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| units1 = [[SI base unit]]s | | units1 = [[SI base unit]]s | ||
| inunits1 = 10<sup>−3</sup> [[kilogram]]s | | inunits1 = 10<sup>−3</sup> [[kilogram]]s | ||
| units2 | | units2 = [[Imperial units]]<br/>[[United States customary units|U.S. customary]] | ||
| inunits2 = {{convert|1.000000|g|oz|disp=out|lk=out|abbr=off}} | |||
| units3 = [[Dalton (unit)|dalton]]s | |||
| | | inunits3 = {{val|6.02214076|e=23|ul=Da}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The '''gram''' (originally '''gramme'''; | The '''gram''' (originally '''gramme'''; [[SI]] unit symbol '''g''') is a [[Physical unit|unit]] of [[mass]] in the [[International System of Units]] (SI) equal to one thousandth of a [[kilogram]]. | ||
Originally defined in 1795 as "the absolute [[weight]] of a [[volume]] of pure [[water]] equal to [[Cube (algebra)|the cube]] of the hundredth part of a [[metre]] [1 [[Cubic centimetre|cm<sup>3</sup>]]], and at [[Melting point of water|the temperature]] of [[Melting point|melting]] [[ice]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm |title=Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225163152/http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm |archive-date=2013-02-25 |year=1795 }}</ref> the defining temperature ( | Originally defined in 1795 as "the absolute [[Mass versus weight|weight]] of a [[volume]] of pure [[water]] equal to [[Cube (algebra)|the cube]] of the hundredth part of a [[metre]] [1 [[Cubic centimetre|cm<sup>3</sup>]]], and at [[Melting point of water|the temperature]] of [[Melting point|melting]] [[ice]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm |title=Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225163152/http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm |archive-date=2013-02-25 |year=1795 }}</ref> the defining temperature (0 °C) was later changed to the temperature of [[maximum density]] of water (approximately 4 °C). Subsequent redefinitions agree with this original definition to within 30 [[Parts-per notation|parts per million]] (0.003%), with the maximum [[density of water]] remaining very close to 1 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, as shown by modern measurements.<ref>The density of water is {{val|0.999972|u=g/cm3}} at {{val|3.984|u=°C}}. See {{cite book |last=Franks |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f_xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 |title=The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4684-8334-5}}</ref> | ||
By the late 19th century, there was an effort to make the [[Base unit (measurement)|base unit]] the [[kilogram]] and the gram a derived unit. In 1960, the new [[International System of Units]] defined a ''gram'' as one | By the late 19th century, there was an effort to make the [[Base unit (measurement)|base unit]] the [[kilogram]] and the gram a derived unit. In 1960, the new [[International System of Units]] defined a ''gram'' as one thousandth of a kilogram (i.e., one gram is {{val|1e-3|u=kg}}). The kilogram, [[2019 revision of the SI|as of 2019]], is defined by the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] from the metre, the second, and from the fixed numerical value of the [[Planck constant]] ({{mvar|h}}).<ref name="draft-resolution-A"> | ||
{{citation | {{citation | ||
|title=Draft Resolution A "On the revision of the International System of units (SI)" to be submitted to the CGPM at its 26th meeting (2018) | |title=Draft Resolution A "On the revision of the International System of units (SI)" to be submitted to the CGPM at its 26th meeting (2018) | ||
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== Official SI symbol == | == Official SI symbol == | ||
The only unit symbol for gram that is recognised by the [[International System of Units]] (SI) is "g" following the numeric value with a space, as in "640 g" to stand for "640 grams" in the English language. The SI disallows use of abbreviations such as "gr" (which is the symbol for [[Grain (unit)|grains]]),<ref name="NIST">National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617040949/http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf |date=2016-06-17 }} (PDF). [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm ''Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823052024/http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm |date=2016-08-23 }}. NIST Handbook. '''44''' (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [ | The only unit symbol for gram that is recognised by the [[International System of Units]] (SI) is "g" following the numeric value with a space, as in "640 g" to stand for "640 grams" in the English language. The SI disallows use of abbreviations such as "gr" (which is the symbol for [[Grain (unit)|grains]]),<ref name="NIST">National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617040949/http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf |date=2016-06-17 }} (PDF). [https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm ''Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823052024/http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm |date=2016-08-23 }}. NIST Handbook. '''44''' (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-4027 0271-4027] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225104227/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0271-4027 |date=25 December 2022 }}. [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]] {{OCLC|58927093}}. Retrieved 30 June 2012.</ref>{{rp|C-19}} "gm" ("g⋅m" is the SI symbol for gram-[[metre]]) or "Gm" (the SI symbol for [[Giga-|giga]]metre). | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The word ''gramme'' was adopted by the French [[National Convention]] in its 1795 decree revising the metric system as replacing the ''gravet'' (introduced in 1793 simultaneously with a base measure called [[Grave (unit)|''grave'']], of which ''gravet'' was a subdivision). Its definition remained that of the weight of a cubic centimetre of water.<ref> | The word ''gramme'' was adopted by the French [[National Convention]] in its 1795 decree revising the [[metric system]] as replacing the ''gravet'' (introduced in 1793 simultaneously with a base measure called [[Grave (unit)|''grave'']], of which ''gravet'' was a subdivision). Its definition remained that of the [[mass]] (then called [[Mass versus weight|weight]]) of a [[cubic centimetre]] of [[water]].<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|url = http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/1793mesures.htm | |url = http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/1793mesures.htm | ||
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== Uses == | == Uses == | ||
[[File:Amphetamine.jpg|thumb|One gram of [[amphetamine]]s (the unit often used for street retail)]] | [[File:Amphetamine.jpg|thumb|One gram of [[amphetamine]]s (the unit often used for street retail)]] | ||
The gram is the most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping worldwide.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pat Chapman |title=India Food and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine | | The gram is the most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping worldwide.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Pat |author-link=Pat Chapman (food writer) |title=India Food and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine |year=2007 |publisher=[[New Holland Publishers|New Holland Publishers (UK)]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84537-619-2 |page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiafoodcooking0000chap_p7r8/page/64/mode/1up |url-access=registration |access-date=2025-06-02 |quote=Most of the world uses the metric system to weigh and measure. This book puts metric first, followed by imperial because the US uses it (with slight modifications which need not concern us).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gisslen, Wayne |title=Professional Cooking, College Version |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=2010 |page=107 |isbn=978-0-470-19752-3 |access-date=2011-04-20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5el9CYbEP0C&pg=PA107 |quote=The system of measurement used in the United States is complicated. Even when people have used the system all their lives, they still sometimes have trouble remembering things like how many fluid ounces are in a quart or how many feet are in a mile. ... The United States is the only major country that uses almost exclusively the complex system of measurement we have just described.}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=June 2025|reason=The quotations cited don't directly support 'most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping.'}} Liquid ingredients are often measured by [[volume]] rather than [[mass]]. | ||
Many standards and legal requirements for [[nutrition label]]s on food products require relative contents to be stated per 100 g of the product, such that the resulting figure can also be read as a percentage. | Many standards and legal requirements for [[nutrition label]]s on food products require relative contents to be stated per 100 g of the product, such that the resulting figure can also be read as a [[Mass fraction (chemistry)|percentage by mass]]. | ||
{{anchor|Eleventh-gram}} | {{anchor|Eleventh-gram}} | ||
Latest revision as of 11:30, 2 November 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox unit The gram (originally gramme; SI unit symbol g) is a unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one thousandth of a kilogram.
Originally defined in 1795 as "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre [1 cm3], and at the temperature of melting ice",[1] the defining temperature (0 °C) was later changed to the temperature of maximum density of water (approximately 4 °C). Subsequent redefinitions agree with this original definition to within 30 parts per million (0.003%), with the maximum density of water remaining very close to 1 g/cm3, as shown by modern measurements.[2]
By the late 19th century, there was an effort to make the base unit the kilogram and the gram a derived unit. In 1960, the new International System of Units defined a gram as one thousandth of a kilogram (i.e., one gram is Script error: No such module "val".). The kilogram, as of 2019, is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures from the metre, the second, and from the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant (Template:Mvar).[3][4]
Official SI symbol
The only unit symbol for gram that is recognised by the International System of Units (SI) is "g" following the numeric value with a space, as in "640 g" to stand for "640 grams" in the English language. The SI disallows use of abbreviations such as "gr" (which is the symbol for grains),[5]Template:Rp "gm" ("g⋅m" is the SI symbol for gram-metre) or "Gm" (the SI symbol for gigametre).
History
The word gramme was adopted by the French National Convention in its 1795 decree revising the metric system as replacing the gravet (introduced in 1793 simultaneously with a base measure called grave, of which gravet was a subdivision). Its definition remained that of the mass (then called weight) of a cubic centimetre of water.[6][7]
French gramme was taken from the Late Latin term Script error: No such module "Lang".. This word—ultimately from Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (grámma), "letter"—had adopted a specialised meaning in Late Antiquity of "one twenty-fourth part of an ounce" (two oboli),[8] corresponding to about 1.14 modern grams. This use of the term is found in the carmen de ponderibus et mensuris ("poem about weights and measures") composed around 400 AD.Template:Efn There is also evidence that the Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". was used in the same sense at around the same time, in the 4th century, and survived in this sense into Medieval Greek,[9] while the Latin term died out in Medieval Latin and was recovered in Renaissance scholarship.Template:Efn
The gram was the base unit of mass in the 19th-century centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). The CGS system coexisted with the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS), first proposed in 1901, during much of the 20th century, but the gram was displaced by the kilogram as the base unit for mass when the MKS system was chosen for the SI base units in 1960.
Uses
The gram is the most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping worldwide.[10][11]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Liquid ingredients are often measured by volume rather than mass.
Many standards and legal requirements for nutrition labels on food products require relative contents to be stated per 100 g of the product, such that the resulting figure can also be read as a percentage by mass.
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Conversion factors
- 1 gram (g) ≈ Script error: No such module "convert". (gr)
- 1 grain (gr) ≈ Script error: No such module "convert".
- 1 avoirdupois ounce (oz) ≈ Script error: No such module "convert".
- 1 troy ounce (ozt) = 31.1034768 g (exact, by definition)
- 100 grams (g) ≈ Script error: No such module "convert". (oz)
- 1 carat (ct) = 0.2 grams
- 1 gamma (γ) = 10−6 grams[12][13]
- 1 undecimogramme = 1 "eleventh-gram" = 10−11 grams in the historical quadrant–eleventh-gram–second system (QES system) a.k.a. hebdometre–undecimogramme–second system (HUS system) [14]
- 500 grams (g) = 1 jin in the Chinese units of measurement.
Comparisons
- 1 gram is roughly equal to the mass of 1 small paper clip or pen cap.
- The Japanese 1 yen coin has a mass of 1 gram,[15] lighter than the British penny (3.56 g), the United States penny (2.5 g), the Euro cent (2.30 g), and the Australian 5 cent coin (2.80 g).
See also
Notes
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ The density of water is Script error: No such module "val". at Script error: No such module "val".. See Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Decision CIPM/105-13 (October 2016) Template:Webarchive. The day is the 144th anniversary of the Metre Convention.
- ↑ National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" Template:Webarchive (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices Template:Webarchive. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027 Template:Webarchive. OCLC Template:Catalog lookup link. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Convention nationale, décret du 1er août 1793, ed. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, publiée sur les éditions officielles du Louvre, vol. 6 (2nd ed. 1834), p. 70 Template:Webarchive. The metre (mètre) on which this definition depends was itself defined as the ten-millionth part of a quarter of Earth's meridian, given in traditional units as 3 pieds, 11.44 lignes (a ligne being the 12th part of an pouce (inch), or the 144th part of a pied.
- ↑ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary s.v. "gramma" Template:Webarchive, 1879
- ↑ Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon (revised and augmented edition, Oxford, 1940) s.v. γράμμα Template:Webarchive, citing the 10th-century work Geoponica and a 4th-century papyrus edited in L. Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, vol. i (1906), 62 ii 27.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ 5th SI Brochure (1985), p. 78
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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