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{{Short description|North Korean monument construction company}}
{{Short description|North Korean monument construction company}}
{{Infobox Korean name
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|context=north
|hangul=^만수대_해외_개발회사
|hangul=만수대해외개발회사
|hanja=萬壽臺海外開發會社
|hanja={{linktext|萬|壽|臺|海|外|開|發|會|社|}}
|lk=Mansudae Overseas Development Company
|rr=Mansudae Haeoe Gaebal Hoesa
|mr=Mansudae Haeoe Kaebal Hoesa
}}
}}


'''Mansudae Overseas Projects''' is a construction company based in [[Jongphyong-dong]], [[Phyongchon District]], [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]].<ref name="NK 2009">{{cite web |last=Dannatt |first=Adrian |title=Art in the DPRK |url= http://www.nkeconwatch.com/category/dprk-organizations/companies/mansudae-overseas-development-group/page/2/|publisher=North Korea Economy Watch |accessdate=10 October 2012 |date=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mansudae Overseas Project Group of Companies |website=[[Naenara]] |archive-date=2005-02-13 |accessdate=2016-05-16 |url=http://www.kcckp.net/en/trade/trade-company.php?6+933 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213003034/http://www.kcckp.net/en/trade/trade-company.php?6%20933 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the international commercial division of the [[Mansudae Art Studio]].<ref name="hermit"/> As of August 2011, it had earned an estimated US$160 million overseas building monuments and memorials. As of 2015, Mansudae projects have been built in 17 countries: Angola, Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Cambodia, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Germany, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Togo and Zimbabwe. The company uses North Korean artists, engineers, and construction workers rather than those of the local artists and workers. Sculptures, monuments, and buildings are in the style of North Korean [[socialist realism]].<ref name="k"/><ref name="millions"/><ref name="b"/><ref name="c"/>
'''Mansudae Overseas Projects''' ({{Korean|만수대해외개발회사}}) is a construction company based in [[Jongphyong-dong]], [[Phyongchon District]], [[Pyongyang]], North Korea.<ref name="NK 2009">{{cite web |last=Dannatt |first=Adrian |title=Art in the DPRK |url=http://www.nkeconwatch.com/category/dprk-organizations/companies/mansudae-overseas-development-group/page/2/ |publisher=North Korea Economy Watch |accessdate=10 October 2012 |date=April 22, 2009 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024223259/http://www.nkeconwatch.com/category/dprk-organizations/companies/mansudae-overseas-development-group/page/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mansudae Overseas Project Group of Companies |website=[[Naenara]] |archive-date=2005-02-13 |accessdate=2016-05-16 |url=http://www.kcckp.net/en/trade/trade-company.php?6+933 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213003034/http://www.kcckp.net/en/trade/trade-company.php?6%20933 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the international commercial division of the [[Mansudae Art Studio]]. As of August 2011, it had earned an estimated US$160 million overseas building monuments and memorials. As of 2015, Mansudae projects have been built in 17 countries: Angola, Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Cambodia, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Germany, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Togo and Zimbabwe. The company uses North Korean artists, engineers, and construction workers rather than those of the local artists and workers. Sculptures, monuments, and buildings are in the style of North Korean [[socialist realism]].<ref name="k">{{cite book | last = Kirkwood | first = Meghan L. E. | title = A companion to modern African Art | publisher = Wiley Blackwell | location = Chichester, West Sussex | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781444338379 | chapter = Postindependence Architecture through North Korean Modes: Namibian Commissions of the Mansudae Overseas Project}}</ref><ref name="millions">{{cite web |last=Winn |first=Patrick |title=North Korea propaganda unit builds monuments abroad |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/south-korea/110802/north-korea-cambodia-propaganda-angkor-wat |publisher=Global Post |accessdate=11 October 2012 |date=August 3, 2011 |archive-date=16 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016211348/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/south-korea/110802/north-korea-cambodia-propaganda-angkor-wat |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite journal |title=Hollow Monuments |journal=Art Asia Pacific |date=2011 |last=Baecker |first=Angie |issue=72 |url=http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/72/HollowMonuments |accessdate=2016-02-05 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122054/http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/72/HollowMonuments |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="c">{{cite journal |title=All Official Portraiture of North Korea's Reigning Kim Family Is Made By Mansudae Art Studio |journal=Colors |year=2013 |issue=87 |url=http://www.colorsmagazine.com/stories/magazine/87/story/all-official-portraiture-of-north-koreas-reigning-kim-family-is-made-by-man |accessdate=2016-09-18 |archive-date=2015-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210192352/http://www.colorsmagazine.com/stories/magazine/87/story/all-official-portraiture-of-north-koreas-reigning-kim-family-is-made-by-man |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Notable works==
==Notable works==
===Angola===
[[File:Monument de la Renaissance africaine (cropped).JPG|thumb|The [[African Renaissance Monument]] in Dakar, Senegal]]
Mansudae Overseas Projects constructed the President Agostinho Neto Cultural Centre in [[Luanda]], [[Angola]].<ref name="Angolan 2012">{{cite web |title=Agostinho Neto Mausoleum |url=http://www.angolamarket.com/index.php?page=view/article/83/Agostinho-Neto-Mausoleum |publisher=The Angolan Market |accessdate=11 October 2012 |date=May 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081806/http://www.angolamarket.com/index.php?page=view%2Farticle%2F83%2FAgostinho-Neto-Mausoleum |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Construction>{{cite web |title=Kim Yong Nam Visits Angolan Cultural Center under Construction |url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2008/200803/news03/27.htm |publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |accessdate=11 October 2012 |date=March 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817135206/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2008/200803/news03/27.htm |archivedate=17 August 2011 }}</ref>
Mansudae Overseas Projects is responsible for various monuments across Africa. They constructed the President Agostinho Neto Cultural Centre in [[Luanda]], [[Angola]],<ref name="Angolan 2012">{{cite web |title=Agostinho Neto Mausoleum |url=http://www.angolamarket.com/index.php?page=view/article/83/Agostinho-Neto-Mausoleum |publisher=The Angolan Market |accessdate=11 October 2012 |date=May 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081806/http://www.angolamarket.com/index.php?page=view%2Farticle%2F83%2FAgostinho-Neto-Mausoleum |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Construction">{{cite web |title=Kim Yong Nam Visits Angolan Cultural Center under Construction |url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2008/200803/news03/27.htm |publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |accessdate=11 October 2012 |date=March 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817135206/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2008/200803/news03/27.htm |archivedate=17 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="CBS" /> a statue of [[Béhanzin]] in [[Benin]],<ref name="amy">{{cite web |last=Niang |first=Amy |title=African Renaissance, reloaded: the old man, the behemoth and the impossible legacy |url=https://wits.academia.edu/AmyNiang/Papers/159370/African_Renaissance_reloaded_the_old_man_the_behemoth_and_the_impossible_legacy |accessdate=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070421/http://wits.academia.edu/AmyNiang/Papers/159370/African_Renaissance_reloaded_the_old_man_the_behemoth_and_the_impossible_legacy |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CBS" /> the [[Three Dikgosi Monument]] in [[Botswana]],<ref name="amy" /><ref name="CBS" /> a statue of [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]],<ref name="amy" /><ref name="CBS" /> the [[Tiglachin Monument]] in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]],<ref name="CBS" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Pearson |first=James |date=2016-12-01 |title=U.N. decapitates North Korea's statue export business |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-un-statues-idUSKBN13Q4Z8 |access-date=2021-05-13 |work=[[Reuters]] |location= |archive-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113192333/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-un-statues-idUSKBN13Q4Z8 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Samora Machel Statue]] in [[Maputo]], [[Mozambique]],<ref name="CBS" /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.colorsmagazine.com/stories/magazine/87/story/all-official-portraiture-of-north-koreas-reigning-kim-family-is-made-by-man | title = All Official Portraiture of North Korea's Reigning Kim Family Is Made by Mansudae Art Studio | year = 2015 | publisher = COLORS Magazine | location = Catena di Villorba (TV), Italy | accessdate = 2 February 2016 | archive-date = 10 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151210192352/http://www.colorsmagazine.com/stories/magazine/87/story/all-official-portraiture-of-north-koreas-reigning-kim-family-is-made-by-man | url-status = live }}</ref> and four public works in [[Namibia]]: the ''[[Heroes' Acre (Namibia)|Heroes' Acre]]'' (inaugurated August 2002), the [[Okahandja Military Museum]] (inaugurated 2004), the [[State House of Namibia]] (inaugurated 2008), and the [[Independence Memorial Museum (Namibia)|Independence Memorial Museum]] (inaugurated 2014).<ref name="k" />  


===Benin===
In [[Senegal]], the company built the [[African Renaissance Monument]].<ref name="amy" /><ref name="CBS" /> Mansudae Overseas Project also constructed the [[National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)|National Heroes' Acre]] in [[Zimbabwe]],<ref name="CBS" /> which closely mirrors the design of the [[Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery]] in [[Taesong-guyŏk]].<ref name="k" /> Also in ZImbabwe, the [[statue of Joshua Nkomo]] was constructed by the company.<ref name="CBS">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-16 |title=North Korea builds monuments around the world |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/north-korea-mansudae-art-studio-monuments-around-the-world/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625101856/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/north-korea-mansudae-art-studio-monuments-around-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Gbehanzin.jpg|thumb|Statue of Béhanzin in Benin]]
In Benin, the company has built a statue of [[Béhanzin]].<ref name="amy"/>


===Botswana===
In [[Cambodia]], the [[Angkor Panorama Museum]] was built next to the temples of [[Angkor]]. The museum was operated jointly by [[APSARA]] and Mansudae, with about half of 40 staff members being from North Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/pohjois-korean_tuorein_tulonlahde__taidekauppaa_angkorin_raunioilla/8710536|title=Pohjois-Korean tuorein tulonlähde – taidekauppaa Angkorin raunioilla|last=Mäkeläinen|first=Mika|website=[[YLE]]|language=Finnish|date=2 April 2016|access-date=2 April 2016|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406014832/http://yle.fi/uutiset/pohjois-korean_tuorein_tulonlahde__taidekauppaa_angkorin_raunioilla/8710536|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the museum was closed indefinitely due to international sanctions.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sung-mi|last=Ahn|date=2020-01-05|title=NK museum in Cambodia closes as workers repatriated|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200105000197|access-date=2021-10-20|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020042030/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200105000197|url-status=live}}</ref>
In Botswana, it constructed the [[Three Dikgosi Monument]], also called the Three Chiefs monument.<ref name="amy"/>


===Cambodia===
Mansudae also worked on the reconstruction of the {{ill|Fairy Tale Fountain, Frankfurt|de|Frankfurter Märchenbrunnen|lt=Fairy Tale Fountain}} in [[Frankfurt]], Germany, an art nouveau relic from 1910 that had been melted down for its metal during World War II. Germany is the only western nation to have a North Korean-built structure.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-06/mansudae-art-studio-north-koreas-colossal-monument-factory|title = Mansudae Art Studio, North Korea's Colossal Monument Factory|last = Winter|first = Caroline|newspaper = Bloomberg|date = 6 June 2013|access-date = 2016-03-18|archive-date = 2019-04-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190413234410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-06/mansudae-art-studio-north-koreas-colossal-monument-factory|url-status = live}}</ref>
[[Angkor Panorama Museum]] was built next to the [[Angkor|Angkor temples]]. The museum is operated jointly by [[APSARA]] and Mansudae. About half of 40 staff members are from North Korea. Unlike the earlier Mansudae's projects abroad, this time North Korea is attempting to make money by complementary sales of tickets and art. {{As of|April 2016}} the museum is projected to be completely handed over to Cambodians in twenty years, unless North Korean profits stay low, and the time needs to be extended. The number of visitors to the museum have been meager so far. However, Cambodian deputy director of the museum stated in an interview that in the present day it is very hard to make money with museums, and he remarked that marketing of the museum has not yet started.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/pohjois-korean_tuorein_tulonlahde__taidekauppaa_angkorin_raunioilla/8710536|title=Pohjois-Korean tuorein tulonlähde – taidekauppaa Angkorin raunioilla|last=Mäkeläinen|first=Mika|website=[[YLE]]|language=Finnish|date=2 April 2016|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> As of January 2020, the museum has been shuttered indefinitely due to international sanctions compliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sung-mi|first=Ahn|date=2020-01-05|title=NK museum in Cambodia closes as workers repatriated|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200105000197|access-date=2021-10-20|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|language=en}}</ref>
 
===Democratic Republic of the Congo===
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it has built a statue of [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]].<ref name="amy"/>
 
===Ethiopia===
The [[Tiglachin Monument]], also known as the Derg Monument, is a {{convert|50|m|ft|sigfig=2|adj=mid|-tall}} pillar erected in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] was donated by North Korea in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Pearson |title= U.N. decapitates North Korea's statue export business |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-un-statues-idUSKBN13Q4Z8 |work=[[Reuters]] |location= |date= 2016-12-01|access-date= 2021-05-13}}</ref> The monument has fallen into neglect.
 
===Germany===
Reconstruction of Frankfurt’s {{ill|Fairy Tale Fountain, Frankfurt|de|Frankfurter Märchenbrunnen|lt=Fairy Tale Fountain}}, an art nouveau relic from 1910 that had been melted down for its metal during World War II. Germany is the only western nation to have a North Korean-built structure.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-06/mansudae-art-studio-north-koreas-colossal-monument-factory|title = Mansudae Art Studio, North Korea's Colossal Monument Factory|last = Winter|first = Caroline|newspaper = Bloomberg| date=6 June 2013 |access-date = 2016-03-18}}</ref>
 
===Mozambique===
In [[Mozambique]], Mansudae Overseas Projects constructed the [[Samora Machel Statue]] in Independence Square, [[Maputo]] in 2011.
 
===Namibia===
[[File:Independence Memorial Museum.jpg|thumb|Independence Memorial Museum (Windhoek)]]
[[Namibia]] is the only country to have commissioned four public works by Mansudae Overseas Projects.<ref name="k"/>
 
*''[[Heroes' Acre (Namibia)|Heroes' Acre]]'' (inaugurated August 2002) with a statue of the unknown soldier near [[Windhoek]], Namibia.<ref name="amy"/>
*[[Okahandja Military Museum]] (inaugurated 2004, closed to the public), located in [[Okahandja]], {{convert|70|km|mi}} north of Windhoek
*The New [[State House of Namibia]] (inaugurated 2008) on a 40.4 ha site in Windhoek.<ref name="all"/><ref name="battle 2012"/>
*[[Independence Memorial Museum (Namibia)|Independence Memorial Museum]] (inaugurated 2014), central Windhoek.<ref name="k"/>
 
===Senegal===
[[File:Monument de la Renaissance africaine (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|The [[African Renaissance Monument]] in Dakar, Senegal]]
In [[Senegal]], the company built the [[African Renaissance Monument]].<ref name="amy"/>
 
===Togo===
[[File:1974Togocrashsite.jpg|thumb|Memorial of the 1974 Togo plane crash, with the Eyadéma statue in the center]]
In the north of [[Togo]], there is a large statue of the late president [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]], constructed by Mansudae. The statue was erected close to the village of Sara-Kawa, where Eyadéma was famously the sole survivor of [[1974 Togo presidential C-47 crash|a plane crash in January 1974]], and is part of a broader memorial to the victims of the crash.
 
===Zimbabwe===
[[National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)|National Heroes' Acre]] is a {{convert|57|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}} burial ground and national monument in [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]. Work began on the site in 1981 and used by Zimbabwean and North Korean workers. It closely mirrors the design of the [[Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery]] in [[Taesong-guyŏk]], just outside [[Pyongyang]], North Korea.<ref name="k"/>
 
The ''[[Joshua Nkomo Statue]]'' was constructed in 2010 in [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]].


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist}}
 
<ref name="all">[http://allafrica.com/stories/200803200334.html New State House for New Nation] in AllAfrica.com via New Era, 20 March 2008. {{registration required}}</ref>
 
<ref name="amy">{{cite web |last=Niang |first=Amy |title=African Renaissance, reloaded: the old man, the behemoth and the impossible legacy |url=https://wits.academia.edu/AmyNiang/Papers/159370/African_Renaissance_reloaded_the_old_man_the_behemoth_and_the_impossible_legacy |accessdate=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070421/http://wits.academia.edu/AmyNiang/Papers/159370/African_Renaissance_reloaded_the_old_man_the_behemoth_and_the_impossible_legacy |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
<ref name="b">{{cite journal |title=Hollow Monuments |journal=Art Asia Pacific |date=2011 |last=Baecker |first=Angie |issue=72 |url=http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/72/HollowMonuments |accessdate=2016-02-05 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122054/http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/72/HollowMonuments |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
<ref name="battle 2012">{{cite web |last=MENGES |first=WERNER |title=Heroes' monument losing battle |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=17897&no_cache=1 |publisher=The Namibian |accessdate=11 October 2012 |date=June 5, 2005}}</ref>
 
<ref name="c">{{cite journal |title=All Official Portraiture of North Korea's Reigning Kim Family Is Made By Mansudae Art Studio |journal=Colors |year=2013 |issue=87 |url=http://www.colorsmagazine.com/stories/magazine/87/story/all-official-portraiture-of-north-koreas-reigning-kim-family-is-made-by-man |accessdate=2016-09-18 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="hermit">Pier Luigi Cecioni and Eugenio Cecioni, [http://www.mansudaeartstudio.com/downloads/en/the_mansudae_art_studio.pdf "The Mansudae Art Studio]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, from ''The Hermit Country'', published by Petra, Padua/Empoli, Italy, May 2007</ref>
 
<ref name="k">{{cite book | last = Kirkwood | first = Meghan L. E. | title = A companion to modern African Art | publisher = Wiley Blackwell | location = Chichester, West Sussex | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781444338379 | chapter = Postindependence Architecture through North Korean Modes: Namibian Commissions of the Mansudae Overseas Project}}</ref>
 
<ref name="millions">{{cite web |last=Winn |first=Patrick |title=North Korea propaganda unit builds monuments abroad |url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/south-korea/110802/north-korea-cambodia-propaganda-angkor-wat |publisher=Global Post |accessdate=11 October 2012 |date=August 3, 2011}}</ref>
 
}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
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[[Category:Mansudae Overseas Projects| ]]
[[Category:Mansudae Overseas Projects| ]]
[[Category:Architecture in Namibia]]
[[Category:Architecture in Namibia]]
[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of North Korea]]
[[Category:Architecture in North Korea]]
[[Category:Socialist realism]]

Latest revision as of 13:35, 28 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Infobox Korean name/auto

Mansudae Overseas Projects (Korean: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler) is a construction company based in Jongphyong-dong, Phyongchon District, Pyongyang, North Korea.[1][2] It is the international commercial division of the Mansudae Art Studio. As of August 2011, it had earned an estimated US$160 million overseas building monuments and memorials. As of 2015, Mansudae projects have been built in 17 countries: Angola, Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Cambodia, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Germany, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, Togo and Zimbabwe. The company uses North Korean artists, engineers, and construction workers rather than those of the local artists and workers. Sculptures, monuments, and buildings are in the style of North Korean socialist realism.[3][4][5][6]

Notable works

File:Monument de la Renaissance africaine (cropped).JPG
The African Renaissance Monument in Dakar, Senegal

Mansudae Overseas Projects is responsible for various monuments across Africa. They constructed the President Agostinho Neto Cultural Centre in Luanda, Angola,[7][8][9] a statue of Béhanzin in Benin,[10][9] the Three Dikgosi Monument in Botswana,[10][9] a statue of Laurent-Désiré Kabila in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[10][9] the Tiglachin Monument in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,[9][11] the Samora Machel Statue in Maputo, Mozambique,[9][12] and four public works in Namibia: the Heroes' Acre (inaugurated August 2002), the Okahandja Military Museum (inaugurated 2004), the State House of Namibia (inaugurated 2008), and the Independence Memorial Museum (inaugurated 2014).[3]

In Senegal, the company built the African Renaissance Monument.[10][9] Mansudae Overseas Project also constructed the National Heroes' Acre in Zimbabwe,[9] which closely mirrors the design of the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery in Taesong-guyŏk.[3] Also in ZImbabwe, the statue of Joshua Nkomo was constructed by the company.[9]

In Cambodia, the Angkor Panorama Museum was built next to the temples of Angkor. The museum was operated jointly by APSARA and Mansudae, with about half of 40 staff members being from North Korea.[13] In 2020, the museum was closed indefinitely due to international sanctions.[14]

Mansudae also worked on the reconstruction of the Template:Ill in Frankfurt, Germany, an art nouveau relic from 1910 that had been melted down for its metal during World War II. Germany is the only western nation to have a North Korean-built structure.[15]

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Script error: No such module "Portal". Template:Sister project

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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