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== Pronunciation ==
== Pronunciation ==
"February" can be pronounced in several different ways. The beginning of the word is commonly pronounced either as {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-February.ogg|ˈ|f|ɛ|b|j|u|-}} {{respell|FEB|yoo|-}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛ|b|r|u|-}} {{respell|FEB|roo|-}}; many people drop the first "r", replacing it with {{IPAc-en|j}}, as if it were spelled "Febuary". This comes about by analogy with "January" ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-January.ogg|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|.|j|u|-}}), as well as by a [[dissimilation]] effect whereby having two "r"s close to each other causes one to change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/february |title=February &#124; Definition of February by Merriam-Webster |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-09-17 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918005620/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/February |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> The ending of the word is pronounced {{IPAc-en|-|ɛr|i}} {{respell|-|err|ee}} in the US and {{IPAc-en|-|ər|i}} {{respell|-|ər|ee}} in the UK.
"February" can be pronounced in several different ways. The beginning of the word is commonly pronounced either as {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-February.ogg|ˈ|f|ɛ|b|j|u|-}} {{respell|FEB|yoo|-}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860_(eng)-Commonsense1776-February.wav|ˈ|f|ɛ|b|r|u|-}} {{respell|FEB|roo|-}}; many people drop the first "r", replacing it with {{IPAc-en|j}}, as if it were spelled "Febuary". This comes about by analogy with "January" ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-January.ogg|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|.|j|u|-}}), as well as by a [[dissimilation]] effect whereby having two "r"s close to each other causes one to change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/february |title=February &#124; Definition of February by Merriam-Webster |website=Merriam-webster.com |access-date=2016-09-17 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918005620/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/February |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> The ending of the word is pronounced {{IPAc-en|-|ɛr|i}} {{respell|-|err|ee}} in the US and {{IPAc-en|-|ər|i}} {{respell|-|ər|ee}} in the UK.


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry février.jpg|thumb|February, from the {{lang|fr|[[Très riches heures du Duc de Berry]]}}]]
[[File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry février.jpg|thumb|February, from the {{lang|fr|[[Très riches heures du Duc de Berry]]}}]]
[[File:Februar Leandro Bassano.jpg|thumb|''February'', [[Leandro Bassano]]]]
[[File:Februar Leandro Bassano.jpg|thumb|''February'', [[Leandro Bassano]]]]
[[File:02 February - Percent of global area at temperature records - Global warming - NOAA.svg |thumb |In recent decades, the number of warm temperature records in February has outpaced cold temperature records over a growing portion of Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202501/supplemental/page-3 |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) }} Link is an example for one month; for other months, change the "202501" in the preceding URL to '''yyyymm''', where '''yyyy''' is the four-digit year and '''mm''' is the two-digit month (01=January through 12=December)</ref>]]
The Roman month {{lang|la|[[Februarius]]}} was named after the Latin term {{lang|la|februum}}, which means "purification", via the purification ritual {{lang|la|[[Februa]]}} held on February 15 (full moon) in the old lunar [[Roman calendar]]. January and February were the last two months to be added to the Roman calendar, since the Romans originally considered winter a monthless period of the year. They were added by [[Numa Pompilius]] about 713&nbsp;BC.  February remained the last month of the calendar year until the time of the [[decemvirs]] ({{circa|450&nbsp;BC}}), when it became the second month. At certain times February was truncated to 23 or 24 days, and a 27-day intercalary month, [[Mercedonius|Intercalaris]], was occasionally inserted immediately after February to realign the year with the [[season]]s.
The Roman month {{lang|la|[[Februarius]]}} was named after the Latin term {{lang|la|februum}}, which means "purification", via the purification ritual {{lang|la|[[Februa]]}} held on February 15 (full moon) in the old lunar [[Roman calendar]]. January and February were the last two months to be added to the Roman calendar, since the Romans originally considered winter a monthless period of the year. They were added by [[Numa Pompilius]] about 713&nbsp;BC.  February remained the last month of the calendar year until the time of the [[decemvirs]] ({{circa|450&nbsp;BC}}), when it became the second month. At certain times February was truncated to 23 or 24 days, and a 27-day intercalary month, [[Mercedonius|Intercalaris]], was occasionally inserted immediately after February to realign the year with the [[season]]s.


Latest revision as of 04:54, 7 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Pp-move Template:Calendar/table

February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years and 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the leap day. February is the third and last month of meteorological winter in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, February is the third and last month of meteorological summer, being the seasonal equivalent of August in the Northern Hemisphere.

Pronunciation

"February" can be pronounced in several different ways. The beginning of the word is commonly pronounced either as Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell or Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; many people drop the first "r", replacing it with Template:IPAc-en, as if it were spelled "Febuary". This comes about by analogy with "January" (Template:IPAc-en), as well as by a dissimilation effect whereby having two "r"s close to each other causes one to change.[1][2] The ending of the word is pronounced Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell in the US and Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell in the UK.

History

File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry février.jpg
February, from the Script error: No such module "Lang".
File:Februar Leandro Bassano.jpg
February, Leandro Bassano
File:02 February - Percent of global area at temperature records - Global warming - NOAA.svg
In recent decades, the number of warm temperature records in February has outpaced cold temperature records over a growing portion of Earth's surface.[3]

The Roman month Script error: No such module "Lang". was named after the Latin term Script error: No such module "Lang"., which means "purification", via the purification ritual Script error: No such module "Lang". held on February 15 (full moon) in the old lunar Roman calendar. January and February were the last two months to be added to the Roman calendar, since the Romans originally considered winter a monthless period of the year. They were added by Numa Pompilius about 713 BC. February remained the last month of the calendar year until the time of the decemvirs (Template:Circa), when it became the second month. At certain times February was truncated to 23 or 24 days, and a 27-day intercalary month, Intercalaris, was occasionally inserted immediately after February to realign the year with the seasons.

February observances in Ancient Rome included Amburbium (precise date unknown), Sementivae (February 2), Februa (February 13–15), Lupercalia (February 13–15), Parentalia (February 13–22), Quirinalia (February 17), Feralia (February 21), Caristia (February 22), Terminalia (February 23), Regifugium (February 24), and Agonium Martiale (February 27). These days do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.

Under the reforms that instituted the Julian calendar, Intercalaris was abolished, leap years occurred regularly every fourth year, and in leap years February gained a 29th day. Thereafter, it remained the second month of the calendar year, meaning the order that months are displayed (January, February, March, ..., December) within a year-at-a-glance calendar. Even during the Middle Ages, when the numbered Anno Domini year began on March 25 or December 25, the second month was February whenever all twelve months were displayed in order. The Gregorian calendar reforms made slight changes to the system for determining which years were leap years, but also contained a 29-day February.

Historical names for February include the Old English terms Solmonath (mud month) and Kale-monath (named for cabbage) as well as Charlemagne's designation Hornung. In Finnish, the month is called Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning "month of the pearl"; when snow melts on tree branches, it forms droplets, and as these freeze again, they are like pearls of ice. In Polish and Ukrainian, respectively, the month is called Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Transliteration), meaning the month of ice or hard frost. In Macedonian the month is Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), meaning month of cutting (wood). In Czech, it is called Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning month of submerging (of river ice).

In Slovene, February is traditionally called Script error: No such module "Lang"., related to icicles or Candlemas.[4] This name originates from Script error: No such module "Lang".,[5] written as Script error: No such module "Lang". in the New Carniolan Almanac from 1775 and changed to its final form by Franc Metelko in his New Almanac from 1824. The name was also spelled Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning "the month of cutting down of trees".[4] In 1848, a proposal was put forward in Kmetijske in rokodelske novice by the Slovene Society of Ljubljana to call this month Script error: No such module "Lang". (related to ice melting), but it did not stick. The idea was proposed by a priest, Blaž Potočnik.[6] Another name of February in Slovene was Script error: No such module "Lang"., after the mythological character Vesna.[7]

Patterns

File:Valentines Day Chocolates from 2005.jpg
Chocolates for St. Valentine's Day

Having only 28 days in common years, February is the only month of the year that can pass without a single full moon. Using Coordinated Universal Time as the basis for determining the date and time of a full moon, this last happened in 2018 and will next happen in 2037.[8][9] The same is true regarding a new moon: again using Coordinated Universal Time as the basis, this last happened in 2014 and will next happen in 2033.[10][11]

February is also the only month of the calendar that, at intervals alternating between one of six years and two of eleven years, has exactly four full 7-day weeks. In countries that start their week on a Monday, it occurs as part of a common year starting on Friday, in which February 1st is a Monday and the 28th is a Sunday; the most recent occurrence was 2021, and the next one will be 2027. In countries that start their week on a Sunday, it occurs in a common year starting on Thursday; the most recent occurrence was 2015 and the next occurrence will be 2026. The pattern is broken by a skipped leap year, but no leap year has been skipped since 1900 and no others will be skipped until 2100.

Astronomy

February meteor showers include the Alpha Centaurids (appearing in early February), the March Virginids (lasting from February 14 to April 25, peaking around March 20), the Delta Cancrids (appearing December 14 to February 14, peaking on January 17), the Omicron Centaurids (late January through February, peaking in mid-February), Theta Centaurids (January 23 – March 12, only visible in the southern hemisphere), Eta Virginids (February 24 and March 27, peaking around March 18), and Pi Virginids (February 13 and April 8, peaking between March 3 and March 9).

Symbols

File:1760 - Salzburg - Stiftskirche St Peter - Viola.JPG
The violet
White and mauve primroses
White and mauve primroses
Purple Siberian iris
Purple Siberian iris
Amethyst crystals
Amethyst crystals

The zodiac signs of February are Aquarius (until February 18) and Pisces (February 19 onward).[12]

Its birth flowers are the violet (Viola), the common primrose (Primula vulgaris),[13] and the Iris.[14] Its birthstone is the amethyst, which symbolizes piety, humility, spiritual wisdom, and sincerity.[15]

Observances

This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance.

Month-long

Non-Gregorian

(All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.)

Movable

First Saturday

First Sunday

First Week of February (first Monday, ending on Sunday)

First Monday

First Friday

Second Saturday

Second Sunday

Second Monday

Second Tuesday

Week of February 22

Third Monday

Third Thursday

Third Friday

Last Friday

Last Saturday

Last day of February

Fixed

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Anthony Aveni, "February's Holidays: Prediction, Purification, and Passionate Pursuit," The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 29–46.

External links

Template:Sisterlinks

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Template:Cite LPD
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Link is an example for one month; for other months, change the "202501" in the preceding URL to yyyymm, where yyyy is the four-digit year and mm is the two-digit month (01=January through 12=December)
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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