Perkele: Difference between revisions
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{{italic title}} | {{italic title}} | ||
{{Short description|Finnish swear word}} | {{Short description|Finnish swear word; former name of a deity}} | ||
{{For|the Swedish band|Perkele (band)}} | {{For|the Swedish band|Perkele (band)}} | ||
'''{{lang|fi|Perkele}}''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈperkele|pron|Fi-perkele.ogg}}) is a Finnish word meaning '[[evil spirit]]' and a popular [[Finnish profanity]], used similarly to the English phrase ''[[Damnation#As profanity|God damn]]'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |trans-title=Dictionary of the Language Office |language=fi |publisher=Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus |year=2006 |isbn=952-5446-20-4}}</ref> although it is considered much more profane. It is most likely the most internationally known Finnish curse word.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crosssection.gns.wisc.edu/2014/10/12/how-finns-swear-and-what-this-tells-us-about-their-culture-by-emily-malone/ |title=How Finns Swear and What This Tells Us About Their Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.biginfinland.com/swearwords-finnish-list-profanities/| title = Finnish swearwords – a list of profanities you shouldn't know |date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Swearing Research: New languages and new contexts |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2017 |isbn=978-9027256874}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Finnish |publisher=E-painos |year=2015 |asin=B015AM7Q90}}</ref> | '''{{lang|fi|Perkele}}''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈperkele|pron|Fi-perkele.ogg}}) is a Finnish word meaning '[[evil spirit]]' and a popular [[Finnish profanity]], used similarly to the English phrase ''[[Damnation#As profanity|God damn]]'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Kielitoimiston sanakirja |trans-title=Dictionary of the Language Office |language=fi |publisher=Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus |year=2006 |isbn=952-5446-20-4}}</ref> although it is considered much more profane. It is most likely the most internationally known Finnish curse word.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crosssection.gns.wisc.edu/2014/10/12/how-finns-swear-and-what-this-tells-us-about-their-culture-by-emily-malone/ |title=How Finns Swear and What This Tells Us About Their Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.biginfinland.com/swearwords-finnish-list-profanities/| title = Finnish swearwords – a list of profanities you shouldn't know |date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Swearing Research: New languages and new contexts |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2017 |isbn=978-9027256874}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Finnish |publisher=E-painos |year=2015 |asin=B015AM7Q90}}</ref> | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
The name is of Indo-European origin; [[ | The name is of [[Proto-Indo-European]] origin; [[*Perkʷūnos]] is the reconstructed name of the god of thunder. | ||
Some researchers consider {{lang|fi|Perkele}} to be an original name of the thunder god [[Ukko]], the chief god of the [[Finnish paganism|Finnish pagan]] pantheon, | Some researchers consider {{lang|fi|Perkele}} to be an original name of the thunder god [[Ukko]], the chief god of the [[Finnish paganism|Finnish pagan]] pantheon,{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}<!--the citation provided earlier does not state this--> but this view is not shared by all researchers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Salo |first=Unto |title=Agricola's Ukko in the light of archeology. A chronological and interpretative study of ancient Finnish religion: Old Norse and Finnish religions and cultic place-names. |year=1990 |location=Turku |isbn=951-649-695-4}}</ref> There are related words in other [[Balto-Finnic languages|Finnic]] languages: in [[Estonian language|Estonian]], {{lang|et|põrgu}} means [[hell]], in [[Karelian language|Karelian]] {{lang|krl|perkeleh}} means an [[evil spirit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Miten suomalaiset kiroilivat ennen kristinuskoa? |language=fi |trans-title=How did Finns curse before Christianity? |url=http://www.kielikello.fi/index.php?mid=2&pid=11&aid=784 |access-date=2015-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja. 3. |language=fi |trans-title=Etymological dictionary of the Finnish language. 3. |publisher=Suomalais-ugrilainen seura |year=1976 |location=Helsinki |isbn=951-9019-16-2}}</ref> | ||
=== Influence of Christianity === | === Influence of Christianity === | ||
As Finland was [[Christianization|Christianized]], the ancient pre-Christian deities came to be regarded as demons. This led to the use of "{{lang|fi|Perkele}}" as a translation for "Devil" in the Finnish translation of the Bible. Later, in other translations, the word was rendered as {{lang|fi|paholainen}} (the evil one).<ref>{{cite web |title=Paholainen |url=https://www.jw.org/fi/kirjasto/raamattu/nwt/raamatun-sanasto/#p217}}</ref> | As Finland was [[Christianization|Christianized]], the ancient pre-Christian deities came to be regarded as demons. This led to the use of "{{lang|fi|Perkele}}" as a translation for "Devil" in the Finnish translation of the Bible. Later, in other translations, the word was rendered as {{lang|fi|paholainen}} (the evil one).<ref>{{cite web |title=Paholainen |url=https://www.jw.org/fi/kirjasto/raamattu/nwt/raamatun-sanasto/#p217}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | |||
{{Wiktionary|perkele}} | {{Wiktionary|perkele}} | ||
* [[Piru (spirit)]] | * [[Piru (spirit)]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:20, 16 November 2025
Template:Italic title Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a Finnish word meaning 'evil spirit' and a popular Finnish profanity, used similarly to the English phrase God damn,[1] although it is considered much more profane. It is most likely the most internationally known Finnish curse word.[2][3][4][5]
Etymology
The name is of Proto-Indo-European origin; *Perkʷūnos is the reconstructed name of the god of thunder.
Some researchers consider Script error: No such module "Lang". to be an original name of the thunder god Ukko, the chief god of the Finnish pagan pantheon,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". but this view is not shared by all researchers.[6] There are related words in other Finnic languages: in Estonian, Script error: No such module "Lang". means hell, in Karelian Script error: No such module "Lang". means an evil spirit.[7][8]
Influence of Christianity
As Finland was Christianized, the ancient pre-Christian deities came to be regarded as demons. This led to the use of "Script error: No such module "Lang"." as a translation for "Devil" in the Finnish translation of the Bible. Later, in other translations, the word was rendered as Script error: No such module "Lang". (the evil one).[9]
See also
References
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