Glycosphingolipid: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Sphingosine structure.svg|thumb|[[Sphingosine]]]]{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}} | [[Image:Sphingosine structure.svg|thumb|[[Sphingosine]]]]{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}} | ||
'''Glycosphingolipids''' are a subtype of [[glycolipids]] containing the [[amino alcohol]] [[sphingosine]]. They may be considered as [[sphingolipid]]s with an attached [[carbohydrate]]. Glycosphingolipids are a group of [[lipid]]s (more specifically, [[sphingolipid]]s) and are a part of the [[cell membrane]]. They consist of a hydrophobic [[ceramide]] part and a [[glycosidic bond|glycosidically bound]] | '''Glycosphingolipids''' are a subtype of [[glycolipids]] containing the [[amino alcohol]] [[sphingosine]]. They may be considered as [[sphingolipid]]s with an attached [[carbohydrate]]. Glycosphingolipids are a group of [[lipid]]s (more specifically, [[sphingolipid]]s) and are a part of the [[cell membrane]]. They consist of a hydrophobic [[ceramide]] part and a [[glycosidic bond|glycosidically bound]] carbohydrate part. This [[oligosaccharide]] content remains on the outside of the cell membrane where it is important for biological processes such as cell adhesion or [[cell–cell interaction]]s. Glycosphingolipids also play an important role in [[oncogenesis]] and [[ontogenesis]]. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
In general, glycosphingolipids can be categorized into two groups: neutral glycosphingolipids (also called glycosphingolipids) and negatively charged glycosphingolipids. The latter can be distinguished again by means of the charge carrier | In general, glycosphingolipids can be categorized into two groups: neutral glycosphingolipids (also called glycosphingolipids) and negatively charged glycosphingolipids. The latter can be distinguished again by means of the charge carrier: [[Ganglioside|gangliosides]], which have [[Sialic acid|sialic acids]]; and [[Sulfatide|sulfatides]], which have a [[Sulfate|sulfate group]]. The structural similarity of most glycolipids is the so-called [[lactosylceramide]], that is, a lactose disaccharide that is glycosidically bound to a ceramide. Larger structures are subdivided into different groups by the sequence and configuration of the sugars, the four most common being globo-, lacto-, neoLacto- and gangliose. | ||
Glycosphingolipids include:<ref>{{cite book |title=Sphingolipids as signaling and regulatory molecules |author1=Charles Chalfant|author2-link=Maurizio Del Poeta|author2=Maurizio Del Poeta |publisher=Springer |edition=1st |year=2010 |isbn=1-4419-6740-0}}</ref> | Glycosphingolipids include:<ref>{{cite book |title=Sphingolipids as signaling and regulatory molecules |author1=Charles Chalfant|author2-link=Maurizio Del Poeta|author2=Maurizio Del Poeta |publisher=Springer |edition=1st |year=2010 |isbn=1-4419-6740-0}}</ref> | ||
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== Occurrence and function == | == Occurrence and function == | ||
Gangliosides are mainly found in the cell membranes of the central nervous system, where their carbohydrate group is responsible for the interaction between individual cells and for signaling. However, gangliosides are also found in other cells. Sialic acids are, for example, part of the so-called [[sialyl-Lewis-x]] structure, a tetrasaccharide, which is important for various signal transduction processes. Neutral glycosphingolipids are also important, for example as [[blood type]] antigens. | Gangliosides are mainly found in the cell membranes of the [[central nervous system]], where their carbohydrate group is responsible for the interaction between individual cells and for signaling. However, gangliosides are also found in other cells. Sialic acids are, for example, part of the so-called [[sialyl-Lewis-x]] structure, a tetrasaccharide, which is important for various signal transduction processes. Neutral glycosphingolipids are also important, for example as [[blood type]] antigens. | ||
Inheritable enzyme defects can lead to disruption in degradation and therefore to accumulation of glycolipids in various organs. In the case of [[cerebrirosis]], this affects the cerebrosides (examples are [[Gaucher's disease]] and [[Krabbe's disease]]); in the case of [[gangliosides]], it affects the gangliosidoses (e.g. [[Tay–Sachs disease]]). | Inheritable enzyme defects can lead to disruption in degradation and therefore to accumulation of glycolipids in various organs. In the case of [[cerebrirosis]], this affects the cerebrosides (examples are [[Gaucher's disease]] and [[Krabbe's disease]]); in the case of [[gangliosides]], it affects the gangliosidoses (e.g. [[Tay–Sachs disease]]). | ||
Latest revision as of 07:28, 27 June 2025
Template:More citations needed
Glycosphingolipids are a subtype of glycolipids containing the amino alcohol sphingosine. They may be considered as sphingolipids with an attached carbohydrate. Glycosphingolipids are a group of lipids (more specifically, sphingolipids) and are a part of the cell membrane. They consist of a hydrophobic ceramide part and a glycosidically bound carbohydrate part. This oligosaccharide content remains on the outside of the cell membrane where it is important for biological processes such as cell adhesion or cell–cell interactions. Glycosphingolipids also play an important role in oncogenesis and ontogenesis.
Classification
In general, glycosphingolipids can be categorized into two groups: neutral glycosphingolipids (also called glycosphingolipids) and negatively charged glycosphingolipids. The latter can be distinguished again by means of the charge carrier: gangliosides, which have sialic acids; and sulfatides, which have a sulfate group. The structural similarity of most glycolipids is the so-called lactosylceramide, that is, a lactose disaccharide that is glycosidically bound to a ceramide. Larger structures are subdivided into different groups by the sequence and configuration of the sugars, the four most common being globo-, lacto-, neoLacto- and gangliose.
Glycosphingolipids include:[1]
Occurrence and function
Gangliosides are mainly found in the cell membranes of the central nervous system, where their carbohydrate group is responsible for the interaction between individual cells and for signaling. However, gangliosides are also found in other cells. Sialic acids are, for example, part of the so-called sialyl-Lewis-x structure, a tetrasaccharide, which is important for various signal transduction processes. Neutral glycosphingolipids are also important, for example as blood type antigens.
Inheritable enzyme defects can lead to disruption in degradation and therefore to accumulation of glycolipids in various organs. In the case of cerebrirosis, this affects the cerebrosides (examples are Gaucher's disease and Krabbe's disease); in the case of gangliosides, it affects the gangliosidoses (e.g. Tay–Sachs disease).
See also
References
External links
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