ASEAN Declaration: Difference between revisions

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| mediators =  
| mediators =  
| negotiators =  
| negotiators =  
| original_signatories = * [[Adam Malik]] {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
| original_signatories = * {{flag icon|Indonesia}} [[Adam Malik]]  
* [[Tun Abdul Razak]] {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
* {{flag icon|Malaysia}} [[Tun Abdul Razak]]  
* [[S. Rajaratnam]] {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
* {{flag icon|Singapore}} [[S. Rajaratnam]]  
* [[Narciso Ramos]] {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
* {{flag icon|Philippines}} [[Narciso Ramos]]  
* [[Thanat Khoman]] {{flagcountry|Thailand}}
* {{flag icon|Thailand}} [[Thanat Khoman]]
| signatory =  
| signatory =  
| parties =  
| parties =  
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One theory suggests ASEAN was formed as a display of solidarity against [[Vietnam War|communist expansion in Vietnam]] and [[communist]] [[insurgency]] within their own borders. However, there is nothing written in the ASEAN Declaration that actually says this.
One theory suggests ASEAN was formed as a display of solidarity against [[Vietnam War|communist expansion in Vietnam]] and [[communist]] [[insurgency]] within their own borders. However, there is nothing written in the ASEAN Declaration that actually says this.
== Signatories ==
ASEAN listed the signatories of the ASEAN Declaration as its founding fathers.<ref>{{cite web |title=The founding of ASEAN |url=https://asean.org/the-founding-of-asean/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=ASEAN}}</ref> These individuals are credited with laying the groundwork for ASEAN's principles of regional cooperation, non-interference, and mutual respect, which continue to guide the organization today.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |last=Koga |first=Kei |date=24 February 2012 |title=The Process of ASEAN's Institutional Consolidation in 1968–1976: Theoretical Implications for Changes of Third-World Security-Oriented Institution |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/138882/WP234.pdf |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=RSIS Working Paper Series |publisher=S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies}}</ref> These are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Picture
!Name
!Country
!Description
|-
|[[File:Adam_Malik_1970.jpg|108x108px]]
|[[Adam Malik]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|As Indonesia’s Foreign Minister, Malik was instrumental in reversing Indonesia’s [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|Konfrontasi]] with Malaysia. Malik also contributed significantly to the drafting of the Bangkok Declaration, the tenets of [[Musyawarah|''musyawarah'']] (consultation) and ''mufakat'' (which evolved to the [[ASEAN Way|ASEAN way]]),<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2017-04-01 |title=ASEAN's strategic diplomacy underpins regional stability - East Asia Forum |url=https://eastasiaforum.org/2017/06/18/aseans-strategic-diplomacy-underpins-regional-stability/#:~:text=ASEAN%E2%80%99s%20ability%20to,consultation%20and%20consensus). |journal=East Asia Forum Quarterly: Volume 9, Number 2 2017 |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=7–9}}</ref> and the naming of ASEAN.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Krishnamra |first=Nadhavathna |url=https://image.mfa.go.th/mfa/0/4OJCTby7gE/images/Thailand_and_ASEAN_1967-1979.pdf |title=Thailand and ASEAN 1967–1979: A Commitment to Regionalism or Complement to Alignment? |publisher=International Studies Center |year=2024 |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Secretary_Narciso_R._Ramos.jpg|80x80px]]
|[[Narciso Ramos|Narciso R. Ramos]]
|{{flag|Philippines|1981}}
|A journalist and member of the [[Philippine resistance against Japan|Philippine resistance]] during [[World War II]], Ramos was first to speak at ASEAN’s founding to stress the importance of regional cooperation, citing challenges to the countries of Southeast Asia during uncertain and critical times.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Ramos |first=Fidel V. |url=https://www.eria.org/asean50-vol.1-14.fidel-ramos.pdf |title=ASEAN@50 Volume 1: The ASEAN Journey: Reflections of ASEAN Leaders and Officials |date=October 2017 |publisher=Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia |editor1-last=Intal |editor1-first=Ponciano Jr. |pages=13–27 |chapter=From “Sports‑Shirt” Diplomacy to a Model Rules‑Based Organisation |access-date=8 June 2025 |editor2-last=Chongkittavorn |editor2-first=Kavi |editor3-last=Maramis |editor3-first=Larry}}</ref> He embedded the idea that ASEAN should resolve or dampen internal disputes peacefully, a principle later codified in the 1976 [[Treaty of Amity and Cooperation]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Koga |first=Kei |date=24 February 2012 |title=The Process of ASEAN's Institutional Consolidation in 1968–1976: Theoretical Implications for Changes of Third-World Security-Oriented Institution |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/138882/WP234.pdf |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=RSIS Working Paper Series |publisher=S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Tun_Abdul_Razak_Universiti_(4to3).jpg|106x106px]]
|[[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|Serving concurrently as Malaysia's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, Tun Abdul Razak steered the association toward [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]], formalised that stance in [[ZOPFAN]],<ref>{{Citation |title=ZOPFAN |date=2011 |work=Southeast Asian Regionalism: New Zealand Perspectives |pages=37–53 |editor-last=Farrelly |editor-first=Nicholas |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/southeast-asian-regionalism/zopfan/DE002E4D4415EEA9B7696FDB813D8CD9 |access-date=2025-06-23 |series=Books and Monographs |publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute |isbn=978-981-4311-01-4}}</ref> pressed for tighter internal machinery, and reframed ASEAN diplomacy to let Southeast Asians, not external patrons, decide the region’s future.<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[File:ASEAN's_Big_Five_(S._Rajaratnam).jpg|99x99px]]
|[[S. Rajaratnam]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|First foreign minister of Singapore, Rajaratnam argued that [[Regionalism (international relations)|regionalism]] was essential to complement individualistic [[nationalism]]. Rajaratnam warned of the dangers of “[[balkanization]]”, and saw a united Southeast Asia as essential for collective regional resilience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S'pore's founding father S Rajaratnam helped establish ASEAN 50 years ago, here's what he said in 1967 |url=https://mothership.sg/2017/08/spores-founding-father-s-rajaratnam-helped-establish-asean-50-years-ago-heres-what-he-said-in-1967/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=mothership.sg |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Thanat_Khoman_(cropped).jpg|106x106px]]
|[[Thanat Khoman]]
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|Thailand’s foreign minister, Khoman initiated the dialogue that led to ASEAN, first at a banquet that eased regional tensions. He drafted the [[ASEAN Charter|charter]] and hosted “sports-shirt diplomacy” talks at [[Bang Saen Beach|Bang Saen]], laying the groundwork for the Bangkok Declaration.<ref name=":0" />
|}


==Surrounding issues==
==Surrounding issues==
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== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[History of ASEAN]]
* [[ASEAN Charter]]
* [[ASEAN Charter]]
* [[Domino Theory]]
* [[Domino Theory]]

Latest revision as of 20:14, 27 June 2025

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The ASEAN Declaration[1] or Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It was signed in Bangkok on 8 August 1967 by the five ASEAN founding members, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

It states the basic principles of ASEAN: co-operation, amity, and non-interference.[2] The date is now celebrated as ASEAN Day.[3]

One theory suggests ASEAN was formed as a display of solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam and communist insurgency within their own borders. However, there is nothing written in the ASEAN Declaration that actually says this.

Signatories

ASEAN listed the signatories of the ASEAN Declaration as its founding fathers.[4] These individuals are credited with laying the groundwork for ASEAN's principles of regional cooperation, non-interference, and mutual respect, which continue to guide the organization today.[5] These are:

Picture Name Country Description
File:Adam Malik 1970.jpg Adam Malik Template:Country data Indonesia As Indonesia’s Foreign Minister, Malik was instrumental in reversing Indonesia’s Konfrontasi with Malaysia. Malik also contributed significantly to the drafting of the Bangkok Declaration, the tenets of musyawarah (consultation) and mufakat (which evolved to the ASEAN way),[6] and the naming of ASEAN.[7]
File:Secretary Narciso R. Ramos.jpg Narciso R. Ramos Template:Country data Philippines A journalist and member of the Philippine resistance during World War II, Ramos was first to speak at ASEAN’s founding to stress the importance of regional cooperation, citing challenges to the countries of Southeast Asia during uncertain and critical times.[8] He embedded the idea that ASEAN should resolve or dampen internal disputes peacefully, a principle later codified in the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation.[9]
File:Tun Abdul Razak Universiti (4to3).jpg Tun Abdul Razak Template:Country data Malaysia Serving concurrently as Malaysia's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, Tun Abdul Razak steered the association toward non-alignment, formalised that stance in ZOPFAN,[10] pressed for tighter internal machinery, and reframed ASEAN diplomacy to let Southeast Asians, not external patrons, decide the region’s future.[9]
File:ASEAN's Big Five (S. Rajaratnam).jpg S. Rajaratnam Template:Country data Singapore First foreign minister of Singapore, Rajaratnam argued that regionalism was essential to complement individualistic nationalism. Rajaratnam warned of the dangers of “balkanization”, and saw a united Southeast Asia as essential for collective regional resilience.[11]
File:Thanat Khoman (cropped).jpg Thanat Khoman Template:Country data Thailand Thailand’s foreign minister, Khoman initiated the dialogue that led to ASEAN, first at a banquet that eased regional tensions. He drafted the charter and hosted “sports-shirt diplomacy” talks at Bang Saen, laying the groundwork for the Bangkok Declaration.[8]

Surrounding issues

Communism

Prior to the declaration, the five Southeast Asian states struggled to contain communist influence.

At the time, the Filipino government struggled to give amnesty to former Hukbalahap militants, who staged an armed conflict in Luzon during the 1950s that almost led to the collapse of the central government.

Conflict between the Indonesian military and the increasing Indonesian Communist Party apparently come to an end in late 1965 with the transition to the dictatorship of Suharto's "New Order" after the horror of Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 being implemented.[12]

Communism also led to the idea of merging the Federation of Malaya, Sarawak, Singapore, and North Borneo into one entity, which had the intention of eliminating the possibility of Singapore falling into communism. Singapore was expelled from the Federation in 1965 over racial tensions and how the federation should be governed, but remained a capitalist democratic society with close ties with its new neighbors.

Tensions between neighbours

A related matter was the formation of Malaysia. In 1961, Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman announced a proposal to create a new federation called Malaysia. This was opposed by Indonesia and the Philippines because Indonesia believed the new formation was a form of neo-colonialism while the Philippines claimed eastern North Borneo (Sabah) as part of its territory.

To defuse tension, a non-political confederation called Maphilindo was formed. This, however, was not successful due to the perception that Maphilindo was formed to delay or prevent the formation of Malaysia.

Despite opposition, Malaysia was formed in 1963. This led to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The Philippines withdrew diplomatic ties, causing relations to remain sour until the formation of ASEAN.

It is believed by scholars that the formation of ASEAN has prevented hostilities between Southeast Asian states.[13][14]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Globalisation: encyclopaedia of trade, labour, and politics by Ashish K. Vaidya
  14. ↑ The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia 1945-1965, Greg Poulgrain
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