Ammonium perchlorate: Difference between revisions
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'''Ammonium perchlorate''' ("AP") is an [[inorganic compound]] with the formula {{chem2|[[NH4]][[ClO4]]}}. It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful [[oxidizer]] | '''Ammonium perchlorate''' ("AP") is an [[inorganic compound]] with the formula {{chem2|[[NH4]][[ClO4]]}}. It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful [[oxidizer]] and a major component of [[ammonium perchlorate composite propellant]]. Its instability has involved it in accidents such as the [[PEPCON disaster]], and has been suspected as the cause of the [[Port of Shahid Rajaee explosion]]. | ||
==Production== | ==Production== | ||
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==Decomposition== | ==Decomposition== | ||
Like most ammonium salts, ammonium perchlorate decomposes before [[melting]] | Like most ammonium salts, ammonium perchlorate decomposes before [[melting]]:{{cn|date=August 2025}} | ||
: {{chem2|4 NH4ClO4 -> 4 HCl + 2 N2 + 5 O2 + 6 H2O}} | : {{chem2|4 NH4ClO4 -> 4 HCl + 2 N2 + 5 O2 + 6 H2O}} | ||
The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied. AP crystals decompose before melting, even though a thin liquid layer has been observed on crystal surfaces during high-pressure combustion processes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boggs | first1 = T. L. | year = 1970 | title = Deflagration Rate, Surface Structure and Subsurface Profile of Self-Deflagrating Single Crystals of Ammonium Perchlorate | journal = AIAA Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 5| pages = 867–873 | doi=10.2514/3.5780| bibcode = 1970AIAAJ...8..867B }}</ref> Strong heating may lead to [[explosion]]s. Complete reactions leave no residue. Pure crystals cannot sustain a flame below the pressure of 2 | The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied. AP crystals decompose before melting, even though a thin liquid layer has been observed on crystal surfaces during high-pressure combustion processes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boggs | first1 = T. L. | year = 1970 | title = Deflagration Rate, Surface Structure and Subsurface Profile of Self-Deflagrating Single Crystals of Ammonium Perchlorate | journal = AIAA Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 5| pages = 867–873 | doi=10.2514/3.5780| bibcode = 1970AIAAJ...8..867B }}</ref> Strong heating may lead to [[explosion]]s. Complete reactions leave no residue. Pure crystals cannot sustain a flame below the pressure of {{convert|2|MPa|psi}}.{{cn|date=August 2025}} | ||
AP is a Class 4 oxidizer (can undergo an explosive reaction) for particle sizes over 15 micrometres | AP is a Class 4 oxidizer (can undergo an explosive reaction) for particle sizes over 15 micrometres and is classified as an explosive for particle sizes less than 15 micrometres.{{cn|date=August 2025}} | ||
==Applications== | ==Applications== | ||
During [[World War I]] England and France used mixtures featuring ammonium perchlorate (such as " | During [[World War I]] England and France used mixtures featuring ammonium perchlorate (such as "perammons") as a substitute high explosive.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaye |first1=Seymour M. |title=Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items. PATR 2700 |date=1 January 1978 |publisher=U.S. Army Research And Development Command: Tacom, Ardec: Warheads, Energetics And Combat Support Center |location=Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, USA |page=P-12 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA057762.pdf?page=491 |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|reason=I found one, there are more in other volumes, but I can't find the one that's in either davis or urbanski that references these being used initially with nitro-explosives in the mix, then later in the form I referenced (because they were out of nitro compounds) and talks about their issues, namely that without a nitro compound they'll only detonate when not pressed heavily and can't be used in long range artillery or mortars because the shock would detn. them. The original nitro-mixes weren't really a substitute and functioned normally.|date=August 2025}} | ||
The primary use of ammonium perchlorate is in making solid rocket propellants. | The primary use of ammonium perchlorate is in making solid rocket propellants.{{citation needed|reason=Dead link to an environmentalist washington PAC isn't a reference for the primary use of a chemical in industry (and wouldn't be if they were anti-environmentalist either).|date=August 2025}} When AP is mixed with a fuel (like a powdered aluminium and/or with an elastomeric [[Binder (material)|binder]]), it can generate self-sustained combustion at pressures far below atmospheric pressure. It is an important oxidizer with a decades-long history of use in [[Solid-propellant rocket#Composite propellants|composite rocket propellants]] (including the [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster#Propellant|Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster]]), military, amateur, and hobbyist high-power rockets, as well as in some fireworks.{{cn|date=June 2025}} | ||
==Toxicity== | ==Toxicity== | ||
Latest revision as of 12:08, 9 September 2025
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Chembox
Ammonium perchlorate ("AP") is an inorganic compound with the formula Template:Chem2. It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful oxidizer and a major component of ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. Its instability has involved it in accidents such as the PEPCON disaster, and has been suspected as the cause of the Port of Shahid Rajaee explosion.
Production
Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid. The salt also can be produced by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate. This process exploits the relatively low solubility of Template:Chem2, which is about 10% of that for sodium perchlorate.[1]
AP crystallises as colorless rhombohedra.
Decomposition
Like most ammonium salts, ammonium perchlorate decomposes before melting:Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied. AP crystals decompose before melting, even though a thin liquid layer has been observed on crystal surfaces during high-pressure combustion processes.[2] Strong heating may lead to explosions. Complete reactions leave no residue. Pure crystals cannot sustain a flame below the pressure of Template:Convert.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
AP is a Class 4 oxidizer (can undergo an explosive reaction) for particle sizes over 15 micrometres and is classified as an explosive for particle sizes less than 15 micrometres.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Applications
During World War I England and France used mixtures featuring ammonium perchlorate (such as "perammons") as a substitute high explosive.[3]Template:Additional citation needed
The primary use of ammonium perchlorate is in making solid rocket propellants.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". When AP is mixed with a fuel (like a powdered aluminium and/or with an elastomeric binder), it can generate self-sustained combustion at pressures far below atmospheric pressure. It is an important oxidizer with a decades-long history of use in composite rocket propellants (including the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster), military, amateur, and hobbyist high-power rockets, as well as in some fireworks.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Toxicity
Perchlorate itself confers little acute toxicity. For example, sodium perchlorate has an LD50 of 2–4g/kg and is eliminated rapidly after ingestion.[1] However, chronic exposure to perchlorates, even in low concentrations, has been shown to cause various thyroid problems, as it is taken up in place of iodine.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
References
Further reading
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Template:Ammonium salts Template:Perchlorates
- ↑ a b Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH. Script error: No such module "doi".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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