaded|overloaded]]''.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 246; Brace 1977, p. 208; Horton 1959, p. 147</ref>}}
{{term|term= overworked|content= overworked}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#overloaded|overloaded]]''.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=246}}{{Sfn|Brace|1977|p=208}}{{Sfn|Horton|1973|p=147}}}}
{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}


Line 1,639: Line 2,115:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= P|content= P {{anchor|P|p}} }}
{{anchor|P|p}}
{{term|term= P|content= P}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#pawn|pawn]] when recording chess positions in English; a lowercase '''p''' is typically used for a Black pawn. Also used for the pawn when recording chess moves in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]], e.g. P-K4.}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#pawn|pawn]] when recording chess positions in English; a lowercase '''p''' is typically used for a Black pawn. Also used for the pawn when recording chess moves in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]], e.g. P-K4.}}


{{term|term= pairing|content= pairing {{anchor|Pairing|pairings}} }}
{{anchor|Pairing|pairings}}
{{defn|defn= The assignment of opponents in a [[#tournament|tournament]]. The most common pairing methods used in chess tournaments are [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin]] and the [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss system]].<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 172</ref>}}
{{term|term= pairing|content= pairing}}
{{defn|defn= The assignment of opponents in a [[#tournament|tournament]]. The most common pairing methods used in chess tournaments are [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin]] and the [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss system]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=172}}}}


{{term|term= passar battaglia|content= ''passar battaglia'' {{anchor|Passar battaglia}} }}
{{anchor|Passar battaglia}}
{{defn|defn= [from Italian, "to dodge the fight"] The former rule that a pawn could evade capture by an opposing pawn by its initial two-square advance, in contrast to the ''[[#En passant|en passant]]'' rule. ''Passar battaglia'' remained the practice in several parts of Europe long after ''en passant'' was introduced, and it was not completely abandoned until 1880 when Italy adopted the ''en passant'' rule.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 291</ref>}}
{{term|term= passar battaglia|content= ''passar battaglia''}}
{{defn|defn= [from Italian, "to dodge the fight"] The former rule that a pawn could evade capture by an opposing pawn by its initial two-square advance, in contrast to the ''[[#En passant|en passant]]'' rule. ''Passar battaglia'' remained the practice in several parts of Europe long after ''en passant'' was introduced, and it was not completely abandoned until 1880 when Italy adopted the ''en passant'' rule.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=291}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|  |  |  |  |kd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |kd|  |  |  
|  |pl|  |  |  |pd|  |
|  |pl|  |  |  |pd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nd|pd|
|  |  |  |  |  |nd|pd|  
|pd|  |  |pd|  |  |  |
|pd|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  
|pl|  |  |  |pl|  |  |
|pl|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |bl|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |bl|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |kl|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |kl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|White with a passed pawn on b7. Black has a passed pawn on g6.
|White with a '''passed pawn''' on b7. Black has a '''passed pawn''' on g6. The black pawn on f7 is not passed because the white pawn on e4 is adjacent and can threaten it.
}}
}}
{{term|term= passed pawn|content= [[passed pawn]] {{anchor|Passed pawn|passed pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that has no pawn of the opposite color on its [[#file|file]] or on an adjacent file to challenge or threaten its potential for [[#queening|queening]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 61">Staunton 2014, p. 61</ref>}}


{{term|term= passer|content= passer {{anchor|Passer|passers}} }}
{{anchor|Passed pawn|passed pawns}}
{{defn|defn= A ''[[#passed pawn|passed pawn]]''.<ref>Kmoch 2013, p. 18</ref>}}
{{term|term= passed pawn|content= [[passed pawn]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that has no pawn of the opposite color on its [[#file|file]] or on an adjacent file to challenge or threaten its potential for [[#queening|queening]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=61}}}}
 
{{anchor|Passer|passers}}
{{term|term= passer|content= passer}}
{{defn|defn= A ''[[#passed pawn|passed pawn]]''.{{Sfn|Kmoch|2013|p=18}}}}


{{term|term= passive|content= passive {{anchor|Passive}} }}
{{anchor|Passive}}
{{defn|defn= Describes a [[#piece|piece]] or pawn that is inactive and able to move to or control relatively few squares, or a position without possibilities for [[#attack|attack]] or [[#counterplay|counterplay]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 438">Silman 1999, p. 438</ref> Antonym: ''[[#active|active]]''.}}
{{term|term= passive|content= passive}}
{{defn|defn= Describes a [[#piece|piece]] or pawn that is inactive and able to move to or control relatively few squares, or a position without possibilities for [[#attack|attack]] or [[#counterplay|counterplay]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=438}}{{Indent|6}}Antonym: ''[[#active|active]]''.}}


{{term|term= passive sacrifice|content= passive sacrifice {{anchor|Passive sacrifice}} }}
{{anchor|Passive sacrifice}}
{{term|term= passive sacrifice|content= passive sacrifice}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a piece, by moving a different piece, leaving the sacrificed piece under attack.}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a piece, by moving a different piece, leaving the sacrificed piece under attack.}}


{{term|term= pattern recognition |content= [[Pattern recognition (psychology)|pattern recognition]] {{anchor| Pattern recognition}} }}
{{anchor| Pattern recognition}}
{{defn|defn= A part of chess thinking that involves remembering and recognizing certain recurring positional aspects large and small, visual and dynamic. It is a kind of thinking that gives an advantage to a player with great experience. It is distinct from the intellectual activity of [[#calculation|calculation]]. It uses intuitive thinking that is familiar to humans, but is foreign to computers. It can be developed by studying [[chess puzzle]]s. It has been studied by [[Adriaan de Groot]], and other scientists, who have attempted to discover how chess players think.<ref>de Groot 2008, pp. 189–203</ref><ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 7</ref>}}
{{term|term= pattern recognition |content= [[Pattern recognition (psychology)|pattern recognition]]}}
{{defn|defn= A part of chess thinking that involves remembering and recognizing certain recurring positional aspects large and small, visual and dynamic. It is a kind of thinking that gives an advantage to a player with great experience. It is distinct from the intellectual activity of [[#calculation|calculation]]. It uses intuitive thinking that is familiar to humans, but is foreign to computers. It can be developed by studying [[chess puzzle]]s. It has been studied by [[Adriaan de Groot]], and other scientists, who have attempted to discover how chess players think.{{Sfn|de Groot|2008|pp=189–203}}{{Sfn|van de Oudeweetering|2014|p=7}}}}


{{term|term= patzer|content= patzer {{anchor|Patzer|patzers}} }}
{{anchor|Patzer|patzers}}
{{defn|defn= A weak chess player (from {{langx|de|patzen}}, "to bungle").<ref>Kaan 2016, p. 19</ref> See also ''[[#woodpusher|woodpusher]]''.}}
{{term|term= patzer|content= patzer}}
{{defn|defn= A weak chess player (from {{langx|de|patzen}}, "to bungle").{{Sfn|Kaan|2016|p=19}}
{{See also|#woodpusher|label1=woodpusher}}}}


{{term|term= pawn|content= [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]] {{anchor|Pawn|pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn|pawns}}
{{term|term= pawn|content= [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]]}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that can move one square directly forward, or on its first move, can move two squares directly forward.  It can also move one square diagonally forward when capturing. It may capture ''[[#en passant|en passant]]''. Upon reaching its eighth [[#rank|rank]], it is [[#promoted|promoted]] to a same-colored [[#queen|queen]], [[#rook|rook]], [[#bishop|bishop]], or [[#knight|knight]].}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that can move one square directly forward, or on its first move, can move two squares directly forward.  It can also move one square diagonally forward when capturing. It may capture ''[[#en passant|en passant]]''. Upon reaching its eighth [[#rank|rank]], it is [[#promoted|promoted]] to a same-colored [[#queen|queen]], [[#rook|rook]], [[#bishop|bishop]], or [[#knight|knight]].}}


{{term|term= pawn and move|content= [[Chess handicap|pawn and move]] {{anchor|Pawn and move}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn and move}}
{{defn|defn= A type of odds game, common in the 18th and 19th centuries, in which the superior player plays Black and begins the game with one of their pawns, usually the king bishop pawn, removed from the board; plus White gets an extra move at the start.<ref>Staunton 1875, p. 41</ref>}}
{{term|term= pawn and move|content= [[Chess handicap|pawn and move]]}}
{{defn|defn= A type of odds game, common in the 18th and 19th centuries, in which the superior player plays Black and begins the game with one of their pawns, usually the king bishop pawn, removed from the board; plus White gets an extra move at the start.{{Sfn|Staunton|1875|p=41}}}}


{{term|term= pawn break|content= pawn break {{anchor|Pawn break|pawn breaks}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn break|pawn breaks}}
{{defn|defn= A pawn move that attacks an enemy pawn in order to open up [[#line|lines]] and/or challenge the opponent's [[#pawn structure|pawn structure]]. See also ''[[#break|break]]''.}}
{{term|term= pawn break|content= pawn break}}
{{defn|defn= A pawn move that attacks an enemy pawn in order to open up [[#line|lines]] or challenge the opponent's [[#pawn structure|pawn structure]].
{{See also|#break|label1=break}}}}


{{col-begin|width=auto; float:right; clear:right}}
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:right; clear:right}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|  |rd|kd|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|  |rd|kd|  
|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|bd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|bd|pd
|  |  |  |pd|  |nd|pd|
|  |  |  |pd|  |nd|pd|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |pl|pl|pl|pl|  |
|  |  |pl|pl|pl|pl|  |  
|  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|  |  |  |  |pl|pl
|pl|pl|  |  |  |  |pl|pl
|rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|White has a large pawn center in the [[King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack]].
|White has a large '''pawn center''' in the [[King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack]].
}}
}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Line 1,715: Line 2,206:
|  |pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|  |pl|  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|Pawn chains in the [[French Defence#Advance Variation|French Defense, Advance Variation]]
|'''Pawn chains''' in the [[French Defence#Advance Variation|French Defense, Advance Variation]]
}}
}}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
{{term|term= pawn center|content= pawn center {{anchor|Pawn center|pawn centre|Pawn centre}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''pawn centre'''. A player's [[#pawn|pawns]] in the [[#center|center]] of the board. Pawns on the squares adjacent to the center may also be considered part of the pawn center. Having a strong pawn center was considered absolutely essential until the [[#hypermodernism|hypermodernist]] school introduced some new ideas.<ref>Keene 1989, p. 183</ref> Often shortened to '''center'''. See [[King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack]] for an example of an opening leading to an extended pawn center.}}


{{term|term= pawn chain|content= pawn chain {{anchor|Pawn chain|pawn chains}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn center|pawn centre|Pawn centre}}
{{defn|defn= Two or more pawns of the same color diagonally linked. A pawn chain's weakest point is the base because it is not protected by another pawn.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 438">Silman 1999, p. 438</ref> See also ''[[#pawn structure|pawn structure]]''.}}
{{term|term= pawn center|content= pawn center}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''pawn centre'''. A player's [[#pawn|pawns]] in the [[#center|center]] of the board. Pawns on the squares adjacent to the center may also be considered part of the pawn center. Having a strong pawn center was considered absolutely essential until the [[#hypermodernism|hypermodernist]] school introduced some new ideas.{{Sfn|Keene|1989|p=183}} Often shortened to '''center'''. See [[King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack]] for an example of an opening leading to an extended pawn center.}}
 
{{anchor|Pawn chain|pawn chains}}
{{term|term= pawn chain|content= pawn chain}}
{{defn|defn= Two or more pawns of the same color diagonally linked. A pawn chain's weakest point is the base because it is not protected by another pawn.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=438}}
{{See also|#pawn structure|label1=pawn structure}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 1,729: Line 2,224:
|rd|  |  |qd|kd|  |  |rd
|rd|  |  |qd|kd|  |  |rd
|pd|  |pd|bd|  |pd|pd|pd
|pd|  |pd|bd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |bd|pd|pl|  |  |
|  |  |bd|pd|pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |bl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |bl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|Black has three pawn islands and White has two. The pawn on e5 is not isolated because it is adjacent to a file that has a white pawn.
|Black has three '''pawn islands''' and White has two. The pawn on e5 is not isolated because it is adjacent to a file that has a white pawn.
}}
}}
{{term|term= pawn island|content= pawn island {{anchor|Pawn island|pawn islands}} }}
{{defn|defn= A group of [[#pawn|pawns]] of one color on consecutive files with no other pawns of the same color on an adjacent file. A pawn island consisting of one pawn is an [[#isolated pawn|isolated pawn]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref>}}


{{term|term= pawn majority|content= pawn majority {{anchor|Pawn majority|pawn majorities}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn island|pawn islands}}
{{term|term= pawn island|content= pawn island}}
{{defn|defn= A group of [[#pawn|pawns]] of one color on consecutive files with no other pawns of the same color on an adjacent file. A pawn island consisting of one pawn is an [[#isolated pawn|isolated pawn]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=439}}}}
 
{{anchor|Pawn majority|pawn majorities}}
{{term|term= pawn majority|content= pawn majority}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#majority|majority]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#majority|majority]]''.}}


{{term|term= pawn minority|content= pawn minority {{anchor|Pawn minority|pawn minorities}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn minority|pawn minorities}}
{{term|term= pawn minority|content= pawn minority}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#minority|minority]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#minority|minority]]''.}}


{{term|term= pawn race|content= pawn race {{anchor|Pawn race}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn race}}
{{term|term= pawn race|content= pawn race}}
{{defn|defn= A situation where both opponents are [[#push|pushing]] a [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] in effort to be first to [[#promotion|promote]].}}
{{defn|defn= A situation where both opponents are [[#push|pushing]] a [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] in effort to be first to [[#promotion|promote]].}}


{{term|term= pawn roller|content= pawn roller {{anchor|Pawn roller|pawn rollers}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn roller|pawn rollers}}
{{term|term= pawn roller|content= pawn roller}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#connected pawns|connected]] [[#passed pawn|passed pawns]]. "Roller" refers to their ability to defend one another as they advance toward [[#promotion|promotion]].}}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#connected pawns|connected]] [[#passed pawn|passed pawns]]. "Roller" refers to their ability to defend one another as they advance toward [[#promotion|promotion]].}}


{{term|term= pawn skeleton|content= pawn skeleton {{anchor|Pawn skeleton|pawn skeletons}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn skeleton|pawn skeletons}}
{{term|term= pawn skeleton|content= pawn skeleton}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#pawn structure|pawn structure]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#pawn structure|pawn structure]]''.}}


{{term|term= pawn storm|content= [[pawn storm]] {{anchor|Pawn storm|pawn storms}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn storm|pawn storms}}
{{defn|defn= An attacking technique where a group of pawns on one wing is advanced to break up the defense.<ref>Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 83</ref>}}
{{term|term= pawn storm|content= [[pawn storm]]}}
{{defn|defn= An attacking technique where a group of pawns on one wing is advanced to break up the defense.{{Sfn|Waitzkin|Waitzkin|1995|p=83}}}}


{{term|term= pawn structure|content= [[pawn structure]] {{anchor|Pawn structure}} }}
{{anchor|Pawn structure}}
{{defn|defn= The placement of the pawns during the course of a game. As pawns are the least mobile of the pieces and the only pieces unable to move backwards, the position of the pawns greatly influences the character of the game.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 238</ref> Also called ''pawn skeleton''.}}
{{term|term= pawn structure|content= [[pawn structure]]}}
{{defn|defn= The placement of the pawns during the course of a game. As pawns are the least mobile of the pieces and the only pieces unable to move backwards, the position of the pawns greatly influences the character of the game.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=238}} Also called ''pawn skeleton''.}}


{{term|term= PCA|content= [[Professional Chess Association|PCA]] {{anchor|PCA}} }}
{{anchor|PCA}}
{{term|term= PCA|content= [[Professional Chess Association|PCA]]}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the Professional Chess Association.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the Professional Chess Association.}}


{{term|term= performance rating|content= [[Performance rating (chess)|performance rating]] {{anchor|Performance rating|performance ratings}} }}
{{anchor|Performance rating|performance ratings}}
{{defn|defn= A number reflecting the approximate [[#Elo rating system|rating]] level at which a player performed in a particular [[#tournament|tournament]] or [[#match|match]]. It is often calculated by adding together the player's performances in each individual game, using the opponent's rating for a draw, adding 400 points to the opponent's rating for a win, and subtracting 400 points from the opponent's rating for a loss, then dividing by the total number of games. For example, a player who beat a 2400-rated player, lost to a 2600, drew a 2500, and beat a 2300, would have a performance rating of 2550 (i.e. 2800 + 2200 + 2500 + 2700, divided by 4).<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 202</ref> Abbr. PR.}}
{{term|term= performance rating|content= [[Performance rating (chess)|performance rating]] ("PR")}}
{{defn|defn= A number reflecting the approximate [[#Elo rating system|rating]] level at which a player performed in a particular [[#tournament|tournament]] or [[#match|match]]. It is often calculated by adding together the player's performances in each individual game, using the opponent's rating for a draw, adding 400 points to the opponent's rating for a win, and subtracting 400 points from the opponent's rating for a loss, then dividing by the total number of games. For example, a player who beat a 2400-rated player, lost to a 2600, drew a 2500, and beat a 2300, would have a performance rating of 2550 (i.e. 2800 + 2200 + 2500 + 2700, divided by 4).{{Sfn|United States Chess Federation|2003|page=202}}}}


{{term|term= perpetual check|content= [[perpetual check]] {{anchor|Perpetual check|perpetual checks|perpetual}} }}
{{anchor|Perpetual check|perpetual checks|perpetual}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''perpetual'''. When a player puts the opponent in check and the check could be repeated endlessly, the game will be declared a draw by [[#threefold repetition|repetition]]. This tactic can be resorted to as a form of insurance in a losing position.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 245</ref>}}
{{term|term= perpetual check|content= [[perpetual check]]}}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''perpetual'''. When a player puts the opponent in check and the check could be repeated endlessly, the game will be declared a draw by [[#threefold repetition|repetition]]. This tactic can be resorted to as a form of insurance in a losing position.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=245}}}}


{{term|term= PGN|content= PGN {{anchor|PGN}} }}
{{anchor|PGN}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Portable Game Notation|Portable Game Notation]].<ref name="Hurst 2007, p. 365">Hurst 2007, p. 365</ref>}}
{{term|term= PGN|content= PGN}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Portable Game Notation|Portable Game Notation]].<ref name=Hurst>{{Cite book |last=Hurst |first=John |title=Professional SlickEdit |date=2007 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780470251706 |page=365}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= Philidor position|content= [[Philidor position]] {{anchor|Philidor position}} }}
{{anchor|Philidor position}}
{{defn|defn= Usually refers to an important chess [[#endgame|endgame]] that illustrates a drawing technique when the defender has a king and rook versus a king, rook, and pawn. It is also known as the third rank defense, because of the importance of the rook on the third rank cutting off the opposing king. It was analyzed by Philidor in 1777.<ref>Fine 1976, p. 4</ref> See also [[Rook and pawn versus rook endgame]].}}
{{term|term= Philidor position|content= [[Philidor position]]}}
{{defn|defn= Usually refers to an important chess [[#endgame|endgame]] that illustrates a drawing technique when the defender has a king and rook versus a king, rook, and pawn. It is also known as the third rank defense, because of the importance of the rook on the third rank cutting off the opposing king. It was analyzed by Philidor in 1777.{{Sfn|Fine|1976|p=4}}{{See also|Rook and pawn versus rook endgame}}}}


{{term|term= Philidor sacrifice|content= Philidor sacrifice {{anchor|Philidor sacrifices}} }}
{{anchor|Philidor sacrifices}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a [[#minor piece|minor piece]] for one or two pawns for greater pawn mobility as compensation.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 305</ref>}}
{{term|term= Philidor sacrifice|content= Philidor sacrifice}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a [[#minor piece|minor piece]] for one or two pawns for greater pawn mobility as compensation.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=305}}}}


{{term|term= piece|content= [[Chess piece|piece]] {{anchor|Piece|pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Piece|pieces}}
{{term|term= piece|content= [[Chess piece|piece]]}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= One of the chessmen or figures used to play the game – that is, a king, queen, rook, bishop, knight or pawn. Each piece type has its own rules of movement on the board and of capturing enemy pieces. This is the definition used in the context of [[rules of chess]] – for example, the [[#touched piece rule|touched piece rule]].}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= One of the chessmen or figures used to play the game – that is, a king, queen, rook, bishop, knight or pawn. Each piece type has its own rules of movement on the board and of capturing enemy pieces. This is the definition used in the context of [[rules of chess]] – for example, the [[#touched piece rule|touched piece rule]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= When annotating or discussing chess games, the term "piece" usually excludes [[#pawn|pawns]]. It may be used collectively for all "non-pawns" – for example, "White's pieces are well-posted." In some contexts, it may refer specifically to a [[#minor piece|minor piece]] – for example, "White is up two pieces for a rook."<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 11</ref>}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= When annotating or discussing chess games, the term "piece" usually excludes [[#pawn|pawns]]. It may be used collectively for all "non-pawns" – for example, "White's pieces are well-posted." In some contexts, it may refer specifically to a [[#minor piece|minor piece]] – for example, "White is up two pieces for a rook."{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=11}}}}


{{term|term= pin|content= [[Pin (chess)|pin]] {{anchor|Pin|pins}} }}
{{anchor|Pin|pins}}
{{defn|defn= When a piece is attacked but cannot legally move, because doing so would expose the player's own king to [[#check|the attack]]; or when a piece is attacked and {{em|can}} legally move out of the line of attack, but such a move would expose a more valuable piece (or an unprotected piece) to [[#capture|capture]].<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 12">Hochberg 2005, p. 12</ref> See ''[[#absolute pin|absolute pin]]'' and ''[[#relative pin|relative pin]]'', respectively.}}
{{term|term= pin|content= [[Pin (chess)|pin]]}}
{{defn|defn= When a piece is attacked but cannot legally move, because doing so would expose the player's own king to [[#check|the attack]] ("[[#absolute pin|absolute pin]]"); or when a piece is attacked and {{em|can}} legally move out of the line of attack, but such a move would expose a more valuable piece (or an unprotected piece) to [[#capture|capture]] ("[[#relative pin|relative pin]]").{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=12}}}}


{{term|term= playable|content= playable {{anchor|Playable|playability}} }}
{{anchor|Playable|playability}}
{{defn|defn= Said of an [[#opening|opening]], a position, or move that affords the person playing it a tenable position.<ref>Kaan 2016, p. 16</ref>}}
{{term|term= playable|content= playable}}
{{defn|defn= Said of an [[#opening|opening]], a position, or move that affords the person playing it a tenable position.{{Sfn|Kaan|2016|p=16}}}}


{{term|term= play by hand|content= play by hand {{anchor|Play by hand}} }}
{{anchor|Play by hand}}
{{term|term= play by hand|content= play by hand}}
{{defn|defn= To make a move intuitively and without analyzing the move.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/15/AR2007071500907.html Kavalek, Lubomir. "Chess".] ''The Washington Post''. 16 July 2007</ref>}}
{{defn|defn= To make a move intuitively and without analyzing the move.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/15/AR2007071500907.html Kavalek, Lubomir. "Chess".] ''The Washington Post''. 16 July 2007</ref>}}


{{term|term= ply|content= [[Ply (chess)|ply]] {{anchor|Ply|plies}} }}
{{anchor|Ply|plies}}
{{term|term= ply|content= [[Ply (chess)|ply]]}}
{{defn|defn= Term mainly used in [[computer chess]] to denote one play of either White or Black. Thus equal to half a [[#move|move]].}}
{{defn|defn= Term mainly used in [[computer chess]] to denote one play of either White or Black. Thus equal to half a [[#move|move]].}}


Line 1,806: Line 2,321:
|pl|qd|pl|ql|  |  |pl|pl
|pl|qd|pl|ql|  |  |pl|pl
|rl|  |  |  |kl|bl|  |rl
|rl|  |  |  |kl|bl|  |rl
|Black has accepted the "poisoned" b2-pawn with 8...Qxb2 in the [[Sicilian Defense, Najdorf Variation]].
|Black has accepted the '''poisoned''' b2-pawn with 8...Qxb2 in the [[Sicilian Defense, Najdorf Variation]].
}}
}}
{{term|term= poisoned pawn|content= poisoned pawn {{anchor|Poisoned pawn|poisoned pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= An unprotected pawn that, if captured, causes [[#positional play|positional]] problems or [[#material|material]] loss.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref>}}


{{term|term= Poisoned Pawn Variation|content= [[Poisoned Pawn Variation]] {{anchor|Poisoned Pawn Variation}} }}
{{anchor|Poisoned pawn|poisoned pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Any of several opening [[#variation|variation]]s, the best-known of these being in the [[Najdorf Variation]] of the [[Sicilian Defense]], in which there is a [[#poisoned pawn|poisoned pawn]].<ref>Watson & Watson 1998, p. 18</ref>}}
{{term|term= poisoned pawn|content= poisoned pawn}}
{{defn|defn= An unprotected pawn that, if captured, causes [[#positional play|positional]] problems or [[#material|material]] loss.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=439}}}}


{{term|term= Portable Game Notation|content= [[Portable Game Notation]] {{anchor|Portable Game Notation}} }}
{{anchor|Poisoned Pawn Variation}}
{{defn|defn= This is a popular computer-processible [[ASCII]] format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data).<ref name="Hurst 2007, p. 365">Hurst 2007, p. 365</ref> There are import and export versions: the import version is lax, while the export version is not. Abbr. PGN.}}
{{term|term= Poisoned Pawn Variation|content= [[Poisoned Pawn Variation]]}}
{{defn|defn= Any of several opening [[#variation|variation]]s, the best-known of these being in the [[Najdorf Variation]] of the [[Sicilian Defense]], in which there is a [[#poisoned pawn|poisoned pawn]].{{Sfn|Watson|1998|p=18}}}}


{{term|term= position|content= position {{anchor|Position|positions}} }}
{{anchor|Portable Game Notation}}
{{defn|defn= "The disposition of pieces and pawns, of one or both colours, at any stage of the game or as set in a {{chessprobgloss|composition}}."<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 316</ref> If one side has an overall advantage in strength, that side is said to have "the better position". If neither side has an overall advantage, the position might be called ''level'' or ''[[#equal|equal]]'' or ''balanced''. The position of chessmen at the beginning of a game is called an ''array''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 20</ref>}}
{{term|term= Portable Game Notation|content= [[Portable Game Notation]] ("PGN")}}
{{defn|defn= This is a popular computer-processible [[ASCII]] format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data).<ref name="Hurst"/> There are import and export versions: the import version is lax, while the export version is not.}}


{{term|term= positional play|content= positional play {{anchor|Positional play}} }}
{{anchor|Position|positions}}
{{defn|defn= Play based on strategy, on gaining and exploiting small advantages, and on analyzing the larger position, rather than calculating the more immediate [[Chess tactic|tactics]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref> Cf. ''[[#antipositional|antipositional]]''.}}
{{term|term= position|content= position}}
{{defn|defn= "The disposition of pieces and pawns, of one or both colours, at any stage of the game or as set in a {{chessprobgloss|composition}}."{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=316}} If one side has an overall advantage in strength, that side is said to have "the better position". If neither side has an overall advantage, the position might be called ''level'' or ''[[#equal|equal]]'' or ''balanced''. The position of chessmen at the beginning of a game is called an ''array''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=20}}}}


{{term|term= positional player|content= positional player {{anchor|Positional player|positional players}} }}
{{anchor|Positional play}}
{{term|term= positional play|content= positional play}}
{{defn|defn= Play based on strategy, on gaining and exploiting small advantages, and on analyzing the larger position, rather than calculating the more immediate [[Chess tactic|tactics]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=439}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#antipositional|antipositional]]''.}}
 
{{anchor|Positional player|positional players}}
{{term|term= positional player|content= positional player}}
{{defn|defn= A player who specializes in [[#positional play|positional play]], as distinguished from a [[#tactician|tactician]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}}}
{{defn|defn= A player who specializes in [[#positional play|positional play]], as distinguished from a [[#tactician|tactician]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}}}


{{term|term= positional sacrifice|content= positional sacrifice {{anchor|Positional sacrifice|positional sacrifices}} }}
{{anchor|Positional sacrifice|positional sacrifices}}
{{term|term= positional sacrifice|content= positional sacrifice}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] in which the lost material is not regained via a [[#combination|combination]], but instead gains positional [[#compensation|compensation]]. These typically require deep positional understanding {{dubious span|text=and are often overlooked by computers|date=May 2024}}. Also known as a ''true sacrifice'', as opposed to a ''pseudo sacrifice'' or ''[[#sham sacrifice|sham sacrifice]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] in which the lost material is not regained via a [[#combination|combination]], but instead gains positional [[#compensation|compensation]]. These typically require deep positional understanding {{dubious span|text=and are often overlooked by computers|date=May 2024}}. Also known as a ''true sacrifice'', as opposed to a ''pseudo sacrifice'' or ''[[#sham sacrifice|sham sacrifice]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}}}


{{term|term= postal chess|content= postal chess {{anchor|Postal chess}} }}
{{anchor|Postal chess}}
{{term|term= postal chess|content= postal chess}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]]''.}}


{{term|term= post mortem|content= post mortem {{anchor|Post mortem|post mortems|post-mortem|Post-mortem|postmortem|Postmortem}} }}
{{anchor|Post mortem|post mortems|post-mortem|Post-mortem|postmortem|Postmortem}}
{{defn|defn= [[#analysis|Analysis]] of a game after it has concluded, typically by one or both players and sometimes with spectators (kibitzers) contributing as well. A player who has just lost the game thanks to a dubious move has the chance to "win the post-mortem" by finding a better one.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref>}}
{{term|term= post mortem|content= post mortem}}
{{defn|defn= [[#analysis|Analysis]] of a game after it has concluded, typically by one or both players and sometimes with spectators (kibitzers) contributing as well. A player who has just lost the game thanks to a dubious move has the chance to "win the post-mortem" by finding a better one.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=439}}}}


{{term|term= PR|content= PR {{anchor|PR}} }}
{{anchor|PR}}
{{term|term= PR|content= PR}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#performance rating|performance rating]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#performance rating|performance rating]].}}


{{term|term= premove|content= [[premove]] {{anchor|Premove|premoving|Premoving|premoves|Premoves}} }}
{{anchor|Premove|premoving|Premoving|premoves|Premoves}}
{{defn|defn= In [[online chess]], a move input that is made during the opponent's turn, to take effect only after the opponent has moved. ''Premoving'', the act of making premoves, is a popular way of saving time in blitz and bullet formats.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are premoves and how do they work? |url=https://support.chess.com/article/642-what-are-premoves-and-how-do-they-work |website=Chess.com |access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{term|term= premove|content= [[premove]]}}
{{defn|defn= In [[online chess]], a move input that is made during the opponent's turn, to take effect only after the opponent has moved. ''Premoving'', the act of making premoves, is a popular way of saving time in blitz and bullet formats.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are premoves and how do they work? |url=https://support.chess.com/article/642-what-are-premoves-and-how-do-they-work |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Chess.com}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= preparation|content= preparation {{anchor|Preparation}} }}
{{anchor|Preparation}}
{{term|term= preparation|content= preparation}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening preparation|opening preparation]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening preparation|opening preparation]]''.}}


{{term|term= prepared variation|content= prepared variation {{anchor|Prepared variation|prepared variations}} }}
{{anchor|Prepared variation|prepared variations}}
{{defn|defn= A well-analyzed [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]] in the [[#opening|opening]] that is not published but first used against an opponent in competitive play.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 188</ref>}}
{{term|term= prepared variation|content= prepared variation}}
{{defn|defn= A well-analyzed [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]] in the [[#opening|opening]] that is not published but first used against an opponent in competitive play.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=188}}}}


{{term|term= Principle of two weaknesses |content= Principle of two weaknesses {{anchor|Principle of two weaknesses}} }}
{{anchor|Principle of two weaknesses}}
{{defn|defn= A technique of increasing one's advantage by causing the opponent, who has one weakness, to have a second weakness. Even if both weaknesses are minor, the fact of having two, in practice, becomes a major weakness.<ref name="Dvoretsky 2006, p. 53">Dvoretsky 2006, p. 53</ref>}}
{{term|term= Principle of two weaknesses |content= Principle of two weaknesses}}
{{defn|defn= A technique of increasing one's advantage by causing the opponent, who has one weakness, to have a second weakness. Even if both weaknesses are minor, the fact of having two, in practice, becomes a major weakness.{{Sfn|Dvoretsky|2006|p=53}}}}


{{term|term= priyome|content= [[priyome]] {{anchor|Priyome}} }}
{{anchor|Priyome}}
{{defn|defn= A Russian term for particular tactics that depend on pawn structure.<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 1</ref>}}
{{term|term= priyome|content= [[priyome]]}}
{{defn|defn= A Russian term for particular tactics that depend on pawn structure.{{Sfn|Soltis|2013|p=1}}}}


{{term|term= problem-like|content= problem-like {{anchor|Problem-like}} }}
{{anchor|Problem-like}}
{{term|term= problem-like|content= problem-like}}
{{defn|defn= An elegant and counterintuitive tactical [[#shot|shot]], of the type generally found in [[chess problem]]s rather than in actual play, can be termed problem-like.}}
{{defn|defn= An elegant and counterintuitive tactical [[#shot|shot]], of the type generally found in [[chess problem]]s rather than in actual play, can be termed problem-like.}}


{{term|term= promotion|content= [[Promotion (chess)|promotion]] {{anchor|Promotion|promotions|promote}} }}
{{anchor|Promotion|promotions|promote}}
{{defn|defn= Advancing a [[#pawn|pawn]] to the [[#eighth rank|eighth rank]], converting it to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight. Promotion to a piece other than a queen is called ''[[#underpromotion|underpromotion]]''.<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 12">Hochberg 2005, p. 12</ref>}}
{{term|term= promotion|content= [[Promotion (chess)|promotion]]}}
{{defn|defn= Advancing a [[#pawn|pawn]] to the [[#eighth rank|eighth rank]], converting it to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight. Promotion to a piece other than a queen is called ''[[#underpromotion|underpromotion]]''.{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=12}}}}
 
{{anchor|Prophylaxis|prophylactic|Prophylactic}}
{{term|term= prophylaxis|content= [[Prophylaxis (chess)|prophylaxis]]}}
{{defn|defn= A strategy that frustrates and protects against an opponent's plan or tactic for fear of the consequences.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=439}}
{{See also|#blockade|label1=blockade|#overprotection|label2=overprotection|#mysterious rook move|label3=mysterious rook move}}}}


{{term|term= prophylaxis|content= [[Prophylaxis (chess)|prophylaxis]] {{anchor|Prophylaxis|prophylactic|Prophylactic}} }}
{{anchor|Protected passed pawn|protected passed pawns}}
{{defn|defn= A strategy that frustrates and protects against an opponent's plan or tactic for fear of the consequences.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref> See also ''[[#blockade|blockade]]'', ''[[#overprotection|overprotection]]'', and ''[[#mysterious rook move|mysterious rook move]]''.}}
{{term|term= protected passed pawn|content= [[Passed pawn#Protected passed pawn|protected passed pawn]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] that is supported by another pawn.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=440}}}}


{{term|term= protected passed pawn|content= [[Passed pawn#Protected passed pawn|protected passed pawn]] {{anchor|Protected passed pawn|protected passed pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Protection}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] that is supported by another pawn.<ref>Silman 1999, p. 440</ref>}}
{{term|term= protection|content= protection}}
{{defn|defn= A piece is protected when another friendly piece controls its square. This somewhat protects the first piece from [[#capture|capture]], as there is the option to recapture. This is especially effective if the [[#attack|attacking]] piece is of greater value than the [[#threat|threatened]] piece.}}


{{term|term= protection|content= protection {{anchor|Protection}} }}
{{anchor|pruning}}
{{defn|defn= A piece is protected when another friendly piece controls its square. This somewhat protects the first piece from [[#capture|capture]], as there is the option to recapture. This is especially effective if the [[#attack|attacking]] piece is of greater value than the [[#threat|threatened]] piece. }}
{{term|term= pruning|content= pruning}}
{{defn|defn= [[Chess engines]] usually include an algorithm to eliminate certain moves from consideration, assuming that they are [[blunder (chess)|blunders]] and therefore irrelevant to the final move selection. Forward pruning runs the risk of overlooking the best move; this risk may be slight to moderate depending on how aggressively the pruning algorith is set. [[Alpha–beta pruning]] is considered a form of backward pruning, which does not risk overlooking the best move.}}


{{term|term= pseudo sacrifice|content= pseudo sacrifice {{anchor|Pseudo sacrifice|pseudo sacrifices|pseudo-sacrifice}} }}
{{anchor|Pseudo sacrifice|pseudo sacrifices|pseudo-sacrifice}}
{{term|term= pseudo sacrifice|content= pseudo sacrifice}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#sham sacrifice|sham sacrifice]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#sham sacrifice|sham sacrifice]]''.}}


{{term|term= push|content= push {{anchor|Push|pushes|pushed|pushing}} }}
{{anchor|Push|pushes|pushed|pushing}}
{{term|term= push|content= push}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= ''v''. To move a [[#pawn|pawn]] forward.}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= ''v''. To move a [[#pawn|pawn]] forward.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= ''n''. A pawn move forward.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= ''n''. A pawn move forward.}}
Line 1,880: Line 2,423:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= Q|content= Q {{anchor|Q}} }}
{{anchor|Q}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#queen|queen]] when recording chess moves in English.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}
{{term|term= Q|content= Q}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#queen|queen]] when recording chess moves in English.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=57}}}}


{{term|term= QGA|content= [[Queen's Gambit Accepted|QGA]] {{anchor|QGA}} }}
{{anchor|QGA}}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Gambit Accepted [[#opening|opening]].<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 355</ref>}}
{{term|term= QGA|content= [[Queen's Gambit Accepted|QGA]]}}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Gambit Accepted [[#opening|opening]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=355}}}}


{{term|term= QGD|content= [[Queen's Gambit Declined|QGD]] {{anchor|QGD}} }}
{{anchor|QGD}}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Gambit Declined [[#opening|opening]].<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 360</ref>}}
{{term|term= QGD|content= [[Queen's Gambit Declined|QGD]]}}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Gambit Declined [[#opening|opening]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=360}}}}


{{term|term= QID|content= [[Queen's Indian Defense|QID]] {{anchor|QID}} }}
{{anchor|QID}}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Indian Defense [[#opening|opening]].<ref>Kaan 2016, pp. 161–62</ref>}}
{{term|term= QID|content= [[Queen's Indian Defense|QID]]}}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Indian Defense [[#opening|opening]].{{Sfn|Kaan|2016|pp=161–162}}}}


{{term|term= quad|content= quad {{anchor|Quad|quads}} }}
{{anchor|Quad|quads}}
{{term|term= quad|content= quad}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin style]] tournament between four players, where each participant plays every other participant once.}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin style]] tournament between four players, where each participant plays every other participant once.}}


{{term|term= queen|content= [[Queen (chess)|queen]] {{anchor|Queen|queens}} }}
{{anchor|Queen|queens}}
{{term|term= queen|content= [[Queen (chess)|queen]]}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= ''n''. A piece that may move along [[#rank|ranks]], [[#file|files]], and [[#diagonal|diagonals]] without jumping.}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= ''n''. A piece that may move along [[#rank|ranks]], [[#file|files]], and [[#diagonal|diagonals]] without jumping.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= ''v''. To [[#promotion|promote]] a pawn.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= ''v''. To [[#promotion|promote]] a pawn.}}


{{term|term= queen bishop|content= queen bishop {{anchor|Queen bishop|queen's bishop|Queen's bishop|queen bishops}} }}
{{anchor|Queen bishop|queen's bishop|Queen's bishop|queen bishops}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's bishop'''. The [[#bishop|bishop]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QB".<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 306</ref>}}
{{term|term= queen bishop|content= queen bishop}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's bishop'''. The [[#bishop|bishop]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QB".{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=306}}}}
 
{{anchor|Queening|queened}}
{{term|term= queening|content= queening}}
{{defn|defn= [[#promotion|Promotion]] to a [[#queen|queen]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}} Also called ''promoting''. Rarely used to indicate promotion to a knight, rook, or bishop (i.e. [[#underpromotion|underpromotion]]) as well.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=61}}}}


{{term|term= queening|content= queening {{anchor|Queening|queened}} }}
{{anchor|Queen knight|queen's knight|Queen's knight|queen knights}}
{{defn|defn= [[#promotion|Promotion]] to a [[#queen|queen]].<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref> Also called ''promoting''. Rarely used to indicate promotion to a knight, rook, or bishop (i.e. [[#underpromotion|underpromotion]]) as well.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 61">Staunton 2014, p. 61</ref>}}
{{term|term= queen knight|content= queen knight}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's knight'''. The [[#knight|knight]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QN".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}


{{term|term= queen knight|content= queen knight {{anchor|Queen knight|queen's knight|Queen's knight|queen knights}} }}
{{anchor|Queen pawn|queen's pawn|Queen's pawn|queen pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's knight'''. The [[#knight|knight]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QN".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= queen pawn|content= queen pawn}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the queen's [[#file|file]], i.e. the d-file. Sometimes abbreviated "QP". Also ''queen rook pawn'' (QRP), ''queen knight pawn'' (QNP), and ''queen bishop pawn'' (QBP) for a pawn on the a-, b-, or c-file, respectively.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}


{{term|term= queen pawn|content= queen pawn {{anchor|Queen pawn|queen's pawn|Queen's pawn|queen pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Queen pawn opening|queen's pawn opening|Queen's pawn opening|queen pawn openings}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the queen's [[#file|file]], i.e. the d-file. Sometimes abbreviated "QP". Also ''queen rook pawn'' (QRP), ''queen knight pawn'' (QNP), and ''queen bishop pawn'' (QBP) for a pawn on the a-, b-, or c-file, respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= queen pawn opening|content= [[Queen's Pawn Game|queen pawn opening]]}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's pawn opening'''. An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.d4.}}


{{term|term= queen pawn opening|content= [[Queen's Pawn Game|queen pawn opening]] {{anchor|Queen pawn opening|queen's pawn opening|Queen's pawn opening|queen pawn openings}} }}
{{anchor|Queen rook|queen's rook|Queen's rook|queen rooks}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's pawn opening'''. An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.d4. }}
{{term|term= queen rook|content= queen rook}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's rook'''. The [[#rook|rook]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QR".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}


{{term|term= queen rook|content= queen rook {{anchor|Queen rook|queen's rook|Queen's rook|queen rooks}} }}
{{anchor|Queenside|queen's side|Queen's side}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's rook'''. The [[#rook|rook]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QR".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= queenside|content= queenside}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's side'''. The side of the board (board-half) the [[#queen|queens]] are on at the start of the game (the a- through d-[[#file|file]]), as opposed to the ''[[#kingside|kingside]]''.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=3}} Also called ''queen's wing''.}}


{{term|term= queenside|content= queenside {{anchor|Queenside|queen's side|Queen's side}} }}
{{anchor|Question|question}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's side'''. The side of the board (board-half) the [[#queen|queens]] are on at the start of the game (the a- through d-[[#file|file]]), as opposed to the ''[[#kingside|kingside]]''.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 3">Staunton 2009, p. 3</ref> Also called ''queen's wing''.}}
{{term|term= question|content=question}}
{{defn|defn=Usually in the form of "put the question to (a piece)", to force the opponent to commit to a strategic decision with regard to the future of a piece. Most commonly used to refer to a one square advance of a rook's pawn to attack a bishop which is pinning or pressurizing a knight, forcing the opponent to decide whether to retreat the bishop or to exchange it for the knight. "Putting the question to the bishop" may resolve the pin, but may also weaken the player's position. This usage originates in Aron Nimzowitsch's [[My System]] (1925).
{{Sfn|Nimzowitsch|1925|pp=116–120}}}}


{{term|term= quickplay finish|content= quickplay finish {{anchor|Quickplay finish}} }}
{{anchor|Quickplay finish}}
{{defn|defn= The same as ''[[#sudden death|sudden death]]''.<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 337</ref>}}
{{term|term= quickplay finish|content= quickplay finish}}
{{defn|defn= The same as ''[[#sudden death|sudden death]]''.{{Sfn|United States Chess Federation|2003|page=337}}}}


{{term|term= quiet move|content= quiet move {{anchor|Quiet move|quiet moves}} }}
{{anchor|Quiet move|quiet moves}}
{{defn|defn= A move that does not attack or capture an enemy piece.<ref>Hertan 2014, p. 193</ref>}}
{{term|term= quiet move|content= quiet move}}
{{defn|defn= A move that does not attack or capture an enemy piece.{{Sfn|Hertan|2014|p=193}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 1,931: Line 2,494:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= R|content= R {{anchor|R}} }}
{{anchor|R}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#rook|rook]] when recording chess moves in English.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}
{{term|term= R|content= R}}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#rook|rook]] when recording chess moves in English.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=57}}}}


{{term|term= Rabar Classification|content= Rabar Classification {{anchor|Rabar Classification|Rabar classification}} }}
{{anchor|Rabar Classification|Rabar classification}}
{{defn|defn=A system of [[#Opening|opening]] classification codes introduced by [[Braslav Rabar]] for ''[[Chess Informant]]''. The system was used by Informant publications from 1966 to 1981 but has since been replaced by ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' codes.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 330</ref>}}
{{term|term= Rabar Classification|content= Rabar Classification}}
{{defn|defn=A system of [[#Opening|opening]] classification codes introduced by [[Braslav Rabar]] for ''[[Chess Informant]]''. The system was used by Informant publications from 1966 to 1981 but has since been replaced by ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' codes.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=330}}}}


{{term|term= raking bishops|content= raking bishops {{anchor|Raking bishops}} }}
{{anchor|Raking bishops}}
{{defn|defn= Another term for ''[[#Horwitz bishops|Horwitz bishops]]''.<ref>Alburt & Parr 2003, p. 113</ref>}}
{{term|term= raking bishops|content= raking bishops}}
{{defn|defn= Another term for ''[[#Horwitz bishops|Horwitz bishops]]''.{{Sfn|Alburt|Parr|2003|p=113}}}}


{{term|term= randomized chess|content= randomized chess {{anchor|Randomized chess}} }}
{{anchor|Randomized chess}}
{{defn|defn= "A form of unorthodox chess designed to discount knowledge of the openings. The pawns are placed as in the array and behind them the pieces are placed in unorthodox fashion."<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 331</ref> See also [[#Fischerandom|Fischerandom]].}}
{{term|term= randomized chess|content= randomized chess}}
{{defn|defn= "A form of unorthodox chess designed to discount knowledge of the openings. The pawns are placed as in the array and behind them the pieces are placed in unorthodox fashion."{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=331}}{{See also|#Fischerandom|label1=Fischerandom}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 1,954: Line 2,521:
|x2|  |  |pl|pl|  |  |x7
|x2|  |  |pl|pl|  |  |x7
|x1|  |  |ql|kl|  |  |x8
|x1|  |  |ql|kl|  |  |x8
|White's ranks are indicated on the left (a-file); Black's relative reference to ranks are indicated on the right (h-file).
|White's '''ranks''' are indicated on the left (a-file); Black's relative reference to '''ranks''' are indicated on the right (h-file).
}}
}}
{{term|term= rank|content= rank {{anchor|Rank|ranks|Ranks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A row of squares of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]]. In [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], ranks are numbered 1–8 starting from White's side of the board; however, players customarily refer to ranks from their own perspectives. For example: White's king and other pieces start on their first (or "back" or "home") rank, whereas Black calls the same rank the "eighth" (or last) rank; White's seventh rank is Black's second; and so on. If neither perspective is given, White's view is assumed. This relative reference to ranks was formalized in the older [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 331–32</ref>}}


{{term|term= rapid chess|content= [[Fast chess#Rapid chess|rapid chess]] {{anchor|Rapid chess}} }}
{{anchor|Rank|ranks|Ranks}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess with reduced time limit, usually 30 minutes per player. Also called ''active chess'' and ''action chess''.<ref>Seirawan 1992, p. 312</ref>}}
{{term|term= rank|content= rank}}
{{defn|defn= A row of squares of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]]. In [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], ranks are numbered 1–8 starting from White's side of the board; however, players customarily refer to ranks from their own perspectives. For example: White's king and other pieces start on their first (or "back" or "home") rank, whereas Black calls the same rank the "eighth" (or last) rank; White's seventh rank is Black's second; and so on. If neither perspective is given, White's view is assumed. This relative reference to ranks was formalized in the older [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]].{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|pp=331–332}}}}
 
{{anchor|Rapid chess}}
{{term|term= rapid chess|content= [[Fast chess#Rapid chess|rapid chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess with reduced time limit, usually 30 minutes per player. Also called ''active chess'' and ''action chess''.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Stefanovic|1992|p=312}}}}


{{term|term= rating|content= rating {{anchor|Rating|ratings}} }}
{{anchor|Rating|ratings}}
{{term|term= rating|content= rating}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Elo rating system|Elo rating system]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Elo rating system|Elo rating system]]''.}}


{{term|term= recapture|content= recapture {{anchor|Recapture|recaptures}} }}
{{anchor|Recapture|recaptures}}
{{term|term= recapture|content= recapture}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#capture|capture]] of an opponent's piece that previously made a capture, and usually played immediately following the opponent's capture move. The capture and recapture occur on the same square, and usually the pieces captured and recaptured have the same [[Chess piece relative value|value]].}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#capture|capture]] of an opponent's piece that previously made a capture, and usually played immediately following the opponent's capture move. The capture and recapture occur on the same square, and usually the pieces captured and recaptured have the same [[Chess piece relative value|value]].}}


{{term|term= refute|content= refute {{anchor|Refute|refuted|refutation|refutations}} }}
{{anchor|Refute|refuted|refutation|refutations}}
{{defn|defn= To demonstrate that a strategy, move, or opening is not as good as previously thought (often, that it leads to a loss), or that previously published analysis is unsound. A refutation is sometimes colloquially referred to as a ''[[#bust|bust]]''. A refutation in the context of chess problems or endgame studies is often called a ''[[#cook|cook]]''.<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 210</ref>}}
{{term|term= refute|content= refute}}
{{defn|defn= To demonstrate that a strategy, move, or opening is not as good as previously thought (often, that it leads to a loss), or that previously published analysis is unsound. A refutation is sometimes colloquially referred to as a ''[[#bust|bust]]''. A refutation in the context of chess problems or endgame studies is often called a ''[[#cook|cook]]''.{{Sfn|Soltis|2008|p=210}}}}


{{term|term= related squares|content= related squares {{anchor|Related squares}} }}
{{anchor|Related squares}}
{{term|term= related squares|content= related squares}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#corresponding squares|corresponding squares]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#corresponding squares|corresponding squares]]''.}}


{{term|term= relative pin|content= relative pin {{anchor|Relative pin|relative pins}} }}
{{anchor|Relative pin|relative pins}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pin|pin]] where it is legal to move the pinned piece out of the line of attack. In other words, the piece is not pinned to the king, but to some other piece. Contrast with ''[[#absolute pin|absolute pin]]'' where the pinned piece is {{em|not}} permitted to move, because the piece it is pinned to is the king.}}
{{term|term= relative pin|content= relative pin}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pin|pin]] where it is legal to move the pinned piece out of the line of attack. The piece is not pinned therefore to the king, but instead to some other piece. Contrast with ''[[#absolute pin|absolute pin]]'' where the pinned piece is {{em|not}} permitted to move, because the piece it is pinned to is the king.}}


{{term|term= remis|content= remis {{anchor|Remis}} }}
{{anchor|Remis}}
{{term|term= remis|content= remis}}
{{defn|defn= [from French] A [[#draw|draw]]. It literally means "reset" and is somewhat archaic (the usual word for a draw in modern French is ''nulle''), but is internationally understood and may be used between players without a common language.}}
{{defn|defn= [from French] A [[#draw|draw]]. It literally means "reset" and is somewhat archaic (the usual word for a draw in modern French is ''nulle''), but is internationally understood and may be used between players without a common language.}}


{{term|term= repertoire|content= repertoire {{anchor|Repertoire|repertoires}} }}
{{anchor|Repertoire|repertoires}}
{{term|term= repertoire|content= repertoire}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening repertoire|opening repertoire]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening repertoire|opening repertoire]]''.}}


{{term|term= reply|content= reply {{anchor|Reply|replies|replied|replying}} }}
{{anchor|Reply|replies|replied|replying}}
{{term|term= reply|content= reply}}
{{defn|defn= Any move by Black after a move by White, or vice versa.}}
{{defn|defn= Any move by Black after a move by White, or vice versa.}}


{{term|term= reserve tempo|content= [[Tempo (chess)#Reserve tempo|reserve tempo]] {{anchor|Reserve tempo}} }}
{{anchor|Reserve tempo}}
{{defn|defn= A move a player has available. Such a move may not be crucial to the position on the board, but being able to force the opponent to move by making a reserve move can on occasion result in a significant advantage.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 96</ref>}}
{{term|term= reserve tempo|content= [[Tempo (chess)#Reserve tempo|reserve tempo]]}}
{{defn|defn= A move a player has available. Such a move may not be crucial to the position on the board, but being able to force the opponent to move by making a reserve move can on occasion result in a significant advantage.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=96}}}}


{{term|term= resign|content= [[Rules of chess#Resigning|resign]] {{anchor|Resign|resigns|resigned|resignation|resignations}} }}
{{anchor|Resign|resigns|resigned|resignation|resignations}}
{{defn|defn= To concede loss of the game. A resignation is usually indicated by stopping the clocks, sometimes by offering a handshake, or by saying "I resign". A traditional way to resign is by tipping over one's king. It is common for a game to be resigned, rather than for it to end with [[#checkmate|checkmate]], because experienced players can foresee the checkmate.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref><ref>Burgess 2000, p. 481</ref> However, under FIDE Laws, a player's resignation results in a draw if there is no sequence of legal moves that could lead to their opponent checkmating them.<ref>{{cite web |title=E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 / FIDE Handbook |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023 |website=International Chess Federation (FIDE) }}</ref>}}
{{term|term= resign|content= [[Rules of chess#Resigning|resign]]}}
{{defn|defn= To concede loss of the game. A resignation is usually indicated by stopping the clocks, sometimes by offering a handshake, or by saying "I resign". A traditional way to resign is by tipping over one's king. It is common for a game to be resigned, rather than for it to end with [[#checkmate|checkmate]], because experienced players can foresee the checkmate.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=441}}{{Sfn|Burgess|2000|p=481}} However, under FIDE Laws, a player's resignation results in a draw if there is no sequence of legal moves that could lead to their opponent checkmating them.{{Sfn|FIDE Laws of Chess|2023|loc=Article 5.1.2}}}}


{{term|term= resign on time|content = resign on time {{anchor|Resign on time}} }}
{{anchor|Resign on time}}
{{defn|defn= A player who intentionally runs out of time to avoid having to resign in a hopeless position can be said to have ''resigned on time''. This is usually performed in a more subtle manner than that of [[Curt von Bardeleben#Game|Curt von Bardeleben walking out of the tournament hall]] against [[Wilhelm Steinitz]]. A player low on time and in a losing position may simply "forget" to pay any attention to the clock. Resigning on time when a considerable amount of time is left is called "stalling" and is often considered to be an example of bad sportsmanship.}}  
{{term|term= resign on time|content = resign on time}}
{{defn|defn= A player who intentionally runs out of time to avoid having to resign in a hopeless position can be said to have ''resigned on time''. This is usually performed in a more subtle manner than that of [[Curt von Bardeleben#Game|Curt von Bardeleben walking out of the tournament hall]] against [[Wilhelm Steinitz]]. A player low on time and in a losing position may simply "forget" to pay any attention to the clock. Resigning on time when a considerable amount of time is left is called "stalling" and is often considered to be an example of bad sportsmanship.}}


{{term|term= reverse opening|content= reverse opening {{anchor|Reverse opening|reverse openings}} }}
{{anchor|Reverse opening|reverse openings}}
{{term|term= reverse opening|content= reverse opening}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#colors reversed|colors reversed]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#colors reversed|colors reversed]]''.}}


{{term|term= Romantic chess|content= [[Romantic chess]] {{anchor|Romantic chess}} }}
{{anchor|Romantic chess}}
{{defn|defn= Romantic chess was the style of chess prevalent in the 19th century. It is characterized by bold attacks and sacrifices.<ref>Grooten 2017, p. 51</ref>}}
{{term|term= Romantic chess|content= [[Romantic chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= Romantic chess was the style of chess prevalent in the 19th century. It is characterized by bold attacks and sacrifices.{{Sfn|Grooten|2017|p=51}}}}


{{term|term= rook|content= [[Rook (chess)|rook]] {{anchor|Rook|rooks}} }}
{{anchor|Rook|rooks}}
{{term|term= rook|content= [[Rook (chess)|rook]]}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that may move along [[#rank|ranks]] and [[#file|files]] without jumping.}}
{{defn|defn= A piece that may move along [[#rank|ranks]] and [[#file|files]] without jumping.}}


{{term|term= rook lift|content= rook lift {{anchor|Rook lift|rook lifts}} }}
{{anchor|Rook lift|rook lifts}}
{{defn|defn= A maneuver that places a [[#rook|rook]] in front of its own [[#pawn|pawns]], often on the third or fourth [[#rank|rank]]. This can allow the rook to treat a [[#half-open file|half-open file]] as if it were an [[#open file|open file]], or a [[#closed file|closed file]] as if it were half-open.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 102</ref>}}
{{term|term= rook lift|content= rook lift}}
{{defn|defn= A maneuver that places a [[#rook|rook]] in front of its own [[#pawn|pawns]], often on the third or fourth [[#rank|rank]]. This can allow the rook to treat a [[#half-open file|half-open file]] as if it were an [[#open file|open file]], or a [[#closed file|closed file]] as if it were half-open.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=102}}}}


{{term|term= rook pawn|content= rook pawn {{anchor|Rook pawn|rook's pawn|Rook's pawn|rook pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Rook pawn|rook's pawn|Rook's pawn|rook pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''rook's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the rook's [[#file|file]], i.e. the a-file or h-file. Sometimes abbreviated "RP".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}
{{term|term= rook pawn|content= rook pawn}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''rook's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the rook's [[#file|file]], i.e. the a-file or h-file. Sometimes abbreviated "RP".{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}}}}


{{term|term= round-robin tournament|content= [[round-robin tournament]] {{anchor|Round-robin tournament|round-robin tournaments}} }}
{{anchor|Round-robin tournament|round-robin tournaments}}
{{defn|defn= This is a tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times. In a double round-robin tournament the participants play each other exactly twice, once with white and once with black. A round robin tournament is commonly used if the number of participants is relatively small.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 238">Ashley 2007, p. 238</ref> See also ''[[#Swiss tournament|Swiss tournament]]''.}}
{{term|term= round-robin tournament|content= [[round-robin tournament]]}}
{{defn|defn= This is a tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times. In a double round-robin tournament the participants play each other exactly twice, once with white and once with black. A round robin tournament is commonly used if the number of participants is relatively small.{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=238}}
{{See also|#Swiss tournament|label1=Swiss tournament}}}}


{{term|term= royal fork|content= royal fork {{anchor|Royal fork}} }}
{{anchor|Royal fork}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#fork|fork]] threatening the king and queen, typically performed with a knight.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 247</ref>}}
{{term|term= royal fork|content= royal fork}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#fork|fork]] threatening the king and queen, typically performed with a knight.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=247}}}}


{{term|term= royal piece|content= royal piece {{anchor|Royal piece|royal pieces}} }}
{{anchor|Royal piece|royal pieces}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#king|king]] or [[#queen|queen]].<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref> In [[#chess variant|chess variants]], the term refers to any piece that must be protected from capture; under this definition, only the king is royal in orthodox chess.}}
{{term|term= royal piece|content= royal piece}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#king|king]] or [[#queen|queen]].{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|pp=2–7}} In [[#chess variant|chess variants]], the term refers to any piece that must be protected from capture; under this definition, only the king is royal in orthodox chess.}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 2,023: Line 2,613:
==S==
==S==
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= S|content= S {{anchor|S}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from {{langx|de|Springer}}, "jumper"] Alternative notation for the [[#knight|knight]]. Used rather than ''K'', which means [[#king|king]]. }}


{{term|term= sac|content= sac {{anchor|Sac|sacs}} }}
{{anchor|S}}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#sacrifice|sacrifice]]'', usually used to describe a sacrifice for a [[#mating attack|mating attack]].<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 238">Ashley 2007, p. 238</ref>}}
{{term|term= S|content= S}}
{{defn|defn= [from {{langx|de|Springer}}, "jumper"] Alternative notation for the [[#knight|knight]]. Used rather than ''K'', which means [[#king|king]].}}
 
{{anchor|Sac|sacs}}
{{term|term= sac|content= sac}}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#sacrifice|sacrifice]]'', usually used to describe a sacrifice for a [[#mating attack|mating attack]].{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=238}}}}


{{term|term= sacrifice|content= [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrifice]] {{anchor|Sacrifice|sacrifices|sacrificed|sacrificing}} }}
{{anchor|Sacrifice|sacrifices|sacrificed|sacrificing}}
{{defn|defn= A move or capture that voluntarily gives up material in return for an advantage such as space, development, or an attack. A sacrifice in the [[#opening|opening]] is called a [[#gambit|gambit]], especially when applied to a pawn.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref>}}
{{term|term= sacrifice|content= [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrifice]]}}
{{defn|defn= A move or capture that voluntarily gives up material in return for an advantage such as space, development, or an attack. A sacrifice in the [[#opening|opening]] is called a [[#gambit|gambit]], especially when applied to a pawn.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=441}}}}


{{term|term= SAN|content= [[Algebraic notation (chess)#Notation for moves|SAN]] {{anchor|SAN}} }}
{{anchor|SAN}}
{{term|term= SAN|content= [[Algebraic notation (chess)#Notation for moves|SAN]]}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for standard [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]] or short algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Nf3), as opposed to [[Algebraic notation (chess)#Long algebraic notation|long algebraic notation]] (e.g. 1.Ng1-f3).}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for standard [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]] or short algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Nf3), as opposed to [[Algebraic notation (chess)#Long algebraic notation|long algebraic notation]] (e.g. 1.Ng1-f3).}}


{{term|term= sans voir|content= sans voir {{anchor|Sans voir}} }}
{{anchor|Sans voir}}
{{term|term= sans voir|content= sans voir}}
{{defn|defn= [from French] See ''[[#blindfold chess|blindfold chess]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= [from French] See ''[[#blindfold chess|blindfold chess]]''.}}


{{term|term= scalp|content= scalp {{anchor|scalp|scalped|scalping}} }}
{{anchor|scalp|scalped|scalping}}
{{term|term= scalp|content= scalp}}
{{defn|defn= [slang] To defeat a much higher-ranked player, especially a titled player.}}
{{defn|defn= [slang] To defeat a much higher-ranked player, especially a titled player.}}


[[File:scholars mate animation.gif|frame|right|Scholar's mate]]
[[File:scholars mate animation.gif|frame|right|An example of '''Scholar's mate''']]
 
{{anchor|Scholar's mate|Scholar's Mate|Scholar's checkmate}}
{{term|term= Scholar's mate|content= [[Scholar's mate]] {{anchor|Scholar's mate|Scholar's Mate|Scholar's checkmate}} }}
{{term|term= Scholar's mate|content= [[Scholar's mate]]}}
{{defn|defn= A four-move checkmate (common among novices) in which White plays 1.e4, follows with Qh5 (or Qf3) and Bc4, and finishes with 4.Qxf7#.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 58">Staunton 2014, p. 58</ref>}}
{{defn|defn= A four-move checkmate (common among novices) in which White plays 1.e4, follows with Qh5 (or Qf3) and Bc4, and finishes with 4.Qxf7#.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=58}}}}


{{term|term= score|content= score {{anchor|Score|scores}} }}
{{anchor|Score|scores}}
{{term|term= score|content= score}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The recorded moves in a game. See ''[[#game score|game score]]''.}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The recorded moves in a game. See ''[[#game score|game score]]''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A player's score in a match or tournament, which is almost always 1 point for each win and ½ point for each draw. See [[Chess scoring]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A player's score in a match or tournament, which is almost always 1 point for each win and ½ point for each draw. See [[Chess scoring]].}}


[[Image:Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg|thumb|210px|A score sheet]]
[[File:Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg|thumb|210px|A '''score sheet''']]
 
{{anchor|Score sheet|scoresheet|score-sheet|score sheets|scoresheets}}
{{term|term= score sheet|content= score sheet {{anchor|Score sheet|scoresheet|score-sheet|score sheets|scoresheets}} }}
{{term|term= score sheet|content= score sheet}}
{{defn|defn= The sheet of paper used to record a game in progress. During formal games, it is usual for both players to record the game using a score sheet. A completed score sheet contains the [[#game score|game score]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 134">Pandolfini 1996, p. 134</ref>}}
{{defn|defn= The sheet of paper used to record a game in progress. During formal games, it is usual for both players to record the game using a score sheet. A completed score sheet contains the [[#game score|game score]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=134}}}}


{{term|term= sealed move|content= sealed move {{anchor|Sealed move}} }}
{{anchor|Sealed move}}
{{defn|defn= To prevent unfair advantage when an [[#OTB|OTB]] game is [[#adjournment|adjourned]], the player whose turn it is to move is required to write down their next move and put it in a sealed envelope. Upon resumption, the [[#arbiter|arbiter]] opens the sealed envelope, makes the move and the game continues. The player may be disqualified if the sealed move is illegal, ambiguous or unclear. Adjournments and sealed moves are no longer standard practice. See also [[Adjournment (games)]].}}
{{term|term= sealed move|content= sealed move}}
{{defn|defn= To prevent unfair advantage when an [[#OTB|OTB]] game is [[#adjournment|adjourned]], the player whose turn it is to move is required to write down their next move and put it in a sealed envelope. Upon resumption, the [[#arbiter|arbiter]] opens the sealed envelope, makes the move and the game continues. The player may be disqualified if the sealed move is illegal, ambiguous or unclear. Adjournments and sealed moves are no longer standard practice.{{See also|Adjournment (games)}}}}


{{term|term= second|content= second {{anchor|Second|seconds}} }}
{{anchor|Second|seconds}}
{{defn|defn= An assistant hired to help a player in preparation for and during a major match or tournament. The second assists in areas such as [[#opening preparation|opening preparation]]. The second also used to assist with [[#adjournment|adjournment]] analysis before the practice of adjournments was largely abandoned in the 1990s.<ref>[http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378 All The King's Men] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024222221/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378 |date=24 October 2009 }}, Outlook Business, 31 October 2009</ref> <!-- use this link if the outlookindia one disappears http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5851 -->}}
{{term|term= second|content= second}}
{{defn|defn= An assistant hired to help a player in preparation for and during a major match or tournament. The second assists in areas such as [[#opening preparation|opening preparation]]. The second also used to assist with [[#adjournment|adjournment]] analysis before the practice of adjournments was largely abandoned in the 1990s.<ref>[http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378 All The King's Men] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024222221/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378 |date=24 October 2009}}, Outlook Business, 31 October 2009</ref> <!-- use this link if the outlookindia one disappears http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=5851 -->}}


{{term|term= second player|content= second player {{anchor|Second player}} }}
{{anchor|Second player}}
{{term|term= second player|content= second player}}
{{defn|defn= The expression "the second player" is sometimes used to refer to [[#Black|Black]].}}
{{defn|defn= The expression "the second player" is sometimes used to refer to [[#Black|Black]].}}


{{term|term= seesaw|content= seesaw {{anchor|Seesaw|seesaws}} }}
{{anchor|Seesaw|seesaws}}
{{term|term= seesaw|content= seesaw}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#windmill|windmill]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#windmill|windmill]]''.}}


{{term|term= Semi-Closed Game|content= [[Semi-Closed Game]] {{anchor|Semi-Closed Game|Semi-closed game|semi-closed game}} }}
{{anchor|Semi-Closed Game|Semi-closed game|semi-closed game}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins with White playing 1.d4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...d5.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365. ''semi-close game''.</ref> Also called ''half-closed game''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165. ''half-close game''.</ref> See also ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]'' and ''[[#Closed Game|Closed Game]]''.}}
{{term|term= Semi-Closed Game|content= [[Semi-Closed Game]]}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins with White playing 1.d4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...d5.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=365|loc=''semi-close game''}} Also called ''half-closed game''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=165|loc=''half-close game''}}
{{See also|#Open Game|label1=Open Game|Closed Game|label2=Closed Game}}}}


{{term|term= semi-open file|content= semi-open file {{anchor|Semi-open file|semi-open files}} }}
{{anchor|Semi-open file|semi-open files}}
{{term|term= semi-open file|content= semi-open file}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#half-open file|half-open file]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#half-open file|half-open file]]''.}}


{{term|term= Semi-Open Game|content= [[Semi-Open Game]] {{anchor|Semi-Open Game|Semi-open game|semi-open game}} }}
{{anchor|Semi-Open Game|Semi-open game|semi-open game}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins with White playing 1.e4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...e5.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365. ''semi-open game''.</ref> Also called ''half-open game''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165. ''half-open game''.</ref> See also ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]'' and ''[[#Closed Game|Closed Game]]''.}}
{{term|term= Semi-Open Game|content= [[Semi-Open Game]]}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins with White playing 1.e4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...e5.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=365|loc=''semi-open game''}} Also called ''half-open game''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=165|loc=''half-close game''}}
{{See also|#Open Game|label1=Open Game|Closed Game|label2=Closed Game}}}}


{{term|term= seventy-five-move rule|content= [[Fifty-move rule#Seventy-five-move rule|seventy-five-move rule]] {{anchor|Seventy-five-move rule}} }}
{{anchor|Seventy-five-move rule}}
{{defn|defn= The game is drawn if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last seventy-five moves by either side, related to the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]] for looking at a series of moves without capture or pawn move.{{refn|Article 9.6.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}}}
{{term|term= seventy-five-move rule|content= [[Fifty-move rule#Seventy-five-move rule|seventy-five-move rule]]}}
{{defn|defn= The game is drawn if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last seventy-five moves by either side, related to the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]] for looking at a series of moves without capture or pawn move.{{Sfn|FIDE Laws of Chess|2023|loc=Article 9: The Drawn Game / Section 9.6.2}}}}


{{term|term= sham sacrifice|content= [[Sacrifice (chess)#Real versus sham|sham sacrifice]] {{anchor|Sham sacrifice|sham sacrifices}} }}
{{anchor|Sham sacrifice|sham sacrifices}}
{{defn|defn= An offer of [[#material|material]] that is made at no risk, as acceptance would lead to the gain of equal or greater material or [[#checkmate|checkmate]]. This is in contrast to a ''true sacrifice'' in which the [[#compensation|compensation]] is less tangible. Also called ''pseudo sacrifice''.<ref>Brace 1977, p. 257</ref>}}
{{term|term= sham sacrifice|content= [[Sacrifice (chess)#Real versus sham|sham sacrifice]]}}
{{defn|defn= An offer of [[#material|material]] that is made at no risk, as acceptance would lead to the gain of equal or greater material or [[#checkmate|checkmate]]. This is in contrast to a ''true sacrifice'' in which the [[#compensation|compensation]] is less tangible. Also called ''pseudo sacrifice''.{{Sfn|Brace|1977|p=257}}}}


{{term|term= sharp|content= sharp {{anchor|Sharp|sharper|sharpest}} }}
{{anchor|Sharp|sharper|sharpest}}
{{defn|defn= Risky, double-edged, highly [[#tactics|tactical]]. Sharp can be used to describe [[#move|moves]], maneuvers, positions, [[#opening|opening]] lines, and styles of play.<ref>Kaan 2016, p. 244</ref>}}
{{term|term= sharp|content= sharp}}
{{defn|defn= Highly [[#tactics|tactical]], risky, double-edged, few available accurate moves. Sharp can be used to describe [[#move|moves]], maneuvers, positions, [[#opening|opening]] lines, and styles of play.{{Sfn|Kaan|2016|p=244}}}}


{{term|term= short castling|content= short castling {{anchor|Short castling}} }}
{{anchor|Short castling}}
{{term|term= short castling|content= short castling}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#castling short|castling short]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#castling short|castling short]]''.}}


{{term|term= shot|content= shot {{anchor|Shot|shots}} }}
{{anchor|Shot|shots}}
{{term|term= shot|content= shot}}
{{defn|defn= Colloquial for an unexpected or [[#sharp|sharp]] move that typically makes a [[#tactics|tactical]] threat or technical challenge for the opponent.}}
{{defn|defn= Colloquial for an unexpected or [[#sharp|sharp]] move that typically makes a [[#tactics|tactical]] threat or technical challenge for the opponent.}}


{{term|term= silent move}}
{{term|term= silent move}}
{{defn|defn= A move that has a dynamic tactical effect on a position, but that does not capture or attack an enemy piece.<ref>Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 136</ref><ref>Timman 2014, p. 166</ref> See also ''[[#quiet move|quiet move]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= A move that has a dynamic tactical effect on a position, but that does not capture or attack an enemy piece.{{Sfn|Rasskin-Gutman|2009|p=136}}{{Sfn|Timman|2014|p=166}}
 
{{See also|#quiet move|label1=quiet move}}}}
{{term|term= simplification|content= simplification {{anchor|Simplification|simplify|simplifying}} }}
{{defn|defn= A strategy of exchanging pieces, often with one of the following goals: as a defensive measure to reduce the size of an attacking force; when having the advantage to reduce the opponent's [[#counterplay|counterplay]]; to try to obtain a [[#draw|draw]]; or as an attempt to gain an advantage by players who are strong in [[#endgame|endgame]] play with simplified positions.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 373; Silman 1999, p. 441</ref> Also called ''liquidation''.}}


[[Image:Maksimenko in simultaneous exhibition.jpg|thumb|210px|A simultaneous exhibition]]
{{anchor|Simplification|simplify|simplifying}}
{{term|term= simplification|content= simplification}}
{{defn|defn= A strategy of exchanging pieces, often with one of the following goals: as a defensive measure to reduce the size of an attacking force; when having the advantage to reduce the opponent's [[#counterplay|counterplay]]; to try to obtain a [[#draw|draw]]; or as an attempt to gain an advantage by players who are strong in [[#endgame|endgame]] play with simplified positions.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=373}}{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=441}} Also called ''liquidation''.}}


{{term|term= simul|content= simul {{anchor|Simul|simuls}} }}
[[File:Maksimenko in simultaneous exhibition.jpg|thumb|210px|A '''simultaneous exhibition''']]
{{anchor|Simul|simuls}}
{{term|term= simul|content= simul}}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#simultaneous_chess|simultaneous exhibition]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#simultaneous_chess|simultaneous exhibition]]''.}}


{{term|term= simultaneous chess|content= [[Simultaneous exhibition|simultaneous chess]] {{anchor|Simultaneous chess|simultaneous exhibition|simultaneous exhibitions}} }}
{{anchor|Simultaneous chess|simultaneous exhibition|simultaneous exhibitions}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which one player plays against several players simultaneously. It is usually an exhibition.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 239">Ashley 2007, p. 239</ref>}}
{{term|term= simultaneous chess|content= [[Simultaneous exhibition|simultaneous chess]]}}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which one player plays against several players simultaneously. It is usually an exhibition.{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=239}}}}


{{term|term= sitzfleisch|content= sitzfleisch {{anchor|Sitzfleisch}} }}
{{anchor|Sitzfleisch}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "sitting flesh"] The ability to sit still.<ref>Fine 2015, p. 87</ref>}}
{{term|term= sitzfleisch|content= sitzfleisch}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "sitting flesh"] The ability to sit still.{{Sfn|Fine|2015|p=87}}}}


{{term|term= skewer|content= [[Skewer (chess)|skewer]] {{anchor|Skewer|skewers}} }}
{{anchor|Skewer|skewers}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#attack|attack]] on a valuable piece, compelling it to move to avoid capture and thus expose a less valuable piece which can then be taken.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reinfeld|first=Fred|year=1955|title=1001 Winning Chess Sacrifices and Combinations|quote=The X-ray attack, or skewer attack, is the opposite of the pin.  In the X-ray attack, a piece attacks a hostile piece which is situated on a line with another piece of lesser value.  When the attacked piece moves off the line, it exposes the second piece to capture.|page=151|isbn=0-87980-111-5}}</ref><ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 267</ref> See also ''[[#X-ray|X-ray]]''.}}
{{term|term= skewer|content= [[Skewer (chess)|skewer]]}}
{{defn|defn= An [[#attack|attack]] on a valuable piece, compelling it to move to avoid capture and thus expose a less valuable piece which can then be taken.{{Sfn |Reinfeld |2014 |page=151 |loc=The X-ray attack, or skewer attack, is the opposite of the pin.  In the X-ray attack, a piece attacks a hostile piece which is situated on a line with another piece of lesser value.  When the attacked piece moves off the line, it exposes the second piece to capture}}{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1988|p=267}}
{{See also|#X-ray|X-ray}}}}


{{term|term= skittles|content= skittles {{anchor|Skittles}} }}
{{anchor|Skittles}}
{{defn|defn= A casual or "pickup" game, usually played without a [[#chess clock|chess clock]]. At chess [[#tournament|tournaments]], a skittles room is where one goes to play for fun while waiting for the next formal game.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 239">Ashley 2007, p. 239</ref>}}
{{term|term= skittles|content= skittles}}
{{defn|defn= A casual or "pickup" game, usually played without a [[#chess clock|chess clock]]. At chess [[#tournament|tournaments]], a skittles room is where one goes to play for fun while waiting for the next formal game.{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=239}}}}


{{term|term= slow|content= slow {{anchor|Slow}} }}
{{anchor|Slow}}
{{term|term= slow|content= slow}}
{{defn|defn= Describes a strategy that requires too many [[#tempo|tempi]] to complete, allowing the opponent [[#time|time]] to [[#consolidation|consolidate]].}}
{{defn|defn= Describes a strategy that requires too many [[#tempo|tempi]] to complete, allowing the opponent [[#time|time]] to [[#consolidation|consolidate]].}}


{{term|term= smothered mate|content= [[smothered mate]] {{anchor|Smothered mate|smothered checkmate}} }}
{{anchor|Smothered mate|smothered checkmate}}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate delivered by a [[#knight|knight]] in which the mated king is unable to escape because it is surrounded (or "smothered") by its own pieces.<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 25</ref>}}
{{term|term= smothered mate|content= [[smothered mate]]}}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate delivered by a [[#knight|knight]] in which the mated king is unable to escape because it is surrounded (or "smothered") by its own pieces.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=25}}}}


{{term|term= Sofia rules|content= [[Draw by agreement#Only theoretical draws allowed (Sofia Rules)|Sofia rules]] {{anchor|Sofia rules}} }}
{{anchor|Sofia rules}}
{{defn|defn= In the tournament played by Sofia rules, players are not allowed to draw by agreement. They could have draws by [[#stalemate|stalemate]], [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition]], [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]], or insufficient material. Other draws are allowed only if the arbiter declares the game reached a drawn position.<ref>Giddins 2017, pp. 169–70</ref>}}
{{term|term= Sofia rules|content= [[Draw by agreement#Only theoretical draws allowed (Sofia Rules)|Sofia rules]]}}
{{defn|defn= In the tournament played by Sofia rules, players are not allowed to draw by agreement. They could have draws by [[#stalemate|stalemate]], [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition]], [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]], or insufficient material. Other draws are allowed only if the arbiter declares the game reached a drawn position.{{Sfn|Giddins|2017|pp=169–170}}}}


{{term|term= solid|content= solid {{anchor|Solid}} }}
{{anchor|Solid}}
{{term|term= solid|content= solid}}
{{defn|defn= An adjective used to describe a move, opening, or manner of play that is characterized by minimal risk-taking and emphasis on [[#quiet move|quiet]] [[#positional play|positional play]] rather than wild [[#tactics|tactics]].}}
{{defn|defn= An adjective used to describe a move, opening, or manner of play that is characterized by minimal risk-taking and emphasis on [[#quiet move|quiet]] [[#positional play|positional play]] rather than wild [[#tactics|tactics]].}}


{{term|term= sortie|content= sortie {{anchor|Sortie|sorties}} }}
{{anchor|Sortie|sorties}}
{{term|term= sortie|content= sortie}}
{{defn|defn= A queen development in front of its own pawns, often early in the opening, usually for the purpose of exploiting an advantage in space or punishing an error by the opponent. So called because the queen is usually developed behind its own pawns for its protection.}}
{{defn|defn= A queen development in front of its own pawns, often early in the opening, usually for the purpose of exploiting an advantage in space or punishing an error by the opponent. So called because the queen is usually developed behind its own pawns for its protection.}}


{{term|term= sound|content= sound {{anchor|Sound}} }}
{{anchor|Sound}}
{{defn|defn= A correct move or plan. A sound [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] has sufficient [[#compensation|compensation]], a sound [[#opening|opening]] or [[#variation|variation]] has no known [[#refute|refutation]], and a sound {{chessprobgloss|composition|puzzle or composition}} has no known [[#cook|cooks]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref> Antonym: ''unsound''.}}
{{term|term= sound|content= sound}}
{{defn|defn= A correct move or plan. A sound [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] has sufficient [[#compensation|compensation]], a sound [[#opening|opening]] or [[#variation|variation]] has no known [[#refute|refutation]], and a sound {{chessprobgloss|composition|puzzle or composition}} has no known [[#cook|cooks]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=441}}{{Indent|6}}Antonym: ''unsound''.}}


{{term|term= space|content= space {{anchor|Space|spatial}} }}
{{anchor|Space|spatial}}
{{defn|defn= The squares [[#control|controlled]] by each player. A player controlling more squares than the other is said to have a ''spatial advantage''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref>}}
{{term|term= space|content= space}}
{{defn|defn= The squares [[#control|controlled]] by each player. A player controlling more squares than the other is said to have a ''spatial advantage''.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=441}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 2,140: Line 2,766:
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |nd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |bl|  |  |pd|  |  |
|  |bl|  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|The Spanish bishop on b5 in the [[Ruy Lopez]].
|The '''Spanish bishop''' on b5 in the [[Ruy Lopez]]
}}
}}
{{term|term= Spanish bishop|content= Spanish bishop {{anchor|Spanish bishop|Spanish bishops}} }}
 
{{anchor|Spanish bishop|Spanish bishops}}
{{term|term= Spanish bishop|content= Spanish bishop}}
{{defn|defn= A white [[#king bishop|king bishop]] developed to [[#algebraic notation|b5]]. This is characteristic of the [[Ruy Lopez]], also known as the Spanish Opening.}}
{{defn|defn= A white [[#king bishop|king bishop]] developed to [[#algebraic notation|b5]]. This is characteristic of the [[Ruy Lopez]], also known as the Spanish Opening.}}


{{term|term= speed chess|content= speed chess {{anchor|Speed chess}} }}
{{anchor|Speed chess}}
{{term|term= speed chess|content= speed chess}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]''.}}


{{term|term= spite check|content= spite check {{anchor|Spite check|spite checks}} }}
{{anchor|Spite check|spite checks}}
{{defn|defn= A harmless [[#check|check]] given by a player who is about to lose the game, that serves no purpose other than to momentarily delay the defeat.<ref>Reinfeld 2016, p. 151</ref>}}
{{term|term= spite check|content= spite check}}
{{defn|defn= A harmless [[#check|check]] given by a player who is about to lose the game, that serves no purpose other than to momentarily delay the defeat.{{Sfn |Reinfeld |2016 |page=151}}}}


{{term|term= squeeze|content= squeeze {{anchor|Squeeze}} }}
{{anchor|Squeeze}}
{{defn|defn= Making pawn moves that limit mobility, freedom and options for the opponent, typically causing a [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]].<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 78</ref>}}
{{term|term= squeeze|content= squeeze}}
{{defn|defn= Making pawn moves that limit mobility, freedom and options for the opponent, typically causing a [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1988|p=78}}}}


{{term|term= staircase maneuver|content= [[staircase maneuver]] {{anchor|Staircase maneuver|staircase movement}} }}
{{anchor|Staircase maneuver|staircase movement}}
{{defn|defn= A [[Chess tactic|tactic]] by which a queen, rook, or king progresses along a diagonal by making a series of lateral steps using a series of [[#check|checks]] or alternating with [[#pin|pins]] and checks. Also called ''staircase movement''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 387</ref>}}
{{term|term= staircase maneuver|content= [[staircase maneuver]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[Chess tactic|tactic]] by which a queen, rook, or king progresses along a diagonal by making a series of lateral steps using a series of [[#check|checks]] or alternating with [[#pin|pins]] and checks. Also called ''staircase movement''.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=387}}}}


{{term|term= stalemate|content= [[stalemate]] {{anchor|Stalemate}} }}
{{anchor|Stalemate}}
{{defn|defn= A position in which the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and their [[#king|king]] is not in [[#check|check]]. A stalemate results in an immediate draw.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 53">Staunton 2014, p. 53</ref>}}
{{term|term= stalemate|content= [[stalemate]]}}
{{defn|defn= A position in which the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and their [[#king|king]] is not in [[#check|check]]. A stalemate results in an immediate draw.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=53}}}}


{{term|term= standard notation|content= standard notation {{anchor|Standard notation}} }}
{{anchor|Standard notation}}
{{term|term= standard notation|content= standard notation}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]]''.}}


{{term|term= starting square|content= starting square {{anchor|Starting square|starting squares}} }}
{{anchor|Starting square|starting squares}}
{{term|term= starting square|content= starting square}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]]'s starting square is the square it occupies at the beginning of the game.}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]]'s starting square is the square it occupies at the beginning of the game.}}


[[Image:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg|thumb|210px|Staunton chessmen]]
[[File:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg|thumb|210px|An example of '''Staunton chessmen''']]
 
{{anchor|Staunton chessmen|Staunton chess set}}
{{term|term= Staunton chessmen|content= [[Staunton chess set]] {{anchor|Staunton chessmen|Staunton chess set}} }}
{{term|term= Staunton chessmen|content= [[Staunton chess set]]}}
{{defn|defn= The standard design of chess pieces, required for use in competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-chess-set-got-its-look-and-feel-14299092/?no-ist |title=How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel |last=Stamp |first=Jimmy |website=Smithsonian.com |date=3 April 2013 }}</ref>}}
{{defn|defn= The standard design of chess pieces, required for use in competition.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stamp |first=Jimmy |date=3 April 2013 |title=How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-chess-set-got-its-look-and-feel-14299092/?no-ist |website=Smithsonian.com}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= stem game|content= stem game {{anchor|Stem game|stem games}} }}
{{anchor|Stem game|stem games}}
{{term|term= stem game|content= stem game}}
{{defn|defn= A stem game is the chess game featuring the first use of a particular [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]]. Sometimes, the player or the venue of the stem game is then used to refer to that opening.}}
{{defn|defn= A stem game is the chess game featuring the first use of a particular [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]]. Sometimes, the player or the venue of the stem game is then used to refer to that opening.}}


{{term|term= strategic crush|content= strategic crush {{anchor|Strategic crush}} }}
{{anchor|Strategic crush}}
{{term|term= strategic crush|content= strategic crush}}
{{defn|defn= Win characterized by gradual accumulation of advantages and complete prevention of [[#counterplay|counterplay]].}}
{{defn|defn= Win characterized by gradual accumulation of advantages and complete prevention of [[#counterplay|counterplay]].}}


{{term|term= strategy|content= [[Chess strategy|strategy]] {{anchor|Strategy|strategies}} }}
{{anchor|Strategy|strategies}}
{{defn|defn= The basis of a player's moves. The evaluation of positions and ways to achieve goals. Strategy is often contrasted with [[#tactics|tactics]], which are the calculations of more immediate plans and [[#combination|combinations]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}
{{term|term= strategy|content= [[Chess strategy|strategy]]}}
{{defn|defn= The basis of a player's moves. The evaluation of positions and ways to achieve goals. Strategy is often contrasted with [[#tactics|tactics]], which are the calculations of more immediate plans and [[#combination|combinations]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=442}}}}


{{term|term= stong|content= strong {{anchor|Strong|strength|strengths}} }}
{{anchor|Strong|strength|strengths}}
{{defn|defn= An effective and well-placed piece or pawn; a potential [[#outpost|outpost]]; a forceful or good move; a position having good winning chances; a highly [[#Elo rating system|rated]] player or one successful in tournaments; or a tournament having a sizable number of strong players competing, such as [[#Grandmaster|grandmasters]]. A "strong showing" refers to a player's high win ratio in a tournament. Antonym: ''weak'', e.g. a [[#weak square|weak square]].}}
{{term|term= stong|content= strong}}
{{defn|defn= An effective and well-placed piece or pawn; a potential [[#outpost|outpost]]; a forceful or good move; a position having good winning chances; a highly [[#Elo rating system|rated]] player or one successful in tournaments; or a tournament having a sizable number of strong players competing, such as [[#Grandmaster|grandmasters]]. A "strong showing" refers to a player's high win ratio in a tournament.{{Indent|6}}Antonym: ''weak'', e.g. a [[#weak square|weak square]].}}


{{term|term= stronger side|content= stronger side {{anchor|Stronger side}} }}
{{anchor|Stronger side}}
{{defn|defn= The side with a [[#material|material]] or [[#positional play|positional]] advantage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive Chess Endings |last1=Averbakh |first1=Yuri |author-link1=Yuri Averbakh |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |page=viii }}</ref>}}
{{term|term= stronger side|content= stronger side}}
{{defn|defn= The side with a [[#material|material]] or [[#positional play|positional]] advantage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Averbakh |first=Yuri |author-link=Yuri Averbakh |title=Comprehensive Chess Endings |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |page=viii}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= strongpoint|content= strongpoint {{anchor|Strongpoint|strongpoints|strong point|strong points}} }}
{{anchor|Strongpoint|strongpoints|strong point|strong points}}
{{term|term= strongpoint|content= strongpoint}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A "strongpoint defense" means an [[#opening|opening]] that defends and retains a central pawn (White: e4 or d4; Black: e5 or d5), as opposed to exchanging the pawn and relinquishing occupation of that central square.}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A "strongpoint defense" means an [[#opening|opening]] that defends and retains a central pawn (White: e4 or d4; Black: e5 or d5), as opposed to exchanging the pawn and relinquishing occupation of that central square.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= More generically, a strongpoint can be any square heavily defended.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= More generically, a strongpoint can be any square heavily defended.}}


{{term|term= strong square|content= strong square {{anchor|Strong square|strong squares}} }}
{{anchor|Strong square|strong squares}}
{{defn|defn= A square on a player's 4th or greater [[#rank|rank]] on which the player can post a piece that cannot or will not be driven away by enemy pawns.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 400</ref> Cf. ''[[#weak square|weak square]]''.}}
{{term|term= strong square|content= strong square}}
{{defn|defn= A square on a player's 4th or greater [[#rank|rank]] on which the player can post a piece that cannot or will not be driven away by enemy pawns.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=400}}{{Indent|6}}{{Abbr|Cf.|Compare}} ''[[#weak square|weak square]]''.}}


{{term|term= sudden death|content= sudden death {{anchor|Sudden death}} }}
{{anchor|Sudden death}}
{{defn|defn= The most straightforward [[#time control|time control]] for a chess game: each player has a fixed amount of time available to make all moves. See also ''[[#fast chess|fast chess]]''.}}
{{term|term= sudden death|content= sudden death}}
{{defn|defn= The most straightforward [[#time control|time control]] for a chess game: each player has a fixed amount of time available to make all moves.
{{See also|#fast chess|label1=fast chess}}}}


{{term|term= support point |content= support point {{anchor|Support point|support points}} }}
{{anchor|Support point|support points}}
{{defn|defn= A square that cannot be attacked by a pawn, and that can be occupied as a home base for a piece, usually a knight.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}
{{term|term= support point |content= support point}}
{{defn|defn= A square that cannot be attacked by a pawn, and that can be occupied as a home base for a piece, usually a knight.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=442}}}}


{{term|term= swap|content= swap {{anchor|Swap|swaps}} }}
{{anchor|Swap|swaps}}
{{term|term= swap|content= swap}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#exchange|exchange]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#exchange|exchange]]''.}}


{{term|term= swindle|content= [[Swindle (chess)|swindle]] {{anchor|Swindle|swindles}} }}
{{anchor|Swindle|swindles}}
{{defn|defn= A ruse or trick played from a position that is inferior.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}
{{term|term= swindle|content= [[Swindle (chess)|swindle]]}}
{{defn|defn= A ruse or trick played from a position that is inferior.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=442}}}}


{{term|term= Swiss tournament|content= [[Swiss-system tournament|Swiss tournament]] {{anchor|Swiss tournament|Swiss-system tournament|Swiss tournaments}} }}
{{anchor|Swiss tournament|Swiss-system tournament|Swiss tournaments}}
{{defn|defn= A system used in tournaments to determine pairings. In every round each player is paired with an opponent with the same or similar score.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 240">Ashley 2007, p. 240</ref> See also ''[[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]]''.}}
{{term|term= Swiss tournament|content= [[Swiss-system tournament|Swiss tournament]]}}
{{defn|defn= A system used in tournaments to determine pairings. In every round each player is paired with an opponent with the same or similar score.{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=240}}
{{See also|#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|Example of symmetry
|
|  |  |  |  |rd|  |kd|
|  |  |  |  |rd|  |kd|  
|pd|pd|qd|nd|  |pd|pd|
|pd|pd|qd|nd|  |pd|pd|  
|  |  |pd|  |  |nd|pd|
|  |  |pd|  |  |nd|pd|  
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |pl|  |  |nl|pl|
|  |  |pl|  |  |nl|pl|  
|pl|pl|ql|nl|  |pl|pl|
|pl|pl|ql|nl|  |pl|pl|  
|  |  |  |  |rl|  |kl|
|  |  |  |  |rl|  |kl|  
|1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Bd3 Bd6 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.0-0 0-0 7.Bg5 Bg4 8.Re1 Nbd7 9.Nbd2 c6 10.c3 Qc7 11.Qc2 Rfe8 12.Bh4 Bh5 13.Bg3 Bxg3 14.hxg3 Bg6 15.Rxe8+ Rxe8 16.Bxg6 hxg6 17.Re1 ({{em|diagram}}). [[José Raúl Capablanca|Capablanca]]–[[Géza Maróczy|Maróczy]], 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094365 |title=Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> The game continued 17...Rxe1+ 18.Nxe1 Ne8 19.Nd3 Nd6 20.Qb3 a6 21.Kf1 {{chessAN|½–½}}
|Example of '''symmetry''': 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Bd3 Bd6 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.0-0 0-0 7.Bg5 Bg4 8.Re1 Nbd7 9.Nbd2 c6 10.c3 Qc7 11.Qc2 Rfe8 12.Bh4 Bh5 13.Bg3 Bxg3 14.hxg3 Bg6 15.Rxe8+ Rxe8 16.Bxg6 hxg6 17.Re1 ({{em|diagram}}). [[José Raúl Capablanca|Capablanca]]–[[Géza Maróczy|Maróczy]], 1926.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926 |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094365 |website=[[Chessgames.com]]}}</ref> The game continued 17...Rxe1+ 18.Nxe1 Ne8 19.Nd3 Nd6 20.Qb3 a6 21.Kf1 {{chessAN|½–½}}
}}
}}
{{term|term= symmetry|content= symmetry {{anchor|Symmetry|symmetric|symmetrical}} }}
{{defn|defn= A symmetrical position on the chessboard means the positions of one's pieces are exactly mirrored by the opponent's pieces. This most often occurs when Black mimics White's opening moves. Black is said to ''break symmetry'' when making a move that no longer imitates White's move.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}


{{term|term= system|content= system {{anchor|System|systems}} }}
{{anchor|Symmetry|symmetric|symmetrical}}
{{term|term= symmetry|content= symmetry}}
{{defn|defn= A symmetrical position on the chessboard means the positions of one's pieces are exactly mirrored by the opponent's pieces. This most often occurs when Black mimics White's opening moves. Black is said to ''break symmetry'' when making a move that no longer imitates White's move.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=442}}}}
 
{{anchor|System|systems}}
{{term|term= system|content= system}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening system|opening system]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening system|opening system]]''.}}


Line 2,238: Line 2,890:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= tabia|content= tabia {{anchor|Tabia|tabiya|Tabiya}} }}
{{anchor|Tabia|tabiya|Tabiya}}
{{defn|defn=[from Arabic: طبيعة ṭabīʕa, "essence"] Also '''tabiya'''. In chess openings a tabia is a key point. It may be a well-known "point of departure" where variations branch off, it may be a position that is reached so often that the real game begins after this initial series of book moves.<ref>Steingass 1884, p. 752</ref><ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 193</ref> }}
{{term|term= tabia|content= tabia}}
{{defn|defn=[from Arabic: طبيعة ṭabīʕa, "essence"] Also '''tabiya'''. In chess openings a tabia is a key point. It may be a well-known "point of departure" where variations branch off, it may be a position that is reached so often that the real game begins after this initial series of book moves.{{Sfn|Steingass|1884|p=752}}{{Sfn|van de Oudeweetering|2014|p=193}}}}


{{term|term= tablebase|content= tablebase {{anchor|Tablebase|tablebases}} }}
{{anchor|Tablebase|tablebases}}
{{term|term= tablebase|content= tablebase}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]]''.}}


{{term|term= tactician|content= tactician {{anchor|Tactician|tacticians}} }}
{{anchor|Tactician|tacticians}}
{{term|term= tactician|content= tactician}}
{{defn|defn= A player who specializes in tactical play, as distinguished from a [[#positional player|positional player]].}}
{{defn|defn= A player who specializes in tactical play, as distinguished from a [[#positional player|positional player]].}}


{{term|term= tactics|content= [[Chess tactics|tactics]] {{anchor|Tactics|tactic|tactical}} }}
{{anchor|Tactics|tactic|tactical}}
{{defn|defn= Combinations, traps, and threats. Play characterized by short-term attacks, requiring calculation by the players, as distinguished from [[#positional play|positional play]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}
{{term|term= tactics|content= [[Chess tactics|tactics]]}}
{{defn|defn= Combinations, traps, and threats. Play characterized by short-term attacks, requiring calculation by the players, as distinguished from [[#positional play|positional play]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=442}}}}


{{term|term= takeback|content= takeback {{anchor|Takeback}} }}
{{anchor|Takeback}}
{{term|term= takeback|content= takeback}}
{{defn|defn= Used in casual games whereby both players agree to undo one or more moves.}}
{{defn|defn= Used in casual games whereby both players agree to undo one or more moves.}}


{{term|term= tall pawn|content= tall pawn {{anchor|Tall pawn|tall pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Tall pawn|tall pawns}}
{{term|term= tall pawn|content= tall pawn}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq.] An ineffective bishop, usually a [[#bad bishop|bad bishop]] hemmed in by its own pawns.}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq.] An ineffective bishop, usually a [[#bad bishop|bad bishop]] hemmed in by its own pawns.}}


{{term|term= Tarrasch rule|content= [[Tarrasch rule]] {{anchor|Tarrasch rule}} }}
{{anchor|Tarrasch rule}}
{{defn|defn= The general principle that rooks usually should be placed behind [[passed pawn]]s, either one's own or one's opponent's. Named after [[Siegbert Tarrasch]].<ref>Kotov 2012, p. 42</ref>}}
{{term|term= Tarrasch rule|content= [[Tarrasch rule]]}}
{{defn|defn= The general principle that rooks usually should be placed behind [[passed pawn]]s, either one's own or one's opponent's. Named after [[Siegbert Tarrasch]].{{Sfn|Kotov|2012|p=42}}}}


{{term|term= TC|content= TC {{anchor|TC}} }}
{{anchor|TC}}
{{term|term= TC|content= TC}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#time control|time control]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#time control|time control]].}}


{{term|term= TD|content= TD {{anchor|TD}} }}
{{anchor|TD}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#tournament director|tournament director]].<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 240">Ashley 2007, p. 240</ref>}}
{{term|term= TD|content= TD}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#tournament director|tournament director]].{{Sfn|Ashley|2007|p=240}}}}


{{term|term= technique|content= technique {{anchor|Technique}} }}
{{anchor|Technique}}
{{term|term= technique|content= technique}}
{{defn|defn= The manner in which a player converts an advantageous position into a win.}}
{{defn|defn= The manner in which a player converts an advantageous position into a win.}}


{{term|term= tempo|content= [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]] {{anchor|Tempo|tempos|tempi}} }}
{{anchor|Tempo|tempos|tempi}}
{{defn|defn= A unit of time considered as one move. A player may gain a tempo in the opening when the opponent moves the same piece twice. In the [[#endgame|endgame]], one may wish to lose a tempo by [[#triangulation|triangulation]] in order to gain the [[#opposition|opposition]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref> Plural: ''tempos'' or ''tempi''.}}
{{term|term= tempo|content= [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]]}}
{{defn|defn= A unit of time considered as one move. A player may gain a tempo in the opening when the opponent moves the same piece twice. In the [[#endgame|endgame]], one may wish to lose a tempo by [[#triangulation|triangulation]] in order to gain the [[#opposition|opposition]].{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=442}} Plural: ''tempos'' or ''tempi''.}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 2,276: Line 2,939:
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |nd|  |  |nd|  |
|  |  |nd|  |  |nd|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |nl|pl|  |  |
|  |  |  |nl|pl|  |  |  
|  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|  |rl
|This [[Scotch Opening]] position contains tension due to the knights on c6 and d4. Both knights are currently adequately defended, so neither player is forced to release the tension.
|This [[Scotch Opening]] position contains '''tension''' due to the knights on c6 and d4. Both knights are currently adequately defended, so neither player is forced to release the tension.
}}
}}
{{term|term= tension|content= tension {{anchor|Tension}} }}
 
{{anchor|Tension}}
{{term|term= tension|content= tension}}
{{defn|defn= A position in which one or more [[#exchange|exchanges]] are possible, such as a pair of pawns facing each other on a diagonal where either can capture the other, is said to contain ''tension''. Such a situation differs from a ''[[#threat|threat]]'' in that it does not need to be immediately resolved – for example, if both pawns are defended. The consequences of resolving the tension must be constantly considered by both players, in case there is a possibility of winning or losing [[#material|material]]. This makes calculating the [[#best play|best move]] more complicated, and so there is a natural temptation to "release the tension" by making a like-for-like exchange (see ''[[#simplification|simplification]]'') or by moving the attacked piece. To "keep the tension" is to avoid resolving it, which can be good advice depending on the position.}}
{{defn|defn= A position in which one or more [[#exchange|exchanges]] are possible, such as a pair of pawns facing each other on a diagonal where either can capture the other, is said to contain ''tension''. Such a situation differs from a ''[[#threat|threat]]'' in that it does not need to be immediately resolved – for example, if both pawns are defended. The consequences of resolving the tension must be constantly considered by both players, in case there is a possibility of winning or losing [[#material|material]]. This makes calculating the [[#best play|best move]] more complicated, and so there is a natural temptation to "release the tension" by making a like-for-like exchange (see ''[[#simplification|simplification]]'') or by moving the attacked piece. To "keep the tension" is to avoid resolving it, which can be good advice depending on the position.}}


{{term|term= text move|content= text move {{anchor|Text move|text moves}} }}
{{anchor|Text move|text moves}}
{{term|term= text move|content= text move}}
{{defn|defn= This term is used in written [[#analysis|analysis]] of chess games to refer to a move actually played in the game as opposed to other possible moves. Often shortened to '''text''', for example "The text is inferior as it allows{{nbsp}}...f5." Text moves are usually in bold whereas analysis moves are not.}}
{{defn|defn= This term is used in written [[#analysis|analysis]] of chess games to refer to a move actually played in the game as opposed to other possible moves. Often shortened to '''text''', for example "The text is inferior as it allows{{nbsp}}...f5." Text moves are usually in bold whereas analysis moves are not.}}


{{term|term= thematic|content= thematic {{anchor|Thematic}} }}
{{anchor|Thematic}}
{{defn|defn= Suited to the demands of the position. The term "thematic move" is often applied to the key move of a thematic plan.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 241</ref>}}
{{term|term= thematic|content= thematic}}
{{defn|defn= Suited to the demands of the position. The term "thematic move" is often applied to the key move of a thematic plan.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|p=241}}}}


{{term|term= theme tournament|content= theme tournament {{anchor|Theme tournament}} }}
{{anchor|Theme tournament}}
{{term|term= theme tournament|content= theme tournament}}
{{defn|defn= A chess [[#tournament|tournament]] in which every game must begin with a particular [[#opening|opening]] specified by the organizers, for example the [[Budapest Gambit]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5).}}
{{defn|defn= A chess [[#tournament|tournament]] in which every game must begin with a particular [[#opening|opening]] specified by the organizers, for example the [[Budapest Gambit]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5).}}


{{term|term= theoretical draw|content= theoretical draw {{anchor|Theoretical draw|theoretical draws}} }}
{{anchor|Theoretical draw|theoretical draws}}
{{term|term= theoretical draw|content= theoretical draw}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#book draw|book draw]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#book draw|book draw]]''.}}


{{term|term= theoretical novelty|content= theoretical novelty {{anchor|Theoretical novelty|Theoretical Novelty|theoretical novelties|novelty|novelties}} }}
{{anchor|Theoretical novelty|Theoretical Novelty|theoretical novelties|novelty|novelties}}
{{defn|defn= Or simply '''novelty'''. A move in the [[#opening|opening]] that has not been played before.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 418</ref> Abbr. TN or N.}}
{{term|term= theoretical novelty|content= theoretical novelty ("TN" or "N")}}
{{defn|defn= Or simply '''novelty'''. A move in the [[#opening|opening]] that has not been played before.{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=418}}}}


{{term|term= theory|content= theory{{anchor|Theory}} }}
{{anchor|Theory}}
{{term|term= theory|content= theory}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#book move|book move]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#book move|book move]]''.}}


{{term|term= threat|content= threat {{anchor|Threat|threats}} }}
{{anchor|Threat|threats}}
{{defn|defn= A plan or move that carries an intention to damage the opponent's position. A threat is a tactical weapon that must be defended against.<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 240">Pandolfini 1992, p. 240</ref>}}
{{term|term= threat|content= threat}}
{{defn|defn= A plan or move that carries an intention to damage the opponent's position. A threat is a tactical weapon that must be defended against.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=240}}}}


{{term|term= threefold repetition|content= [[threefold repetition]] {{anchor|Threefold repetition}} }}
{{anchor|Threefold repetition}}
{{defn|defn= A draw may be claimed if the same position occurs three times with the same player to move; and with each player having the choice of the same set of moves each time, including the right to capture ''en passant'' and the right to castle.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 307</ref> For the same position occurring five times, see ''[[#fivefold repetition|fivefold repetition]]''.}}
{{term|term= threefold repetition|content= [[threefold repetition]]}}
{{defn|defn= A draw may be claimed if the same position occurs three times with the same player to move; and with each player having the choice of the same set of moves each time, including the right to capture ''en passant'' and the right to castle.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=307}} For the same position occurring five times, see ''[[#fivefold repetition|fivefold repetition]]''.}}


{{term|term= tiebreaks|content= tiebreaks {{anchor|Tiebreaks|tiebreak|tie-break|tie-breaks}} }}
{{anchor|Tiebreaks|tiebreak|tie-break|tie-breaks}}
{{term|term= tiebreaks|content= tiebreaks}}
{{defn|defn= See [[Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments]]. This refers to a number of different systems that are used to break ties, and thus designate a single winner, where multiple players or teams tie for the same place in a [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss system chess tournament]].}}
{{defn|defn= See [[Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments]]. This refers to a number of different systems that are used to break ties, and thus designate a single winner, where multiple players or teams tie for the same place in a [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss system chess tournament]].}}


{{term|term= time|content= time {{anchor|Time}} }}
{{anchor|Time}}
{{term|term= time|content= time}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The amount of time each player has to think and calculate as measured by a [[chess clock]].}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The amount of time each player has to think and calculate as measured by a [[chess clock]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= The number of moves to complete an objective; for example, if a king is racing to stop a pawn from [[#queening|queening]], and the king has too few moves, that may be referred to as "not enough time".<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref> See also ''[[#tempo|tempo]]''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= The number of moves to complete an objective; for example, if a king is racing to stop a pawn from [[#queening|queening]], and the king has too few moves, that may be referred to as "not enough time".{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=442}}
{{See also|#tempo|label1=tempo}}}}


{{term|term= time control|content= [[time control]] {{anchor|Time control|time controls}} }}
{{anchor|Time control|time controls}}
{{defn|defn= The allowed time to play a game, usually measured by a [[#chess clock|chess clock]]. A time control can require either a certain number of moves be made per time period (e.g. 40 moves in {{frac|2|1|2}} hours) or it can limit the length of the entire game (e.g. five minutes per game for [[#blitz chess|blitz]]). Hybrid schemes are used, and [[#time delay|time delay]] controls have become popular since the widespread use of digital clocks.<ref name="ReferenceA">United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 8</ref>}}
{{term|term= time control|content= [[time control]]}}
{{defn|defn= The allowed time to play a game, usually measured by a [[#chess clock|chess clock]]. A time control can require either a certain number of moves be made per time period (e.g. 40 moves in {{frac|2|1|2}} hours) or it can limit the length of the entire game (e.g. five minutes per game for [[#blitz chess|blitz]]). Hybrid schemes are used, and [[#time delay|time delay]] controls have become popular since the widespread use of digital clocks.{{Sfn|United States Chess Federation|2003|page=8}}}}


{{term|term= time delay|content= time delay {{anchor|Time delay}} }}
{{anchor|Time delay}}
{{term|term= time delay|content= time delay}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] that makes it possible for a player to avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining (as is the case with [[#sudden death|sudden death]]). The most important time delays in chess are [[#Bronstein delay|Bronstein delay]] and [[#Fischer delay|Fischer delay]].}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] that makes it possible for a player to avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining (as is the case with [[#sudden death|sudden death]]). The most important time delays in chess are [[#Bronstein delay|Bronstein delay]] and [[#Fischer delay|Fischer delay]].}}


{{term|term= time pressure|content= time pressure {{anchor|Time pressure|time trouble|Time trouble}} }}
{{anchor|Time pressure|time trouble|Time trouble}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''time trouble'''. Having very little time on one's [[#chess clock|clock]] (especially less than five minutes) to complete one's remaining moves. Also called ''[[#zeitnot|zeitnot]]''. See also ''[[#time control|time control]]''.}}
{{term|term= time pressure|content= time pressure}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''time trouble'''. Having very little time on one's [[#chess clock|clock]] (especially less than five minutes) to complete one's remaining moves. Also called ''[[#zeitnot|zeitnot]]''.
{{See also|#time control|label1=time control}}}}


{{term|term= TN|content= TN {{anchor|TN}} }}
{{anchor|TN}}
{{term|term= TN|content= TN}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]].}}


{{term|term= top board|content= top board {{anchor|Top board|top boards}} }}
{{anchor|Top board|top boards}}
{{term|term= top board|content= top board}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#first board|first board]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#first board|first board]]''.}}


{{term|term= touch-move rule|content= [[touch-move rule]] {{anchor|Touch-move rule|touch move rule|Touch move rule|touched piece rule|Touched piece rule}} }}
{{anchor|Touch-move rule|touch move rule|Touch move rule|touched piece rule|Touched piece rule}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''touched piece rule'''. The rule that requires a player who touches a piece to move that piece unless the piece has no legal moves. If a player moves a piece to a particular square and takes their hand off it, the move must be to that square if it is a legal move. Castling must be initiated by moving the king first, so a player who touches their rook may be required to move the rook, without castling. The rule also requires a player who touches an opponent's piece to capture it if possible. In order to adjust the position of a piece within its square without being required to move it, the player should say "[[#j'adoube|J'adoube]]" or "I adjust".<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 240">Pandolfini 1992, p. 240</ref>}}
{{term|term= touch-move rule|content= [[touch-move rule]]}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''touched piece rule'''. The rule that requires a player who touches a piece to move that piece unless the piece has no legal moves. If a player moves a piece to a particular square and takes their hand off it, the move must be to that square if it is a legal move. Castling must be initiated by moving the king first, so a player who touches their rook may be required to move the rook, without castling. The rule also requires a player who touches an opponent's piece to capture it if possible. In order to adjust the position of a piece within its square without being required to move it, the player should say "[[#j'adoube|J'adoube]]" or "I adjust".{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=240}}}}


[[File:TataSteelChess2013TournamentHall.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament|Tata Steel Tournament]] 2013]]
[[File:TataSteelChess2013TournamentHall.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament|Tata Steel '''Tournament''']] 2013]]
 
{{anchor|Tournament|tourney|tournaments|tourneys}}
{{term|term= tournament|content= [[Chess tournament|tournament]] {{anchor|Tournament|tourney|tournaments|tourneys}} }}
{{term|term= tournament|content= [[Chess tournament|tournament]]}}
{{defn|defn= A competition involving more than two players or teams, generally played at a single venue (or series of venues) in a relatively short period of time. A tournament is divided into rounds, with each round consisting either of individual games or matches in the case of [[#knockout tournament|knockout tournaments]] and team tournaments. The assignment of opponents is called [[#pairing|pairing]], with the most popular systems being [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin]] and [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss]]. A tournament is usually referred to by the city in which it was played and the year, such as "[[London 1851 chess tournament|London 1851]]", although there are well-known exceptions, such as "[[AVRO tournament|AVRO]] 1938".}}
{{defn|defn= A competition involving more than two players or teams, generally played at a single venue (or series of venues) in a relatively short period of time. A tournament is divided into rounds, with each round consisting either of individual games or matches in the case of [[#knockout tournament|knockout tournaments]] and team tournaments. The assignment of opponents is called [[#pairing|pairing]], with the most popular systems being [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin]] and [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss]]. A tournament is usually referred to by the city in which it was played and the year, such as "[[London 1851 chess tournament|London 1851]]", although there are well-known exceptions, such as "[[AVRO tournament|AVRO]] 1938".}}


{{term|term= tournament book|content= tournament book {{anchor|Tournament book}} }}
{{anchor|Tournament book}}
{{defn|defn= A book recording the [[#game score|scores]] of all the games in a tournament, usually with [[#analysis|analysis]] of the best or most important games and some background on the event and its participants. One well-known example is [[David Bronstein|Bronstein's]] ''Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953''. The less comprehensive ''tournament bulletin'' is usually issued between the rounds of a prestigious event, giving the players and world media an instant record of the games of the previous round. Individual copies may be bundled together at the conclusion of the event to provide an inexpensive alternative to the tournament book.<ref>Bronstein 2013, p. vii</ref>}}
{{term|term= tournament book|content= tournament book}}
{{defn|defn= A book recording the [[#game score|scores]] of all the games in a tournament, usually with [[#analysis|analysis]] of the best or most important games and some background on the event and its participants. One well-known example is [[David Bronstein|Bronstein's]] ''Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953''. The less comprehensive ''tournament bulletin'' is usually issued between the rounds of a prestigious event, giving the players and world media an instant record of the games of the previous round. Individual copies may be bundled together at the conclusion of the event to provide an inexpensive alternative to the tournament book.{{Sfn|Bronstein|2013|p=vii}}}}


{{term|term= tournament director|content= tournament director {{anchor|Tournament director|Tournament Director|tournament controller|Tournament Controller}} }}
{{anchor|Tournament director|Tournament Director|tournament controller|Tournament Controller}}
{{defn|defn= Also '''tournament controller''' [chiefly British]. Organizer and arbiter of a tournament, responsible for enforcing the tournament rules and the [[#laws of chess|laws of chess]]. Abbr. TD.}}
{{term|term= tournament director|content= tournament director ("TD")}}
{{defn|defn= Also '''tournament controller''' [chiefly British]. Organizer and arbiter of a tournament, responsible for enforcing the tournament rules and the [[#laws of chess|laws of chess]].}}


{{term|term= tournament performance rating|content= tournament performance rating {{anchor|Tournament Performance Rating|TPR}} }}
{{anchor|Tournament Performance Rating|TPR}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#performance rating|performance rating]] over the course of a tournament. Abbr. TPR.}}
{{term|term= tournament performance rating|content= tournament performance rating ("TPR")}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#performance rating|performance rating]] over the course of a tournament.}}


{{term|term= trade|content= trade {{anchor|Trade|trades}} }}
{{anchor|Trade|trades}}
{{term|term= trade|content= trade}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#exchange|exchange]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#exchange|exchange]]''.}}


{{term|term= transposition|content= [[Transposition (chess)|transposition]] {{anchor|Transposition|transpositions|transposing|transposes|transposed}} }}
{{anchor|Transposition|transpositions|transposing|transposes|transposed}}
{{defn|defn= Arriving at a position using a different sequence of moves than usual.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 433">Silman 1999, p. 433</ref>}}
{{term|term= transposition|content= [[Transposition (chess)|transposition]]}}
{{defn|defn= Arriving at a position using a different sequence of moves than usual.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=433}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
Line 2,361: Line 3,049:
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|rd|  |bd|qd|kd|bd|  |rd
|pd|pd|pd|nd|  |pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|nd|  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |pd|nd|  |
|  |  |  |  |pd|nd|  |  
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |bl|
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |bl|  
|  |  |pl|pl|  |  |  |
|  |  |pl|pl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl|pl
|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|  |  |ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|rl|  |  |ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|With 4...Nbd7 Black sets a trap in the [[Queen's Gambit Declined|QGD]] (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5). White cannot win the pawn on d5 due to the [[Queen's Gambit Declined, Elephant Trap|Elephant Trap]].
|With 4...Nbd7 Black sets a trap in the [[Queen's Gambit Declined|QGD]] (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5). White cannot win the pawn on d5 due to the '''[[Queen's Gambit Declined, Elephant Trap|Elephant Trap]]'''.
}}
}}
{{term|term= trap|content= trap {{anchor|Trap|traps}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that may tempt the opponent to play a losing move.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 443">Silman 1999, p. 443</ref> See also ''[[#swindle|swindle]]'' and [[List of chess traps]].}}


{{term|term= trapped piece|content = trapped piece {{anchor|trapped piece}} }}
{{anchor|Trap|traps}}
{{defn|defn= A piece is said to be "trapped" when it is ''[[en prise]]'' and cannot escape its capture in any way (i.e by capturing a piece, moving the piece, or blocking the attacking piece). Aside from pawns, any piece can become "trapped." A trapped king is said to be [[Checkmate|checkmated]].}}
{{term|term= trap|content= trap}}
{{defn|defn= A move that may tempt the opponent to play a losing move.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=443}}
{{See also|#swindle|label1=swindle|List of chess traps]]}}}}
 
{{anchor|Trapped piece}}
{{term|term= trapped piece|content = trapped piece}}
{{defn|defn= A piece is said to be "trapped" when it is ''[[en prise]]'' and cannot escape its capture in any way (i.e by capturing a piece, moving the piece, or blocking the attacking piece). Aside from pawns, any piece can become "trapped". A trapped king is said to be [[Checkmate|checkmated]].}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|kl|  |
|  |  |  |  |pd|kl|  |  
|  |  |  |kd|pl|  |  |
|  |  |  |kd|pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|Trébuchet, whoever has the move loses. 1.Kg4 Kxe4 2.Kg3 Ke3 3.Kg2 Ke2 4.Kg3 e4 5.Kf4 e3 6.Ke4 Kf2 and the black pawn will queen.
|'''Trébuchet''': whoever has the move loses. 1.Kg4 Kxe4 2.Kg3 Ke3 3.Kg2 Ke2 4.Kg3 e4 5.Kf4 e3 6.Ke4 Kf2 and the black pawn will queen.
}}
}}
{{term|term= trébuchet|content= trébuchet {{anchor|Trébuchet}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from French, a type of [[siege engine]]] A theoretical position of mutual [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]] in which either player would lose if it were their turn to move.<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 33</ref>}}


{{term|term= triangulation|content= [[Triangulation (chess)|triangulation]] {{anchor|Triangulation}} }}
{{anchor|Trébuchet}}
{{defn|defn= A technique used in king and pawn [[#endgame|endgames]] (less commonly seen with other pieces) to lose a [[#tempo|tempo]] and gain the [[#opposition|opposition]].<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 5</ref>}}
{{term|term= trébuchet|content= trébuchet}}
{{defn|defn= [from French, a type of [[siege engine]]] A theoretical position of mutual [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]] in which either player would lose if it were their turn to move.{{Sfn|Soltis|2013|p=33}}}}
 
{{anchor|Triangulation}}
{{term|term= triangulation|content= [[Triangulation (chess)|triangulation]]}}
{{defn|defn= A technique used in king and pawn [[#endgame|endgames]] (less commonly seen with other pieces) to lose a [[#tempo|tempo]] and gain the [[#opposition|opposition]].{{Sfn|Soltis|2013|p=22}}}}


{{term|term= tripled pawns|content= [[Doubled pawns#Tripled and quadrupled pawns|tripled pawns]] {{anchor|Tripled pawns}} }}
{{anchor|Tripled pawns}}
{{defn|defn= Three [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on the same [[#file|file]]; considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, pp. 249–50</ref>}}
{{term|term= tripled pawns|content= [[Doubled pawns#Tripled and quadrupled pawns|tripled pawns]]}}
{{defn|defn= Three [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on the same [[#file|file]]; considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1995|pp=249–250}}}}


{{term|term= Troitsky line|content= [[Troitsky line]] {{anchor|Troitsky line|Troitzky line}} }}
{{anchor|Troitsky line|Troitzky line}}
{{defn|defn= Also '''Troitzky line'''. [[#endgame|Endgame]] analysis by [[Alexey Troitsky]] of two knights versus a pawn found certain pawn positions that result in win, draw or loss. The resulting pawn positions on each [[#file|file]] form what is known as the [[Troitsky line]] or Troitsky position.<ref>de la Villa 2014, p. 246</ref>}}
{{term|term= Troitsky line|content= [[Troitsky line]]}}
{{defn|defn= Also '''Troitzky line'''. [[#endgame|Endgame]] analysis by [[Alexey Troitsky]] of two knights versus a pawn found certain pawn positions that result in win, draw or loss. The resulting pawn positions on each [[#file|file]] form what is known as the [[Troitsky line]] or Troitsky position.{{Sfn|de la Villa|2014|p=246}}}}


{{term|term= two bishops|content= two bishops {{anchor|Two bishops|the two bishops|The two bishops}} }}
{{anchor|Two bishops|the two bishops|The two bishops}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''the two bishops'''. A synonym for ''[[#bishop pair|bishop pair]]''.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 310</ref>}}
{{term|term= two bishops|content= two bishops}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''the two bishops'''. A synonym for ''[[#bishop pair|bishop pair]]''.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|2009|p=310}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 2,408: Line 3,106:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= unclear|content= {{chesspunc|unclear}} {{anchor|Unclear}} }}
{{anchor|Unclear}}
{{defn|defn= A position where it is unclear who (if anyone) has an advantage.<ref>{{cite book |editor-link=Aleksandar Matanović |editor-last=Matanović |editor-first=Aleksander |title=Šahovski Informator |trans-title=Chess Informant |volume=14 |pages=8–9 |year=1973 |location=Belgrade}}</ref> }}
{{term|term= unclear|content= {{chesspunc|unclear}}}}
{{defn|defn= A position where it is unclear who (if anyone) has an advantage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Šahovski Informator |publisher=Šahovski Informator |date=1973 |editor-last=Matanović |editor-first=Aleksander |editor-link=Aleksandar Matanović |volume=14 |location=Belgrade |pages=8–9 |trans-title=Chess Informant}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= undermining|content= [[Undermining (chess)|undermining]] {{anchor|Undermining}} }}
{{anchor|Undermining}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tactics|tactic]] (also known as "removal of the guard") in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 241</ref>}}
{{term|term= undermining|content= [[Undermining (chess)|undermining]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tactics|tactic]] (also known as "removal of the guard") in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=241}}}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|tright
|
|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |pl|kl|  |  |  |
|  |  |pl|kl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|kd|  |  |  |  |  |  |
|kd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pd|  |  |  |  |  |  |
|pd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|  |  |  |  |  |  |
|pl|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |rl|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |rl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|White to move should underpromote the c7-pawn to a rook; promoting to a queen gives stalemate.
|White to move should '''underpromote''' the c7-pawn to a rook; promoting to a queen gives stalemate.
}}
}}
{{term|term= underpromotion|content= [[Promotion (chess)#Underpromotion|underpromotion]] {{anchor|Underpromotion|underpromotions}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[#promotion|Promoting]] a pawn to a rook, bishop, or knight instead of a queen. Rarely seen unless the knight can deliver a crucial [[#check|check]], or when promotion to a rook or a bishop instead of a queen is necessary to avoid [[#stalemate|stalemate]].<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 12">Hochberg 2005, p. 12</ref>}}


{{term|term= United States Chess Federation|content= [[United States Chess Federation]] {{anchor|United States Chess Federation|US Chess Federation}} }}
{{anchor|Underpromotion|underpromotions}}
{{defn|defn= This is a nonprofit organization, the governing chess organization within the United States, and one of the federations of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]]. Abbr. USCF.}}
{{term|term= underpromotion|content= [[Promotion (chess)#Underpromotion|underpromotion]]}}
{{defn|defn= [[#promotion|Promoting]] a pawn to a rook, bishop, or knight instead of a queen. Rarely seen unless the knight can deliver a crucial [[#check|check]], or when promotion to a rook or a bishop instead of a queen is necessary to avoid [[#stalemate|stalemate]].{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=12}}}}
 
{{anchor|United States Chess Federation|US Chess Federation ("USCF")}}
{{term|term= United States Chess Federation|content= [[United States Chess Federation]]}}
{{defn|defn= This is a nonprofit organization, the governing chess organization within the United States, and one of the federations of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]].}}


{{term|term= unorthodox opening|content= unorthodox opening {{anchor|Unorthodox opening|unorthodox openings}} }}
{{anchor|Unorthodox opening|unorthodox openings}}
{{term|term= unorthodox opening|content= unorthodox opening}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#irregular opening|irregular opening]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#irregular opening|irregular opening]]''.}}


{{term|term= unpinning|content= unpinning {{anchor|Unpinning}} }}
{{anchor|Unpinning}}
{{term|term= unpinning|content= unpinning}}
{{defn|defn= The act of breaking a [[#pin|pin]] by interposing a second piece between the attacker and the target. This allows the piece that was formerly pinned to move.}}
{{defn|defn= The act of breaking a [[#pin|pin]] by interposing a second piece between the attacker and the target. This allows the piece that was formerly pinned to move.}}


{{term|term= unsound|content= unsound {{anchor|Unsound}} }}
{{anchor|Unsound}}
{{term|term= unsound|content= unsound}}
{{defn|defn= Antonym of ''[[#sound|sound]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= Antonym of ''[[#sound|sound]]''.}}


{{term|term= USCF|content= USCF {{anchor|USCF}} }}  
{{anchor|USCF}}
{{term|term= USCF|content= USCF}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#United States Chess Federation|United States Chess Federation]].}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#United States Chess Federation|United States Chess Federation]].}}


Line 2,450: Line 3,157:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= vacating sacrifice|content= vacating sacrifice {{anchor|Vacating sacrifice}} }}
{{anchor|Vacating sacrifice}}
{{term|term= vacating sacrifice|content= vacating sacrifice}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] made for the purpose of clearing a square for a different piece of the same color.}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] made for the purpose of clearing a square for a different piece of the same color.}}


{{term|term= valve|content= valve {{anchor|Valve|valves}} }}
{{anchor|Valve|valves}}
{{term|term= valve|content= valve}}
{{defn|defn= A move that opens one [[#line|line]] and closes another.}}
{{defn|defn= A move that opens one [[#line|line]] and closes another.}}


{{term|term= vanished center|content= vanished center {{anchor|Vanished center|vanished centre|Vanished centre}} }}
{{anchor|Vanished center|vanished centre|Vanished centre}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''vanished centre'''. A position with no white or black [[#center pawn|center pawns]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 439</ref> }}
{{term|term= vanished center|content= vanished center}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''vanished centre'''. A position with no white or black [[#center pawn|center pawns]].{{Sfn|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=439}}}}


{{term|term= variant|content= variant {{anchor|Variant|variants}} }}
{{anchor|Variant|variants}}
{{term|term= variant|content= variant}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#chess variant|chess variant]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#chess variant|chess variant]]''.}}


{{term|term= variation|content= [[Variation (game tree)|variation]] {{anchor|Variation|variations}} }}
{{anchor|Variation|variations}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A sequence of moves or an alternative line of play, often applied to the [[#opening|opening]]. A variation does not have to have been played in a game; it may also be a possibility that occurs only in analysis.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 443">Silman 1999, p. 443</ref> Also called ''continuation''.}}
{{term|term= variation|content= [[Variation (game tree)|variation]]}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= The word "Variation" is also used to name specific sequences of moves within an opening. For an example, the [[Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation|Dragon Variation]] is part of the [[Sicilian Defense]].<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 13">Hochberg 2005, p. 13</ref>}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A sequence of moves or an alternative line of play, often applied to the [[#opening|opening]]. A variation does not have to have been played in a game; it may also be a possibility that occurs only in analysis.{{Sfn|Silman|1999|p=443}} Also called ''continuation''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= The word "Variation" is also used to name specific sequences of moves within an opening. For an example, the [[Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation|Dragon Variation]] is part of the [[Sicilian Defense]].{{Sfn|Hochberg|2005|p=13}}}}


{{term|term= vertical line|content= vertical line {{anchor|Vertical line|vertical lines}} }}
{{anchor|Vertical line|vertical lines}}
{{term|term= vertical line|content= vertical line}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#file|file]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#file|file]]''.}}


Line 2,474: Line 3,187:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= waiting move|content= waiting move {{anchor|Waiting move|waiting moves}} }}
{{anchor|Waiting move|waiting moves}}
{{defn|defn= A move whose sole purpose is to oblige the opponent to move. A waiting move is effective when the opponent has nothing but bad moves available (i.e. is in [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]]).<ref>Tarrasch 2012, p. 5</ref>}}
{{term|term= waiting move|content= waiting move}}
{{defn|defn= A move whose sole purpose is to oblige the opponent to move. A waiting move is effective when the opponent has nothing but bad moves available (i.e. is in [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]]).{{Sfn|Tarrasch|2012|p=5}}}}


{{term|term= WCC|content= [[World Chess Championship|WCC]] {{anchor|WCC}} }}
{{anchor|WCC}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the World Chess Championship.<ref name="Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10">Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10</ref>}}
{{term|term= WCC|content= [[World Chess Championship|WCC]]}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the World Chess Championship.<ref name="Schiller2009">{{Cite book |last=Schiller |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Schiller |title=World Champion Openings |date=2009 |publisher=Cardoza |isbn=9781580425612|pages=1–10}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= WCM| content= WCM {{anchor|WCM}} }}
{{anchor|WCM}}
{{term|term= WCM| content= WCM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman Candidate Master|Woman Candidate Master]] title.}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman Candidate Master|Woman Candidate Master]] title.}}


{{term|term= weakness|content= weakness {{anchor|Weakness|weaknesses}} }}
{{anchor|Weakness|weaknesses}}
{{defn|defn= A pawn or square that can be attacked and is hard to defend.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 127</ref>}}
{{term|term= weakness|content= weakness}}
{{defn|defn= A pawn or square that can be attacked and is hard to defend.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=127}}}}


{{term|term= weak square|content= weak square {{anchor|Weak square|weak squares}} }}
{{anchor|Weak square|weak squares}}
{{defn|defn= A square that cannot be easily defended from attack by an opponent. Often a weak square is unable to be defended by pawns (a [[#hole|hole]]) and can be theoretically occupied by a piece. Exchange or loss of a bishop may make all squares of that bishop's color weak resulting in a "weak square complex" on the light squares or the dark squares.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 250</ref>}}
{{term|term= weak square|content= weak square}}
{{defn|defn= A square that cannot be easily defended from attack by an opponent. Often a weak square is unable to be defended by pawns (a [[#hole|hole]]) and can be theoretically occupied by a piece. Exchange or loss of a bishop may make all squares of that bishop's color weak resulting in a "weak square complex" on the light squares or the dark squares.{{Sfn|Seirawan|Silman|1994|p=250}}}}


{{term|term= WFM| content= WFM {{anchor|WFM}} }}
{{anchor|WFM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]] title.<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref>}}
{{term|term= WFM| content= WFM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]] title.<ref name="Goichberg">{{Cite book |last1=Goichberg |first1=Bill |author-link1=Bill Goichberg |url=https://archive.org/details/uschessfederatio0000unit |title=U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess |last2=Jarecki |first2=Carol |author2-link=Carol Jarecki |last3=Riddle |first3=Ira Lee |date=1993 |publisher=David McKay Chess Library |isbn=9780812922172 |page=329}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= WGM| content= WGM {{anchor|WGM}} }}
{{anchor|WGM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman Grandmaster|Woman Grandmaster]] title.<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref>}}
{{term|term= WGM| content= WGM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman Grandmaster|Woman Grandmaster]] title.<ref name="Goichberg"/>}}


{{term|term= white|content= white {{anchor|white}} }}
{{anchor|white}}
{{defn|defn= The light-colored squares on the [[#chessboard|chessboard]] are often referred to as "the white squares" even though they often are some other light color. Similarly, "the white pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 1">Staunton 2009, p. 1</ref> See also ''[[#black|black]]''.}}
{{term|term= white|content= white}}
{{defn|defn= The light-colored squares on the [[#chessboard|chessboard]] are often referred to as "the white squares" even though they often are some other light color. Similarly, "the white pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color.{{Sfn|Staunton|2009|p=1}}
{{See also|#black|label1=black}}}}


{{term|term= White|content= [[White and Black in chess|White]] {{anchor|White}} }}
{{anchor|White}}
{{defn|defn= The designation for the player who moves first, even though the corresponding [[#piece|pieces]], referred to as "the white pieces", are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color. See also ''[[#Black|Black]]'' and ''[[#first-move advantage|first-move advantage]]''.}}
{{term|term= White|content= [[White and Black in chess|White]]}}
{{defn|defn= The designation for the player who moves first, even though the corresponding [[#piece|pieces]], referred to as "the white pieces", are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color.
{{See also|#Black|label1=Black|First-move advantage in chess|label2=first-move advantage}}}}


{{term|term= WIM|content= WIM {{anchor|WIM}} }}
{{anchor|WIM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]] title.<ref>Evans, Silman & Roberts 1991, p. 91</ref>}}
{{term|term= WIM|content= WIM}}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]] title.{{Sfn|Evans|Silman|Roberts|1991|p=91}}}}


{{term|term= win|content= win {{anchor|Win|wins}} }}
{{anchor|Win|wins}}
{{defn|defn= A victory for one of the two players in a game, which may occur due to [[#checkmate|checkmate]], [[#resign|resignation]] by the other player, the other player exceeding the [[#time control|time control]], or the other player being [[#forfeit|forfeited]] by the [[#tournament director|tournament director]]. Chess being a [[zero-sum game]], this results in a [[#loss|loss]] for the other player. In a tournament a [[#bye|bye]] may be scored as a win.<ref>Hertan 2016, p. 43</ref> See also ''[[#winning position|winning position]]''.}}
{{term|term= win|content= win}}
{{defn|defn= A victory for one of the two players in a game, which may occur due to [[#checkmate|checkmate]], [[#resign|resignation]] by the other player, the other player exceeding the [[#time control|time control]], or the other player being [[#forfeit|forfeited]] by the [[#tournament director|tournament director]]. Chess being a [[zero-sum game]], this results in a [[#loss|loss]] for the other player. In a tournament a [[#bye|bye]] may be scored as a win.{{Sfn|Hertan|2016|p=43}}
{{See also|#winning position|label1=winning position}}}}


{{term|term= windmill|content= [[Windmill (chess)|windmill]] {{anchor|Windmill|windmills}} }}
{{anchor|Windmill|windmills}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#combination|combination]] in which two pieces work together to deliver an alternating series of [[#check|checks]] and [[#discovered check|discovered checks]] in such a way that the opposing [[#king|king]] is required to move on each turn. It is a potent technique, since, on every other move, the discovered check may allow the non-checking piece to capture an enemy piece without losing a [[#tempo|tempo]]. The most famous example is [[Carlos Torre#"The Windmill"|Torre–Lasker, Moscow 1925]].<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 287</ref> Also called ''seesaw''.}}
{{term|term= windmill|content= [[Windmill (chess)|windmill]]}}
{{defn|defn= A [[#combination|combination]] in which two pieces work together to deliver an alternating series of [[#check|checks]] and [[#discovered check|discovered checks]] in such a way that the opposing [[#king|king]] is required to move on each turn. It is a potent technique, since, on every other move, the discovered check may allow the non-checking piece to capture an enemy piece without losing a [[#tempo|tempo]]. The most famous example is [[Carlos Torre#"The Windmill"|Torre–Lasker, Moscow 1925]].{{Sfn|Schiller|2003|p=287}} Also called ''seesaw''.}}


{{term|term= wing|content= wing {{anchor|Wing|wings}} }}
{{anchor|Wing|wings}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#queenside|queenside]] a-, b-, and c-files; or the [[#kingside|kingside]] f-, g-, and h-files.<ref>Young & Howell 1894, p. 46</ref> Also called ''flank''.}}
{{term|term= wing|content= wing}}
{{defn|defn= The [[#queenside|queenside]] a-, b-, and c-files; or the [[#kingside|kingside]] f-, g-, and h-files.{{Sfn|Young|Howell|1894|p=46}} Also called ''flank''.}}


{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tright  
|tright
|
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |pl|  |  |pl|  |  |
|  |pl|  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|  |pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|pl|  |pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|Wing Gambit in the Sicilian Defense
|'''Wing Gambit''' in the Sicilian Defense
}}
}}
{{term|term= Wing Gambit|content= [[Wing Gambit]] {{anchor|Wing Gambit}} }}
{{defn|defn= The name given to variations of several openings in which one player gambits a wing pawn, usually the b-pawn.<ref>Reinfeld 2016, p. 585</ref>}}


{{term|term= winning percentage|content= winning percentage {{anchor|Winning percentage|winning percentages}} }}
{{anchor|Wing Gambit}}
{{term|term= Wing Gambit|content= [[Wing Gambit]]}}
{{defn|defn= The name given to variations of several openings in which one player gambits a wing pawn, usually the b-pawn.{{Sfn |Reinfeld |2016 |page=585}}}}
 
{{anchor|Winning percentage|winning percentages}}
{{term|term= winning percentage|content= winning percentage}}
{{defn|defn= A number calculated by adding together the number of games won and half of the number of games drawn (i.e. ignoring the losses), then dividing that total by the total number of games that were played.
{{defn|defn= A number calculated by adding together the number of games won and half of the number of games drawn (i.e. ignoring the losses), then dividing that total by the total number of games that were played.


Another way of calculating the winning percentage is by taking the percentage of games won by a player plus half the percentage of drawn games. Thus, if out of 100 games a player wins 40 percent, draws 32 percent, and loses 28 percent, the winning percentage is 40 plus half of 32, i.e. 56 percent.<ref>Silver 2012, p. 270</ref>}}
Another way of calculating the winning percentage is by taking the percentage of games won by a player plus half the percentage of drawn games. Thus, if out of 100 games a player wins 40 percent, draws 32 percent, and loses 28 percent, the winning percentage is 40 plus half of 32, i.e. 56 percent.{{Sfn|Silver|2012|p=270}}}}


{{term|term= winning position|content= winning position {{anchor|Winning position|winning positions}} }}
{{anchor|Winning position|winning positions}}
{{defn|defn= A position is said to be a winning one if one specified side, with correct play, can eventually force a checkmate against any defense (i.e. [[Perfect play|perfect defense]]).<ref>Capablanca 2002, p. 116</ref> Also called ''won game''.}}
{{term|term= winning position|content= winning position}}
{{defn|defn= A position is said to be a winning one if one specified side, with correct play, can eventually force a checkmate against any defense (i.e. [[Perfect play|perfect defense]]).{{Sfn|Capablanca|2002|p=116}} Also called ''won game''.}}


{{term|term= Woman Candidate Master|content= [[Woman Candidate Master]] {{anchor|Woman Candidate Master}} }}
{{anchor|Woman Candidate Master}}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]].<ref name=cmandwcmtitles /> Abbr. WCM.}}
{{term|term= Woman Candidate Master|content= [[Woman Candidate Master]] ("WCM")}}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]].<ref name="FIDE Part B">{{Cite web |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B012024 |title=FIDE Handbook |department=B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 January 2024 / Article 0 Introduction / Section 0.6: "The Award of Titles" |via=International Chess Federation |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>}}


{{term|term= Woman FIDE Master|content= [[Woman FIDE Master]] {{anchor|Woman FIDE Master}} }}
{{anchor|Woman FIDE Master}}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]].<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref> Abbr. WFM.}}
{{term|term= Woman FIDE Master|content= [[Woman FIDE Master]] ("WFM")}}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]].<ref name="Goichberg"/>}}


{{term|term= Woman Grandmaster|content= [[Woman Grandmaster]] {{anchor|Woman Grandmaster}} }}
{{anchor|Woman Grandmaster}}
{{defn|defn= The highest ranking gender-restricted chess title except for Women's World Champion.<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref> Abbr. WGM.}}
{{term|term= Woman Grandmaster|content= [[Woman Grandmaster]] ("WGM")}}
{{defn|defn= The highest ranking gender-restricted chess title except for Women's World Champion.<ref name="Goichberg"/>}}


{{term|term= Woman International Master|content= [[Woman International Master]] {{anchor|Woman International Master}} }}
{{anchor|Woman International Master}}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman Grandmaster|Woman Grandmaster]] and above [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]].<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref> Abbr. WIM.}}
{{term|term= Woman International Master|content= [[Woman International Master]] ("WIM")}}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman Grandmaster|Woman Grandmaster]] and above [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]].<ref name="Goichberg"/>}}


{{term|term= won game|content= won game {{anchor|Won game|won games}} }}
{{anchor|Won game|won games}}
{{term|term= won game|content= won game}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#winning position|winning position]]''.}}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#winning position|winning position]]''.}}


{{term|term= wood|content= wood {{anchor|Wood}} }}
{{anchor|Wood}}
{{defn|defn= Slang for [[#piece|pieces]]. "A lot of wood came off the board" conveys that several piece [[#exchange|exchanges]] occurred.<ref name="Shibut 2012, p. 68">Shibut 2012, p. 68</ref>}}
{{term|term= wood|content= wood}}
{{defn|defn= Slang for [[#piece|pieces]]. "A lot of wood came off the board" conveys that several piece [[#exchange|exchanges]] occurred.<ref name="Shibut 68"/>}}


{{term|term= woodpusher|content= woodpusher {{anchor|Woodpusher|woodpushers}} }}
{{anchor|Woodpusher|woodpushers}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq., typically derogatory] A weak chess player, also referred to as a ''[[#patzer|patzer]]'' or ''duffer''.<ref>Evans 2009, p. 92</ref> See also ''[[#fish|fish]]''.}}
{{term|term= woodpusher|content= woodpusher}}
{{defn|defn= [colloq., typically derogatory] A weak chess player, also referred to as a ''[[#patzer|patzer]]'' or ''duffer''.{{Sfn|Evans|2009|p=92}}
{{See also|#fish|label1=fish}}}}


{{term|term= World Champion|content= World Champion {{anchor|World Champion|world champion|World Champions|world champions}} }}
{{anchor|World Champion|world champion|World Champions|world champions}}
{{defn|defn= A winner of the [[World Chess Championship]].<ref name="Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10">Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10</ref>}}
{{term|term= World Champion|content= World Champion}}
{{defn|defn= A winner of the [[World Chess Championship]].<ref name="Schiller2009"/>}}


{{term|term= wrong bishop|content= [[wrong bishop]] {{anchor|Wrong bishop|wrong bishops|wrong-colored bishop|wrong-coloured bishop}} }}
{{anchor|Wrong bishop|wrong bishops|wrong-colored bishop|wrong-coloured bishop}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''wrong-colored bishop'''. A bishop that, because of the color squares it is restricted to, suffers critical loss of utility in the game position. See also ''[[#wrong rook pawn|wrong rook pawn]]''.<ref>Soltis 2002, p. 87</ref>}}
{{term|term= wrong bishop|content= [[wrong bishop]]}}
{{defn|defn= Or '''wrong-colored bishop'''. A bishop that, because of the color squares it is restricted to, suffers critical loss of utility in the game position.{{Sfn|Soltis|2002|p=87}}
{{See also|#wrong rook pawn|label1=wrong rook pawn}}}}


{{term|term= wrong rook pawn|content= [[wrong rook pawn]] {{anchor|Wrong rook pawn}} }}
{{defn|defn= With a bishop, a [[#rook pawn|rook pawn]] may be the ''wrong rook pawn'', depending on whether or not the bishop controls its promotion square.<ref>Benjamin 2015, pp. 215–16</ref>}}
{{Chess diagram small
{{Chess diagram small
|tleft
|tright
|
|
|  |kd|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |kd|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|kl|  |  |  |  |  |  |
|kl|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|  |  |  |  |  |  |
|pl|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |bl|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |bl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|A wrong rook pawn at a5 with a wrong-colored bishop. In this position, White cannot force promotion and Black can force a draw.
|A '''wrong rook pawn''' at a5 with a wrong-colored bishop. In this position, White cannot force promotion and Black can force a draw.
}}
}}
{{anchor|Wrong rook pawn}}
{{term|term= wrong rook pawn|content= [[wrong rook pawn]]}}
{{defn|defn= With a bishop, a [[#rook pawn|rook pawn]] may be the ''wrong rook pawn'', depending on whether or not the bishop controls its promotion square.{{Sfn|Benjamin|2015|pp=215–216}}}}
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


Line 2,590: Line 3,337:
|Example of an X-ray defense
|Example of an X-ray defense
|  |  |  |ql|  |  |kd|  
|  |  |  |ql|  |  |kd|  
|  |  |  |  |  |pd|pd|pd  
|  |  |  |  |  |pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |rd|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |rd|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|qd|  |  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|qd|  |  |  |  |pl|pl|pl
|  |  |  |rl|  |kl|  |  
|  |  |  |rl|  |kl|  |  
|The white queen has just put the king in check, and the white rook provides an X-ray defense of the white queen.
|The white queen has just put the king in check, and the white rook provides an '''X-ray''' defense of the white queen.
}}
}}
{{term|term= X-ray|content= [[X-ray (chess)|X-ray]] {{anchor|X-ray|x-ray}} }}
 
{{defn|defn=When the power of a piece, either to attack or to defend, seems to pass through an intervening enemy piece. An X-ray attack, also known as a ''[[#skewer|skewer]]'', occurs when two pieces of the same color are caught in the same line of attack along a diagonal, rank, or file. The attacking piece [[#forcing move|forces]] the first and more valuable piece to move out of the way, which allows the second piece to be captured. An X-ray defense occurs when one piece is defended by another piece through an attacking enemy piece standing between the two.<ref>Pandolfini 1993, p. 46</ref>}}
{{anchor|X-ray|x-ray}}
{{term|term= X-ray|content= [[X-ray (chess)|X-ray]]}}
{{defn|defn=When the power of a piece, either to attack or to defend, seems to pass through an intervening enemy piece. An X-ray attack, also known as a ''[[#skewer|skewer]]'', occurs when two pieces of the same color are caught in the same line of attack along a diagonal, rank, or file. The attacking piece [[#forcing move|forces]] the first and more valuable piece to move out of the way, which allows the second piece to be captured. An X-ray defense occurs when one piece is defended by another piece through an attacking enemy piece standing between the two.{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1993|p=46}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 2,607: Line 3,356:
{{glossary}}
{{glossary}}


{{term|term= zeitnot|content= zeitnot {{anchor|Zeitnot}} }}
{{anchor|Zeitnot}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "time need"] Having very little time on the clock to complete the remaining moves of a timed game.<ref>Galperin 2012, p. 64</ref> Also called ''[[#time pressure|time pressure]]'' and ''time trouble''. See also ''[[#time control|time control]]''.}}
{{term|term= zeitnot|content= zeitnot}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "time need"] Having very little time on the clock to complete the remaining moves of a timed game.{{Sfn|Galperin|2012|p=64}} Also called ''[[#time pressure|time pressure]]'' and ''time trouble''.
{{See also|#time control|label1=time control}}}}


{{term|term= Zonal tournaments|content= Zonal tournaments {{anchor|Zonal tournaments|Zonal Tournaments|zonal tournaments|Zonal tournament|Zonal Tournament|zonal tournament|Zonal|zonal}} }}
{{anchor|Zonal tournaments|Zonal Tournaments|zonal tournaments|Zonal tournament|Zonal Tournament|zonal tournament|Zonal|zonal}}
{{defn|defn= Tournaments organized by [[#FIDE|FIDE]], the first qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. Each zonal tournament features top players of a certain geographical zone. Up until 1993 the winners went on to [[#Interzonal tournament|Interzonal tournaments]]. This was replaced by a system where the winners now play each other in [[knockout tournament|knockout-style competitions]] to determine who goes on to the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]].<ref>Williams 1997, p. 120</ref>}}
{{term|term= Zonal tournaments|content= Zonal tournaments}}
{{defn|defn= Tournaments organized by [[#FIDE|FIDE]], the first qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. Each zonal tournament features top players of a certain geographical zone. Up until 1993 the winners went on to [[#Interzonal tournament|Interzonal tournaments]]. This was replaced by a system where the winners now play each other in [[knockout tournament|knockout-style competitions]] to determine who goes on to the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]].{{Sfn|Williams|1997|p=120}}}}


{{term|term= zugzwang|content= [[zugzwang]] {{anchor|Zugzwang}} }}
{{anchor|Zugzwang}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "compulsion to move"] When a player is put at a disadvantage by having to make a move; where any legal move weakens the position. Zugzwang usually occurs in the [[#endgame|endgame]], and rarely in the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 76</ref>}}
{{term|term= zugzwang|content= [[zugzwang]]}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "compulsion to move"] When a player is put at a disadvantage by having to make a move; where any legal move weakens the position. Zugzwang usually occurs in the [[#endgame|endgame]], and rarely in the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].{{Sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=76}}}}


{{term|term= zwischenschach|content= zwischenschach {{anchor|Zwischenschach}} }}
{{anchor|Zwischenschach}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "in-between check"] Playing a surprising check that the opponent did not consider when plotting a sequence of moves; a [[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]] that is a [[#check|check]].<ref>Wilson & Alberston 2012, p. 10</ref>}}
{{term|term= zwischenschach|content= zwischenschach}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "in-between check"] Playing a surprising check that the opponent did not consider when plotting a sequence of moves; a [[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]] that is a [[#check|check]].{{Sfn|Wilson|Alberston|2012|p=10}}}}


{{term|term= zwischenzug|content= [[zwischenzug]] {{anchor|Zwischenzug}} }}
{{anchor|Zwischenzug}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "in-between move"] An "in-between" move, or an intermezzo, played before an expected reply. Often, but not always, this involves responding to a threat by posing an even greater threat, forcing the opponent to respond to the threat first.<ref>Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 159</ref>}}
{{term|term= zwischenzug|content= [[zwischenzug]]}}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "in-between move"] An "in-between" move, or an intermezzo, played before an expected reply. Often, but not always, this involves responding to a threat by posing an even greater threat, forcing the opponent to respond to the threat first.{{Sfn|Waitzkin|Waitzkin|1995|p=159}}}}


{{glossary end}}
{{glossary end}}
Line 2,627: Line 3,382:
==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Chess}}
{{Portal|Chess}}
*[[Chess equipment]]
* [[Chess equipment]]


==Notes==
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}


==References==
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
 
*{{citation |last=Agdestein |first=Simen |author-link=Simen Agdestein |year=2013 |title=How Magnus Carlsen Became the Youngest Chess Grandmaster in the World: The Story and the Games |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914424 }}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{citation |last1=Alburt |first1=Lev |author1-link=Lev Alburt |last2=Parr |first2=Larry |author2-link=Larry Parr (chess player) |year=2003 |title=The Secrets of the Russian Chess Masters: Fundamentals of the Game |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=9780393324525 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Agdestein |first=Simen |author-link=Simen Agdestein |title=How Magnus Carlsen Became the Youngest Chess Grandmaster in the World: The Story and the Games |date=2013 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914424}}
*{{citation |last=Ashley |first=Maurice |author-link=Maurice Ashley |year=2007 |title=Chess for Success: Using an Old Game to Build New Strengths in Children and Teens |publisher=Harmony/Rodale |isbn=9780307418883 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Alburt |first1=Lev |author-link1=Lev Alburt |title=The Secrets of the Russian Chess Masters: Fundamentals of the Game |last2=Parr |first2=Larry |author2-link=Larry Parr (chess player) |date=2003 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=9780393324525}}
*{{citation |last=Avni |first=Amatzia |year=2014 |title=Devious Chess: How to Bend the Rules and Win |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849941822 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ashley |first=Maurice |author-link=Maurice Ashley |title=Chess for Success: Using an Old Game to Build New Strengths in Children and Teens |date=2007 |publisher=Harmony/Rodale |isbn=9780307418883}}
*{{cite news |last=Barden |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Barden |date=20 January 2017 |title=Wesley So at top of Wijk standings going into weekend rounds |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jan/20/wesley-so-top-wijk-standings }}
* {{Cite book |last=Avni |first=Amatzia |title=Devious Chess: How to Bend the Rules and Win |date=2014 |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849941822}}
*{{citation |last=Benjamin |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Benjamin |year=2015 |title=Liquidation on the Chess Board: Mastering the Transition into the Pawn Ending |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915544 }}
* {{cite news |last=Barden |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Barden |date=20 January 2017 |title=Wesley So at top of Wijk standings going into weekend rounds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jan/20/wesley-so-top-wijk-standings |newspaper=The Guardian}}
*{{citation |last=Borders |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=The Self-Improvement of Chess |publisher=Lulu |isbn=9781430327646 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Benjamin |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Benjamin |title=Liquidation on the Chess Board: Mastering the Transition into the Pawn Ending |date=2015 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915544}}
*{{citation |last=Brace |first=Edward R. |year=1977 |title=An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess |publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group |isbn=0-600-32920-8 }} (1989 reprint by Chartwell Books, {{ISBN|978-1555213947 }})
* {{Cite book |last=Borders |first=Mark |title=The Self-Improvement of Chess |date=2007 |publisher=Lulu |isbn=9781430327646}}
*{{citation |last=Bronstein |first=David |author-link=David Bronstein |year=2013 |title=Zurich International Chess Tournament, 1953 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486319063 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Brace |first=Edward R. |title=An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess |date=1977 |publisher=Hamlyn |isbn=0-600-32920-8}} (1989 reprint by Chartwell Books, {{ISBN|978-1555213947}})
*{{citation |last=Brown |first=Isaac M. |year=2012 |title=The British Chess Magazine, Volume 15 |publisher=Nabu Press |isbn=9781276679046 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bronstein |first=David |author-link=David Bronstein |title=Zurich International Chess Tournament, 1953 |date=2013 |publisher=Courier |isbn=9780486319063}}
*{{citation |last=Burgess |first=Graham |author-link=Graham Burgess |year=2000 |title=The Mammoth Book of Chess |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |isbn=0-7867-0725-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Isaac M. |title=The British Chess Magazine, Volume 15 |date=2012 |publisher=Nabu Press |isbn=9781276679046}}
*{{citation |last=Capablanca |first=Jose R. |author-link=José Capablanca |year=2002 |title=A Primer of Chess |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=9780156028073 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=Graham |author-link=Graham Burgess |title=The Mammoth Book of Chess |date=2000 |publisher=Carroll & Graf |isbn=0-7867-0725-9}}
*{{citation |last=Clarke |first=P. H. |year=1963 |title=100 Soviet Chess Miniatures |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486408446 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Capablanca |first=Jose R. |author-link=José Capablanca |title=A Primer of Chess |date=2002 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=9780156028073}}
*{{cite magazine |last=Cranston |first=Adam. |year=2017 |title=Heatwave Chess |magazine =Hammersmith Chess Club Newsletter }}
* {{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=P. H. |title=100 Soviet Chess Miniatures |date=2000 |publisher=Courier |isbn=9780486408446 |orig-date=1963}}
*{{citation |last1=David |first1=Omid E. |last2=Netanyahu |first2=Nathan S. |last3=Wolf |first3=Lior |year=2016 |title=DeepChess: End-to-End Deep Neural Network for Automatic Learning in Chess. International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN) Vol. 9887 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319447810 }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Cranston |first=Adam. |date=2017 |title=Heatwave Chess |magazine=Hammersmith Chess Club Newsletter}}
*{{citation |last=de Firmian |first=Nick |author-link=Nick de Firmian |title=Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14 |publisher=Random House Puzzles & Games |year=1999 |isbn=0-8129-3084-3 |title-link=Modern Chess Openings }}
* {{Cite book |last1=David |first1=Omid E. |title=DeepChess: End-to-End Deep Neural Network for Automatic Learning in Chess. International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN) Vol. 9887 |last2=Netanyahu |first2=Nathan S. |last3=Wolf |first3=Lior |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319447810}}
*{{citation |last=de Groot |first=Adriaan D. |author-link=Adriaan de Groot |year=2008 |title=Thought and Choice in Chess |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789053569986 }}
* {{Cite book |last=de Firmian |first=Nick |author-link=Nick de Firmian |title=Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14 |title-link=Modern Chess Openings |date=1999 |publisher=Random House Puzzles & Games |isbn=0-8129-3084-3}}
*{{citation |last=de la Villa |first=Jesús |author-link=Jesús de la Villa |year=2014 |title=100 Endgames You Must Know: Vital Lessons for Every Chess Player Improved and Expanded |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914547 }}
* {{Cite book |last=de Groot |first=Adriaan D. |author-link=Adriaan de Groot |title=Thought and Choice in Chess |date=2008 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789053569986}}
*{{citation |last=Desjarlais |first=Robert R. |year=2011 |title=Counterplay: An Anthropologist at the Chessboard |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520948204 }}
* {{Cite book |last=de la Villa |first=Jesús |author-link=Jesús de la Villa |title=100 Endgames You Must Know: Vital Lessons for Every Chess Player Improved and Expanded |date=2014 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914547}}
*{{citation |last=Dunne |first=Alex |year=1991 |title=Complete Guide to Correspondence Chess |publisher=Thinkers' Press |isbn=9780938650522 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Desjarlais |first=Robert R. |title=Counterplay: An Anthropologist at the Chessboard |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520948204}}
*{{citation |last =Dvoretsky|first =Mark|author-link =Mark Dvoretsky |year =2006 |title =Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual |edition =second |publisher =Russell Enterprises |isbn=1-888690-28-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Dunne |first=Alex |title=Complete Guide to Correspondence Chess |date=1991 |publisher=Thinkers' Press |isbn=9780938650522}}
*{{citation |last=Edwards |first=Jon |year=2007 |title=Teach Yourself VISUALLY Chess |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780470121320 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Dvoretsky |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Dvoretsky |title=Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual |publisher=Russell Enterprises |date=2006 |isbn=1-888690-28-3 |edition=2nd}}
*{{citation |last1=Euwe |first1=Max |author1-link=Max Euwe |last2=Meiden |first2=Walter |year=2013 |title=Chess Master vs. Chess Amateur |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486319896 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Jon |title=Teach Yourself VISUALLY Chess |date=2007 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780470121320}}
*{{citation |last=Evans |first=Larry | author-link1=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster) |title=New Ideas in Chess |year=1967 |publisher=Cornerstone Library (1984 [[Dover Publications|Dover]] edition) |isbn=0-486-28305-4 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Euwe |first1=Max |author-link1=Max Euwe |title=Chess Master vs. Chess Amateur |last2=Meiden |first2=Walter |date=2013 |publisher=Courier |isbn=9780486319896}}
*{{citation |last1=Evans |first1=Larry |author1-link=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster) |last2=Silman |first2=Jeremy |author2-link=Jeremy Silman |last3=Roberts |first3=Betty |year=1991 |title=How to Get Better at Chess: Chess Masters on Their Art |publisher=Summit |isbn=9780945806059 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster) |title=New Ideas in Chess |date=1967 |publisher=Cornerstone Library |edition=Dover 1984 |isbn=0-486-28305-4}}
*{{citation |last=Evans |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster)|year=2009 |title=This Crazy World of Chess |publisher=Cardoza |isbn=9781580422376 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Larry |author-link1=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster) |title=How to Get Better at Chess: Chess Masters on Their Art |last2=Silman |first2=Jeremy |author2-link=Jeremy Silman |last3=Roberts |first3=Betty |date=1991 |publisher=Summit |isbn=9780945806059}}
*{{citation |last=Evans |first=Larry|author-link=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster) |year=2011 |title=10 Most Common Chess Mistakes |publisher=Cardoza Publishing |isbn=978-1580422895 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster) |title=This Crazy World of Chess |date=2009 |publisher=Cardoza |isbn=9781580422376}}
*{{citation |last=Fine |first=Gary Alan |year=2015 |title=Players and Pawns: How Chess Builds Community and Culture |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226265032 }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023 |title=FIDE Handbook |department=E. MISCELLANEOUS / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 |via=International Chess Federation |access-date=26 September 2025 |ref={{SfnRef|FIDE Laws of Chess|2023}}}}
*{{citation |last=Fine |first=Reuben |author-link=Reuben Fine |year=1976 |title=The World's Great Chess Games |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486245126 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fine |first=Gary Alan |title=Players and Pawns: How Chess Builds Community and Culture |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226265032}}
*{{citation |last1=Fischer |first1=Bobby |author1-link=Bobby Fischer |last2=Margulies |first2=Stuart |last3=Mosenfelder |first3=Donn |year=1982 |title=Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=9780553263152 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Fine |first=Reuben |author-link=Reuben Fine |title=The World's Great Chess Games |date=1976 |publisher=Courier |isbn=9780486245126}}
*{{citation |last=Galperin |first=Misha |year=2012 |title=Reimagining Leadership in Jewish Organizations: Ten Practical Lessons to Help You Implement Change and Achieve Your Goals |publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing |isbn=9781580234924 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Bobby |author-link1=Bobby Fischer |title=Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess |last2=Margulies |first2=Stuart |last3=Mosenfelder |first3=Donn |date=1982 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780553263152}}
*{{citation |last=Giddins |first=Steve |author-link=Steve Giddins |year=2017 |title=The New In Chess Book of Chess Improvement: Lessons From the Best Players in the World's Leading Chess Magazine |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916954 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Galperin |first=Misha |title=Reimagining Leadership in Jewish Organizations: Ten Practical Lessons to Help You Implement Change and Achieve Your Goals |date=2012 |publisher=Jewish Lights |isbn=9781580234924}}
*{{citation |editor-last=Golombek |editor-first=Harry |editor-link=Harry Golombek |year=1977 |title=Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess |publisher=Batsford |isbn=0-517-53146-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Giddins |first=Steve |author-link=Steve Giddins |title=The New In Chess Book of Chess Improvement: Lessons From the Best Players in the World's Leading Chess Magazine |date=2017 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916954}}
*{{citation |last=Gligorić |first=Svetozar |author-link=Svetozar Gligorić |title=Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess? |publisher=[[Anova Books|B.T. Batsford Ltd]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-7134-8764-X }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Golombek |editor-first=Harry |title=Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess |date=1977 |publisher=Batsford |isbn=0-517-53146-1 |editor-link=Harry Golombek}}
*{{citation |last1=Goichberg |first1=Bill |author1-link=Bill Goichberg |last2=Jarecki |first2=Carol |author2-link=Carol Jarecki |last3=Riddle |first3=Ira Lee |year=1993 |title=U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess |publisher=David McKay Chess Library |isbn=9780812922172 |url=https://archive.org/details/uschessfederatio0000unit }}
* {{Cite book |last=Grooten |first=Herman |title=Chess Strategy for Club Players: The Road to Positional Advantage |date=2017 |publisher=Siles Press |isbn=9789056916947}}
*{{citation |last=Grooten |first=Herman |year=2017 |title=Chess Strategy for Club Players: The Road to Positional Advantage |publisher=Siles Press |isbn=9789056916947 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hallman |first=J.C. |title=The Chess Artist: Genius, Obsession, and the World's Oldest Game |date=2013 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9781466852235}}
*{{citation |last=Hallman |first=J.C. |year=2013 |title=The Chess Artist: Genius, Obsession, and the World's Oldest Game |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9781466852235 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Harding (chess player) |title=Joseph Henry Blackburne: A Chess Biography |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9781476620282}}
*{{citation |last=Harding |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Harding (chess player) |year=2015 |title=Joseph Henry Blackburne: A Chess Biography |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9781476620282 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hartston |first=William |author-link=William Hartston |title=Teach Yourself Better Chess |date=1997 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=9780844239330}}
*{{citation |last=Hartston |first=William |author-link=William Hartston |year=1997 |title=Teach Yourself Better Chess |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=9780844239330 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hendriks |first=Willy |title=Move First, Think Later: Sense and Nonsense in Improving Your Chess |date=2014 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915407}}
*{{citation |last=Hendriks |first=Willy |year=2014 |title=Move First, Think Later: Sense and Nonsense in Improving Your Chess |publisher=New In Chess|isbn=9789056915407 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hertan |first=Charles |title=Power Chess for Kids: Learn How to Think Ahead and Become One of the Best Players in Your School |date=2013 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914448}}
*{{citation |last=Hertan |first=Charles |year=2013 |title=Power Chess for Kids: Learn How to Think Ahead and Become One of the Best Players in Your School |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914448 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hertan |first=Charles |title=Forcing Chess Moves: The Key to Better Calculation |date=2014 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914653}}
*{{citation |last=Hertan |first=Charles |year=2014 |title=Forcing Chess Moves: The Key to Better Calculation |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914653 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hertan |first=Charles |title=Start Playing Chess!: Learn the Rules of the Royal Game |date=2016 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916879}}
*{{citation |last=Hertan |first=Charles |year=2016 |title=Start Playing Chess!: Learn the Rules of the Royal Game |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916879 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hilbert |first=John S. |title=Emil Kemeny: A Life in Chess |date=2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786473595}}
*{{citation |last=Hilbert |first=John S. |year=2013 |title=Emil Kemeny: A Life in Chess |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786473595 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hochberg |first=Burt |author-link=Burt Hochberg |title=Outrageous Chess Problems |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling |isbn=9781402719097}}
*{{citation |last=Hochberg |first=Burt |author-link=Burt Hochberg |year=2005 |title=Outrageous Chess Problems |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |isbn=9781402719097 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Asa |author-link=Asa Hoffman |title=Chess Gladiator |date=1996 |publisher=International Chess Enterprises |isbn=9781879479319}}
*{{citation |last=Hoffman |first=Asa |author-link=Asa Hoffman |year=1996 |title=Chess Gladiator |publisher=International Chess Enterprises |isbn=9781879479319 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=David |author-link1=David Vincent Hooper |title=The Oxford Companion to Chess |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Chess |last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth |author2-link=Kenneth Whyld |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-280049-3 |edition=second |location=Oxford |orig-date=first pub. 1992}}
*{{citation |last1=Hooper |first1=David |author1-link=David Vincent Hooper |last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth |author2-link=Kenneth Whyld |year=1996 |orig-year=first pub. 1992 |title=The Oxford Companion to Chess |edition=second |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-280049-3 |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Chess }}
* {{Cite book |last=Horton |first=Byrne Joseph |title=Dictionary of Modern Chess |date=1973 |publisher=Owen |isbn=0-8022-0746-4 |orig-date=1959}}
*{{citation |last=Horton |first=Byrne Joseph |year=1959 |title=Dictionary of Modern Chess |publisher=Owen |isbn=0-8022-0746-4 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Joel |title=Formation Attacks |date=2010 |publisher=Lulu |isbn=9780557522699}}
*{{citation |last=Hurst |first=John |year=2007 |title=Professional SlickEdit |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780470251706 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Judovitz |first1=Dalia |author-link1=Dalia Judovitz |title=Drawing on Art: Duchamp and Company |last2=Duchamp |first2=Marcel |author2-link=Marcel Duchamp |date=2010 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816665297}}
*{{citation |last=Johnson |first=Joel |year=2010 |title=Formation Attacks |publisher=Lulu |isbn=9780557522699 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaan |first=Jef |title=Better Chess Openings |date=2016 |publisher=Lulu |isbn=9781326180775}}
*{{citation |title=Drawing on Art: Duchamp and Company |year=2010 |last1=Judovitz |last2=Duchamp |first1=Dalia |first2=Marcel |author1-link=Dalia Judovitz |author2-link=Marcel Duchamp |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816665297 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |author-link=Garry Kasparov |title=Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins |date=2017 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=9781610397872}}
*{{citation |last=Kaan |first=Jef |year=2016 |title=Better Chess Openings |publisher=Lulu |isbn=9781326180775 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Kaufman |title=Sabotage the Grunfeld!: A Cutting-edge Repertoire for White based on 3.f3 |date=2014 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915391}}
*{{citation |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |author-link=Garry Kasparov |year=2017 |title=Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=9781610397872 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Keene |first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Keene |title=The Simon & Schuster Pocket Book of Chess |date=1989 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671679248}}
*{{citation |last=Kaufman |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Kaufman |year=2014 |title=Sabotage the Grunfeld!: A Cutting-edge Repertoire for White based on 3.f3 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915391 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kmoch |first=Hans |author-link=Hans Kmoch |title=Pawn Power in Chess |date=2013 |publisher=Courier |isbn=9780486319698}}
*{{citation |last=Keene |first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Keene |year=1989 |title=The Simon & Schuster Pocket Book of Chess |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671679248 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Komarov |first1=Dimitri |author-link1=Dimitri Komarov |title=Chess Opening Essentials: 1.d4 d5 / 1.d4 Various / Queen's Gambits |last2=Djuric |first2=Stefan |date=2016 |publisher=Microsoft Press |isbn=9789056917289}}
*{{citation |last=Kmoch |first=Hans |author-link=Hans Kmoch |year=2013 |title=Pawn Power in Chess |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486319698 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kotov |first=A. A. |author-link=Alexander Kotov |title=Think Like a Grandmaster |date=2012 |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849940535}}
*{{citation |last1=Komarov |first1=Dimitri |author1-link=Dimitri Komarov |last2=Djuric |first2=Stefan |year=2016 |title=Chess Opening Essentials: 1.d4 d5 / 1.d4 Various / Queen's Gambits |publisher=Microsoft Press |isbn=9789056917289 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kvanvig |first=Jonathan |title=Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion, Volume 1 =Oxford University Press |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press Oxford |isbn=9780191562204}}
*{{citation |last=Kotov |first=A. A. |author-link=Alexander Kotov |year=2012 |title=Think Like a Grandmaster |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849940535 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=Al |author-link1=Al Lawrence (chess writer) |title=Knack Chess for Everyone: A Step-by-Step Guide to Rules, Moves & Winning Strategies |last2=Alburt |first2=Lev |author2-link=Lev Alburt |date=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780762762712}}
*{{citation |last=Kvanvig |first=Jonathan |year=2008 |title=Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion, Volume 1 =Oxford University Press |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780191562204 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lawson |first=Kristan |title=The Rules of Speed Chess |date=1992 |publisher=Jolly Roger Press |isbn=9780963420572}}
*{{citation |last1=Lawrence |first1=Al |author1-link=Al Lawrence (chess writer) |last2=Alburt |first2=Lev |author2-link=Lev Alburt |year=2010 |title=Knack Chess for Everyone: A Step-by-Step Guide to Rules, Moves & Winning Strategies |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780762762712 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Newton |title=Google It: Total Information Awareness |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781493964154}}
*{{citation |last=Lawson |first=Kristan |year=1992 |title=The Rules of Speed Chess |publisher=Jolly Roger Press |isbn=9780963420572 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lemos |first=Damien |title=Opening Repertoire: The Fianchetto System |date=2014 |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=9781781941621}}
*{{citation |last=Lee |first=Newton |year=2016 |title=Google It: Total Information Awareness |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781493964154 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lombardy |first1=William |author-link1=William Lombardy |url=https://archive.org/details/chesspanorama00lomb |title=Chess Panorama |last2=Daniels |first2=David |date=1977 |publisher=Stein & Day |isbn=0-8019-6078-9}}
*{{citation |last=Lemos |first=Damien |year=2014 |title=Opening Repertoire: The Fianchetto System |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=9781781941621 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Cristopher |title=The Nature of Computation |last2=Mertens |first2=Stephan |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199233212}}
*{{citation |last=Levitt |first=Gerald M. |year=2006 |title=Turk, Chess Automation |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0786429035 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Ethan |title=How To Beat Anyone At Chess: The Best Chess Tips, Moves, and Tactics |date=2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781440592157}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lombardy |first1=William |author-link1=William Lombardy |last2=Daniels |first2=David |title=Chess Panorama |publisher=Stein & Day |year=1977 |isbn=0-8019-6078-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/chesspanorama00lomb }}
* {{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Harold James Ruthven |author-link=Harold James Ruthven Murray |title=A History of Chess |date=2012 |publisher=Skyhorse |isbn=978-1620870624}}
*{{citation |last=MacEnulty |first=David |year=2004 |title=The Chess Kid's Book of Checkmate |publisher=Random House Puzzles & Games |isbn=9780812935943 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Newborn |first=Monty |title=Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387217901}}
*{{citation |last1=Moore |first1=Cristopher |last2=Mertens |first2=Stephan |year=2011 |title=The Nature of Computation |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199233212 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Nimzowitsch |first=Aron |author-link=Aron Nimzowitsch |title=Blockade |date=1980 |publisher=Chess Enterprises |isbn=9781476739700}}
*{{citation |last=Moore |first=Ethan |year=2015 |title=How To Beat Anyone At Chess: The Best Chess Tips, Moves, and Tactics |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781440592157 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Nimzowitsch |first=Aron |author-link=Aron Nimzowitsch |title=Aron Nimzowitsch 1928-1935: Annotated Games & Essays |date=2014 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915162}}
*{{citation |last=Murray |first=Harold James Ruthven |author-link=Harold James Ruthven Murray |year=2012 |title=A History of Chess |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=978-1620870624 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Nimzowitsch |first=Aron |author-link=Aron Nimzowitsch |title=My System & Chess Praxis: His Landmark Classics in One Edition |date=2016 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916602}}
*{{citation |last=Newborn |first=Monty |year=2013 |title=Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387217901 }}
* {{cite book |last=Nunn |first=John |author-link=John Nunn |title=101 Brilliant Chess Miniatures |date=1999 |publisher=Gambit |isbn=1-901983-16-1}}
*{{citation |last=Nimzowitsch |first=Aron |author-link=Aron Nimzowitsch |year=1980 |title=Blockade |publisher=Chess Enterprises |isbn=9781476739700 }}
* {{cite book |last=Nunn |first=John |author-link=John Nunn |title=Secrets of Practical Chess |date=1998 |publisher=B H B Distribution |isbn=1901983013}}
*{{citation |last=Nimzowitsch |first=Aron |author-link=Aron Nimzowitsch |year=2014 |title=Aron Nimzowitsch 1928-1935: Annotated Games & Essays |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915162 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ólafsson |first=Helgi |author-link=Helgi Ólafsson |title=Bobby Fischer Comes Home: The Final Years in Iceland, a Saga of Friendship and Lost Illusions |date=2014 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914363}}
*{{citation |last=Nimzowitsch |first=Aron |author-link=Aron Nimzowitsch |year=2016 |title=My System & Chess Praxis: His Landmark Classics in One Edition |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916602 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=Pandolfini's Endgame Course: Basic Endgame Concepts Explained |date=1988 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671656881}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nunn |first1=John |author-link=John Nunn |title=101 Brilliant Chess Miniatures |publisher=Gambit Publications |year=1999 |isbn=1-901983-16-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=Chess Openings: Traps And Zaps |date=1989 |publisher=Touchstone |isbn=978-0671656904}}
*{{citation |last=Ólafsson |first=Helgi |author-link=Helgi Ólafsson |year=2014 |title=Bobby Fischer Comes Home: The Final Years in Iceland, a Saga of Friendship and Lost Illusions |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914363 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=Pandolfini's Chess Complete: The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from History to Strategy |date=1992 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671701864}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=1988 |title=Pandolfini's Endgame Course: Basic Endgame Concepts Explained |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671656881 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |url=https://archive.org/details/beginningchess00pand |title=Beginning Chess: Over 300 Elementary Problems for Players New to the Game |date=1993 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671795016}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=1989 |title=Chess Openings: Traps And Zaps |publisher=Touchstone |isbn=978-0671656904 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=Chess Thinking: The Visual Dictionary of Chess Moves, Rules, Strategies and Concepts (Fireside Chess Library) |date=1995 |isbn=9780671795023 |publisher=Everyman Chess}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=1992 |title=Pandolfini's Chess Complete: The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from History to Strategy |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671701864 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=The Q&A Way in Chess |date=2005 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780812936582}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=1993 |title=Beginning Chess: Over 300 Elementary Problems for Players New to the Game |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671795016 |url=https://archive.org/details/beginningchess00pand }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=Pandolfini's Ultimate Guide to Chess |date=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780743260985}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=1996 |title=Chess Thinking: The Visual Dictionary of Chess Moves, Rules, Strategies and Concepts (Fireside Chess Library) |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=1-85744-480-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=Pandolfini's Endgame Course |date=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671656881}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=2005 |title=The Q&A Way in Chess |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780812936582 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |title=Weapons of Chess: An Omnibus of Chess Strategies |date=2013 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781476739700}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=2008 |title=Pandolfini's Ultimate Guide to Chess |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780743260985 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pritchard |first=David |author-link=David Pritchard (chess player) |title=The Right Way to Play Chess |date=2012 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9780716023326}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=2009 |title=Pandolfini's Endgame Course |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780671656881 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Reinfeld |first=Fred |author-link=Fred Reinfeld |title=1001 Winning Chess Sacrifices and Combinations |date=2014 |publisher=Wilshire Book Company |isbn=978-0-87980-111-3 |orig-date=1955}}
*{{citation |last=Pandolfini |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Pandolfini |year=2013 |title=Weapons of Chess: An Omnibus of Chess Strategies |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781476739700 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Reinfeld |first=Fred |author-link=Fred Reinfeld |title=The Complete Chess Course |date=2016 |publisher=Russell Enterprises |isbn=9781941270240}}
*{{citation |last=Petković |first=Miodrag |year=1997 |title=Mathematics and Chess: 110 Entertaining Problems and Solutions |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486294322 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Renaud |first1=Georges |author-link1=Georges Renaud |title=The Art of Checkmate |last2=Kahn |first2=Victor |date=2015 |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-1849942706}}
*{{citation |last=Pritchard |first=David |author-link=David Pritchard (chess player) |year=2012 |title=The Right Way to Play Chess |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=9780716023326 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Schiller |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Schiller |title=Encyclopedia of Chess Wisdom |date=2003 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781580420884}}
*{{citation |last=Rasskin-Gutman |first=Diego |year=2009 |title=Chess Metaphors: Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262182676 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Seirawan |first1=Yasser |author-link1=Yasser Seirawan |title=No Regrets &bull; Fischer–Spassky 1992 |last2=Stefanovic |first2=George |date=1992 |publisher=International Chess Enterprises |isbn=1-879479-09-5}}
*{{citation |last=Reinfeld |first=Fred |author-link=Fred Reinfeld |year=2016 |title=The Complete Chess Course |publisher=Russell Enterprises |isbn=9781941270240 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Seirawan |first1=Yasser |author-link1=Yasser Seirawan |title=Winning Chess Strategies: Proven Principles from One of the U.S.A.'s Top Chess Players |last2=Silman |first2=Jeremy |author2-link=Jeremy Silman |date=1994 |publisher=Microsoft Press |isbn=9781556156632}}
*{{citation |last1=Renaud |first1=Georges |author1-link=Georges Renaud |last2=Kahn |first2=Victor |year=2015 |title=The Art of Checkmate |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-1849942706 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Silman |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Silman |title=The Complete Book of Chess Strategy: Grandmaster Techniques from A to Z |date=1998 |publisher=Siles Press |isbn=9781890085018}}
*{{citation |last=Roycroft |first=A. J. |author-link=John Roycroft |year=1981 |title=The Chess Endgame Study: A Comprehensive Introduction |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=9780486241869 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Silman |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Silman |url=https://archive.org/details/amateursmind00jere |title=The Amateur's Mind: Turning Chess Misconceptions Into Chess Mastery |date=1999 |publisher=Siles Press |isbn=978-1890085025}}
*{{citation |last=Schiller |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Schiller |year=2003 |title=Encyclopedia of Chess Wisdom |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781580420884 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Silver |first=Nate |author-link=Nate Silver |title=The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-but Some Don't |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9781101595954}}
*{{citation |last=Schiller |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Schiller |year=2009 |title=World Champion Openings |publisher=Cardoza Publishing |isbn=9781580425612 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Robert M. |author-link=Robert Michael Snyder |title=Winning Chess Traps: Opening Tactics for the Advanced Beginner and Intermediate Player |date=2007 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9780595453450}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
*{{citation |last1=Seirawan |first1=Yasser |author1-link=Yasser Seirawan |last2=Stefanovic |first2=George |author2-link= |year=1992 |title=No Regrets &bull; Fischer–Spassky 1992 |publisher=International Chess Enterprises |isbn=1-879479-09-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |title=Chess Lists, 2d ed. |date=2002 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786412969}}
*{{citation |last1=Seirawan |first1=Yasser |author1-link=Yasser Seirawan |last2=Silman |first2=Jeremy |author2-link=Jeremy Silman |year=1994 |title=Winning Chess Strategies: Proven Principles from One of the U.S.A.'s Top Chess Players |publisher=Microsoft Press |isbn=9781556156632 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |title=The Wisest Things Ever Said About Chess |date=2008 |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849941020}}
*{{citation |last=Shibut |first=Macon |year=2012 |title=Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486149875 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |title=What It Takes to Become a Chess Master |date=2012 |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849940887}}
*{{citation |last=Silman |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Silman |year=1998 |title=The Complete Book of Chess Strategy: Grandmaster Techniques from A to Z |publisher=Siles Press |isbn=9781890085018 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |title=100 Chess Master Trade Secrets: From Sacrifices to Endgames |date=2013 |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849941556}}
*{{citation |last=Silman |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Silman |year=1999 |title=The Amateur's Mind: Turning Chess Misconceptions Into Chess Mastery |publisher=Siles Press |isbn=978-1890085025 |url=https://archive.org/details/amateursmind00jere }}
* {{Cite book |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |title=New Art of Defence in Chess: chess defence tactics classic |date=2014 |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-1849941600}}
*{{citation |last=Silver |first=Nate |year=2012 |title=The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-but Some Don't |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9781101595954 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Souleidis |first=Georgios |title=Winning with the Slow (but Venomous!) Italian: An Easy-to-Grasp Chess Opening for White |date=2017 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916756}}
*{{citation |last=Snyder |first=Robert M. |author-link=Robert Michael Snyder |year=2007 |title=Winning Chess Traps: Opening Tactics for the Advanced Beginner and Intermediate Player |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9780595453450 }}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Staunton |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Staunton |title=The Chess-Player's Companion: comprising a new Treatise on Odds, and a Collection of Games |date=1875 |publisher=George Bell and Sons}}
*{{citation |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |year=2002 |title=Chess Lists, 2d ed. |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786412969 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Staunton |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Staunton |title=Staunton's Chess-Player's Handbook |date=2009 |publisher=Siles Press |isbn=9784871878210}}
*{{citation |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |year=2012 |title=What It Takes to Become a Chess Master |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849940887 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Staunton |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Staunton |title=Chess: theory & practice; containing the laws & history of the game, together with an analysis of the openings, & a treatise of end games |date=2014 |publisher=Nabu Press |isbn=978-1294776635}}
*{{citation |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |year=2013 |title=The Wisest Things Ever Said About Chess |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849941020 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Steingass |first=Francis Joseph |title=The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary |date=1884 |publisher=Crosby Lockwood and Son}}
*{{citation |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |year=2013 |title=100 Chess Master Trade Secrets: From Sacrifices to Endgames |publisher=Pavilion Books |isbn=9781849941556 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Suba |first=Mihai |author-link=Mihai Șubă |title=Dynamic Chess Strategy: Extended & Updated Edition |date=2014 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914592}}
*{{citation |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Soltis |year=2014 |title=New Art of Defence in Chess: chess defence tactics classic |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-1849941600 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Tarrasch |first=Siegbert |author-link=Siegbert Tarrasch |title=The Game of Chess |date=2012 |publisher=Courier |isbn=9780486144559}}
*{{citation |last=Soltis |first=Andy |author-link=Andrew Soltis |year=2019 |title=Out on a limb; What level of certainty do you need to confidently play a move? |magazine=[[Chess Life]] |publisher=[[United States Chess Federation]] }}
* {{Cite book |last=Timman |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Timman |title=On The Attack: The Art of Attacking Chess According to the Modern Masters |date=2014 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9789056914905}}
*{{citation |last=Souleidis |first=Georgios |year=2017 |title=Winning with the Slow (but Venomous!) Italian: An Easy-to-Grasp Chess Opening for White |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916756 }}
* {{Cite book |author=[[United States Chess Federation]] |title=United States Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, Fifth Edition |date=2003 |publisher=Random House Puzzles & Games |isbn=9780812935592}}
*{{citation |last=Standage |first=Tom |year=2004 |title=Mechanical Turk: The True Story of the Chess Playing Machine That Fooled the World |publisher=Penguin USA |isbn=978-0140299199 }}
* {{Cite book |last=van de Oudeweetering |first=Arthur |title=Improve Your Chess Pattern Recognition: Key Moves and Motifs in the Middlegame |date=2014 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915421}}
*{{citation |last=Staunton |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Staunton |year=1875 |title=The Chess-Player's Companion: comprising a new Treatise on Odds, and a Collection of Games |publisher=George Bell and Sons }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Waitzkin |first1=Josh |author-link1=Josh Waitzkin |title=Attacking Chess: Aggressive Strategies and Inside Moves from the U.S. Junior Chess Champion |last2=Waitzkin |first2=Fred |author2-link=Fred Waitzkin |date=1995 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780684802503}}
*{{citation |last=Staunton |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Staunton |year=2009 |title=Staunton's Chess-Player's Handbook |publisher=Siles Press |isbn=9784871878210 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=John L. |author-link=John L. Watson |title=Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch |date=1998 |publisher=Gambit |isbn=9781901983074}}
*{{citation |last=Staunton |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Staunton |year=2014 |title=Chess: theory & practice; containing the laws & history of the game, together with an analysis of the openings, & a treatise of end games |publisher=Nabu Press |isbn=978-1294776635 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Webb |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Webb (chess player) |title=Chess for Tigers |date=2006 |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-0713489880}}
*{{citation |last=Steingass |first=Francis Joseph |year=1884 |title=The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary |publisher=Crosby Lockwood and Son }}
* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Gareth |title=Introduction to Chess: Learn to Play the World's Most Popular Game of Skill |date=1997 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |isbn=9780760705339}}
*{{citation |last=Suba |first=Mihai |author-link=Mihai Suba |year=2014 |title=Dynamic Chess Strategy: Extended & Updated Edition |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056914592 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Sinclair L. |title=Chess!: A Fun Game to Learn and Play |date=2008 |publisher=Xlibris |isbn=9781453550397}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
*{{citation |last=Tarrasch |first=Siegbert |author-link=Siegbert Tarrasch |year=2012 |title=The Game of Chess |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486144559 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Fred |url=https://archive.org/details/101questionsonho00wils |title=101 Questions on How to Play Chess |date=1994 |publisher=Dover |isbn=9780486282732}}
*{{citation |last=Timman |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Timman |year=2014 |title=On The Attack: The Art of Attacking Chess According to the Modern Masters |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9789056914905 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Fred |title=303 Tricky Chess Puzzles |last2=Alberston |first2=Bruce |date=2012 |publisher=Cardoza |isbn=9781580425247}}
*{{citation |last=[[United States Chess Federation]] |year=2003 |title=United States Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, Fifth Edition |publisher=Random House Puzzles & Games |isbn=9780812935592 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Young |first1=Franklin Knowles |title=The Minor Tactics of Chess: A Treatise on the Deployment of the Forces in Obedience to the Strategic Principle |last2=Howell |first2=Edwin C. |date=1894 |publisher=Roberts brothers}}
*{{citation |last=van de Oudeweetering |first=Arthur |year=2014 |title=Improve Your Chess Pattern Recognition: Key Moves and Motifs in the Middlegame |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056915421 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Znosko-Borovsky |first=Eugene A. |author-link=Eugene Znosko-Borovsky |editor-first=Fred |editor-last=Reinfeld |editor-link=Fred Reinfeld |title=How ''Not'' to Play Chess |date=2012 |orig-date=1959 |publisher=Dover |isbn=9780486158372}}
*{{citation |last=van de Oudeweetering |first=Arthur |year=2016 |title=Train Your Chess Pattern Recognition: More Key Moves & Motives in the Middlegame |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916145 }}
*{{citation |last1=Waitzkin |first1=Josh |author1-link=Josh Waitzkin |last2=Waitzkin|first2=Fred |author2-link=Fred Waitzkin |year=1995 |title=Attacking Chess: Aggressive Strategies and Inside Moves from the U.S. Junior Chess Champion |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9780684802503 }}
*{{citation |last1=Watson |first1=John L. |author1-link=John L. Watson |year=1998 |title=Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch |publisher=Gambit |isbn=9781901983074 }}
*{{citation |last=Webb |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Webb (chess player) |year=2006 |title=Chess for Tigers |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-0713489880 }}
*{{citation |last=Williams |first=Gareth |year=1997 |title=Introduction to Chess: Learn to Play the World's Most Popular Game of Skill |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |isbn=9780760705339 }}
*{{citation |last=Wilkinson |first=Sinclair L. |year=2008 |title=Chess!: A Fun Game to Learn and Play |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=9781453550397 }}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017 }}
*{{citation |last=Wilson |first=Fred |year=1994 |title=101 Questions on How to Play Chess |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=9780486282732 |url=https://archive.org/details/101questionsonho00wils }}
*{{citation |last1=Wilson |first1=Fred |last2=Alberston |first2=Bruce |year=2012 |title=303 Tricky Chess Puzzles |publisher=Cardoza Publishing |isbn=9781580425247 }}
*{{citation |last1=Young |first1=Franklin Knowles |last2=Howell |first2=Edwin C. |year=1894 |title=The Minor Tactics of Chess: A Treatise on the Deployment of the Forces in Obedience to the Strategic Principle |publisher=Roberts brothers }}
*{{citation |last=Zelepukhin |first=N. P. |year=1982 |title=Dictionary of Chess|publisher=French & European Pubns |isbn=0-8288-2350-2 }}
*{{citation |last=Znosko-Borovsky |first=Eugene A. |author-link=Eugene Znosko-Borovsky |year=2012 |title=How Not to Play Chess |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486158372 }}
*{{citation |last=Znosko-Borovsky |first=Eugene A. |author-link=Eugene Znosko-Borovsky |year=2012 |title=How to Play the Chess Openings |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486158396 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster) |title=10 Most Common Chess Mistakes |date=2011 |publisher=Cardoza |isbn=978-1580422895}}
* {{Cite book |last=Levitt |first=Gerald M. |title=Turk, Chess Automation |date=2006 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0786429035}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Soltis |first=Andy |author-link=Andrew Soltis |date=2019 |title=Out on a limb; What level of certainty do you need to confidently play a move? |magazine=[[Chess Life]] |publisher=[[United States Chess Federation]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Standage |first=Tom |title=Mechanical Turk: The True Story of the Chess Playing Machine That Fooled the World |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin USA |isbn=978-0140299199}}
* {{Cite book |last=van de Oudeweetering |first=Arthur |title=Train Your Chess Pattern Recognition: More Key Moves & Motives in the Middlegame |date=2016 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=9789056916145}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zelepukhin |first=N. P. |title=Dictionary of Chess |date=1982 |publisher=French & European Pubns |isbn=0-8288-2350-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Znosko-Borovsky |first=Eugene A. |author-link=Eugene Znosko-Borovsky |title=How to Play the Chess Openings |date=1971 |orig-date=1935 |publisher=Dover |place=New York |isbn=9780486158396 |ref=none}}


{{chess|state=expanded|sp=us}}
{{chess|state=expanded|sp=us}}

Latest revision as of 05:36, 15 November 2025

Template:Short description

This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin.

For a list of:

Template:Compact TOC

A

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:Adjournment.JPG
Envelope used for the adjournment of a match game Efim Geller vs. Bent Larsen, Copenhagen 1966

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:SCD algebraic notation.svg
An example of algebraic notation

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

B

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:Bughouse game animation.gif
An example of bughouse chess

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

C

Template:Glossary

File:Caissa.jpg
Caïssa, the patron goddess of chess (author unknown, 19th century)

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:Sah sahovska ura.png
A chess clock

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg
A wooden chess set and board

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

D

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:WouterMeesRotterdam1991.jpg
Wouter Mees at a demonstration board

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

E

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

F

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:Fools mate animation.gif
An example of Fool's mate

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

G

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

H

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

I

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

J

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

K

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:Knight's tour anim 2.gif
Example of an open knight's tour

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

L

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

M

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term A bad move (indicated by "?" in chess annotation).

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

N

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

O

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Glossary end

P

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css"/>

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

Q

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

R

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

S

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:Scholars mate animation.gif
An example of Scholar's mate

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

File:Planilha Eisenberg e Capablanca.jpg
A score sheet

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:Maksimenko in simultaneous exhibition.jpg
A simultaneous exhibition

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg
An example of Staunton chessmen

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

T

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

File:TataSteelChess2013TournamentHall.jpg
Tata Steel Tournament 2013

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

U

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

V

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

W

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

X

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "Chessboard".

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

Z

Template:Glossary

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Script error: No such module "anchor". Template:Term Template:Defn

Template:Glossary end

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal".

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Template:Refbegin

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (1989 reprint by Chartwell Books, Template:ISBN)
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:Cite magazine
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Self-published inline
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Self-published inline
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Refend

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:Cite magazine
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Chess Template:Glossaries of sports

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Glossary_of_chess&oldid=3408706"