Foreign relations of Nepal: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:27, 16 September 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates

Though the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is the government agency responsible for conducting the foreign relations of Nepal, historically, it has been the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO) that has exercised the authority to formulate the country's foreign policies. Nepal maintains a policy of non-alignment and pursues friendly relations with a wide range of countries. Due to its strategic location between two regional giants, China and India, Nepal’s foreign policy is largely centered on maintaining balanced and peaceful ties with both neighbors while safeguarding its sovereignty and independence. Nepal is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC, and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation BIMSTEC. The country actively participates in regional cooperation efforts and seeks to enhance economic, cultural, and diplomatic exchanges with countries worldwide. Nepal’s foreign relations also emphasize development assistance, trade partnerships, and promoting peace and stability in South Asia.

Overview

File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. K.P. Sharma Oli, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 07, 2018 (1).jpg

Nepalese Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi, India, 7 April 2018

File:President Putin meeting PM of Nepal Oli at 2025 SCO Summit.jpg

K.P. Sharma Oli and Russian President Vladimir Putin at the 2025 Tianjin SCO summit in China, 1 September 2025

Constitutionally, Nepal's foreign policy is to be guided by "the principles of the United Nations Charter, nonalignment, Panchsheel (five principles of peaceful coexistence), international law and the value of world peace."^[1]

Nepal's most substantive international relations are perhaps with international economic institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Nepal also has strong bilateral relations with major providers of economic and military aid, such as France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, the United States, and particularly the United Kingdom, with whom military ties date back to the nineteenth century. The country's external relations are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Minister's Office.

In its foreign policy, Nepal generally seeks to balance its relations with its large neighbors India and China in order to avoid dependency on either one.^[2]Template:Rp Nepal's relation with China has seen a major upswing in the recent years with China now becoming Nepal's top 5 aid donor to Nepal.^[3] In 2021, Indian government also announced increments of aid to Nepal by nearly 13% to $130 million, to counter China's growing footprint in Nepal. However, data on the actual disbursement of aid by the Indian government remains unclear.^[4]

International disputes

Nepal joined the UN in 1955. The Nepalese map filed at the UN in 1955 was accepted without any disputes by any other UN member. Both India and China without any objections, accepted the map of Nepal filed at the UN in 1955 while Nepal's third neighbor, Kingdom of Sikkim was not a member of the UN.

However, with degradation of relations between India and China during late 1950s, Indian government initiated a 'Forward Policy' along its northern frontiers which resulted in Indian military outposts being built in all unmanned areas along India's northern border. Successive Nepali government's from 1990 onwards, have continued their objection to Indian occupation of certain Nepali territories under the guise of India's 'Forward Policy'. A joint border commission continues to work on resolving the issue of removal of Indian military outpost from Nepal's Kalapani territory. Template:As of, Nepal has border disputes with India at Lipulekh and Kalapani between Darchula district and Uttarakhand, and at Susta bordering Bihar's Nawalpur district.^[5] In 2018, EPG (Eminent Persons Group), a joint committee between Nepal and India finished a report on the disputed territories between these two countries. The report is yet to be submitted to the head of governments of both countries.

International trade

Nepal has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 23 April 2004^[6] and on 24 January 2017 became the 108th WTO member to ratify the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement.^[7]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Nepal maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Nepal.svg
#	Country	Date^[8]
1	Template:Country data United Kingdom	Template:DTS^[9]^[10]
2	Template:Country data United States	Template:DTS
3	Template:Country data India	Template:DTS
4	Template:Country data France	Template:DTS
5	Template:Country data China	Template:DTS
6	Template:Country data Russia	Template:DTS
7	Template:Country data Japan	Template:DTS
8	Template:Country data Switzerland	Template:Dts^[11]
9	Template:Country data Sri Lanka	Template:DTS
10	Template:Country data Egypt	Template:DTS
11	Template:Country data Germany	Template:DTS
12	Template:Country data Austria	Template:DTS
13	Template:Country data Italy	Template:DTS
14	Template:Country data Serbia	Template:DTS
15	Template:Country data Poland	Template:DTS
16	Template:Country data Thailand	Template:DTS
17	Template:Country data Czech Republic	Template:Dts^[12]
18	Template:Country data Malaysia	Template:DTS
19	Template:Country data Greece	Template:DTS^[13]
20	Template:Country data Philippines	Template:DTS
21	Template:Country data Australia	Template:DTS
22	Template:Country data Myanmar	Template:DTS
23	Template:Country data Pakistan	Template:DTS
24	Template:Country data Netherlands	Template:DTS
25	Template:Country data Laos	Template:DTS
26	Template:Country data Israel	Template:DTS
27	Template:Country data Sweden	Template:DTS
28	Template:Country data Indonesia	Template:DTS
29	Template:Country data Mongolia	Template:DTS
30	Template:Country data Hungary	Template:DTS
31	Template:Country data New Zealand	Template:DTS
32	Template:Country data Afghanistan	Template:DTS
33	Template:Country data Argentina	Template:DTS
34	Template:Country data Chile	Template:DTS
35	Template:Country data Turkey	Template:DTS
36	Template:Country data Lebanon	Template:DTS
37	Template:Country data Belgium	Template:DTS
38	Template:Country data Iran	Template:DTS
39	Template:Country data Canada	Template:DTS
40	Template:Country data Jordan	Template:DTS
41	Template:Country data Denmark	Template:DTS
42	Template:Country data Bulgaria	Template:DTS
43	Template:Country data Romania	Template:DTS
44	Template:Country data Algeria	Template:DTS
45	Template:Country data Spain	Template:DTS
46	Template:Country data Iraq	Template:DTS
47	Template:Country data Singapore	Template:DTS
48	Template:Country data Sudan	Template:DTS
49	Template:Country data Syria	Template:DTS
50	Template:Country data Ethiopia	Template:DTS
51	Template:Country data Kuwait	Template:DTS
52	Template:Country data Bangladesh	Template:DTS
53	Template:Country data Albania	Template:DTS
54	Template:Country data Norway	Template:DTS
55	Template:Country data North Korea	Template:DTS
56	Template:Country data South Korea	Template:DTS
57	Template:Country data Finland	Template:DTS
58	Template:Country data Tanzania	Template:DTS
59	Template:Country data Morocco	Template:DTS
60	Template:Country data Cuba	Template:DTS
61	Template:Country data Cambodia	Template:DTS
62	Template:Country data Vietnam	Template:DTS
63	Template:Country data Kenya	Template:DTS
64	Template:Country data Mexico	Template:DTS
65	Template:Country data Luxembourg	Template:DTS^[14]
66	Template:Country data Nigeria	Template:DTS
67	Template:Country data Libya	Template:DTS
68	Template:Country data Peru	Template:DTS
69	Template:Country data Brazil	Template:DTS
70	Template:Country data Portugal	Template:DTS
71	Template:Country data Bahrain	Template:DTS
72	Template:Country data Oman	Template:DTS
73	Template:Country data Qatar	Template:DTS
74	Template:Country data United Arab Emirates	Template:DTS
75	Template:Country data Saudi Arabia	Template:DTS
76	Template:Country data Costa Rica	Template:DTS
77	Template:Country data Maldives	Template:DTS
78	Template:Country data Cyprus	Template:DTS
79	Template:Country data Mauritius	Template:DTS
80	Template:Country data Iceland	Template:DTS
81	Template:Country data Bhutan	Template:DTS
—	Template:Country data Holy See	Template:DTS
82	Template:Country data Malta	Template:DTS
83	Template:Country data Brunei	Template:DTS
84	Template:Country data Panama	Template:DTS
85	Template:Country data Tunisia	Template:DTS
86	Template:Country data Somalia	Template:DTS
87	Template:Country data Zimbabwe	Template:DTS
88	Template:Country data Gabon	Template:DTS
89	Template:Country data Yemen	Template:DTS
90	Template:Country data Fiji	Template:DTS
91	Template:Country data Zambia	Template:DTS
92	Template:Country data Mozambique	Template:DTS
93	Template:Country data Nicaragua	Template:DTS^[15]
94	Template:Country data Seychelles	Template:DTS^[15]
95	Template:Country data Venezuela	Template:DTS^[15]
96	Template:Country data Colombia	Template:DTS^[15]
97	Template:Country data Bolivia	Template:DTS^[15]
98	Template:Country data Estonia	Template:DTS
99	Template:Country data Latvia	Template:DTS
100	Template:Country data Ukraine	Template:DTS
101	Template:Country data Armenia	Template:DTS
102	Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan	Template:DTS
103	Template:Country data Belarus	Template:DTS
104	Template:Country data Moldova	Template:DTS
105	Template:Country data Slovakia	Template:DTS
106	Template:Country data Guyana	Template:DTS^[15]
107	Template:Country data South Africa	Template:DTS
108	Template:Country data Azerbaijan	Template:DTS
109	Template:Country data Slovenia	Template:DTS
110	Template:Country data North Macedonia	Template:DTS
111	Template:Country data Croatia	Template:DTS
112	Template:Country data Ireland	Template:DTS
113	Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina	Template:DTS
114	Template:Country data Lithuania	Template:DTS
115	Template:Country data San Marino	Template:DTS
116	Template:Country data Tajikistan	Template:DTS
117	Template:Country data Georgia	Template:DTS
118	Template:Country data Turkmenistan	Template:DTS
119	Template:Country data Ecuador	Template:DTS
120	Template:Country data Paraguay	Template:DTS
121	Template:Country data Guatemala	Template:DTS
122	Template:Country data Honduras	Template:DTS
123	Template:Country data Vanuatu	Template:DTS
124	Template:Country data Andorra	Template:DTS
125	Template:Country data Democratic Republic of the Congo	Template:DTS
126	Template:Country data Haiti	Template:DTS
127	Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Template:DTS
128	Template:Country data Dominican Republic	Template:DTS
129	Template:Country data Botswana	Template:DTS
130	Template:Country data Mali	Template:DTS
131	Template:Country data Lesotho	Template:DTS
132	Template:Country data Montenegro	Template:DTS
133	Template:Country data Solomon Islands	Template:DTS
134	Template:Country data Monaco	Template:DTS^[16]
135	Template:Country data Uruguay	Template:DTS
136	Template:Country data Mauritania	Template:DTS
137	Template:Country data Tuvalu	Template:DTS
138	Template:Country data Samoa	Template:DTS
139	Template:Country data Papua New Guinea	Template:DTS
140	Template:Country data Kazakhstan	Template:DTS
141	Template:Country data Jamaica	Template:DTS
142	Template:Country data Guinea	Template:DTS
143	Template:Country data El Salvador	Template:DTS
144	Template:Country data Uganda	Template:DTS
145	Template:Country data Ivory Coast	Template:DTS
146	Template:Country data Djibouti	Template:DTS
147	Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda	Template:DTS
148	Template:Country data Cape Verde	Template:DTS
149	Template:Country data Liberia	Template:DTS
150	Template:Country data Niger	Template:DTS
151	Template:Country data Eritrea	Template:DTS
152	Template:Country data Bahamas	Template:DTS
153	Template:Country data Liechtenstein	Template:DTS
154	Template:Country data Angola	Template:DTS
155	Template:Country data Burkina Faso	Template:DTS
156	Template:Country data Benin	Template:DTS
157	Template:Country data Uzbekistan	Template:DTS
158	Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis	Template:DTS
159	Template:Country data Burundi	Template:DTS
160	Template:Country data Rwanda	Template:DTS
161	Template:Country data Madagascar	Template:DTS
162	Template:Country data Suriname	Template:DTS
163	Template:Country data Togo	Template:DTS
164	Template:Country data Equatorial Guinea	Template:DTS
165	Template:Country data Eswatini	Template:DTS
166	Template:Country data Saint Lucia	Template:DTS
167	Template:Country data Ghana	Template:DTS
168	Template:Country data Dominica	Template:DTS
169	Template:Country data Gambia	Template:DTS
170	Template:Country data Sierra Leone	Template:DTS
171	Template:Country data Barbados	Template:DTS
172	Template:Country data Timor-Leste	Template:DTS
173	Template:Country data Palau	Template:DTS
174	Template:Country data South Sudan	Template:DTS
175	Template:Country data Belize	Template:DTS
176	Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago	Template:DTS
177	Template:Country data Malawi	Template:DTS
178	Template:Country data Nauru	Template:DTS
179	Template:Country data Cameroon	Template:DTS
180	Template:Country data Marshall Islands	Template:DTS
181	Template:Country data Tonga	Template:DTS
182	Template:Country data Kiribati	Template:Dts

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
-{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
 {{Politics of Nepal}}
-Though the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] (MOFA) is the government agency responsible for conducting the '''foreign relations of Nepal''', historically, it has been the '''Office of the Prime Minister''' (PMO) that has exercised the authority to formulate the country's foreign policies. As a landlocked country wedged between two larger and far stronger powers, [[Nepal]] has tried to maintain good relations with both of its neighbors, [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[India|Republic of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-prime-minister-kp-sharma-oli-calls-china-an-all-weather-friend-1290375|title = China is Our 'All Weather Friend', Says Nepal Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli}}</ref> However, the relationship between Nepal and India was significantly hampered by the [[2015 Nepal blockade]] when the Government of Nepal accused India of mimicking "Russia-Ukraine" tactics by using ethnically Indian residents of Nepal to cause unrest along Nepal's southern border. India denied the allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pokharel |first=Krishna |date=2015-11-26 |title=The Two-Month Blockade of Nepal Explained |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-30919 |access-date=2022-05-05 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> For the most part though, [[Nepal]] has traditionally maintained a non-aligned policy and enjoys friendly relations with its neighboring countries and almost all the major countries of the world.
+Though the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] (MOFA) is the government agency responsible for conducting the '''foreign relations of Nepal''', historically, it has been the '''Office of the Prime Minister''' (PMO) that has exercised the authority to formulate the country's foreign policies. Nepal maintains a policy of non-alignment and pursues friendly relations with a wide range of countries. Due to its strategic location between two regional giants, China and India, Nepal’s foreign policy is largely centered on maintaining balanced and peaceful ties with both neighbors while safeguarding its sovereignty and [[independence]]. Nepal is a member of various international organizations, including the [[United Nations]], the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation [[SAARC]], and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation [[BIMSTEC]]. The country actively participates in regional cooperation efforts and seeks to enhance economic, cultural, and diplomatic exchanges with countries worldwide. Nepal’s foreign relations also emphasize development assistance, trade partnerships, and promoting peace and stability in [[South Asia]].
 == Overview ==
-Constitutionally, Nepal's foreign policy is to be guided by "the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]], nonalignment, [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|Panchsheel]] (five principles of peaceful coexistence), [[international law]] and the value of [[world peace]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO Lex, Article 34 (21), the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 (2063) |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/189180 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.wipo.int}}</ref>
+[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. K.P. Sharma Oli, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 07, 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|Nepalese Prime Minister [[K. P. Sharma Oli]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in New Delhi, India, 7 April 2018]]
+[[File:President Putin meeting PM of Nepal Oli at 2025 SCO Summit.jpg|thumb|K.P. Sharma Oli and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] at the [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit]] in China, 1 September 2025]]
+Constitutionally, Nepal's foreign policy is to be guided by "the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]], nonalignment, [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|Panchsheel]] (five principles of peaceful coexistence), [[international law]] and the value of [[world peace]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO Lex, Article 34 (21), the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 (2063) |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/189180 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=www.wipo.int}}</ref>
 Nepal's most substantive international relations are perhaps with international economic institutions such as the [[Asian Development Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Bank]], and the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]. Nepal also has strong bilateral relations with major providers of economic and military aid, such as France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, the United States, and particularly the United Kingdom, with whom military ties date back to the nineteenth century. The country's external relations are managed by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] and the Prime Minister's Office.
-In its foreign policy, Nepal generally seeks to balance its relations with its large neighbors India and China in order to avoid dependency on either one.<ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last=Alfred |first=Gerstl |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=China in its Immediate Neighborhood |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=215}} Nepal's relation with China has seen a major upswing in the recent years with China now becoming Nepal's top 5 aid donor to Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2015-03-18|title=China increases aid, FDI significantly to Nepal|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-increases-aid-fdi-significantly-to-nepal-115031800390_1.html|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref> In 2021, Indian government also announced increments of aid to Nepal by nearly 13% to $130 million, to counter China's growing footprint in Nepal. However, data on the actual disbursement of aid by the Indian government remains unclear.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=India raises Nepal grant by nearly 13 percent to Rs15.87 billion|url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2021/02/01/india-raises-nepal-grant-by-nearly-13-percent-to-rs15-87-billion|access-date=2021-06-23|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref>
+In its foreign policy, Nepal generally seeks to balance its relations with its large neighbors India and China in order to avoid dependency on either one.<ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last=Alfred |first=Gerstl |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=China in its Immediate Neighborhood |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=215}} Nepal's relation with China has seen a major upswing in the recent years with China now becoming Nepal's top 5 aid donor to Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=18 March 2015|title=China increases aid, FDI significantly to Nepal|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-increases-aid-fdi-significantly-to-nepal-115031800390_1.html|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> In 2021, Indian government also announced increments of aid to Nepal by nearly 13% to $130 million, to counter China's growing footprint in Nepal. However, data on the actual disbursement of aid by the Indian government remains unclear.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=India raises Nepal grant by nearly 13 percent to Rs15.87 billion|url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2021/02/01/india-raises-nepal-grant-by-nearly-13-percent-to-rs15-87-billion|access-date=23 June 2021|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref>
 ==International disputes==
@@ Line 17: / Line 19: @@
 Nepal joined the UN in 1955. The Nepalese map filed at the UN in 1955 was accepted without any disputes by any other UN member. Both India and China without any objections, accepted the map of Nepal filed at the UN in 1955 while Nepal's third neighbor, Kingdom of Sikkim was not a member of the UN.
-However, with degradation of relations between India and China during late 1950s, Indian government initiated a 'Forward Policy' along its northern frontiers which resulted in Indian military outposts being built in all unmanned areas along India's northern border. Successive Nepali government's from 1990 onwards, have continued their objection to Indian occupation of certain Nepali territories under the guise of India's 'Forward Policy'. A joint border commission continues to work on resolving the issue of removal of Indian military outpost from Nepal's [[Kalapani territory]]. {{As of|2017}}, Nepal has border disputes with India at Lipulekh and Kalapani between Darchula district and Uttarakhand, and at Susta bordering Bihar's Nawalpur district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/|title=India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes|last=Groves|first=Stephen|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, EPG (Eminent Persons Group), a joint committee between Nepal and India finished a report on the disputed territories between these two countries. The report is yet to be submitted to the head of governments of both countries.
+However, with degradation of relations between India and China during late 1950s, Indian government initiated a 'Forward Policy' along its northern frontiers which resulted in Indian military outposts being built in all unmanned areas along India's northern border. Successive Nepali government's from 1990 onwards, have continued their objection to Indian occupation of certain Nepali territories under the guise of India's 'Forward Policy'. A joint border commission continues to work on resolving the issue of removal of Indian military outpost from Nepal's [[Kalapani territory]]. {{As of|2017}}, Nepal has border disputes with India at Lipulekh and Kalapani between Darchula district and Uttarakhand, and at Susta bordering Bihar's Nawalpur district.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/|title=India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes|last=Groves|first=Stephen|work=The Diplomat|access-date=28 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, EPG (Eminent Persons Group), a joint committee between Nepal and India finished a report on the disputed territories between these two countries. The report is yet to be submitted to the head of governments of both countries.
 ==International trade==
-Nepal has been a member of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) since 11 September 2003<ref>WTO, [https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres03_e/pr356_e.htm WTO Ministerial Conference approves Nepal's membership], 11 September 2003, accessed 25 January 2017</ref> and on 24 January 2017 became the 108th WTO member to ratify the WTO's [[Trade Facilitation Agreement]].<ref>[https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/fac_24jan17_e.htm Nepal ratifies the Trade Facilitation Agreement], 24 January 2017</ref>
+Nepal has been a member of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) since 23 April 2004<ref>WTO, [https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres03_e/pr356_e.htm WTO Ministerial Conference approves Nepal's membership], 11 September 2003, accessed 25 January 2017</ref> and on 24 January 2017 became the 108th WTO member to ratify the WTO's [[Trade Facilitation Agreement]].<ref>[https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/fac_24jan17_e.htm Nepal ratifies the Trade Facilitation Agreement], 24 January 2017</ref>
 == Diplomatic relations ==
@@ Line 761: / Line 763: @@
 |182
 |{{Flag|Kiribati}}
-|{{dts|17 July 2024}}<ref name=":3" />
+|{{dts|17 July 2024}}
 |}
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 {{main|Bangladesh–Nepal relations}}
-Nepal welcomed Bangladesh's independence on 16 January 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh Gains in Favor |agency=United Press International |location=Sarasota, Florida, US |date=January 17, 1972 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GD0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=7298,826206&dq=bangladesh+nepal+recognize&hl=en }}</ref> The turning point for the two nations occurred in April 1976, when the two nations signed, a four-point agreement on technical cooperation, trade, transit and civil aviation. They both seek cooperation in the fields of power generation and development of water resources. In 1986, relations further improved when Bangladesh insisted Nepal should be included on a deal regarding the distribution of water from the Ganges River. Also recently Nepal and Bangladesh had signed MOU's that Nepal would sell 10,000 MW of electricity to Bangladesh once its larger projects are completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0504/S00076.htm|title=Nepal And Bangladesh, A Strong Relationship|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
+Nepal welcomed Bangladesh's independence on 16 January 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh Gains in Favor |agency=United Press International |location=Sarasota, Florida, US |date=17 January 1972 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GD0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=7298,826206&dq=bangladesh+nepal+recognize&hl=en }}</ref> The turning point for the two nations occurred in April 1976, when the two nations signed, a four-point agreement on technical cooperation, trade, transit and civil aviation. They both seek cooperation in the fields of power generation and development of water resources. In 1986, relations further improved when Bangladesh insisted Nepal should be included on a deal regarding the distribution of water from the Ganges River. Also recently Nepal and Bangladesh had signed MOU's that Nepal would sell 10,000 MW of electricity to Bangladesh once its larger projects are completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0504/S00076.htm|title=Nepal And Bangladesh, A Strong Relationship|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
 ===Bhutan===
@@ Line 796: / Line 798: @@
 {{main|People's Republic of China – Nepal relations}}
-Nepal formally established relations with the People's Republic of China on August 1, 1955.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nepal-China Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-china-relations/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=mofa.gov.np}}</ref> The two countries share 1414 kilometers long border in the Himalayan range along the northern side of Nepal.<ref name=":0"/> Nepal has established its embassy in Beijing, opened consulates general in Lhasa, Hong Kong and Guangzhou and appointed an honorary consul in Shanghai.<ref name=":0"/>
+Nepal formally established relations with the People's Republic of China on 1 August 1955.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nepal-China Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-china-relations/ |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=mofa.gov.np}}</ref> The two countries share 1414 kilometers long border in the Himalayan range along the northern side of Nepal.<ref name=":0"/> Nepal has established its embassy in Beijing, opened consulates general in Lhasa, Hong Kong and Guangzhou and appointed an honorary consul in Shanghai.<ref name=":0"/>
 Nepal's relations with China have grown closer following China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref name=":92" />{{Rp|page=215}}
@@ Line 814: / Line 816: @@
 {{Flagicon|France}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}
-Nepal and the French Republic entered into diplomatic relations on 20 April 1949.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nepal - France Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-france-relations/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=mofa.gov.np}}</ref> Bilateral economic cooperation programme commenced in February 1981 when the two countries signed the First Protocol amounting to French Franc 50 million loan which was converted into debt in 1989.<ref name=":2"/> Food aid and the counterpart funds that it generated have been the main form of aid since 1991.<ref name=":2"/> Main areas of cooperation are national seismologic network, petroleum exploration, restructuring of Water Supply Corporation, the Kavre Integrated Project and Gulmi and Arghakhanchi Rural Development Project, rehabilitation of airports, 'food for work', and others.<ref name=":2"/>
+Nepal and the French Republic entered into diplomatic relations on 20 April 1949.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nepal - France Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-france-relations/ |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=mofa.gov.np}}</ref> Bilateral economic cooperation programme commenced in February 1981 when the two countries signed the First Protocol amounting to French Franc 50 million loan which was converted into debt in 1989.<ref name=":2"/> Food aid and the counterpart funds that it generated have been the main form of aid since 1991.<ref name=":2"/> Main areas of cooperation are national seismologic network, petroleum exploration, restructuring of Water Supply Corporation, the Kavre Integrated Project and Gulmi and Arghakhanchi Rural Development Project, rehabilitation of airports, 'food for work', and others.<ref name=":2"/>
 Nepal and France have signed an agreement concerning Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment in 1983.<ref name=":2"/> The major areas of French investment are hotels, restaurants, medicine, aluminium windows and doors, vehicle body building sectors.<ref name=":2"/> Alcatelhad became the leading supplier of the Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, with 200,000 lines installed, and fibre optic cables.<ref name=":2"/> Cegelec secured a 24 million dollars contract in respect of the construction of Kali Gandaki hydroelectric project.<ref name=":2"/>
@@ Line 824: / Line 826: @@
 {{main|India–Nepal relations}}
+From 23 September 2015 to February 2016, [[India]] imposed an unofficial [[2015–16 Nepal blockade|blockade on Nepal]] in protest against amendments to [[Constitution of Nepal|Nepal's constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crisis on Nepal-India border as blockade continues |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2015/12/24/crisis-on-nepal-india-border-as-blockade-continues |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2016/02/04/front-regrets-failed-blockade/ |title=Front regrets failed blockade |date=4 February 2016 |work=Nepali Times}}</ref>
 ===Indonesia===
@@ Line 836: / Line 839: @@
 Nepal was the first and until recently the only nation in South and Central Asia to establish diplomatic ties with Israel. The bilateral relation between the two countries has been good. Traditionally, Nepal votes in favor of Israel at the UN and abstains from resolution opposed by the Israeli government barring few exceptions. Israel-Nepal relations are based on mutual security concerns.<ref name=VISIT>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2007/Visit++of+Nepalese+Minister+for+Foreign+Affairs+12-Jul-2007.htm Visit to Israel of Honorable Mrs. Sahana Pradhan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nepal] Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref>
 [[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]], [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] from 1959 to 1960, had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy. [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]] visited Israel in 1963 and maintained Koirala's special relationship.<ref name=BEGINNING>Abadi, Jacob. ''Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy'', 2004. Page 318.</ref>
 ===Japan===
@@ Line 843: / Line 846: @@
 {{main|Japan–Nepal relations}}
-Nepal-Japan relations date back to the late eighteenth century.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nepal-Japan Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-japan-relations/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=mofa.gov.np}}</ref> The relationship became formal with the establishment of diplomatic relations on 1 September 1956.<ref name=":4"/> The Embassy of Nepal was established in Tokyo in 1965 and Japan established its embassy in Kathmandu in 1967. Nepal has honorary consulates in Osaka and Fukuoka. Japan is one of the largest aid donors to Nepal.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3679968.stm | work=BBC News | title=Analysis: India's Security Council seat bid | date=2004-09-22 | access-date=2010-04-02 | first=Ethirajan | last=Anbarasan}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3737746.stm | work=BBC News | title=Japan writes off Nepalese debt | date=2004-10-12 | access-date=2010-04-02}}</ref>
+Nepal-Japan relations date back to the late eighteenth century.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nepal-Japan Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-japan-relations/ |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=mofa.gov.np}}</ref> The relationship became formal with the establishment of diplomatic relations on 1 September 1956.<ref name=":4"/> The Embassy of Nepal was established in Tokyo in 1965 and Japan established its embassy in Kathmandu in 1967. Nepal has honorary consulates in Osaka and Fukuoka. Japan is one of the largest aid donors to Nepal.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3679968.stm | work=BBC News | title=Analysis: India's Security Council seat bid | date=22 September 2004 | access-date=2 April 2010 | first=Ethirajan | last=Anbarasan}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3737746.stm | work=BBC News | title=Japan writes off Nepalese debt | date=12 October 2004 | access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
 Japan is the 2nd most preferred destination for abroad study to the Nepali students.<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 852: / Line 855: @@
 {{main|Malaysia–Nepal relations}}
-Malaysia has an embassy in [[Kathmandu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/npl_kathmandu/home|title=Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Kathmandu|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia]]|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> and Nepal has an embassy in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/index.html|title=Embassy of Nepal|publisher=Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182907/http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/index.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1960,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/nepal_malaysia_relationship.html|title=Nepal-Malaysia Relationship|publisher=Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182904/http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/nepal_malaysia_relationship.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> with bilateral relations between Malaysia and Nepal have developed from historic grounds.<ref name="br">{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.np/en/nepal-malaysia-relations-81.html|title=Bilateral Relations (Nepal-Malaysia)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nepal|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201235930/http://www.mofa.gov.np/en/nepal-malaysia-relations-81.html|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>
+Malaysia has an embassy in [[Kathmandu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/npl_kathmandu/home|title=Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Kathmandu|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia]]|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> and Nepal has an embassy in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/index.html|title=Embassy of Nepal|publisher=Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182907/http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/index.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1960,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/nepal_malaysia_relationship.html|title=Nepal-Malaysia Relationship|publisher=Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201182904/http://www.nepalembassy.com.my/en/nepal_malaysia_relationship.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> with bilateral relations between Malaysia and Nepal have developed from historic grounds.<ref name="br">{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.np/en/nepal-malaysia-relations-81.html|title=Bilateral Relations (Nepal-Malaysia)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nepal|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201235930/http://www.mofa.gov.np/en/nepal-malaysia-relations-81.html|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>
 ===Mexico===
@@ Line 867: / Line 870: @@
 {{main|Nepal–Norway relations}}
-Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1973. Norway established an embassy in [[Kathmandu]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/In+Nepal/DevCoop.htm |title=Norwegian Development Cooperation with Nepal (Norway - the official site in Nepal) |access-date=2009-07-04 |archive-date=2009-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906090055/http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/In+Nepal/DevCoop.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/ |title=Norwegian Embassy in Nepal |access-date=2009-07-04 |archive-date=2009-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503011343/http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Norway's aid to Nepal was around 32 million [[United States dollar|USD]] in 2017. Norwegian aid prioritizes [[education]], [[good governance]] and [[energy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.norway.no/en/nepal/norway-nepal2/development-cooperation/ |title=Development Cooperation |website=Norgesportalen |language=en |access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>
+Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1973. Norway established an embassy in [[Kathmandu]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/In+Nepal/DevCoop.htm |title=Norwegian Development Cooperation with Nepal (Norway - the official site in Nepal) |access-date=4 July 2009 |archive-date=6 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906090055/http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/In+Nepal/DevCoop.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/ |title=Norwegian Embassy in Nepal |access-date=4 July 2009 |archive-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503011343/http://www.norway.org.np/Devcoop/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Norway's aid to Nepal was around 32 million [[United States dollar|USD]] in 2017. Norwegian aid prioritizes [[education]], [[good governance]] and [[energy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.norway.no/en/nepal/norway-nepal2/development-cooperation/ |title=Development Cooperation |website=Norgesportalen |language=en |access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref>
-In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister [[Jens Stoltenberg]] and Minister of the Environment and International Development [[Erik Solheim]] visited Nepal.<ref>[http://www.norwaypost.no/content/view/21837/26/ Nepal's Prime Minister visits Norway] April 10, 2009</ref> In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/28/content_11088688.htm |title=Nepali PM to leave for Europe _English_Xinhua |access-date=2017-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/28/content_11088688.htm |archive-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/No-one_hurt_as_bomb_rocks_Norway_embassy_in_Nepal/articleshow/3047726.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Politics/Nation | date=2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/asia-oceana/nepal/fco_trv_ca_nepal?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |title=Nepal travel advice |access-date=2009-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904212749/http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/asia-oceana/nepal/fco_trv_ca_nepal?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |archive-date=2009-09-04 }}</ref>
+In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister [[Jens Stoltenberg]] and Minister of the Environment and International Development [[Erik Solheim]] visited Nepal.<ref>[http://www.norwaypost.no/content/view/21837/26/ Nepal's Prime Minister visits Norway] 10 April 2009</ref> In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/28/content_11088688.htm |title=Nepali PM to leave for Europe _English_Xinhua |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232829/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/28/content_11088688.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/No-one_hurt_as_bomb_rocks_Norway_embassy_in_Nepal/articleshow/3047726.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Politics/Nation | date=17 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/asia-oceana/nepal/fco_trv_ca_nepal?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |title=Nepal travel advice |access-date=4 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904212749/http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/asia-oceana/nepal/fco_trv_ca_nepal?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |archive-date=4 September 2009 }}</ref>
 ===Pakistan===
@@ Line 887: / Line 890: @@
 {{Flagicon|Serbia}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}}
-*A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/NEPAL.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-12-30 |archive-date=2016-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231080238/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/NEPAL.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+*A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/NEPAL.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=31 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231080238/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/NEPAL.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ===Spain===
@@ Line 900: / Line 903: @@
 {{Main|Nepal–South Korea relations}}
-In addition to the in-kind and monetary donations and emergency relief workers sent by the government of the [[Republic of Korea]] immediately after the latest earthquake in Nepal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24394.jsp?menu=m_30_10 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Asia Pacific |website=www.mofa.go.kr |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24394.jsp?menu=m_30_10 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Government of South Korea|Korean government]] provided grant [[aid]] worth 10 million US dollars to assist with [[Nepal]]'s recovery and reconstruction efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=%2Fwebmodule%2Fhtsboard%2Ftemplate%2Fread%2Fengreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID%3D12%26boardid%3D302%26seqno%3D315247 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Press Releases |access-date=2016-03-04 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070825/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=%2Fwebmodule%2Fhtsboard%2Ftemplate%2Fread%2Fengreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID%3D12%26boardid%3D302%26seqno%3D315247 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In addition to the in-kind and monetary donations and emergency relief workers sent by the government of the [[Republic of Korea]] immediately after the latest earthquake in Nepal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24394.jsp?menu=m_30_10 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Asia Pacific |website=www.mofa.go.kr |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24394.jsp?menu=m_30_10 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Government of South Korea|Korean government]] provided grant [[aid]] worth 10 million US dollars to assist with [[Nepal]]'s recovery and reconstruction efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=%2Fwebmodule%2Fhtsboard%2Ftemplate%2Fread%2Fengreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID%3D12%26boardid%3D302%26seqno%3D315247 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Press Releases |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070825/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=%2Fwebmodule%2Fhtsboard%2Ftemplate%2Fread%2Fengreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID%3D12%26boardid%3D302%26seqno%3D315247 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Turkey===

Foreign relations of Nepal: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:27, 16 September 2025

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