Red-flanked bluetail: Difference between revisions
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| status = LC | | status = LC | ||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | | status_system = IUCN3.1 | ||
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn | | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Tarsiger cyanurus'' |article-number=e.T105294257A87892860 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T105294257A87892860.en}}</ref> | ||
| image = Tarsiger_cyanurus.jpg | | image = Tarsiger_cyanurus.jpg | ||
| image_caption = Male | | image_caption = Male | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The '''red-flanked bluetail''' ('''''Tarsiger cyanurus'''''), also known as the '''orange-flanked bush-robin''', is a small [[ | The '''red-flanked bluetail''' ('''''Tarsiger cyanurus'''''), also known as the '''orange-flanked bush-robin''', is a small passerine bird in the [[Old World flycatcher]] [[Family (biology)|family]]. It breeds in mixed [[conifer]]ous forests in [[northern Asia]], parts of [[central Asia]], and northeastern [[Europe]]. It is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering mainly in [[southeast Asia]], in the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Himalayas, [[Taiwan]], and northern [[Indochina]]. | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
The red-flanked bluetail breeds in mixed [[conifer]]ous forests with undergrowth in northeastern [[Europe]], from northern [[Sweden]] east across [[Siberia]] to [[Kamchatka]] and south to [[Japan]]. It winters mainly in southeastern Asia, in the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Himalayas]], [[Taiwan]], and northern [[Indochina]]. The breeding range is slowly expanding westwards through Finland (where up to 500 pairs now breed), and it is a rare but increasing [[vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] to Western Europe, mainly to [[Great Britain]].<ref name=Hoyo>{{cite book| editor-last = del Hoyo| editor-first = J.| display-editors = etal| title = Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 10| publisher = Lynx Edicions| year = 2005| location = Barcelona| pages = [https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/754 754]| isbn = 84-87334-72-5| url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/754}}</ref><ref>British Birds Rarities Committee [https://web.archive.org/web/20070903133742/http://www.bbrc.org.uk/pipitstothrushes.htm occurrences, 1950-2006]</ref><ref>Hudson, N. et al. (2009). Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 2008. ''British Birds'' 102: 572–573.</ref> There have also been a few records in [[North America]], mostly in western [[Alaska]] as well as one on [[San Clemente Island]] off the southern California coast<ref>National Geographic (1999). ''Field Guide to the Birds of North America'' 3rd ed. {{ISBN|0-7922-7451-2}}.</ref><ref>eBird: [https://ebird.org/content/ebird/news/RFBL_CA Red-flanked Bluetail in California] (Dec 2011)</ref> and one overwintering on the Central California coast in Santa Cruz, California, in 2023.<ref>eBird:[https://ebird.org/checklist/S131890156 eBird Checklist S131890156]</ref> One was also spotted in New Jersey in December 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/outdoors/2023/12/a-rare-sighting-has-birding-enthusiasts-from-all-over-flocking-to-nj-lehigh-valley-nature-watch.html | title=A rare sighting has birding enthusiasts from all over flocking to N.J. | Lehigh Valley Nature Watch | date=9 December 2023 }}</ref> | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
==Taxonomy and nomenclature== | ==Taxonomy and nomenclature== | ||
The red-flanked bluetail belongs to a group of [[insectivorous]] birds known as [[Chat (bird)|chats]], that were formerly thought to be [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]]. Genetic analysis showed that they were in fact a type of [[Old World flycatcher]], with the resemblance to thrushes being the result of [[convergent evolution]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sangster | first1 = George | last2 = Alström | first2 = Per | last3 = Forsmark | first3 = Emma | last4 = Olsson | first4 = Urban | year = 2010 | title = Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233731328 | format = PDF | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 57 | issue = 1| pages = 380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044| bibcode = 2010MolPE..57..380S }}</ref> | |||
The genus name ''Tarsiger'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''tarsos'', "flat of the foot" and [[Latin]] ''gerere'', "to carry". The specific ''cyanurus'' is also derived from Greek, the roots being ''kuanos'', "dark-blue", and ''oura'', "tail".<ref>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=128, 379 }}</ref> | The genus name ''Tarsiger'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''tarsos'', "flat of the foot" and [[Latin]] ''gerere'', "to carry". The specific ''cyanurus'' is also derived from Greek, the roots being ''kuanos'', "dark-blue", and ''oura'', "tail".<ref>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=128, 379 }}</ref> | ||
In the past generally treated as comprising two [[subspecies]], ''T. c. cyanurus'' breeding in northern Asia and ''T. c. rufilatus'' breeding in the [[Himalaya]], it is now increasingly being treated as monotypic, with ''T. c. rufilatus'' split off as a distinct species, [[Himalayan bluetail]] ''T. rufilatus''. The species has also been known by a variety of English and scientific names in the ornithological literature. | In the past generally treated as comprising two [[subspecies]], ''T. c. cyanurus'' breeding in northern Asia and ''T. c. rufilatus'' breeding in the [[Himalaya]], it is now increasingly being treated as monotypic, with ''T. c. rufilatus'' split off as a distinct species, [[Himalayan bluetail]] ''T. rufilatus''. The species has also been known by a variety of English and scientific names in the ornithological literature. | ||
The subspecies ''albocoeruleus'', distributed in north-central [[China]], was described by [[Wilhelm Meise]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite journal|first=W. |last=Meise|pages= 550–551 |editor-last= Stresemann| editor-first=E. |title=Aves Beickianae Beiträge zur Ornithologie von Nordwest-Kansu nach den Forschungen von Walter Beick in den Jahren 1926–1933|journal=J. Ornithol.|issue= 3 |year=1937}}</ref> It was usually considered invalid, until recognized by Hadoram Shirihai and Lars Svensson in 2018,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Western Palearctic Birds, Volume 1: Passerines: Larks to Warblers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NchwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shirihai,+H.,+Svensson,+L.,+2018.+Handbook+of+Western+Palearctic+Birds,+Volume+1:+Passerines:+Larks+to+Warblers.+Bloomsbury+Publishing,+London.&pg=PP1|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|date=2018-08-27|isbn=978-1-4729-3758-2|language=en|first1=Hadoram|last1=Shirihai|first2=Lars|last2=Svensson}}</ref> and it is now proposed to be a full species, the [[Qilian bluetail]] (''T. albocoeruleus''), in a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2022. It is distinctive in [[genetics]] and [[bird vocalisation|vocalisation]], but only marginally different in [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]]. The males of ''albocoeruleus'' have bluer fore-[[supercilium]], and less white than in ''cyanurus''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Wei | first1=C. | last2=Sangster | first2=G. | last3=Olsson | first3=U. | last4=Rasmussen | first4=P.C. | last5=Svensson | first5=L. | last6=Yao | first6=C.-T. | last7=Carey | first7=G.J. | last8=Leader | first8=P.J. | last9=Zhang | first9=R. | last10=Chen | first10=G. | last11=Song | first11=G. | last12=Lei | first12=F. | last13=Wilcove | first13=D.S. | last14=Alström | first14=P. | last15=Liu | first15=Y. | date=2022 | title=Cryptic species in a colorful genus: Integrative taxonomy of the bush robins (Aves, Muscicapidae, ''Tarsiger'') suggests two overlooked species | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=175 | | The subspecies ''albocoeruleus'', distributed in north-central [[China]], was described by [[Wilhelm Meise]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite journal|first=W. |last=Meise|pages= 550–551 |editor-last= Stresemann| editor-first=E. |title=Aves Beickianae Beiträge zur Ornithologie von Nordwest-Kansu nach den Forschungen von Walter Beick in den Jahren 1926–1933|journal=J. Ornithol.|issue= 3 |year=1937}}</ref> It was usually considered invalid, until recognized by Hadoram Shirihai and Lars Svensson in 2018,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Western Palearctic Birds, Volume 1: Passerines: Larks to Warblers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NchwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shirihai,+H.,+Svensson,+L.,+2018.+Handbook+of+Western+Palearctic+Birds,+Volume+1:+Passerines:+Larks+to+Warblers.+Bloomsbury+Publishing,+London.&pg=PP1|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|date=2018-08-27|isbn=978-1-4729-3758-2|language=en|first1=Hadoram|last1=Shirihai|first2=Lars|last2=Svensson}}</ref> and it is now proposed to be a full species, the [[Qilian bluetail]] (''T. albocoeruleus''), in a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2022. It is distinctive in [[genetics]] and [[bird vocalisation|vocalisation]], but only marginally different in [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]]. The males of ''albocoeruleus'' have bluer fore-[[supercilium]], and less white than in ''cyanurus''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Wei | first1=C. | last2=Sangster | first2=G. | last3=Olsson | first3=U. | last4=Rasmussen | first4=P.C. | last5=Svensson | first5=L. | last6=Yao | first6=C.-T. | last7=Carey | first7=G.J. | last8=Leader | first8=P.J. | last9=Zhang | first9=R. | last10=Chen | first10=G. | last11=Song | first11=G. | last12=Lei | first12=F. | last13=Wilcove | first13=D.S. | last14=Alström | first14=P. | last15=Liu | first15=Y. | date=2022 | title=Cryptic species in a colorful genus: Integrative taxonomy of the bush robins (Aves, Muscicapidae, ''Tarsiger'') suggests two overlooked species | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=175 | article-number=107580 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107580| pmid=35810968 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2022MolPE.17507580W }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> | ||
The table below details the treatments adopted by some major works, by publication date (newest first): | The table below details the treatments adopted by some major works, by publication date (newest first): | ||
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! '''Publication''' !! '''English name''' !! '''Scientific name''' !! '''Taxonomic notes''' | ! '''Publication''' !! '''English name''' !! '''Scientific name''' !! '''Taxonomic notes''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Birds of the World: Recommended English Names|IOC standard list, version 2.5]]<ref>IOC World Bird List, version 2.5 (2010). [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-chats.html Family Muscicapidae]</ref> | | [[Birds of the World: Recommended English Names|IOC standard list, version 2.5]]<ref>IOC World Bird List, version 2.5 (2010). [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-chats.html Family Muscicapidae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928041927/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-chats.html |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> | ||
| Red-flanked bluetail | | Red-flanked bluetail | ||
| ''Tarsiger cyanurus'' | | ''Tarsiger cyanurus'' | ||
| Line 94: | Line 95: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q129219}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q129219}} | ||
Latest revision as of 15:40, 14 November 2025
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox
The red-flanked bluetail (Tarsiger cyanurus), also known as the orange-flanked bush-robin, is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. It breeds in mixed coniferous forests in northern Asia, parts of central Asia, and northeastern Europe. It is migratory, wintering mainly in southeast Asia, in the Indian subcontinent, the Himalayas, Taiwan, and northern Indochina.
Habitat
The red-flanked bluetail breeds in mixed coniferous forests with undergrowth in northeastern Europe, from northern Sweden east across Siberia to Kamchatka and south to Japan. It winters mainly in southeastern Asia, in the Indian subcontinent, the Himalayas, Taiwan, and northern Indochina. The breeding range is slowly expanding westwards through Finland (where up to 500 pairs now breed), and it is a rare but increasing vagrant to Western Europe, mainly to Great Britain.[1][2][3] There have also been a few records in North America, mostly in western Alaska as well as one on San Clemente Island off the southern California coast[4][5] and one overwintering on the Central California coast in Santa Cruz, California, in 2023.[6] One was also spotted in New Jersey in December 2023.[7]
Description
At 13–14 cm long and 10–18 g weight, the red-flanked bluetail is similar in size and weight to the common redstart and slightly smaller (particularly with a slimmer build) than the European robin. As the name implies, both sexes have a blue tail and rump, and orange-red flanks; they also have a white throat and greyish-white underparts, and a small, thin black bill and slender black legs. The adult male additionally has dark blue upperparts, while females and immature males are plain brown above apart from the blue rump and tail, and have a dusky breasts. In behaviour, it is similar to a common redstart, frequently flicking its tail in the same manner, and regularly flying from a perch to catch insects in the air or on the ground. The male sings its melancholy trill from treetops. Its call is a typical chat "tacc" noise. The nest is built on or near the ground, with 3–5 eggs which are incubated by the female.[1][8]
Taxonomy and nomenclature
The red-flanked bluetail belongs to a group of insectivorous birds known as chats, that were formerly thought to be thrushes. Genetic analysis showed that they were in fact a type of Old World flycatcher, with the resemblance to thrushes being the result of convergent evolution.[9] The genus name Tarsiger is from Ancient Greek tarsos, "flat of the foot" and Latin gerere, "to carry". The specific cyanurus is also derived from Greek, the roots being kuanos, "dark-blue", and oura, "tail".[10]
In the past generally treated as comprising two subspecies, T. c. cyanurus breeding in northern Asia and T. c. rufilatus breeding in the Himalaya, it is now increasingly being treated as monotypic, with T. c. rufilatus split off as a distinct species, Himalayan bluetail T. rufilatus. The species has also been known by a variety of English and scientific names in the ornithological literature.
The subspecies albocoeruleus, distributed in north-central China, was described by Wilhelm Meise in 1937.[11] It was usually considered invalid, until recognized by Hadoram Shirihai and Lars Svensson in 2018,[12] and it is now proposed to be a full species, the Qilian bluetail (T. albocoeruleus), in a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2022. It is distinctive in genetics and vocalisation, but only marginally different in morphology. The males of albocoeruleus have bluer fore-supercilium, and less white than in cyanurus.[13]
The table below details the treatments adopted by some major works, by publication date (newest first):
| Publication | English name | Scientific name | Taxonomic notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| IOC standard list, version 2.5[14] | Red-flanked bluetail | Tarsiger cyanurus | monotypic; excludes rufilatus |
| Collins Bird Guide[8] | Red-flanked bluetail | Tarsiger cyanurus | |
| IOC standard list, version 1[15] | Red-flanked bluetail | Tarsiger cyanurus | polytypic; includes rufilatus |
| Clements Checklist (6th edition)[16] | Red-flanked bluetail | Tarsiger cyanurus | polytypic; includes rufilatus |
| Birds of South Asia[17] | Northern red-flanked bush-robin | Tarsiger cyanurus | monotypic; rufilatus split off |
| HBW[18] | Orange-flanked bush-robin | Tarsiger cyanurus | polytypic; includes rufilatus, although split suggested |
| Howard & Moore (3rd edition)[19] | Orange-flanked bush robin | Luscinia cyanura | polytypic; includes rufilatus |
| OBC Checklist[20] | Orange-flanked bush robin | Tarsiger cyanurus | polytypic; includes rufilatus |
| Howard & Moore (2nd edition)[21] | Red-flanked bluetail | Tarsiger cyanurus | polytypic; includes rufilatus |
| BWP[22] | Red-flanked bluetail | Tarsiger cyanurus | polytypic; includes rufilatus |
| Voous[23] | Red-flanked bluetail or orange-flanked bush robin |
Tarsiger cyanurus | polytypic; includes rufilatus |
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ British Birds Rarities Committee occurrences, 1950-2006
- ↑ Hudson, N. et al. (2009). Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 2008. British Birds 102: 572–573.
- ↑ National Geographic (1999). Field Guide to the Birds of North America 3rd ed. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ eBird: Red-flanked Bluetail in California (Dec 2011)
- ↑ eBird:eBird Checklist S131890156
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Svensson, L., Mullarney, K., & Zetterström, D. (2009) Collins Bird Guide, ed. 2. Template:ISBN, pages 260–1
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". File:CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ↑ IOC World Bird List, version 2.5 (2010). Family Muscicapidae Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Gill, Frank and Minturn Wright (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names Template:ISBN, page 175
- ↑ Clements, James F. (2007) The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World 6th edition Template:ISBN, page 456
- ↑ Rasmussen, Pamela C. and John C. Anderton (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide Template:ISBN, volume 2, page 394
- ↑ del Hoyo, Josep, Andy Elliot & David Christie (2005) Handbook of the Birds of the World volume 10 Template:ISBN, pages 754–5
- ↑ Dickinson, Edward C. (2003) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 3rd edition Template:ISBN, page 677
- ↑ Inskipp, Tim, Nigel Lindsey and William Duckworth (1996) An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental Region Template:ISBN, page 144
- ↑ Howard, Richard and Alick Moore (1991) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 2nd edition Template:ISBN, page 316
- ↑ Cramp, S. (1988) The Birds of the Western Palearctic volume 5. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Voous, Karel H. (1977) List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species Template:ISBN, page 43
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