David Ho: Difference between revisions

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| workplaces        = [[Columbia University]]<br />[[Rockefeller University]]
| workplaces        = [[Columbia University]]<br />[[Rockefeller University]]
| known_for        = [[HIV/AIDS research]]
| known_for        = [[HIV/AIDS research]]
| awards            = [[Ernst Jung Prize]] (1991)<br />[[Bristol-Myers Squibb Award]] (1996)<br />[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1997)<br />[[ Presidential Citizens Medal]] (2001)
| awards            = [[Ernst Jung Prize]] (1991)<br />[[Bristol-Myers Squibb Award]] (1996)<br />[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1997)<br />[[Presidential Citizens Medal]] (2001)
| website          = {{url|https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/research/research-labs/ho-lab}}
| website          = {{URL|https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/research/research-labs/ho-lab}}
| education        = [[California Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])
| education        = [[California Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])
| module            = {{Infobox Chinese
| module            = {{Infobox Chinese
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}}
}}


'''David Da-i Ho''' ({{zh|t=何大一}}; [[pinyin]]: ''Hé Dà-yī''; born November 3, 1952) is a [[Taiwanese American|Taiwanese-American]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 medical pioneers to celebrate for Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/9-medical-pioneers-to-celebrate-for-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage-month.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513183957/https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/9-medical-pioneers-to-celebrate-for-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage-month.html|work= [[Becker's Hospital Review]]|date=May 13, 2021 |quote=David Ho, MD, for pioneering treatment of HIV/AIDS. Dr. Ho is a Taiwanese American physician who was named [[Time (magazine)|Time]]'s [[Time Man of the Year|Man of the Year]] in 1996|access-date=2023-10-21|archive-date=2021-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Pioneers in Medicine & Science|url=https://myana.org/asian-american-native-hawaiian-and-pacific-islander-pioneers-medicine-science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610214542/https://myana.org/asian-american-native-hawaiian-and-pacific-islander-pioneers-medicine-science|archive-date=2023-06-10|work= [[American Neurological Association]] (ANA) |access-date=2023-10-20| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fapa.org/fapanews/fapanews52000.html Sen. Russ Feingold (D-WI) noted, "Without the contributions of Taiwanese Americans, we would lack the important AIDS research of Dr. David Ho.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908103132/http://www.fapa.org/fapanews/fapanews52000.html|date=September 8, 2008}}, Formosan Association for Public Affairs, MAY 2000</ref><ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/09/04/2003512434 Taiwanese-American HIV/AIDS academic joins team], The Taipei Times, September 4, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56332&ctNode=5 U.S. Public TV Stations to Broadcast Taiwan Travel Features] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203838/http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56332&ctNode=5|date=March 3, 2016}} ,  Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan), December 27, 2006</ref> [[HIV/AIDS research|AIDS researcher]], physician, and [[Virology|virologist]] who has made a number of scientific contributions to the understanding and [[HAART|treatment of HIV infection]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Park|first=Alice|date=January 25, 2010|title=Scientist David Ho: The Man Who Could Beat AIDS|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953703-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604065341/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953703-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 4, 2011|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=January 24, 2010}}</ref> He was a pioneer of [[Combination therapy|combination]] anti-retroviral therapy instead of [[monotherapy|single therapy]],<ref>(''N. Engl. J. Med.'' 1995; ''Science'' 1996)</ref><ref name="NEJM19950817"/> which turned [[HIV]] from an absolute [[terminal disease]] into a [[chronic disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal| title = HIV as a chronic disease| journal = [[Clinical Medicine (journal)|Clinical Medicine]]| volume = 9| issue = 2| pages = 125–128| date= 2009-04-01| doi = 10.7861/clinmedicine.9-2-125| pmid = 19435115| pmc=4952661| last1=Mahungu| first1=Tabitha| last2=Rodger| first2=Alison| last3=Johnson | first3=Margaret| access-date=2023-01-31| url=https://www.rcpjournals.org/content/clinmedicine/9/2/125| url-access= | url-status=live| archive-date=2020-07-23| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200723073533/https://www.rcpjournals.org/content/clinmedicine/9/2/125}}</ref>
'''David Da-i Ho''' ({{lang-zh|t=何大一}}; [[pinyin]]: ''Hé Dà-yī''; born November 3, 1952) is a [[Taiwanese American|Taiwanese-American]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 medical pioneers to celebrate for Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/9-medical-pioneers-to-celebrate-for-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage-month.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513183957/https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/9-medical-pioneers-to-celebrate-for-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage-month.html|work= [[Becker's Hospital Review]]|date=May 13, 2021 |quote=David Ho, MD, for pioneering treatment of HIV/AIDS. Dr. Ho is a Taiwanese American physician who was named [[Time (magazine)|Time]]'s [[Time Man of the Year|Man of the Year]] in 1996|access-date=2023-10-21|archive-date=2021-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/09/04/2003512434 Taiwanese-American HIV/AIDS academic joins team], The Taipei Times, September 4, 2011</ref> [[HIV/AIDS research|AIDS researcher]], physician, and [[Virology|virologist]] who has made a number of scientific contributions to the understanding and [[HAART|treatment of HIV infection]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Park|first=Alice|date=January 25, 2010|title=Scientist David Ho: The Man Who Could Beat AIDS|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953703-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604065341/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953703-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 4, 2011|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=January 24, 2010}}</ref> He was a pioneer of [[Combination therapy|combination]] anti-retroviral therapy instead of [[monotherapy|single therapy]],<ref>(''N. Engl. J. Med.'' 1995; ''Science'' 1996)</ref><ref name="NEJM19950817"/> which turned [[HIV]] from an absolute [[terminal disease]] into a [[chronic disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal| title = HIV as a chronic disease| journal = [[Clinical Medicine (journal)|Clinical Medicine]]| volume = 9| issue = 2| pages = 125–128| date= 2009-04-01| doi = 10.7861/clinmedicine.9-2-125| pmid = 19435115| pmc=4952661| last1=Mahungu| first1=Tabitha| last2=Rodger| first2=Alison| last3=Johnson | first3=Margaret| access-date=2023-01-31| url=https://www.rcpjournals.org/content/clinmedicine/9/2/125| url-access= | url-status=live| archive-date=2020-07-23| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200723073533/https://www.rcpjournals.org/content/clinmedicine/9/2/125}}</ref>


David Ho was born in Taiwan in 1952 and immigrated to the United States in 1965,<ref name="onRACE"/> where he was educated at the [[California Institute of Technology]] and [[Harvard Medical School]] (through the [[Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology]]) before getting his clinical training at [[UCLA School of Medicine]] and [[Massachusetts General Hospital]].
Ho was born in Taiwan in 1952 and immigrated to the United States in 1965.<ref name="onRACE"/> After graduating from the [[California Institute of Technology]], he earned his [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.) from [[Harvard Medical School]] before receiving his clinical training at the [[UCLA School of Medicine]] and [[Massachusetts General Hospital]].


He is the founding scientific director of the [[Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center]]<ref name="ADARC">{{Cite web | title=About Us - Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC) | url=https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/about-us | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608224604/https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/about-us | website=[[Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center]] | date=September 17, 2020 | access-date=2023-10-27 | archive-date=2023-06-08 | url-status=live}}</ref> and the Clyde and Helen Wu Professor of Medicine at [[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]],<ref name="ADARCLegacy">{{Cite web | title=Our Legacy - Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC) | url=https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/about-us/our-legacy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608223916/https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/about-us/our-legacy | website=[[Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center]] | date=September 17, 2020 | quote=...joined Columbia University Irving Medical Center on January 1, 2020. Dr. David Ho remains as the Center’s Director and has been named the Clyde and Helen Wu Professor of Medicine at Columbia University. | access-date=2023-10-27 | archive-date=2023-06-08 | url-status=live}}</ref> both housed at [[Columbia University Irving Medical Center]].<ref name="ADARCLegacy"/><ref>{{Cite web | title=Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons - Columbia University Irving Medical Center | url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/education/vagelos-college-physicians-and-surgeons | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607165802/https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/education/vagelos-college-physicians-and-surgeons | website=[[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]] | date=December 29, 2020 | access-date=2023-10-27 | archive-date=2023-06-07 | url-status=live}}</ref>
He is the founding scientific director of the [[Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center]]<ref name="ADARC">{{Cite web | title=About Us - Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC) | url=https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/about-us | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608224604/https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/about-us | website=[[Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center]] | date=September 17, 2020 | access-date=2023-10-27 | archive-date=2023-06-08 | url-status=live}}</ref> and the Clyde and Helen Wu Professor of Medicine at [[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]],<ref name="ADARCLegacy">{{Cite web | title=Our Legacy - Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC) | url=https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/about-us/our-legacy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608223916/https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/about-us/our-legacy | website=[[Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center]] | date=September 17, 2020 | quote=...joined Columbia University Irving Medical Center on January 1, 2020. Dr. David Ho remains as the Center’s Director and has been named the Clyde and Helen Wu Professor of Medicine at Columbia University. | access-date=2023-10-27 | archive-date=2023-06-08 | url-status=live}}</ref> both housed at [[Columbia University Irving Medical Center]].<ref name="ADARCLegacy"/><ref>{{Cite web | title=Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons - Columbia University Irving Medical Center | url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/education/vagelos-college-physicians-and-surgeons | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607165802/https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/education/vagelos-college-physicians-and-surgeons | website=[[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]] | date=December 29, 2020 | access-date=2023-10-27 | archive-date=2023-06-07 | url-status=live}}</ref>


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
David Ho was born in [[Taichung]], [[Taiwan]], to Paul ({{zh|labels=no|c=何步基|p=Hé Bùjī}}), an engineer, and Sonia Ho (née Jiang) ({{zh|labels=no|t=江雙如|p=Jiāng Shuāngrú}}). He attended Taichung Municipal Guang-Fu Elementary School until sixth grade before [[Immigration to the United States|immigrating]] to the [[United States]] with his mother and younger brother to unite with his father, who had already been in the US since 1957.<ref name="onRACE">{{cite web |title=David Ho, The Chinese American Hero Who Pioneered Drug Therapies For HIV/AIDS |url=https://www.usaonrace.com/setting-it-straight/1838/david-ho-the-chinese-american-hero-who-pioneered-drug-therapies-for-hivaids.html |website=USAonRACE}}</ref>  
David Ho was born in [[Taichung]], [[Taiwan]], to Paul ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=何步基|p=Hé Bùjī}}), an engineer, and Sonia Ho (née Jiang) ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=江雙如|p=Jiāng Shuāngrú}}). He attended Taichung Municipal Guang-Fu Elementary School until sixth grade before [[Immigration to the United States|immigrating]] to the [[United States]] with his mother and younger brother to unite with his father, who had already been in the US since 1957.<ref name="onRACE">{{cite web |title=David Ho, The Chinese American Hero Who Pioneered Drug Therapies For HIV/AIDS |url=https://www.usaonrace.com/setting-it-straight/1838/david-ho-the-chinese-american-hero-who-pioneered-drug-therapies-for-hivaids.html |website=USAonRACE}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fapa.org/fapanews/fapanews52000.html Sen. Russ Feingold (D-WI) noted, "Without the contributions of Taiwanese Americans, we would lack the important AIDS research of Dr. David Ho.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908103132/http://www.fapa.org/fapanews/fapanews52000.html|date=September 8, 2008}}, Formosan Association for Public Affairs, MAY 2000</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Pioneers in Medicine & Science|url=https://myana.org/asian-american-native-hawaiian-and-pacific-islander-pioneers-medicine-science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610214542/https://myana.org/asian-american-native-hawaiian-and-pacific-islander-pioneers-medicine-science|archive-date=2023-06-10|work= [[American Neurological Association]] (ANA) |access-date=2023-10-20| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56332&ctNode=5 U.S. Public TV Stations to Broadcast Taiwan Travel Features] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203838/http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56332&ctNode=5|date=March 3, 2016}},  Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan), December 27, 2006</ref>


Ho grew up in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] and graduated from [[John Marshall High School (Los Angeles)|John Marshall High School]]. He received his [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[biology]] with highest honors from the [[California Institute of Technology]] (1974).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2527/1/June_14%2C_1974.pdf |title=Caltech Commencement Program |date=June 14, 1974 |publisher=Caltech Campus Publications |access-date=March 29, 2013}}</ref> In 1978, Ho earned a [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.) from [[Harvard Medical School]].
Ho grew up in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] and graduated from [[John Marshall High School (Los Angeles)|John Marshall High School]]. He received his [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[biology]] with highest honors from the [[California Institute of Technology]] (1974).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2527/1/June_14%2C_1974.pdf |title=Caltech Commencement Program |date=June 14, 1974 |publisher=Caltech Campus Publications |access-date=March 29, 2013}}</ref> In 1978, Ho earned a [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.) from [[Harvard Medical School]].


==Career==
==Career==
Ho has been engaged in [[HIV/AIDS research]] since the beginning of the [[AIDS pandemic|pandemic]], initially focusing on clinical [[virology]] and select topics in HIV pathogenesis, including [[HIV drug resistance]]. Before [[International AIDS Conference 1996|1996]], [[AZT#Viral resistance|AZT]]<ref name="NEJM19950817">{{Cite journal| title = '''''Time to Hit HIV, Early and Hard'''''| journal = [[New England Journal of Medicine]]| volume = 333| issue = 7| pages = 450–451| date= August 17, 1995| doi = 10.1056/NEJM199508173330710| pmid = 7616996| last1 = Ho| first1 = David| access-date=January 29, 2023| url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199508173330710| url-access= limited| url-status=live| quote=...&nbsp;''zidovudine'' was shown in 1990 to slow the clinical progression to AIDS in infected but asymptomatic subjects. However, a follow-up of those subjects found no evidence of longer survival with the use of ''zidovudine''...| archive-date=September 1, 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150901055811/http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199508173330710}}</ref> and other early 1990s [[antiretroviral]] medication were prescribed in [[monotherapy|single therapy]], which still did not prevent [[Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS#AIDS|progression to fatal full-blown AIDS]].<ref name="NEJM19950817"/><ref>{{bulleted list| {{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title = Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;it's inevitable for HIV to develop drug resistance if you give it one drug at a time...| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}| {{cite episode |title=The Age of AIDS, Part II | series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |network=[[PBS]] |date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season= 24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/ |time=0:18:42| quote=...&nbsp; We came to the conclusion that it's inevitable for HIV to develop drug resistance if you give it one drug at a time...&nbsp;}}}}</ref> In the mid-1990s, his research team conducted a series of elegant human studies to elucidate the dynamics of HIV replication in vivo.<ref name=":0" /> This knowledge, in turn, formed the foundation for their pioneering effort to treat HIV "early and [[Combination therapy|hard]]"<ref name="NEJM19950817"/> and in demonstrating for the first time the durable control of HIV replication in patients receiving [[combination antiretroviral therapy]],<ref>(''Nature'' 1997)</ref><ref>{{Bulleted list| {{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title = Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;if you start to combine the drugs and try to force the virus into a corner using multiple drugs, it is exceedingly difficult or statistically improbable for HIV to become resistant to all the drugs simultaneously.| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}| {{cite episode |title=The Age of AIDS, Part II | series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |network=[[PBS]] |date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season= 24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/ |time=0:18:54| quote=...&nbsp;However, if you start to combine the drugs and try to force the virus into a corner using multiple drugs, it is exceedingly difficult...for HIV to become resistant to all the drugs simultaneously.&nbsp;}}}}</ref> which had subsequently developed by scientists at [[NIAID]] and [[Merck & Co.|Merck]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Treatment with Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Prior Antiretroviral Therapy|journal = New England Journal of Medicine|volume = 337|issue = 11|pages = 734–739|year = 1997|doi = 10.1056/NEJM199709113371102|pmid = 9287228|last1 = Gulick|first1 = Roy M.|last2 = Mellors|first2 = John W.|last3 = Havlir|first3 = Diane|last4 = Eron|first4 = Joseph J.|last5 = Gonzalez|first5 = Charles|last6 = McMahon|first6 = Deborah|last7 = Richman|first7 = Douglas D.|last8 = Valentine|first8 = Fred T.|last9 = Jonas|first9 = Leslie|last10 = Meibohm|first10 = Anne|last11 = Emini|first11 = Emilio A.|last12 = Chodakewitz|first12 = Jeffrey A.|last13 = Deutsch|first13 = Paul|last14 = Holder|first14 = Daniel|last15 = Schleif|first15 = William A.|last16 = Condra|first16 = Jon H.|doi-access = free}}</ref> He and his [[ADARC]] team presented the remarkable results from using combination antiretroviral therapy at [[International AIDS Conference 1996]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Age of AIDS, Part II | series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |network=[[PBS]] |date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season= 24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/ |time=0:21:50| quote=International AIDS Conference 1996 in  Vancouver showing combination therapy results}}</ref> This was the turning point in the epidemic that an automatic death sentence was transformed into a [[Chronic disease|manageable disease]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title = Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;response with combination therapy was rather dramatic...we see some deathly ill patients totally recover after two to three weeks of good therapy...people got out of their deathbed after a few weeks of therapy.| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Ho has been engaged in [[HIV/AIDS research]] since the beginning of the [[AIDS pandemic|pandemic]], initially focusing on clinical [[virology]] and select topics in HIV pathogenesis, including [[HIV drug resistance]]. Before [[International AIDS Conference 1996|1996]], [[AZT#Viral resistance|AZT]]<ref name="NEJM19950817">{{Cite journal| title = '''''Time to Hit HIV, Early and Hard'''''| journal = [[New England Journal of Medicine]]| volume = 333| issue = 7| pages = 450–451| date= August 17, 1995| doi = 10.1056/NEJM199508173330710| pmid = 7616996| last1 = Ho| first1 = David| access-date=January 29, 2023| url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199508173330710| url-access= limited| url-status=live| quote=...&nbsp;''zidovudine'' was shown in 1990 to slow the clinical progression to AIDS in infected but asymptomatic subjects. However, a follow-up of those subjects found no evidence of longer survival with the use of ''zidovudine''...| archive-date=September 1, 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150901055811/http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199508173330710}}</ref> and other early 1990s [[antiretroviral]] medication were prescribed in [[monotherapy|single therapy]], which still did not prevent [[Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS#AIDS|progression to fatal full-blown AIDS]].<ref name="NEJM19950817"/><ref>{{bulleted list| {{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title=Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;it's inevitable for HIV to develop drug resistance if you give it one drug at a time...| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}| {{cite episode| title=The Age of AIDS, Part II| series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| network=[[PBS]]| date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season=24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/| time=0:18:42| quote=...&nbsp; We came to the conclusion that it's inevitable for HIV to develop drug resistance if you give it one drug at a time...&nbsp;| archive-date=February 1, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201041728/https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/| url-status=dead}}}}</ref> In the mid-1990s, his research team conducted a series of elegant human studies to elucidate the dynamics of HIV replication in vivo.<ref name=":0" /> This knowledge, in turn, formed the foundation for their pioneering effort to treat HIV "early and [[Combination therapy|hard]]"<ref name="NEJM19950817"/> and in demonstrating for the first time the durable control of HIV replication in patients receiving [[combination antiretroviral therapy]],<ref>(''Nature'' 1997)</ref><ref>{{Bulleted list| {{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title=Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;if you start to combine the drugs and try to force the virus into a corner using multiple drugs, it is exceedingly difficult or statistically improbable for HIV to become resistant to all the drugs simultaneously.| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}| {{cite episode| title=The Age of AIDS, Part II| series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| network=[[PBS]]| date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season=24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/| time=0:18:54| quote=...&nbsp;However, if you start to combine the drugs and try to force the virus into a corner using multiple drugs, it is exceedingly difficult...for HIV to become resistant to all the drugs simultaneously.&nbsp;| archive-date=February 1, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201041728/https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/| url-status=dead}}}}</ref> which had been subsequently developed by scientists at [[NIAID]] and [[Merck & Co.|Merck]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Treatment with Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Prior Antiretroviral Therapy|journal = New England Journal of Medicine|volume = 337|issue = 11|pages = 734–739|year = 1997|doi = 10.1056/NEJM199709113371102|pmid = 9287228|last1 = Gulick|first1 = Roy M.|last2 = Mellors|first2 = John W.|last3 = Havlir|first3 = Diane|last4 = Eron|first4 = Joseph J.|last5 = Gonzalez|first5 = Charles|last6 = McMahon|first6 = Deborah|last7 = Richman|first7 = Douglas D.|last8 = Valentine|first8 = Fred T.|last9 = Jonas|first9 = Leslie|last10 = Meibohm|first10 = Anne|last11 = Emini|first11 = Emilio A.|last12 = Chodakewitz|first12 = Jeffrey A.|last13 = Deutsch|first13 = Paul|last14 = Holder|first14 = Daniel|last15 = Schleif|first15 = William A.|last16 = Condra|first16 = Jon H.|doi-access = free}}</ref> He and his [[ADARC]] team presented the remarkable results from using combination antiretroviral therapy at [[International AIDS Conference 1996]].<ref>{{cite episode| title=The Age of AIDS, Part II| series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| network=[[PBS]]| date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season=24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/| time=0:21:50| quote=International AIDS Conference 1996 in  Vancouver showing combination therapy results| archive-date=February 1, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201041728/https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/| url-status=dead}}</ref> This was the turning point in the epidemic that an automatic death sentence was transformed into a [[Chronic disease|manageable disease]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title = Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;response with combination therapy was rather dramatic...we see some deathly ill patients totally recover after two to three weeks of good therapy...people got out of their deathbed after a few weeks of therapy.| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}</ref><ref name=":0" />


Ho has published more than 500 research papers as of February 2020.<ref>(''Nature'' 1995; ''Science'' 1996)</ref>
Ho has published more than 500 research papers as of February 2020.<ref>(''Nature'' 1995; ''Science'' 1996)</ref>
Line 50: Line 50:
Ho is a member of the [[Committee of 100 (United States)|Committee of 100]], a [[Chinese American]] leadership organization, in addition to several scientific groups.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.committee100.org/member/david-d-ho/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702122636/https://www.committee100.org/member/david-d-ho|url-status=live|title=MEMBERS {{!}} Committee of 100|publisher=[[Committee of 100 (United States)|Committee of 100]]|website=www.committee100.org|access-date=February 25, 2020|archive-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
Ho is a member of the [[Committee of 100 (United States)|Committee of 100]], a [[Chinese American]] leadership organization, in addition to several scientific groups.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.committee100.org/member/david-d-ho/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702122636/https://www.committee100.org/member/david-d-ho|url-status=live|title=MEMBERS {{!}} Committee of 100|publisher=[[Committee of 100 (United States)|Committee of 100]]|website=www.committee100.org|access-date=February 25, 2020|archive-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>


Ho led a team, funded by the [[Jack Ma]] [[Jack Ma Foundation|Foundation]], to look for a vaccine for the [[COVID-19]] virus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/health/covid-19-are-we-close-to-a-novel-coronavirus-vaccine/2312199/|title = COVID-19: Are We Close to a Novel Coronavirus Vaccine?| date=March 4, 2020 }}</ref>  
Ho led a team, funded by the [[Jack Ma]] [[Jack Ma Foundation|Foundation]], to look for a vaccine for the [[COVID-19]] virus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/health/covid-19-are-we-close-to-a-novel-coronavirus-vaccine/2312199/|title = COVID-19: Are We Close to a Novel Coronavirus Vaccine?| date=March 4, 2020 }}</ref>


==Honors and titles==
==Honors and titles==
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Ho was awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award by [[California Institute of Technology]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alumni.caltech.edu/daa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502144536/https://www.alumni.caltech.edu/daa/|title=Distinguished Alumni|website=Caltech Alumni Association|archive-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> Ho received the Portrait of a Nation Prize at the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://npg.si.edu/blog/portrait-nation-prize-recipient-dr-david-ho| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119040509/https://npg.si.edu/blog/portrait-nation-prize-recipient-dr-david-ho|title=2017 Portrait of a Nation Prize Recipient: Dr. David Ho| website=[[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] [[Smithsonian Institution]]| date=November 14, 2017|access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2017-11-19}}</ref>
Ho was awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award by [[California Institute of Technology]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alumni.caltech.edu/daa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502144536/https://www.alumni.caltech.edu/daa/|title=Distinguished Alumni|website=Caltech Alumni Association|archive-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> Ho received the Portrait of a Nation Prize at the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://npg.si.edu/blog/portrait-nation-prize-recipient-dr-david-ho| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119040509/https://npg.si.edu/blog/portrait-nation-prize-recipient-dr-david-ho|title=2017 Portrait of a Nation Prize Recipient: Dr. David Ho| website=[[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] [[Smithsonian Institution]]| date=November 14, 2017|access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2017-11-19}}</ref>


Other accolades include the [[Ernst Jung Prize]] in Medicine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jung-stiftung.de/en/the-awards/ernst-jung-prize-for-medicine/laureates-1976-to-2021/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516184837/https://jung-stiftung.de/en/the-awards/ernst-jung-prize-for-medicine/laureates-1976-to-2021/|title=Ernst Jung Prize|access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2022-05-16}}</ref> [[Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology|Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science & Technology]], the Squibb Award,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/profile/david-d-ho-md|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107082111/https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/profile/david-d-ho-md|title=David D. Ho, MD - Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC)|website=www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu|date=September 11, 2020 |publisher=[[Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center]]|access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2023-01-07}}</ref> the Architect of Peace<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.architectsofpeace.org/architects-of-peace/david-ho|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418034913/http://www.architectsofpeace.org/architects-of-peace/david-ho|title=:: David Ho &#124; Architect of Peace|website=www.architectsofpeace.org|archive-date=2010-04-18}}</ref> and the Hoechst Marion Roussel Award.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://vet.osu.edu/retrovirus-research/2014-distinguished-research-career-award| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907012006/https://vet.osu.edu/retrovirus-research/2014-distinguished-research-career-award| title=2014 Distinguished Research Career Award &#124; College of Veterinary Medicine - Center for Retrovirus Research | website=vet.osu.edu| access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2015-09-07}}</ref>
Other accolades include the [[Ernst Jung Prize]] in Medicine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jung-stiftung.de/en/the-awards/ernst-jung-prize-for-medicine/laureates-1976-to-2021/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516184837/https://jung-stiftung.de/en/the-awards/ernst-jung-prize-for-medicine/laureates-1976-to-2021/|title=Ernst Jung Prize|access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2022-05-16}}</ref> [[Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology|Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science & Technology]], the Squibb Award,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/profile/david-d-ho-md|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107082111/https://www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu/profile/david-d-ho-md|title=David D. Ho, MD - Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC)|website=www.adarc.cuimc.columbia.edu|date=September 11, 2020 |publisher=[[Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center]]|access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2023-01-07}}</ref> the Architect of Peace<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.architectsofpeace.org/architects-of-peace/david-ho|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418034913/http://www.architectsofpeace.org/architects-of-peace/david-ho|title= David Ho &#124; Architect of Peace|website=www.architectsofpeace.org|archive-date=2010-04-18}}</ref> and the Hoechst Marion Roussel Award.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://vet.osu.edu/retrovirus-research/2014-distinguished-research-career-award| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907012006/https://vet.osu.edu/retrovirus-research/2014-distinguished-research-career-award| title=2014 Distinguished Research Career Award &#124; College of Veterinary Medicine - Center for Retrovirus Research | website=vet.osu.edu| access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2015-09-07}}</ref>


Ho has been elected as a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], [[Academia Sinica]] ([[Taiwan]]), and the U.S. [[National Academy of Medicine]] (formerly Institute of Medicine).<ref name=":0" /> He is currently a member of the board of trustees of the [[California Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Board of Trustees - Caltech Academic Catalog| publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]| url=https://catalog.caltech.edu/current/trustees-administration-faculty/board-of-trustees/| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907013112/https://catalog.caltech.edu/current/trustees-administration-faculty/board-of-trustees/| archive-date=2022-09-07| access-date=2023-01-31}}</ref> He was a member of the Board of Overseers of [[Harvard University]] and a board member of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://corporation.mit.edu/membership/all-members/former-corporation-members|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106035356/http://corporation.mit.edu/membership/all-members/former-corporation-members|title=Former Corporation Members - The MIT Corporation|website=corporation.mit.edu|access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2022-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Ho has been elected as a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], [[Academia Sinica]] ([[Taiwan]]), and the U.S. [[National Academy of Medicine]] (formerly Institute of Medicine).<ref name=":0" /> He is currently a member of the board of trustees of the [[California Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Board of Trustees - Caltech Academic Catalog| publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]| url=https://catalog.caltech.edu/current/trustees-administration-faculty/board-of-trustees/| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907013112/https://catalog.caltech.edu/current/trustees-administration-faculty/board-of-trustees/| archive-date=2022-09-07| access-date=2023-01-31}}</ref> He was a member of the Board of Overseers of [[Harvard University]] and a board member of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://corporation.mit.edu/membership/all-members/former-corporation-members|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106035356/http://corporation.mit.edu/membership/all-members/former-corporation-members|title=Former Corporation Members - The MIT Corporation|website=corporation.mit.edu|access-date=2023-01-31|archive-date=2022-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":0" />


He is also a member of the [[Chinese Academy of Engineering]].<ref name=":0" />  
He is also a member of the [[Chinese Academy of Engineering]].<ref name=":0" />


Ho was recognized by the Kingdom of Thailand with the [[Prince Mahidol Award]] in Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.princemahidolaward.org/the-announcement-for-the-prince-mahidol-award-2013/|title=The Announcement for the Prince Mahidol Award 2013|date=November 21, 2013|website=Prince Mahidol Award Foundation}}</ref>
Ho was recognized by the Kingdom of Thailand with the [[Prince Mahidol Award]] in Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.princemahidolaward.org/the-announcement-for-the-prince-mahidol-award-2013/|title=The Announcement for the Prince Mahidol Award 2013|date=November 21, 2013|website=Prince Mahidol Award Foundation}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 00:09, 2 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".Template:Main otherScript error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".

David Da-i Ho (Template:Lang-zh; pinyin: Hé Dà-yī; born November 3, 1952) is a Taiwanese-American[1][2] AIDS researcher, physician, and virologist who has made a number of scientific contributions to the understanding and treatment of HIV infection.[3] He was a pioneer of combination anti-retroviral therapy instead of single therapy,[4][5] which turned HIV from an absolute terminal disease into a chronic disease.[6]

Ho was born in Taiwan in 1952 and immigrated to the United States in 1965.[7] After graduating from the California Institute of Technology, he earned his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) from Harvard Medical School before receiving his clinical training at the UCLA School of Medicine and Massachusetts General Hospital.

He is the founding scientific director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center[8] and the Clyde and Helen Wu Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons,[9] both housed at Columbia University Irving Medical Center.[9][10]

Early life and education

David Ho was born in Taichung, Taiwan, to Paul (Template:Lang-zh), an engineer, and Sonia Ho (née Jiang) (Template:Lang-zh). He attended Taichung Municipal Guang-Fu Elementary School until sixth grade before immigrating to the United States with his mother and younger brother to unite with his father, who had already been in the US since 1957.[7][11][12][13]

Ho grew up in Los Angeles and graduated from John Marshall High School. He received his Bachelor of Science in biology with highest honors from the California Institute of Technology (1974).[14] In 1978, Ho earned a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) from Harvard Medical School.

Career

Ho has been engaged in HIV/AIDS research since the beginning of the pandemic, initially focusing on clinical virology and select topics in HIV pathogenesis, including HIV drug resistance. Before 1996, AZT[5] and other early 1990s antiretroviral medication were prescribed in single therapy, which still did not prevent progression to fatal full-blown AIDS.[5][15] In the mid-1990s, his research team conducted a series of elegant human studies to elucidate the dynamics of HIV replication in vivo.[16] This knowledge, in turn, formed the foundation for their pioneering effort to treat HIV "early and hard"[5] and in demonstrating for the first time the durable control of HIV replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy,[17][18] which had been subsequently developed by scientists at NIAID and Merck.[19] He and his ADARC team presented the remarkable results from using combination antiretroviral therapy at International AIDS Conference 1996.[20] This was the turning point in the epidemic that an automatic death sentence was transformed into a manageable disease.[21][16]

Ho has published more than 500 research papers as of February 2020.[22]

Ho is a member of the Committee of 100, a Chinese American leadership organization, in addition to several scientific groups.[16]

Ho led a team, funded by the Jack Ma Foundation, to look for a vaccine for the COVID-19 virus.[23]

Honors and titles

Ho was Time magazine's 1996 Man of the Year. Time later recalled the selection surprising both Ho and readers.[24][25][26] The magazine acknowledged in 1996 that "Ho is not, to be sure, a household name. But some people make headlines while others make history."[24] As of 2024, Ho is the last person to be selected as Person of the Year in a U.S. presidential election year without winning that year's U.S. presidential election. In 1998, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[27][28] Ho was even briefly mentioned when Alexander Fleming was considered for Person of the Century in 1999, since Fleming could be portrayed as representative of other disease-fighting scientists including Ho,[29] but the title ultimately went to Albert Einstein.

Ho was the chosen commencement speaker at Caltech,[30] MIT,[31] and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health in 2000.

Ho has received numerous honors and awards for his scientific accomplishments. On January 8, 2001, he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton.[32][33]

On December 6, 2006, California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Ho into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.[34]

Ho was awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award by California Institute of Technology in 2015.[35] Ho received the Portrait of a Nation Prize at the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution in 2017.[36]

Other accolades include the Ernst Jung Prize in Medicine,[37] Mayor's Award for Excellence in Science & Technology, the Squibb Award,[38] the Architect of Peace[39] and the Hoechst Marion Roussel Award.[40]

Ho has been elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Academia Sinica (Taiwan), and the U.S. National Academy of Medicine (formerly Institute of Medicine).[16] He is currently a member of the board of trustees of the California Institute of Technology.[41] He was a member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard University and a board member of the MIT Corporation.[42][16]

He is also a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.[16]

Ho was recognized by the Kingdom of Thailand with the Prince Mahidol Award in Medicine.[43]

Ho was awarded Hamdan Award for Medical Research Excellence - Immunity in 2022.[44]

Personal life

Ho's family's ancestral home is Xinyu, Jiangxi Province.[45] He is married to Tera Wong, with whom he has four children: Kathryn, Jonathan, Jaclyn, and Jerren.[46]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Time Persons of the Year 1976-2000 Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Taiwanese-American HIV/AIDS academic joins team, The Taipei Times, September 4, 2011
  3. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  4. ↑ (N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; Science 1996)
  5. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Sen. Russ Feingold (D-WI) noted, "Without the contributions of Taiwanese Americans, we would lack the important AIDS research of Dr. David Ho. Template:Webarchive, Formosan Association for Public Affairs, MAY 2000
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ U.S. Public TV Stations to Broadcast Taiwan Travel Features Template:Webarchive, Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan), December 27, 2006
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Template:Bulleted list
  16. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ (Nature 1997)
  18. ↑ Template:Bulleted list
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ (Nature 1995; Science 1996)
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Time, Person of the Year: 75th Anniversary Celebration, Special Collector's Edition, Time Books, 2002, p. 108.
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Time Millennium, Collector's Edition, Time Inc. Specials, p. 21.
  30. ↑ “Science as a Candle of Hope" David Ho Caltech Commencement Address in 1997
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Mo, Steven (June 13, 2011). "AIDS Research Pioneer, David Hoe, Talks To Asian Scientist Magazine". Asian Scientist.
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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