Hogshead: Difference between revisions
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[[File:US-Stamp-Beer-1867-2 dollars (1 hogshead).jpg|thumb|United States [[revenue stamp]] (proof) for the $2 tax on one hogshead of beer in 1867.]] | [[File:US-Stamp-Beer-1867-2 dollars (1 hogshead).jpg|thumb|United States [[revenue stamp]] (proof) for the $2 tax on one hogshead of beer in 1867.]] | ||
English [[philology|philologist]] [[Walter William Skeat]] (1835–1912) noted the origin is to be found in the name for a cask or liquid measure appearing in various forms in [[Germanic languages]], in Dutch | English [[philology|philologist]] [[Walter William Skeat]] (1835–1912) noted the origin is to be found in the name for a cask or liquid measure appearing in various forms in [[Germanic languages]], in Dutch {{lang|nl|oxhooft}} (modern {{lang|nl|okshoofd}}), Danish {{lang|da|oxehoved}}, Old Swedish {{lang|non|oxhuvud}}, etc. The [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' of 1911]] conjectured that the word should therefore be ''oxhead'', ''hogshead'' being a mere corruption.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Hogshead |volume=13|page=507}}</ref> | ||
==Varieties and standardisation== | ==Varieties and standardisation== | ||
[[File:Sugar-Hogsheads - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate X - BL.jpg|thumb|"Sugar hogsheads" from ''Ten Views in the Island of Antigua'', W. Clark, 1823, plate X.]] | [[File:Sugar-Hogsheads - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate X - BL.jpg|thumb|"Sugar hogsheads" from ''Ten Views in the Island of Antigua'', W. Clark, 1823, plate X.]] | ||
A '''tobacco hogshead''' was used in British and American colonial times to transport and store tobacco. It was a very large wooden barrel. A standardized hogshead measured {{convert|48|in|m|2}} long and {{convert|30|in|cm|2}} in diameter at the head (at least {{convert|550|L|impgal USgal|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}, depending on the width in the middle). Fully packed with tobacco, it weighed about {{convert|1000|lb|kg|0 | A '''tobacco hogshead''' was used in British and American colonial times to transport and store tobacco. It was a very large wooden barrel. A standardized hogshead measured {{convert|48|in|m|2}} long and {{convert|30|in|cm|2}} in diameter at the head (at least {{convert|550|L|impgal USgal|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}, depending on the width in the middle). Fully packed with tobacco, it weighed about {{convert|1000|lb|kg|0}}. | ||
A ''' hogshead''' in Britain contains about {{convert|300|L|impgal USgal|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apjohn.com.au/Upload/PrintPages/AP%20John_Technical_Specifications.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110215212133/http://www.apjohn.com.au/Upload/PrintPages/AP%20John_Technical_Specifications.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-02-15 | title =AP John Technical Specifications}}</ref> | A ''' hogshead''' in Britain contains about {{convert|300|L|impgal USgal|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apjohn.com.au/Upload/PrintPages/AP%20John_Technical_Specifications.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110215212133/http://www.apjohn.com.au/Upload/PrintPages/AP%20John_Technical_Specifications.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-02-15 | title =AP John Technical Specifications}}</ref> | ||
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Eventually, a hogshead of [[wine]] came to be {{convert|52.5|impgal|L|6|lk=on}} (or 63 US gallons), while a hogshead of [[beer]] or [[ale]] came to be 54 gallons (249.54221 L with the pre-1824 beer and ale gallon, or 245.48886 L with the imperial gallon). | Eventually, a hogshead of [[wine]] came to be {{convert|52.5|impgal|L|6|lk=on}} (or 63 US gallons), while a hogshead of [[beer]] or [[ale]] came to be 54 gallons (249.54221 L with the pre-1824 beer and ale gallon, or 245.48886 L with the imperial gallon). | ||
A hogshead was also used as unit of measurement for sugar in [[Louisiana]] for most of the 19th century. [[plantations in the American South|Plantation]]s were listed in sugar schedules by the number of hogsheads of sugar or molasses produced. Used for sugar in the 18th and 19th centuries in the British West Indies, a hogshead weighed on average | A hogshead was also used as unit of measurement for sugar in [[Louisiana]] for most of the 19th century. [[plantations in the American South|Plantation]]s were listed in sugar schedules by the number of hogsheads of sugar or molasses produced. Used for sugar in the 18th and 19th centuries in the British West Indies, a hogshead weighed on average {{convert|1792|lb|kg}}. A hogshead was also used for the measurement of [[herring]] fished for [[Sardine (food)|sardines]] in Blacks Harbour, [[New Brunswick]] and Cornwall.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001617/18601205/057/0004?browse=true |title= |newspaper= |location= |page= |issue= |date= |url-access=subscription |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=May 2022}} | ||
==Whisky maturation== | |||
Hogsheads are a common form of cask used for maturing [[Scotch Whisky]], typically with a volume of around 250 litres.<ref>{{cite web | title=Whisky Casks: The Hogshead | Whiskipedia | date=24 July 2020 | url=https://whiskipedia.com/fundamentals/hogshead-whisky-barrel/ }}</ref> | |||
These casks are usually made from the [[stave (wood)|staves]] of ex-[[Bourbon whiskey|Bourbon]] or [[Tennessee whiskey]] casks, which are plentiful due to US law requiring a new barrel for each batch of whiskey. The staves will be mated to new, larger heads which results in a higher volume - this means that five whiskey barrels are needed to make four hogsheads as the [[circumference]] is greater. | |||
Using just the staves means that barrels can be shipped across the Atlantic in their component parts, which is much more space-efficient than shipping barrels whole. The new heads may be of [[Quercus alba|American white oak]] similar to the recycled staves, or may be of other woods such as [[European oak|European]] or [[Mizunara oak]]. | |||
==Charts== | ==Charts== | ||
Latest revision as of 00:25, 9 November 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses".
A hogshead (abbreviated "hhd", plural "hhds") is a large cask of liquid (or, less often, of a food commercial product) for manufacturing and sale. It refers to a specified volume, measured in either imperial or US customary measures, primarily applied to alcoholic beverages, such as wine, ale, or cider.
Etymology
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English philologist Walter William Skeat (1835–1912) noted the origin is to be found in the name for a cask or liquid measure appearing in various forms in Germanic languages, in Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang". (modern Script error: No such module "Lang".), Danish Script error: No such module "Lang"., Old Swedish Script error: No such module "Lang"., etc. The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 conjectured that the word should therefore be oxhead, hogshead being a mere corruption.[1]
Varieties and standardisation
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A tobacco hogshead was used in British and American colonial times to transport and store tobacco. It was a very large wooden barrel. A standardized hogshead measured Template:Convert long and Template:Convert in diameter at the head (at least Template:Convert, depending on the width in the middle). Fully packed with tobacco, it weighed about Template:Convert.
A hogshead in Britain contains about Template:Convert.[2]
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) notes that the hogshead was first standardized by an act of Parliament (2 Hen. 6. c. 14) in 1423, though the standards continued to vary by locality and content. For example, the OED cites an 1897 edition of Whitaker's Almanack, which specified the gallons of wine in a hogshead varying most particularly across fortified wines: claret/Madeira Template:Convert, port Template:Convert, sherry Template:Convert. The American Heritage Dictionary claims that a hogshead can consist of anything from (presumably) Template:Convert. A hogshead of Madeira wine was approximately equal to 45–48 gallons (0.205–0.218 m3). A hogshead of brandy was approximately equal to 56–61 gallons (0.255–0.277 m3).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Eventually, a hogshead of wine came to be Template:Convert (or 63 US gallons), while a hogshead of beer or ale came to be 54 gallons (249.54221 L with the pre-1824 beer and ale gallon, or 245.48886 L with the imperial gallon).
A hogshead was also used as unit of measurement for sugar in Louisiana for most of the 19th century. Plantations were listed in sugar schedules by the number of hogsheads of sugar or molasses produced. Used for sugar in the 18th and 19th centuries in the British West Indies, a hogshead weighed on average Template:Convert. A hogshead was also used for the measurement of herring fished for sardines in Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick and Cornwall.[3]Template:Full citation needed
Whisky maturation
Hogsheads are a common form of cask used for maturing Scotch Whisky, typically with a volume of around 250 litres.[4]
These casks are usually made from the staves of ex-Bourbon or Tennessee whiskey casks, which are plentiful due to US law requiring a new barrel for each batch of whiskey. The staves will be mated to new, larger heads which results in a higher volume - this means that five whiskey barrels are needed to make four hogsheads as the circumference is greater.
Using just the staves means that barrels can be shipped across the Atlantic in their component parts, which is much more space-efficient than shipping barrels whole. The new heads may be of American white oak similar to the recycled staves, or may be of other woods such as European or Mizunara oak.
Charts
| gallon | rundlet | barrel | tierce | hogshead | puncheon, tertian | pipe, butt | tun | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tun | |||||||
| 1 | 2 | pipes, butts | ||||||
| 1 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+1⁄2 | 3 | puncheons, tertians | |||||
| 1 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+1⁄3 | 2 | 4 | hogsheads | ||||
| 1 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+1⁄2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | tierces | |||
| 1 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+1⁄3 | 2 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />2+2⁄3 | 4 | 8 | barrels | ||
| 1 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+3⁄4 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />2+1⁄3 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />3+1⁄2 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />4+2⁄3 | 7 | 14 | rundlets | |
| 1 | 18 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />31+1⁄2 | 42 | 63 | 84 | 126 | 252 | gallons (wine) |
| 3.785 | 68.14 | 119.24 | 158.99 | 238.48 | 317.97 | 476.96 | 953.92 | litres |
| 1 | 15 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />26+1⁄4 | 35 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />52+1⁄2 | 70 | 105 | 210 | gallons (imperial) |
| 4.546 | 68.19 | 119.3 | 159.1 | 238.7 | 318.2 | 477.3 | 954.7 | litres |
| gallon | firkin | kilderkin | barrel | hogshead | Year designated | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hogsheads | |||||
| 1 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+1⁄2 | barrels | ||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | kilderkins | |||
| 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | firkins | ||
| 1 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 48 | ale gallons | (1454) |
| = 4.621 L | = 36.97 L | = 73.94 L | = 147.9 L | = 221.8 L | ||
| 1 | 9 | 18 | 36 | 54 | beer gallons | |
| = 4.621 L | = 41.59 L | = 83.18 L | = 166.4 L | = 249.5 L | ||
| 1 | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />8+1⁄2 | 17 | 34 | 51 | ale gallons | 1688 |
| = 4.621 L | = 39.28 L | = 78.56 L | = 157.1 L | = 235.7 L | ||
| 1 | 9 | 18 | 36 | 54 | ale gallons | 1803 |
| = 4.621 L | = 41.59 L | = 83.18 L | = 166.4 L | = 249.5 L | ||
| 1 | 9 | 18 | 36 | 54 | imperial gallons | 1824 |
| = 4.546 L | = 40.91 L | = 81.83 L | = 163.7 L | = 245.5 L |