Rankine scale: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
imported>MrSwedishMeatballs
 
Fix conversion error
 
Line 4: Line 4:
| name          = Rankine
| name          = Rankine
| quantity      = [[Temperature]]
| quantity      = [[Temperature]]
| symbol        = R
| symbol        = °R
| symbol2       = °R
| symbol2      = °Ra
| symbol3       = °Ra
| namedafter    = [[W. J. M. Rankine]]
| namedafter    = [[Macquorn Rankine]]
| convertfromx  = yes
| calcinput    = {{calculator|id=r|type=number|default=491.67|size=6}}
| calcinput    = 491.67
| units1        = [[Kelvin scale]]
| units1        = [[Kelvin scale]]
| inunits1      = {{calculator|type=plain|formula=round(5*r/9,2)|NaN-text=?|default=273.15}} K
| inunits1      = {{convert|491.67|R|K|disp=out}}
| units2        = [[Celsius scale]]
| units2        = [[Celsius scale]]
| inunits2      = {{calculator|type=plain|formula=round(5*r/9-273.15,2)|NaN-text=?|default=0}} °C
| inunits2      = {{convert|491.67|R|C|disp=out}}
| units3        = [[Fahrenheit]]
| units3        = [[Fahrenheit]]
| inunits3      = {{calculator|type=plain|formula=round(r-459.67,2)|NaN-text=?|default=32}} °F
| inunits3      = {{convert|491.67|R|F|disp=out}}
}}
}}


The '''Rankine scale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|ŋ|k|ɪ|n}} {{respell|RANG|kin}}) is an [[absolute scale]] of [[thermodynamic temperature]] named after the [[University of Glasgow]] [[engineer]] and [[physicist]] [[Macquorn Rankine]], who proposed it in 1859.<ref name="Merriam-Webster"/>
[[File:William_Rankine_1870s.jpg | thumb | right | alt=A man with a beard and curly hair sitting at a table with an open book. | W.J. Rankine]]
 
The '''Rankine scale''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|ŋ|k|ɪ|n}} {{respell|RANG|kin}}) is an [[absolute scale]] of [[thermodynamic temperature]] named after the [[University of Glasgow]] [[engineer]] and [[physicist]] [[W. J. M. Rankine]], who proposed it in 1859.<ref name="Merriam-Webster"/> Similar to the [[Kelvin|Kelvin scale]], which was first proposed in 1848,<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Rankine|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> zero on the Rankine scale is [[absolute zero]], but a temperature difference of one Rankine degree (°R or °Ra) is defined as equal to one [[Fahrenheit]] degree, rather than the [[Celsius]] degree used on the Kelvin scale. In converting from kelvin to degrees Rankine, {{convert|5//9|K|R|sigfig=1|order=flip|disp=x|{{nbsp}}{{=}}{{nbsp}}}} or {{convert|1|K|R|sigfig=2|disp=x|{{nbsp}}{{=}}{{nbsp}}}}. A temperature of {{convert|0|K|C F}} is equal to {{val|0|u=°R}}.<ref name="SP811">{{Cite journal |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication811e2008.pdf |title=Guide for the use of the International System of Units (SI) |last1=Thompson |first1=Ambler |last2=Taylor |first2=Barry N. |date=2008 |language=en |doi=10.6028/nist.sp.811e2008 |access-date=2019-11-07 |journal=NIST Special Publication |volume=811 |pages=45-69}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix B.8: Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically |url=https://www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/nist-guide-si-appendix-b8 |website=NIST.gov |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |access-date=2 November 2025 |language=en |date=18 August 2025 |orig-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>
== History ==
Similar to the [[Kelvin|Kelvin scale]], which was first proposed in 1848,<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Rankine|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> zero on the Rankine scale is [[absolute zero]], but a temperature difference of one Rankine degree (°R or °Ra) is defined as equal to one [[Fahrenheit]] degree, rather than the [[Celsius]] degree used on the Kelvin scale. In converting from kelvin to degrees Rankine, 1&nbsp;K = {{sfrac|9|5}}&nbsp;°Ra or 1&nbsp;K = 1.8&nbsp;°Ra. A temperature of 0&nbsp;K (−273.15&nbsp;°C; −459.67&nbsp;°F) is equal to 0&nbsp;°Ra.<ref name="SP811">[https://www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/nist-guide-si-appendix-b8 B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically] from {{harvnb|Thompson|Taylor|2008|pp=45–69}}</ref>


== Usage ==
== Usage ==
The Rankine scale is used in engineering systems where heat computations are done using degrees Fahrenheit.<ref name="arstechnica">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/warning-sign-nasa-never-finished-a-fueling-test-before-todays-sls-launch-attempt/ |title=Warning sign? NASA never finished a fueling test before today's SLS launch attempt |work=Ars Technica |first=Eric |last=Berger |date=2022-08-29 }}</ref>
The Rankine scale is used in engineering systems where heat computations are done using degrees Fahrenheit.<ref name="arstechnica">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/warning-sign-nasa-never-finished-a-fueling-test-before-todays-sls-launch-attempt/ |title=Warning sign? NASA never finished a fueling test before today's SLS launch attempt |work=Ars Technica |first=Eric |last=Berger |date=2022-08-29 }}</ref>{{better citation needed|date=November 2025}}


The symbol for '''degrees Rankine''' is °R.<ref name="SP811" /> However, historical texts referring to "°R" are much more likely to mean the historically quite common [[Réaumur scale]].<ref>[[Réaumur Scale]]</ref> As there is also the [[Rømer scale]], it is better to use °Ra to be unambiguous. By analogy with the SI unit [[kelvin]], some authors term the unit ''Rankine'', omitting the degree symbol.<ref name="dummies">{{harvnb|Pauken|2011|page=20}}</ref><ref name="engineering">{{harvnb|Balmer|2011|page=10}}</ref>  
The symbol for '''degrees Rankine''' is °R<ref name="SP811" /> (or °Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the [[Rømer scale|Rømer]] and [[Réaumur scale|Réaumur]] scales). By analogy with the SI unit [[kelvin]], some authors term the unit ''Rankine'', omitting the degree symbol.<ref name="dummies">{{Cite book |title=Thermodynamics For Dummies |last=Pauken |first=Michael |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |page=20 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-118-00291-9 |location=Indianapolis }}</ref><ref name="engineering">{{cite book |last=Balmer |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Modern Engineering Thermodynamics |location=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |page=10 |isbn=978-0-12-374996-3 }}</ref>


Some temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.
Some temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.
Line 40: Line 38:
! rowspan="4" |Temperature
! rowspan="4" |Temperature
! scope="row" | [[Absolute zero]]
! scope="row" | [[Absolute zero]]
| 0&nbsp;K
| {{convert|0|K|R F C|disp=table|abbr=on}}
| 0&nbsp;°Ra
| {{val|−218.52|u=°Ré}}
| −459.67&nbsp;°F
| −273.15&nbsp;°C
| −218.52&nbsp;°Ré
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Freezing point of [[brine]]{{efn|The freezing point of [[brine]] is the zero point of Fahrenheit scale, old definition, see: {{harvnb|Grigull|1986}}}}
! scope="row" | Freezing point of [[brine]]{{efn|The freezing point of [[brine]] is the zero point of Fahrenheit scale, old definition.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Grigull |first=Ulrich |year=1986 |url=http://www.aihtc.org/pdfs/IHTC-8-Grigull.pdf |title=Heat Transfer |language=en |access-date=2022-08-29 }}</ref>}}
| 255.37&nbsp;K
| {{convert|255.37|K|R F C|disp=table|abbr=on}}
| 459.67&nbsp;°Ra
| {{val|−14.22|u=°Ré}}
| 0&nbsp;°F
| −17.78&nbsp;°C
| −14.224&nbsp;°Ré
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Freezing point of water{{efn|The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see {{harvnb|Magnum|1995}}}}
! scope="row" | Freezing point of water{{efn|The ice point of purified water has been measured to be {{val|0.000089|end={{overline|10}}|u=degrees Celsius|fmt=none}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Magnum |first=B.W. |date=June 1995 |title=Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements |url=http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=NIST Technical Note |volume=1411 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307055524/http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf |archive-date=2007-03-07 |access-date=2007-02-11 }}</ref>}}
| 273.15&nbsp;K
| {{convert|273.15|K|R F C|disp=table|abbr=on}}
| 491.67&nbsp;°Ra
| {{val|0|u=°Ré}}
| 32&nbsp;°F
| 0&nbsp;°C
| 0&nbsp;°Ré
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Boiling point]] of water{{efn|For [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]] at one [[Atmosphere (unit)|standard atmosphere]] (101.325&nbsp;kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100&nbsp;°C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1&nbsp;mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water#VSMOW in temperature measurement|VSMOW in temperature measurement]].}}
! scope="row" | [[Boiling point]] of water{{efn|For [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]] at one [[Atmosphere (unit)|standard atmosphere]] ({{val|101.325|u=kPa}}) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely {{val|100|u=degC}}. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually {{val|16.1|u=mK}} less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water#VSMOW in temperature measurement|VSMOW in temperature measurement]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}}}
| 373.1339&nbsp;K
| {{convert|373.1339|K|R F C|disp=table|abbr=on|sigfig=6}}
| 671.64102&nbsp;°Ra
| {{val|79.9871|u=°Ré}}
| 211.97102&nbsp;°F
| [[Celsius#Melting and boiling points of water|99.9839&nbsp;°C]]
| 79.98712&nbsp;°Ré
|}
|}


Line 77: Line 63:
== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Balmer |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Modern Engineering Thermodynamics |location=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |isbn=978-0-12-374996-3 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Magnum |first=B.W. |date=June 1995 |title=Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements |url=http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=NIST Technical Note |volume=1411 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307055524/http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf |archive-date=2007-03-07 |access-date=2007-02-11 }}
* {{Cite book |title=Thermodynamics For Dummies |last=Pauken |first=Michael |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-118-00291-9 |location=Indianapolis }}
* {{Cite journal |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication811e2008.pdf |title=Guide for the use of the International System of Units (SI) |last1=Thompson |first1=Ambler |last2=Taylor |first2=Barry N. |date=2008 |language=en |doi=10.6028/nist.sp.811e2008 |access-date=2019-11-07 |journal=NIST Special Publication |volume=811 }}
* {{Cite conference |last=Grigull |first=Ulrich |year=1986 |url=http://www.aihtc.org/pdfs/IHTC-8-Grigull.pdf |title=Heat Transfer |language=en |access-date=2022-08-29 }}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Latest revision as of 23:29, 3 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Infobox unit

A man with a beard and curly hair sitting at a table with an open book.
W.J. Rankine

The Rankine scale (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is an absolute scale of thermodynamic temperature named after the University of Glasgow engineer and physicist W. J. M. Rankine, who proposed it in 1859.[1] Similar to the Kelvin scale, which was first proposed in 1848,[1] zero on the Rankine scale is absolute zero, but a temperature difference of one Rankine degree (°R or °Ra) is defined as equal to one Fahrenheit degree, rather than the Celsius degree used on the Kelvin scale. In converting from kelvin to degrees Rankine, Template:Convert or Template:Convert. A temperature of Template:Convert is equal to Template:Val.[2][3]

Usage

The Rankine scale is used in engineering systems where heat computations are done using degrees Fahrenheit.[4]Template:Better citation needed

The symbol for degrees Rankine is °R[2] (or °Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rømer and Réaumur scales). By analogy with the SI unit kelvin, some authors term the unit Rankine, omitting the degree symbol.[5][6]

Some temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.

Scale
Kelvin Rankine Fahrenheit Celsius Réaumur
Temperature Absolute zero Template:Convert Template:Val
Freezing point of brineTemplate:Efn Template:Convert Template:Val
Freezing point of waterTemplate:Efn Template:Convert Template:Val
Boiling point of waterTemplate:Efn Template:Convert Template:Val

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Portal bar

  1. ↑ a b Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Rankine_scale&oldid=3136650"