4-Fluoroamphetamine: Difference between revisions

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<!--Identifiers-->
<!--Identifiers-->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number = 459-02-9
| CAS_number = 459-02-9
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
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| PubChem = 9986
| PubChem = 9986
| KEGG = C22767
| KEGG = C22767
| ChEMBL = 2009392
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 9592
| ChemSpiderID = 9592
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==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
4-Fluoroamphetamine is a [[releasing agent]] and [[reuptake inhibitor]] of [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and [[norepinephrine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Toennes SW, Schneider D, Pogoda W, Paulke A, Wunder C, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KP, de Sousa Fernandes Perna E, Ramaekers JG | display-authors = 6 | title = Pharmacokinetic properties of 4-fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion | journal = Drug Testing and Analysis | volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = 1028–1034 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 30912312 | doi = 10.1002/dta.2595 | s2cid = 85518011 }}</ref> The respective [[EC50|EC<sub>50</sub>]] values are 2.0 x 10<sup>−7</sup> M, 7.3 x 10<sup>−7</sup> M, and 0.37 x 10<sup>−7</sup> M, while the [[IC50|IC<sub>50</sub>]] values are 7.7 x 10<sup>−7</sup> M, 68 x 10<sup>−7</sup> M, and 4.2 x 10<sup>−7</sup> M.<ref name="Nagai 2007" />
4-Fluoroamphetamine is a [[releasing agent]] and [[reuptake inhibitor]] of [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and [[norepinephrine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Toennes SW, Schneider D, Pogoda W, Paulke A, Wunder C, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KP, de Sousa Fernandes Perna E, Ramaekers JG | display-authors = 6 | title = Pharmacokinetic properties of 4-fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion | journal = Drug Testing and Analysis | volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = 1028–1034 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 30912312 | doi = 10.1002/dta.2595 | s2cid = 85518011 }}</ref> The respective [[EC50|EC<sub>50</sub>]] values are 200 nM, 730 nM, and 37 nM, while the [[IC50|IC<sub>50</sub>]] values are 770 nM, 6800 nM, and 420 nM.<ref name="Nagai 2007" />


4-Fluoroamphetamine has been found to be a weak [[monoamine oxidase A]] (MAO-A) [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor|inhibitor]], with an {{Abbrlink|IC<sub>50</sub>|half-maximal inhibitory concentration}} of 16,000{{nbsp}}nM.<ref name="Reyes-ParadaIturriaga-VasquezCassels2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vasquez P, Cassels BK | title = Amphetamine Derivatives as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | journal = Front Pharmacol | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = 1590 | date = 2019 | pmid = 32038257 | pmc = 6989591 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2019.01590 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref> For comparison, the {{Abbrlink|IC<sub>50</sub>|half-maximal inhibitory concentration}} of [[amphetamine]] for MAO-A inhibition was 11,000{{nbsp}}nM.<ref name="Reyes-ParadaIturriaga-VasquezCassels2019" />
4-Fluoroamphetamine has been found to be a weak [[monoamine oxidase A]] (MAO-A) [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor|inhibitor]], with an {{Abbrlink|IC<sub>50</sub>|half-maximal inhibitory concentration}} of 16,000{{nbsp}}nM.<ref name="Reyes-ParadaIturriaga-VasquezCassels2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vasquez P, Cassels BK | title = Amphetamine Derivatives as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | journal = Front Pharmacol | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = 1590 | date = 2019 | pmid = 32038257 | pmc = 6989591 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2019.01590 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref> For comparison, the {{Abbrlink|IC<sub>50</sub>|half-maximal inhibitory concentration}} of [[amphetamine]] for MAO-A inhibition was 11,000{{nbsp}}nM.<ref name="Reyes-ParadaIturriaga-VasquezCassels2019" />
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4-FA does not cause long-lasting depletion of brain serotonin, unlike its [[structural analog|analogs]] [[para-Chloroamphetamine|4-CA]] and [[para-Bromoamphetamine|4-BA]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harvey JA | title = Neurotoxic action of halogenated amphetamines | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 305 | issue = 1 | pages = 289–304 | date = June 1978 | pmid = 81648 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb31530.x | s2cid = 38386908 | bibcode = 1978NYASA.305..289H }}</ref> This is thought to "reflect the inability of the fluoro-compound to be metabolized in the same way as the other haloamphetamines."<ref name=haloampcomparison>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuller RW, Baker JC, Perry KW, Molloy BB | title = Comparison of 4-chloro-, 4-bromo- and 4-fluoroamphetamine in rats: drug levels in brain and effects on brain serotonin metabolism | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = 739–746 | date = October 1975 | pmid = 1196472 | doi = 10.1016/0028-3908(75)90099-4 | s2cid = 9620299 }}</ref>
4-FA does not cause long-lasting depletion of brain serotonin, unlike its [[structural analog|analogs]] [[para-Chloroamphetamine|4-CA]] and [[para-Bromoamphetamine|4-BA]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harvey JA | title = Neurotoxic action of halogenated amphetamines | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 305 | issue = 1 | pages = 289–304 | date = June 1978 | pmid = 81648 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb31530.x | s2cid = 38386908 | bibcode = 1978NYASA.305..289H }}</ref> This is thought to "reflect the inability of the fluoro-compound to be metabolized in the same way as the other haloamphetamines."<ref name=haloampcomparison>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuller RW, Baker JC, Perry KW, Molloy BB | title = Comparison of 4-chloro-, 4-bromo- and 4-fluoroamphetamine in rats: drug levels in brain and effects on brain serotonin metabolism | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = 739–746 | date = October 1975 | pmid = 1196472 | doi = 10.1016/0028-3908(75)90099-4 | s2cid = 9620299 }}</ref>


[[Neurotoxicity]] does not increase down the series of ''para''-halogenated amphetamine derivatives, even though serotonin releasing potency does follow this trend. For example, 4-iodoamphetamine is less toxic than is 4-chloroamphetamine.<ref name=fluoro/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nichols DE, Johnson MP, Oberlender R | title = 5-Iodo-2-aminoindan, a nonneurotoxic analogue of p-iodoamphetamine | journal = Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 135–139 | date = January 1991 | pmid = 1826785 | doi = 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90601-W | s2cid = 20485505 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.670.504 }}</ref> Hence, this property is not related to serotonin releasing potency as such, since [[PAL-287]] was reported to be not at all neurotoxic even though it is a powerful 5-HT releasing agent.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman RB, Blough BE, Woolverton WL, Anderson KG, Negus SS, Mello NK, Roth BL, Baumann MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Development of a rationally designed, low abuse potential, biogenic amine releaser that suppresses cocaine self-administration | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 313 | issue = 3 | pages = 1361–1369 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15761112 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.104.082503 | s2cid = 19802702 | author7-link = Bryan Roth }}</ref> It is unclear where [[4-methylamphetamine]] fits in on the neurotoxicity scale. The extensive serotonergic neurotoxicity of 4-chloroamphetamine (and its brominated derivative), and the increased serotonergic toxicity of 4-methylamphetamine<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blanckaert P, van Amsterdam J, Brunt T, van den Berg J, Van Durme F, Maudens K, van Bussel J | title = 4-Methyl-amphetamine: a health threat for recreational amphetamine users | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 817–822 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23784740 | doi = 10.1177/0269881113487950 | s2cid = 35436194 }}</ref> suggest that para-substitution seems to increase overall serotonergic (neuro)toxicity, compared to amphetamine. Exceptions include [[4-MTA]], a ''para''-substituted, non-neurotoxic amphetamine.<ref name="pmid1473561">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang X, Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE | title = p-methylthioamphetamine is a potent new non-neurotoxic serotonin-releasing agent | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 229 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–38 | date = December 1992 | pmid = 1473561 | doi = 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90282-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Q, Murakami I, Stall S, Levy AD, Brownfield MS, Nichols DE, Van de Kar LD | title = Neuroendocrine pharmacology of three serotonin releasers: 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butane (MBDB), 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan (MMAi) and p-methylthioamphetamine (MTA) | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 279 | issue = 3 | pages = 1261–1267 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8968349 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murphy J, Flynn JJ, Cannon DM, Guiry PJ, McCormack P, Baird AW, McBean GJ, Keenan AK | display-authors = 6 | title = In vitro neuronal and vascular responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine: modulation by 4-methylthioamphetamine, 4-methylthiomethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 444 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 61–67 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12191583 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01586-8 }}</ref>
[[Neurotoxicity]] does not increase down the series of ''para''-halogenated amphetamine derivatives, even though serotonin releasing potency does follow this trend. For example, 4-iodoamphetamine is less toxic than is 4-chloroamphetamine.<ref name=fluoro/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nichols DE, Johnson MP, Oberlender R | title = 5-Iodo-2-aminoindan, a nonneurotoxic analogue of p-iodoamphetamine | journal = Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 135–139 | date = January 1991 | pmid = 1826785 | doi = 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90601-W | s2cid = 20485505 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.670.504 }}</ref> Hence, this property is not related to serotonin releasing potency as such, since [[PAL-287]] was reported to be not at all neurotoxic even though it is a powerful 5-HT releasing agent.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman RB, Blough BE, Woolverton WL, Anderson KG, Negus SS, Mello NK, Roth BL, Baumann MH | display-authors = 6 | title = Development of a rationally designed, low abuse potential, biogenic amine releaser that suppresses cocaine self-administration | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 313 | issue = 3 | pages = 1361–1369 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15761112 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.104.082503 | s2cid = 19802702 | author7-link = Bryan Roth }}</ref> It is unclear where [[4-methylamphetamine]] fits in on the neurotoxicity scale. The extensive serotonergic neurotoxicity of 4-chloroamphetamine (and its brominated derivative), and the increased serotonergic toxicity of 4-methylamphetamine<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blanckaert P, van Amsterdam J, Brunt T, van den Berg J, Van Durme F, Maudens K, van Bussel J | title = 4-Methyl-amphetamine: a health threat for recreational amphetamine users | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 817–822 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23784740 | doi = 10.1177/0269881113487950 | s2cid = 35436194 }}</ref> suggest that para-substitution seems to increase overall serotonergic (neuro)toxicity, compared to amphetamine. Exceptions include [[4-MTA]], a ''para''-substituted, non-neurotoxic amphetamine.<ref name="pmid1473561">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang X, Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE | title = p-methylthioamphetamine is a potent new non-neurotoxic serotonin-releasing agent | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 229 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–38 | date = December 1992 | pmid = 1473561 | doi = 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90282-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Q, Murakami I, Stall S, Levy AD, Brownfield MS, Nichols DE, Van de Kar LD | title = Neuroendocrine pharmacology of three serotonin releasers: 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butane (MBDB), 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan (MMAi) and p-methylthioamphetamine (MTA) | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 279 | issue = 3 | pages = 1261–1267 | date = December 1996 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-3565(25)21285-X | pmid = 8968349 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murphy J, Flynn JJ, Cannon DM, Guiry PJ, McCormack P, Baird AW, McBean GJ, Keenan AK | display-authors = 6 | title = In vitro neuronal and vascular responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine: modulation by 4-methylthioamphetamine, 4-methylthiomethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 444 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 61–67 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12191583 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01586-8 }}</ref>


===Toxicology===
===Toxicology===
Line 96: Line 97:


As of October 2015, 4-FA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=zh | access-date=1 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001222554/http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | archive-date=1 October 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> 4-FA is banned in the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mzcr.cz/Admin/_upload/files/3/Nov%C3%A9%20PL.pdf | title=Látky, o které byl doplněn seznam č. 4 psychotropních látek (příloha č. 4 k nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.) | publisher=Ministerstvo zdravotnictví | language=cs | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309174659/http://www.mzcr.cz/Admin/_upload/files/3/Nov%C3%A9%20PL.pdf | archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> As of 25 May 2017 4-FA is a controlled substance in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/vanaf-vandaag-is-partydrug-4-fa-officieel-verboden-maar-of-dat-helpt~a4496813/ |title=Vanaf vandaag is partydrug 4-FA officieel verboden - maar of dat helpt? | vauthors = Van der Velden L |date=25 May 2017 |publisher=de Volkskrant |access-date=25 May 2017 |language=nl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525093455/http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/vanaf-vandaag-is-partydrug-4-fa-officieel-verboden-maar-of-dat-helpt~a4496813/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> 4-FA is also controlled in Australia, Belgium, UK, Germany, Israel, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Chile, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Sweden, New Zealand and France.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
As of October 2015, 4-FA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=zh | access-date=1 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001222554/http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | archive-date=1 October 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> 4-FA is banned in the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mzcr.cz/Admin/_upload/files/3/Nov%C3%A9%20PL.pdf | title=Látky, o které byl doplněn seznam č. 4 psychotropních látek (příloha č. 4 k nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.) | publisher=Ministerstvo zdravotnictví | language=cs | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309174659/http://www.mzcr.cz/Admin/_upload/files/3/Nov%C3%A9%20PL.pdf | archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> As of 25 May 2017 4-FA is a controlled substance in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/vanaf-vandaag-is-partydrug-4-fa-officieel-verboden-maar-of-dat-helpt~a4496813/ |title=Vanaf vandaag is partydrug 4-FA officieel verboden - maar of dat helpt? | vauthors = Van der Velden L |date=25 May 2017 |publisher=de Volkskrant |access-date=25 May 2017 |language=nl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525093455/http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/vanaf-vandaag-is-partydrug-4-fa-officieel-verboden-maar-of-dat-helpt~a4496813/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> 4-FA is also controlled in Australia, Belgium, UK, Germany, Israel, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Chile, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Sweden, New Zealand and France.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
In the United States, on June 3, 2025 the DEA announced by federal register it's intent to place 4-Fluoroamphetamine into Schedule I status with public comments closing on July 3, 2025.<ref>https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/06/03/2025-09988/schedules-of-controlled-substances-placement-of-4-fluoroamphetamine-in-schedule-i</ref>


===Finland===
===Finland===

Latest revision as of 01:24, 29 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Drugbox

4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA; 4-FMP; PAL-303; "Flux"), also known as para-fluoroamphetamine (PFA) is a psychoactive research chemical of the phenethylamine and substituted amphetamine chemical classes. It produces stimulant and entactogenic effects. As a recreational drug, 4-FA is sometimes sold along with related compounds such as 2-fluoroamphetamine and 4-fluoromethamphetamine.[1][2]

Usage

File:4-Fluoroamphetamine.jpg
4-Fluoroamphetamine

4-FA is popular in the Netherlands where it is predominantly used for its specific effects (77% of users) rather than its legal status (18%).[3] 4-FA has become illegal since May 2017.[4]

Effects

The subjective effects of 4-fluoroamphetamine include euphoria which some find similar to the effects of MDMA and amphetamine,[3] increased energy (stimulation), mood elevation, feelings of warmth and empathy, excessive talking, bruxism, and suppressed appetite (anorexic). The general course of effects involves primarily empathogenic effects for the first few hours, which fades out as increased stimulation develops over the next several hours. Template:Medcn

The dopamine reuptake inhibition produced by 4-FA is stronger than that of either 4-CA or 4-IA.[5] 4-FA also produces less hyperthermia than similar compounds such as PMA, 4-MTA and 4-methylamphetamine.Template:Medcn

Common acute side effects are nausea, headaches, increased heart rate and insomnia.Template:Medcn

Chemistry

4-FA reacts with reagent testing to give a semi-unique array of colors which can be used to aid its identification.

Final colors produced by reagent tests
Reagent Reaction color
Marquis No reaction[6]
Mandelin Pale Blue[6][7]
Liebermann Orange[6][7]
Froehde Faint purple/brown[6] or no reaction.

Pharmacology

4-Fluoroamphetamine is a releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.[8] The respective EC50 values are 200 nM, 730 nM, and 37 nM, while the IC50 values are 770 nM, 6800 nM, and 420 nM.[2]

4-Fluoroamphetamine has been found to be a weak monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor, with an Template:Abbrlink of 16,000Template:NbspnM.[9] For comparison, the Template:Abbrlink of amphetamine for MAO-A inhibition was 11,000Template:NbspnM.[9]

Regarding the metabolic fate of 4-FA, the C-F bond at the 4-position on the phenyl ring likely resists deactivation in the liver by cytochrome P450 oxidase.[10][11]

Neurotoxicity

4-FA does not cause long-lasting depletion of brain serotonin, unlike its analogs 4-CA and 4-BA.[12] This is thought to "reflect the inability of the fluoro-compound to be metabolized in the same way as the other haloamphetamines."[13]

Neurotoxicity does not increase down the series of para-halogenated amphetamine derivatives, even though serotonin releasing potency does follow this trend. For example, 4-iodoamphetamine is less toxic than is 4-chloroamphetamine.[5][14] Hence, this property is not related to serotonin releasing potency as such, since PAL-287 was reported to be not at all neurotoxic even though it is a powerful 5-HT releasing agent.[15] It is unclear where 4-methylamphetamine fits in on the neurotoxicity scale. The extensive serotonergic neurotoxicity of 4-chloroamphetamine (and its brominated derivative), and the increased serotonergic toxicity of 4-methylamphetamine[16] suggest that para-substitution seems to increase overall serotonergic (neuro)toxicity, compared to amphetamine. Exceptions include 4-MTA, a para-substituted, non-neurotoxic amphetamine.[17][18][19]

Toxicology

The LD50 (mouse; i.p.) of 4-FA is 46 mg/kg.[20]

Fluoroamphetamine (isomer not determined) in a capsule mixed with 25C-NBOMe was associated with three deaths in Melbourne in 2017.[21]

Legal status

As of October 2015, 4-FA is a controlled substance in China.[22] 4-FA is banned in the Czech Republic.[23] As of 25 May 2017 4-FA is a controlled substance in the Netherlands.[24] 4-FA is also controlled in Australia, Belgium, UK, Germany, Israel, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Chile, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Sweden, New Zealand and France.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In the United States, on June 3, 2025 the DEA announced by federal register it's intent to place 4-Fluoroamphetamine into Schedule I status with public comments closing on July 3, 2025.[25]

Finland

Scheduled in the "government decree on narcotic substances, preparations and plants" and is therefore illegal.[26]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/06/03/2025-09988/schedules-of-controlled-substances-placement-of-4-fluoroamphetamine-in-schedule-i
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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