Perineum: Difference between revisions
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{{Distinguish|Peritoneum}} | {{Distinguish|Peritoneum}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} | ||
{{Infobox anatomy | {{Infobox anatomy | ||
| Name = Perineum | | Name = Perineum | ||
| Latin = perineum, perinaeum | | Latin = perineum, perinaeum | ||
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The '''perineum''' ({{plural form}}: '''perineums''' or '''perinea''') in [[placentalia|placental]] [[mammal]]s is the space between the [[anus]] and the [[genitals]]. The human perineum is between the anus and [[scrotum]] in the male or between the anus and [[vulva]] in the female.<ref>{{cite web|title=Perineum definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/perineum|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|language=en}}</ref> The perineum is the region of the body between the [[pubic symphysis]] (pubic arch) and the [[coccyx]] (tail bone), including the perineal body and surrounding structures. The [[perineal raphe]] is visible and pronounced to varying degrees. | The '''perineum''' ({{plural form}}: '''perineums''' or '''perinea''') in [[placentalia|placental]] [[mammal]]s is the space between the [[anus]] and the [[genitals]]. The human perineum is between the anus and [[scrotum]] in the male or between the anus and [[vulva]] in the female.<ref>{{cite web|title=Perineum definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/perineum|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|language=en}}</ref> The perineum is the region of the body between the [[pubic symphysis]] (pubic arch) and the [[coccyx]] (tail bone), including the perineal body and surrounding structures. The [[perineal raphe]] is visible and pronounced to varying degrees. | ||
The perineum is frequently perceived as an [[erogenous zone]], with touch in that area being perceived as both erogenous and aversive by different individuals.<ref name="winkelmann">{{cite journal |author=Winkelmann RK |date=1959 |title=The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann/ |journal=Mayo Clin Proc |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=39–47 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=13645790}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stelmar |first=J |last2=Garcia |first2=M |last3=Zaliznyak |first3=M |last4=Isaacson |first4=D |last5=Duralde |first5=E |last6=Gaither |first6=T |last7=Smith |first7=S |last8=Yuan |first8=N |last9=Topp |first9=K |date=2023-05-22 |title=(009) An Anatomic Map-Based Study: Erogenous and Aversive Sensation in the Vulva, Vagina, and Breasts |url=https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article/doi/10.1093/jsxmed/qdad060.009/7164806 |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |language=en |volume=20 |issue=Supplement_1 |doi=10.1093/jsxmed/qdad060.009 |issn=1743-6095}}</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
[[ | The word entered English from late Latin via [[Greek language|Greek]] περίναιος ~ περίνεος ''perinaios, perineos'', itself from περίνεος, περίνεοι 'male genitals' and earlier περίς ''perís'' 'penis' through influence from πηρίς ''pērís'' 'scrotum'. The term was originally understood as a purely male body-part with the perineal raphe seen as a continuation of the [[scrotal septum]] since [[Virilization|masculinization]] causes the development of a large [[anogenital distance]] in men, in comparison to the corresponding lack of distance in women.<ref name = "simkin">{{cite journal | author= Simkin Oliver | title= Περίς, πηρίς and περίναιος | journal= Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica | date= 2016 | volume= LXXXIV | issue= 2 | pages= 353–362 | url= | doi= 10.3989/emerita.2016.18.1532 | pmid= | pmc= | doi-access= free }}</ref> As a result of [[Folk etymology|folk etymologies]] (such as ἰνάω ináō, "to carry off by evacuations"), it is contemporaneously extended to both sexes. | ||
Numerous slang terms for the perieneum exist, including the "taint" or "gooch" in American slang, as well as the "notcha" in Australian slang. | |||
==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
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There are claims that sometimes the perineum is excessively repaired after childbirth, using a so-called "[[The husband stitch|husband stitch]]" and that this can increase vaginal tightness or result in pain during intercourse.<ref name="Vinopal">{{cite web|last1=Vinopal|first1=Lauren|title=Are Husbands and Doctors Conspiring to Sew New Moms Up Too Tight?|url=https://www.fatherly.com/health-science/why-parents-fear-husband-stitch/|website=Fatherly|access-date=15 October 2017|date=17 August 2017}}</ref> | There are claims that sometimes the perineum is excessively repaired after childbirth, using a so-called "[[The husband stitch|husband stitch]]" and that this can increase vaginal tightness or result in pain during intercourse.<ref name="Vinopal">{{cite web|last1=Vinopal|first1=Lauren|title=Are Husbands and Doctors Conspiring to Sew New Moms Up Too Tight?|url=https://www.fatherly.com/health-science/why-parents-fear-husband-stitch/|website=Fatherly|access-date=15 October 2017|date=17 August 2017}}</ref> | ||
==Society and culture== | ==Society and culture== | ||
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File:Gray1119.png|[[Development of the reproductive system#External genitalia|Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female]] | File:Gray1119.png|[[Development of the reproductive system#External genitalia|Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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* [[Perineal raphe]] | * [[Perineal raphe]] | ||
* [[Perineal tear classification]] | * [[Perineal tear classification]] | ||
* [[Perineum sunning]] | |||
* ''[[101 Vagina]]'' | * ''[[101 Vagina]]'' | ||
* ''[[Femalia]]'' | * ''[[Femalia]]'' | ||
Latest revision as of 13:02, 15 November 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other
The perineum (Template:Plural form: perineums or perinea) in placental mammals is the space between the anus and the genitals. The human perineum is between the anus and scrotum in the male or between the anus and vulva in the female.[1] The perineum is the region of the body between the pubic symphysis (pubic arch) and the coccyx (tail bone), including the perineal body and surrounding structures. The perineal raphe is visible and pronounced to varying degrees.
The perineum is frequently perceived as an erogenous zone, with touch in that area being perceived as both erogenous and aversive by different individuals.[2][3]
Etymology
The word entered English from late Latin via Greek περίναιος ~ περίνεος perinaios, perineos, itself from περίνεος, περίνεοι 'male genitals' and earlier περίς perís 'penis' through influence from πηρίς pērís 'scrotum'. The term was originally understood as a purely male body-part with the perineal raphe seen as a continuation of the scrotal septum since masculinization causes the development of a large anogenital distance in men, in comparison to the corresponding lack of distance in women.[4] As a result of folk etymologies (such as ἰνάω ináō, "to carry off by evacuations"), it is contemporaneously extended to both sexes.
Numerous slang terms for the perieneum exist, including the "taint" or "gooch" in American slang, as well as the "notcha" in Australian slang.
Structure
The perineum is generally defined as the surface region between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx. The perineum is below the pelvic diaphragm and between the legs. It is a diamond-shaped area that includes the anus and, in females, the vagina.[5] Its definition varies: it can refer to only the superficial structures in this region or include both superficial and deep structures. The perineum corresponds to the outlet of the pelvis.
A line drawn across the surface connecting the ischial tuberosities divides the space into two triangles:
- The anterior urogenital triangle contains the penis and scrotum (males) or vulva (females)
- The posterior anal triangle contains the anus
The formal anatomical boundaries of the perineum may be said to be:[6]
- in front: the pubic arch and the arcuate ligament of the pubis
- behind: the tip of the coccyx
- on either side: the inferior rami of the pubis and ischial tuberosity, and the sacrotuberous ligament
- superiorly: pelvic floor[7]
- inferiorly: skin and fascia
Body
The perineal body (or central tendon of perineum) is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle. In males, it is found between the bulb of the penis and the anus; in females, it is found between the vagina and anus, and about Template:Cvt in front of the latter.
The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during vaginal birth leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the child-bearer to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder. Perineal tears and episiotomy often occur in childbirth with first-time deliveries, but the risk of these injuries can be reduced by preparing the perineum, often through massage.[8]
At this point, the following muscles converge and are attached:
- External anal sphincter
- Bulbospongiosus muscle
- Superficial transverse perineal muscle
- Anterior fibers of the levator ani
- Fibers from male or female external urinary sphincter
- Deep transverse perineal muscle
Fascia
Perineal fascia terminology can be confusing, and there is some controversy over the nomenclature. This stems from the fact that there are two parts to the fascia, the superficial and deep parts, and each of these can be subdivided into superficial and deep parts.
The layers and contents are as follows, from superficial to deep: Template:Ordered list
Areas
The perineum region can be considered a distinct area from the pelvic cavity, with the two regions separated by the pelvic diaphragm. The perianal area (peri- and anal) is a subset of the perineum. The following areas are thus classified as parts of the perineal region:
- perineal pouches: superficial and deep (see above for details)
- ischioanal fossa – a fat-filled space at the lateral sides of anal canal, bounded laterally by the obturator internus muscle, and medially by the pelvic diaphragm and anal canal; its base is the skin
- anal canal
- pudendal canal – contains internal pudendal artery and the pudendal nerve
Clinical significance
The anogenital distance is a measure of the distance between the midpoint of the anus and the underside of the scrotum or the vagina. Studies show that the human perineum is twice as long in males as in females.[9] Measuring the anogenital distance in neonatal humans has been suggested as a noninvasive method to determine male feminisation and thereby predict neonatal and adult reproductive disorders.[10]
Extensive deformation of the pelvic floor occurs during a vaginal delivery. Approximately 85% of women have some perineal tear during a vaginal delivery and in about 69% suturing is required.[11][12][13] Obstetric perineal trauma contributes to postpartum morbidity and frustration of women after delivery. In many women, the childbirth trauma is manifested in advanced age when the compensatory mechanisms of the pelvic floor become weakened, making the problem more serious among the aged population.[14][15]
There are claims that sometimes the perineum is excessively repaired after childbirth, using a so-called "husband stitch" and that this can increase vaginal tightness or result in pain during intercourse.[16]
Society and culture
Perineum sunning is a wellness practice that involves exposing the perineum (area between the genitals and anus) to sunlight. Adherents claim various unproven health benefits such as improved libido, circulation, sleep, and longevity.[17] There is no scientific evidence that this behavior promotes any of the alleged benefits.[17] The practice of exposing a sensitive area of skin to sunlight also increases the risk of skin cancers[18] such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal-cell carcinoma.[19] Doctors recommend safer alternative options such as relaxation, meditation, and mindfulness, which can also achieve the same desired benefits.[20]
Gallery
See also
- Deep perineal pouch
- Erogenous zone
- Intimate part
- Mula Bandha
- Pelvic floor
- Perineal raphe
- Perineal tear classification
- Perineum sunning
- 101 Vagina
- Femalia
References
External links
Template:Sister project Template:NIE PosterTemplate:Muscles of perineum Template:Authority control
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- ↑ Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000.
- ↑ Template:NormanAnatomyFig
- ↑ Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of Obstetrics, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1-16. Template:ISBN.
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- ↑ Michelle Welsh, et al.: "Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism". Journal of Clinical Investigation, 13 March 2008.
- ↑ Sleep J, Grant A, Garcia J, Elbourne D, Spencer J, Chalmers I. West Berkshire perineal management trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984; 289(6445): 587-90.
- ↑ McCandlish R, Bowler U, van Asten H, Berridge G, Winter C, Sames L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, Elbourne D. A randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during second stage of normal labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998; 105(12): 1262-72.
- ↑ Grant A, Sleep J. Repair of perineal trauma. In: Enkin M, Keirse MJNC, Chalmers I, Eds. A Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 240-43.
- ↑ Barrett G, Pendry E, Peacock J, et al. Women's sexuality after childbirth: a pilot study. Archives of Sexual Behavior 1999; 28(2): 179-91.
- ↑ Tinelli A, Malvasi A, Rahimi S, et al. Age-related pelvic floor modifications and prolapse risk factors in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2010; 17(1): 204-12.
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