2nd century BC: Difference between revisions

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==Events==
==Events==
[[File:Rosetta Stone.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Rosetta Stone]], a trilingual decree recording the coronation of [[Ptolemy V]] at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] in Egypt.]]


*[[200 BC]]: [[Battle of Panium]]: [[Antiochus III]] of the [[Seleucid empire]] defeats [[Ptolemy V]] of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walbank |first1=F. W. |title=The Hellenistic world |date=1992 |publisher=Fontana |location=London |isbn=0-00-686104-0 |page=101 |edition=[Rev.]}}</ref>
*[[200 BC]]: [[Battle of Panium]]: [[Antiochus III]] of the [[Seleucid empire]] defeats [[Ptolemy V]] of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walbank |first1=F. W. |title=The Hellenistic world |date=1992 |publisher=Fontana |location=London |isbn=0-00-686104-0 |page=101 |edition=[Rev.]}}</ref>
* c.[[200 BC]]: In ancient Philippines, the archipelago's indigenous people began to increase their contact with other nations in Southeast and East Asia, resulting in the establishment of fragmented city-states-like polities formed by complex sociopolitical units known as barangay or [[barangay state]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historylearning.com/history-of-the-philippines/pre-history/barangay-states/|title=Barangay States|website=History Learning}}</ref>
* c.[[200 BC]]: In ancient Philippines, the archipelago's indigenous people began to increase their contact with other nations in Southeast and East Asia, resulting in the establishment of fragmented city-states-like polities formed by complex sociopolitical units known as barangay or [[barangay state]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historylearning.com/history-of-the-philippines/pre-history/barangay-states/|title=Barangay States|website=History Learning}}</ref>


===[[190s BC]]===
===190s BC===
{{main|190s BC}}
[[File:Rosetta Stone.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Rosetta Stone]], a trilingual decree recording the 196 BC coronation of [[Ptolemy V]] at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] in Egypt.]]
 
*[[198 BC]]: [[Fifth Syrian War]]: Antiochus III takes control of [[Coele Syria]] and [[Judea]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Peter |title=Alexander to Actium : the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |page=304|isbn=978-0-520-08349-3}}</ref>
*[[198 BC]]: [[Fifth Syrian War]]: Antiochus III takes control of [[Coele Syria]] and [[Judea]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Peter |title=Alexander to Actium : the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |page=304|isbn=978-0-520-08349-3}}</ref>
**(November 12): Antiochus issues a decree requiring registration of all Egyptians taken slave during the war (''somata Aigyptia'') for census purposes.<ref>Willy Clarysse, Dorothy J. Thompson, Ulrich Luft, ''Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt'', Volume 2, Historical Studies  (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p263</ref>
**(November 12): Antiochus issues a decree requiring registration of all Egyptians taken slave during the war (''somata Aigyptia'') for census purposes.<ref>Willy Clarysse, Dorothy J. Thompson, Ulrich Luft, ''Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt'', Vol. 2, Historical Studies  (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p. 263</ref>
*[[197 BC]]: (June) [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus|Flamininus]] defeats [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]], king of [[Antigonid]] [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] at the [[Battle of Cynoscephalae]], ending the [[Second Macedonian War]].<ref>Bernard Mineo, ''A Companion to Livy'' (Wiley, 2014) p412 (drawn by author from [[Polybius]] and [[Livy]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walbank |first1=F. W. |title=The Hellenistic world |date=1992 |publisher=Fontana |location=London |isbn=0-00-686104-0 |page=98|edition=[Rev.]}}</ref>
*[[197 BC]]: (June) [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus|Flamininus]] defeats [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]], king of [[Antigonid]] [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] at the [[Battle of Cynoscephalae]], ending the [[Second Macedonian War]].<ref>Bernard Mineo, ''A Companion to Livy'' (Wiley, 2014) p. 412 (drawn by author from [[Polybius]] and [[Livy]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walbank |first1=F. W. |title=The Hellenistic world |date=1992 |publisher=Fontana |location=London |isbn=0-00-686104-0 |page=98|edition=[Rev.]}}</ref>
*[[196 BC]]:  
*[[196 BC]]:  
**(March 27) Upon reaching the age of 14, [[Ptolemy V Epiphanes]] is crowned as the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|King of Egypt]] at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]].  The decree made in conjunction with the coronation, dated the first day of the Egyptian month of Pharmouthi, is written in the [[Egyptian language]] in both [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]] and in [[Demotic (Egyptian)|demotic script]], as well as in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] on the [[Rosetta Stone]], providing the key to deciphering the hieroglyphics almost 20 centuries later.<ref name=Bowman>Alan K. Bowman, ''Egypt After the Pharaohs, 332 BC-AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest'' (University of California Press, 1989), p30</ref>
**(March 27) Upon reaching the age of 14, [[Ptolemy V Epiphanes]] is crowned as the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|King of Egypt]] at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]].  The decree made in conjunction with the coronation, dated the first day of the Egyptian month of Pharmouthi, is written in the [[Egyptian language]] in both [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]] and in [[Demotic (Egyptian)|demotic script]], as well as in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] on the [[Rosetta Stone]], providing the key to deciphering the hieroglyphics almost 20 centuries later.<ref name=Bowman>Alan K. Bowman, ''Egypt After the Pharaohs, 332 BC–AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest'' (University of California Press, 1989), p. 30</ref>
**[[Lampsacus]] and [[Smyrna]] appeal to Rome for protection against [[Antiochus III]]'s expansion into western [[Asia Minor]] and [[Thrace]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=R. M. |editor1-last=Astin |editor1-first=A. E. |editor2-last=Walbank |editor2-first=F. W. |editor3-last=Frederiksen |editor3-first=M. W. |editor4-last=Ogilvie |editor4-first=R. M. |title=The Cambridge Ancient History 8: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 BC |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=978-0-521-23448-1 |page=271 |edition=Second |chapter=Rome against Philip and Antiochus}}</ref>
**[[Lampsacus]] and [[Smyrna]] appeal to Rome for protection against [[Antiochus III]]'s expansion into western [[Asia Minor]] and [[Thrace]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=R. M. |editor1-last=Astin |editor1-first=A. E. |editor2-last=Walbank |editor2-first=F. W. |editor3-last=Frederiksen |editor3-first=M. W. |editor4-last=Ogilvie |editor4-first=R. M. |title=The Cambridge Ancient History 8: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 BC |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=978-0-521-23448-1 |page=271 |edition=Second |chapter=Rome against Philip and Antiochus}}</ref>
**[[Empress Lü Zhi|Empress Lü]]'s execution of [[Han Xin]] leads to the [[Ying Bu]] rebellion.
**[[Empress Lü Zhi|Empress Lü]]'s execution of [[Han Xin]] leads to the [[Ying Bu]] rebellion.
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**The [[War against Nabis]] marks the end of [[Sparta]]n power in Greece.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cartledge |first1=Paul |last2=Spawforth |first2=A. |title=Hellenistic and Roman Sparta : a tale of two cities |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-26277-1 |pages=74–79 |edition=2nd}}</ref>
**The [[War against Nabis]] marks the end of [[Sparta]]n power in Greece.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cartledge |first1=Paul |last2=Spawforth |first2=A. |title=Hellenistic and Roman Sparta : a tale of two cities |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-26277-1 |pages=74–79 |edition=2nd}}</ref>
*[[194 BC]]:  
*[[194 BC]]:  
**(April 4) — The first [[Megalesia|Games of Megalesia]] and a festival are held in Rome after games were promised in honor of [[Cybele]] following Rome's triumph over Carthage in the [[Punic Wars]].  The festival and games last seven full days, closing on April 10.<ref>Eckart Kèohne, ''Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome'' (University of California Press, 2000) p10</ref>
**(April 4) The first [[Megalesia|Games of Megalesia]] and a festival are held in Rome after games were promised in honor of [[Cybele]] following Rome's triumph over Carthage in the [[Punic Wars]].  The festival and games last seven full days, closing on April 10.<ref>Eckart Kèohne, ''Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome'' (University of California Press, 2000) p. 10</ref>
**[[Wiman of Gojoseon]] establishes [[Wiman Joseon]] in Korea.<ref>{{cite book |last =Kim |first =Jinwung |title=A history of Korea: from "Land of the Morning Calm" to states in conflict |date=2012 |location=Bloomington, IN | publisher = Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00024-8 |page=16}}</ref>
**[[Wiman of Gojoseon]] establishes [[Wiman Joseon]] in Korea.<ref>{{cite book |last =Kim |first =Jinwung |title=A history of Korea: from 'Land of the Morning Calm' to states in conflict |date=2012 |location=Bloomington, IN | publisher = Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00024-8 |page=16}}</ref>
*[[192 BC]]:  
*[[192 BC]]:  
**The [[Baiyue|Yue]] Kingdom of Eastern Ou established in [[Zhejiang]] with [[Han dynasty|Chinese]] support.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
**The [[Baiyue|Yue]] Kingdom of Eastern Ou established in [[Zhejiang]] with [[Han dynasty|Chinese]] support.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
**(February)— Antiochus, the son of Antiochus III and co-regent for the Seleucid throne since 209 BC, dies; according to cuneiform tablets, news reaches Babylon sometime during the month of Addara after April 8.<ref>T. Boiy, ''Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon'' (Peeters Publishers, 2004) p157</ref>
**(February) Antiochus, the son of Antiochus III and co-regent for the Seleucid throne since 209 BC, dies; according to cuneiform tablets, news reaches Babylon sometime during the month of Addara after April 8.<ref>T. Boiy, ''Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon'' (Peeters Publishers, 2004) p. 157</ref>
**(November) — Antiochus III leads an army into Greece to challenge Roman control, at the invitation of the [[Aetolians]], starting the [[Roman-Syrian War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bringmann |first1=Klaus |title=A history of the Roman republic |date=2007 |publisher=Polity |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-7456-3371-8 |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walbank |first1=F. W. |title=The Hellenistic world |date=1992 |publisher=Fontana |location=London |isbn=0-00-686104-0 |page=237|edition=[Rev.]}}</ref>
**(November) Antiochus III leads an army into Greece to challenge Roman control, at the invitation of the [[Aetolians]], starting the [[Roman-Syrian War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bringmann |first1=Klaus |title=A history of the Roman republic |date=2007 |publisher=Polity |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-7456-3371-8 |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walbank |first1=F. W. |title=The Hellenistic world |date=1992 |publisher=Fontana |location=London |isbn=0-00-686104-0 |page=237|edition=[Rev.]}}</ref>
*[[191 BC]]: (April 24) [[Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)|Battle of Thermopylae]]: [[Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC)|Manius Acilius Glabrio]] drives Antiochus III out of Greece.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grainger |first1=John D. |title=The Roman war of Antiochos the Great |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-12840-8 |pages=240–246}}</ref>
*[[191 BC]]: (April 24) [[Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)|Battle of Thermopylae]]: [[Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC)|Manius Acilius Glabrio]] drives Antiochus III out of Greece.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grainger |first1=John D. |title=The Roman war of Antiochos the Great |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-12840-8 |pages=240–246}}</ref>
*[[190 BC]]: (December or January 189 BC) [[Battle of Magnesia]]: [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Pergamon]] drive [[Antiochus III]] out of [[Asia Minor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grainger |first1=John D. |title=The Roman war of Antiochos the Great |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-12840-8 |pages=320–329}}</ref>
*[[190 BC]]: (December or January 189 BC) [[Battle of Magnesia]]: [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Pergamon]] drive [[Antiochus III]] out of [[Asia Minor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grainger |first1=John D. |title=The Roman war of Antiochos the Great |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-12840-8 |pages=320–329}}</ref>


===[[180s BC]]===
===180s BC===
{{main|180s BC}}
[[File:Changling 2.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Empress Lü in Changling, [[Xianyang]], Shaanxi]]
[[File:Changling 2.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Empress Lü in Changling, [[Xianyang]], Shaanxi]]
[[File:I17 1karshapana Sunga MACW4325 1ar (8485402873).jpg|thumb|300px|A silver coin of 1 [[karshapana]] of King [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] (185-149 BC), founder of the [[Shunga dynasty]].]]
[[File:I17 1karshapana Sunga MACW4325 1ar (8485402873).jpg|thumb|300px|A silver coin of 1 [[karshapana]] of King [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] (185-149 BC), founder of the [[Shunga dynasty]].]]
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*[[180 BC]]: (November 14) [[Lü Clan Disturbance]]: with the death of [[Empress Lü Zhi|Empress Lü]] of China, the nominal [[Emperor Houshao of Han|Houshao]] is killed along with the rest of the Lü Clan.  Another son of Gaozu, the first Han emperor, [[Emperor Wen of Han|Prince Liu Heng]], becomes the fifth Han emperor and takes the name of Emperor Wen.
*[[180 BC]]: (November 14) [[Lü Clan Disturbance]]: with the death of [[Empress Lü Zhi|Empress Lü]] of China, the nominal [[Emperor Houshao of Han|Houshao]] is killed along with the rest of the Lü Clan.  Another son of Gaozu, the first Han emperor, [[Emperor Wen of Han|Prince Liu Heng]], becomes the fifth Han emperor and takes the name of Emperor Wen.


===[[170s BC]]===
===170s BC===
{{main|170s BC}}
[[File:Antiokhos IV.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Antiochus IV at the Altes Museum in Berlin.]]
[[File:Antiokhos IV.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Antiochus IV at the Altes Museum in Berlin.]]
*[[179 BC]]:  
*[[179 BC]]:  
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*[[171 BC]]: At the prompting of the Attalid king Eumenes II, the Romans declare war on Perseus, beginning the [[Third Macedonian War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bringmann|first=Klaus|title=A History of the Roman Republic|year=2007|orig-year=2002|location=Cambridge & Malden|translator=Smyth, W. J.|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0-7456-3371-8|url=http://www.polity.co.uk/book.asp?ref=9780745633701|pages=98–99}}</ref>
*[[171 BC]]: At the prompting of the Attalid king Eumenes II, the Romans declare war on Perseus, beginning the [[Third Macedonian War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bringmann|first=Klaus|title=A History of the Roman Republic|year=2007|orig-year=2002|location=Cambridge & Malden|translator=Smyth, W. J.|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0-7456-3371-8|url=http://www.polity.co.uk/book.asp?ref=9780745633701|pages=98–99}}</ref>


===[[160s BC]]===
===160s BC===
{{main|160s BC}}
[[File:Lagid queen Isis Ma3546.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cleopatra II]] ruled [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]] in co-operation and competition with her brothers [[Ptolemy VI]] and [[Ptolemy VIII|VIII]] for most of the century.]]
[[File:Lagid queen Isis Ma3546.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cleopatra II]] ruled [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]] in co-operation and competition with her brothers [[Ptolemy VI]] and [[Ptolemy VIII|VIII]] for most of the century.]]
*[[168 BC]]:  
*[[168 BC]]:  
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*[[160 BC]]: The [[Wusun]] drive the [[Yuezhi]] out of the [[Ili valley]].
*[[160 BC]]: The [[Wusun]] drive the [[Yuezhi]] out of the [[Ili valley]].


===[[150s BC]]===
===150s BC===
{{main|150s BC}}
[[File:Mural painting of four animals in clouds.jpg|thumb|upright|Mural from the tomb of [[Liu Wu, Prince of Chu|Liu Wu]] whose principality was at the heart of the [[Rebellion of the Seven States]]]]
[[File:Mural painting of four animals in clouds.jpg|thumb|upright|Mural from the tomb of [[Liu Wu, Prince of Chu|Liu Wu]] whose principality was at the heart of the [[Rebellion of the Seven States]]]]
*[[158 BC]]: The [[Xiongnu]] attack northern China.
*[[158 BC]]: The [[Xiongnu]] attack northern China.
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*[[152 BC]]: [[Alexander Balas]] starts a revolt against [[Demetrius I Soter]] with the support of [[Jonathan Maccabaeus]]
*[[152 BC]]: [[Alexander Balas]] starts a revolt against [[Demetrius I Soter]] with the support of [[Jonathan Maccabaeus]]


===[[140s BC]]===
===140s BC===
{{main|140s BC}}
*[[148 BC]]:  
*[[148 BC]]:  
**[[Mithradates I of Parthia]] takes [[Ecbatana]] from the [[Seleucids]].
**[[Mithradates I of Parthia]] takes [[Ecbatana]] from the [[Seleucids]].
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*[[141 BC]] (March 9): [[Emperor Jing of Han]] dies and is succeeded by his son [[Emperor Wu of Han|Prince Liu Che]], who is enthroned as the Emperor Wu and begins a 54-year reign.  The new emperor's attempts at reform are immediately stymied by [[Empress Dou (Wen)|his grandmother]].
*[[141 BC]] (March 9): [[Emperor Jing of Han]] dies and is succeeded by his son [[Emperor Wu of Han|Prince Liu Che]], who is enthroned as the Emperor Wu and begins a 54-year reign.  The new emperor's attempts at reform are immediately stymied by [[Empress Dou (Wen)|his grandmother]].


===[[130s BC]]===
===130s BC===
{{main|130s BC}}
[[File:漢武帝.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Emperor Wu of Han]] was probably the most powerful man in the world at the end of the century]]
[[File:漢武帝.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Emperor Wu of Han]] was probably the most powerful man in the world at the end of the century]]
*[[139 BC]]:  
*[[139 BC]]:  
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**[[Heliocles I]], the last Greek king of Bactria, dies.
**[[Heliocles I]], the last Greek king of Bactria, dies.


===[[120s BC]]===
===120s BC===
{{main|120s BC}}
[[File:Coin of Mithridates II of Parthia, Ray mint.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient drachma|Drachm]] of [[Mithradates II of Parthia|Mithridates II]] of [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]], wearing a bejeweled [[tiara]].]]
[[File:Coin of Mithridates II of Parthia, Ray mint.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient drachma|Drachm]] of [[Mithradates II of Parthia|Mithridates II]] of [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]], wearing a bejeweled [[tiara]].]]
*[[129 BC]]: [[Battle of Ecbatana]]: [[Antiochus VII Sidetes]] of the [[Seleucid empire]] attempt to reclaim the [[Iranian Plateau]] from [[Parthia]] ends in failure.
*[[129 BC]]: [[Battle of Ecbatana]]: [[Antiochus VII Sidetes]] of the [[Seleucid empire]] attempt to reclaim the [[Iranian Plateau]] from [[Parthia]] ends in failure.
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*[[121 BC]]: Assassination of [[Gaius Gracchus]]
*[[121 BC]]: Assassination of [[Gaius Gracchus]]


===[[110s BC]]===
===110s BC===
{{main|110s BC}}
*[[116 BC]]: (June 28) [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII of Egypt]] dies and is succeeded by his wife [[Cleopatra III]] and son [[Ptolemy IX Soter]].<ref name=Bowman/>
*[[116 BC]]: (June 28) [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII of Egypt]] dies and is succeeded by his wife [[Cleopatra III]] and son [[Ptolemy IX Soter]].<ref name=Bowman/>
*[[113 BC]]: The [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] arrive on the banks of the [[Danube]] in [[Noricum]], clashing with Roman allies, beginning the [[Cimbrian War]].
*[[113 BC]]: The [[Cimbri]] and [[Teutones]] arrive on the banks of the [[Danube]] in [[Noricum]], clashing with Roman allies, beginning the [[Cimbrian War]].
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*[[111 BC]]: A power struggle in [[Nanyue|Nam Viet]] leads to its [[Han–Nanyue War|conquest]] by [[Han dynasty|China]], ending the [[Triệu dynasty]] and beginning the [[First Chinese domination of Vietnam]].
*[[111 BC]]: A power struggle in [[Nanyue|Nam Viet]] leads to its [[Han–Nanyue War|conquest]] by [[Han dynasty|China]], ending the [[Triệu dynasty]] and beginning the [[First Chinese domination of Vietnam]].


===[[109–100 BC|100s BC]]===
===100s BC===
*[[109 BC]]
{{main|100s BC (decade)|l1=100s BC}}
**[[Han dynasty|China]] [[Han campaigns against Dian|conquers]] [[Dian Kingdom|Dian]].
*[[109 BC]]: [[Han dynasty|China]] [[Han campaigns against Dian|conquers]] [[Dian Kingdom|Dian]].
**King [[Ugeo of Gojoseon]] kills a [[Han dynasty|Chinese]] envoy, sparking the [[Han conquest of Gojoseon|Gojoseon–Han War]].
*[[109 BC]]: King [[Ugeo of Gojoseon]] kills a [[Han dynasty|Chinese]] envoy, sparking the [[Han conquest of Gojoseon|Gojoseon–Han War]].
*[[108 BC]]: [[Han dynasty|Chinese]] troops destroy [[Wanggeom seong]], capital of [[Wiman Joseon]], establishing the [[Four Commanderies of Han]] to govern the northern part of [[Korea]].
*[[108 BC]]: [[Han dynasty|Chinese]] troops destroy [[Wanggeom seong]], capital of [[Wiman Joseon]], establishing the [[Four Commanderies of Han]] to govern the northern part of [[Korea]].
*[[107 BC]]: [[Gaius Marius]] attains his first [[Roman consul|consulship]].
*[[107 BC]]: [[Gaius Marius]] attains his first [[Roman consul|consulship]].
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*The [[Fibonacci numbers]] and their sequence first appear in Indian mathematics as mātrāmeru, mentioned by [[Pingala]] in connection with the Sanskrit tradition of prosody.<ref>{{Cite web|title=15 Significant Science and Tech Discoveries Ancient India Gave the World – Arise Arjuna Foundation|url=https://ancientindia.info/15-significant-science-and-tech-discoveries-ancient-india-gave-the-world/|access-date=2021-06-12|language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*The [[Fibonacci numbers]] and their sequence first appear in Indian mathematics as mātrāmeru, mentioned by [[Pingala]] in connection with the Sanskrit tradition of prosody.<ref>{{Cite web|title=15 Significant Science and Tech Discoveries Ancient India Gave the World – Arise Arjuna Foundation|url=https://ancientindia.info/15-significant-science-and-tech-discoveries-ancient-india-gave-the-world/|access-date=2021-06-12|language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*[[Pingala]] was the first who accidentally discovered binary numbers in which he used laghu(light) and guru(heavy) rather than 0 and 1.  
*[[Pingala]] was the first who accidentally discovered binary numbers in which he used laghu(light) and guru(heavy) rather than 0 and 1.  
*[[Tube drawn]] technology: [[Indian people|Indians]] used tube drawn technology for glass bead manufacturing which was first developed in the 2nd century BCE
*[[Tube drawn]] technology: [[Indian people|Indians]] used tube drawn technology for glass bead manufacturing which was first developed in the 2nd century BC
*The [[Roman concrete]] (pozzolana) first used.
*The [[Roman concrete]] (pozzolana) first used.
*A system for sending signs to communicate quickly over a long distance is described by [[Polybios]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polybius • Histories — Book 10|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/10*.html#45.6|access-date=2020-06-22|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
*A system for sending signs to communicate quickly over a long distance is described by [[Polybius]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polybius • Histories – Book 10|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/10*.html#45.6|access-date=2020-06-22|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>
*The earliest known [[winnowing machine]] is depicted in a [[Han dynasty]] [[Technology of the Song dynasty#Wind power|Chinese tomb model]].<ref>Joseph Needham, ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985) p118</ref>
*The earliest known [[winnowing machine]] is depicted in a [[Han dynasty]] [[Technology of the Song dynasty#Wind power|Chinese tomb model]].<ref>Joseph Needham, ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985) p. 118</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 19:33, 24 September 2025

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Template:Centurybox

File:East-Hem 200bc.jpg
Map of the Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC, the beginning of the second century BC.
File:World in 100 BCE.PNG
Map of the world in 100 BC, the end of the second century BC.

The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, although depending on the region being studied, other terms may be more suitable. It is also considered to be the end of the Axial Age.[1] In the context of the Eastern Mediterranean, it is the mid-point of the Hellenistic period.

Fresh from its victories in the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic continued its expansion in the western Mediterranean, campaigning in the Iberian Peninsula throughout the century and annexing the North African coast after the destruction of the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. They became the dominant force in the Aegean by destroying Antigonid Macedonia in the Macedonian Wars and Corinth in the Achaean War. The Hellenistic kingdoms of Ptolemaic Egypt and Attalid Pergamon entered into subordinate relationships with the Romans – Pergamon was eventually annexed. The end of the century witnessed the evolution of the Roman army from a citizen army into a voluntary professional force, which later scholars would misattribute to putative reforms by noted general and statesman Gaius Marius (the so-called Marian Reforms).

In the Near East, the other major Hellenistic kingdom, the Seleucid Empire collapsed into civil war in the middle of the century, following the loss of Asia Minor to the Romans and the conquest of the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia by the Parthian empire. Outlying regions became independent kingdoms, notably the Hasmonean kingdom in Judaea.

In East Asia, China reached a high point under the Han dynasty. The Han Empire extended its boundaries from Korea in the east to Vietnam in the South to the borders of modern-day Kazakhstan in the west. The nomadic Xiongnu were at the height of their power at the beginning of the century, collecting tribute from the Han. Their victories over the Yuezhi set off a chain of westward migrations in Central Asia. Han efforts to find allies against the Xiongnu by exploring the lands to their west would ultimately lead to the opening of the Silk Road.[2]

In South Asia, the Mauryan Empire in India collapsed when Brihadnatha, the last emperor, was killed by Pushyamitra Shunga, a Mauryan general who founded of the Shunga Empire. The Greco-Bactrians crossed the Hindu Kush and established the Indo-Greek Kingdom, but lost their homeland in Bactria to the Sakas, themselves under pressure from the Yuezhi.

Events

190s BC

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File:Rosetta Stone.JPG
The Rosetta Stone, a trilingual decree recording the 196 BC coronation of Ptolemy V at Memphis in Egypt.

180s BC

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File:Changling 2.jpg
Tomb of Empress Lü in Changling, Xianyang, Shaanxi
File:I17 1karshapana Sunga MACW4325 1ar (8485402873).jpg
A silver coin of 1 karshapana of King Pushyamitra Shunga (185-149 BC), founder of the Shunga dynasty.

170s BC

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File:Antiokhos IV.jpg
Bust of Antiochus IV at the Altes Museum in Berlin.

160s BC

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File:Lagid queen Isis Ma3546.jpg
Cleopatra II ruled Egypt in co-operation and competition with her brothers Ptolemy VI and VIII for most of the century.

150s BC

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File:Mural painting of four animals in clouds.jpg
Mural from the tomb of Liu Wu whose principality was at the heart of the Rebellion of the Seven States

140s BC

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130s BC

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File:漢武帝.jpg
Emperor Wu of Han was probably the most powerful man in the world at the end of the century

120s BC

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File:Coin of Mithridates II of Parthia, Ray mint.jpg
Drachm of Mithridates II of Parthia, wearing a bejeweled tiara.

110s BC

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100s BC

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Significant people

File:Bronze statue of a Hellenistic prince, 1st half of 2nd century BC, found on the Quirinal in Rome, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome (31479801364).jpg
Scipio Aemilianus
File:Antiochos III.jpg
Antiochus the Great
File:Marius Glyptothek Munich 319.jpg
A bust purported to be of Gaius Marius
File:Stele des Polybios.jpg
Polybius
File:Portrait of Terence from Vaticana, Vat. lat.jpg
Terence
File:MenandrosCoin.jpg
Coin of Menander I, the Greek king who ruled most of Northern India (Template:Circa) and converted to Buddhism.
File:Posidonio, replica augustea (23 ac.-14 dc ca) da originale del 100-50 ac. ca. 6142.JPG
Posidonius was acclaimed as the greatest polymath of his age.

Politics

Military

Literature

Science and philosophy

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

File:Equatorial ring.png
Hipparchus' equatorial ring.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Willy Clarysse, Dorothy J. Thompson, Ulrich Luft, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, Vol. 2, Historical Studies (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p. 263
  7. ↑ Bernard Mineo, A Companion to Livy (Wiley, 2014) p. 412 (drawn by author from Polybius and Livy
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Alan K. Bowman, Egypt After the Pharaohs, 332 BC–AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest (University of California Press, 1989), p. 30
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Eckart Kèohne, Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome (University of California Press, 2000) p. 10
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ T. Boiy, Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon (Peeters Publishers, 2004) p. 157
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  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Template:The Cambridge History of China
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ M. Zambelli, "L'ascesa al trono di Antioco IV Epifane di Siria," Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica 38 (1960) 363–389
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering (Cambridge University Press, 1985) p. 118
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