Karafuto Prefecture

, was established by the Empire of Japan in 1907 to govern the southern part of Sakhalin. This territory became part of the Empire of Japan in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War, when the portion of Sakhalin south of 50°N was ceded by the Russian Empire under the Treaty of Portsmouth.

Karafuto Prefecture was established in 1907 to govern Karafuto, which was part of Japan's External Land (Gaichi), until it was incorporated into an Inner Land (Naichi) of the Japanese metropole in April 1943. Ōtomari (Korsakov) was the capital of Karafuto from 1905 to 1908 and Toyohara (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) from 1908 to 1945.

In August 1945, the Japanese administration ceased to function following the invasion of South Sakhalin by the Soviet Union. Karafuto Prefecture was annexed to the Soviet Union, although it continued to exist under Japanese law until it was formally abolished by Japan in June 1949.

Name

The Japanese name Karafuto purportedly comes from Ainu (), which means Template:Gloss.Template:Not verified in body It was formerly known as Kita Ezo, meaning Northern Ezo (Ezo was the former name for Hokkaido). When Japan governed the southern part of the island, they referred to it as Minami Karafuto (, South Karafuto) or simply Karafuto (). The northern part of the island was called Kita Karafuto (, North Karafuto) or simply Sagaren ().

In Russian, the entire island was named Sakhalin or Saghalien. It is from Manchu sahaliyan ula angga hada, meaning "peak of the mouth of Amur River". The southern part was simply called Yuzhny Sakhalin ("South Sakhalin"). In Korean, the name is Sahallin or Hwataedo, with the latter name in use during Korea under Japanese rule.

History

File:Karafuto map.png

Map of Sakhalin with parallels showing the division at the 50th parallel north with the Karafuto Prefecture highlighted in red

File:Karafuto Prefectural Office.JPG

The Karafuto Prefectural Office in Toyohara

Japanese settlement on Sakhalin dates to at least the Edo period. Ōtomari was established in 1679, and cartographers of the Matsumae domain mapped the island, and named it "Kita-Ezo". Japanese cartographer and explorer Mamiya Rinzō established that Sakhalin was an island through his discovery of what is now named Mamiya Strait (Strait of Tartary) in 1809. Japan unilaterally proclaimed sovereignty over the whole island in 1845.

The 1855 Treaty of Shimoda acknowledged that both the Russian Empire and Japan had joint rights of occupation to Sakhalin, without setting a definite territorial demarcation. As the island became settled in the 1860s and 1870s, this ambiguity led to increasing friction between settlers. Attempts by the Tokugawa shogunate to purchase the entire island from the Russian Empire failed, and the new Meiji government was unable to negotiate a partition of the island into separate territories. In the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875), Japan agreed to give up its claims on Sakhalin in exchange for undisputed ownership of the Kuril Islands.

Japan invaded Sakhalin in the final stages of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, but per the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth was allowed to retain only the southern portion of the island below the 50° N parallel. Russia retained the northern portion, although the Japanese were awarded favorable commercial rights, including fishing and mineral extraction rights in the north. In 1907, Karafuto Prefecture was officially established, with the capital at Ōtomari. In 1908, the capital was relocated to Toyohara.

In 1920, Karafuto was officially designated an external territory of Japan, and its administration and development came under the aegis of the Ministry of Colonial Affairs. Following the Nikolaevsk Incident in 1920, Japan briefly seized the northern half of Sakhalin, and occupied it until the establishment of formal diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1925; however, Japan continued to maintain petroleum and coal concessions in northern Sakhalin until 1944. In 1943, the status of Karafuto was upgraded to that of an "inner land", making it an integral part of the Empire of Japan.

As Japan was extending its influence over East Asia and the Pacific through the establishment of a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, the Imperial Japanese Army as part of its offensive contingency plans to invade the Soviet Union if it either became involved in the Pacific War or collapsed due to the ongoing German invasion, proposed the annexation of the remaining northern half of Sakhalin to Japan.

Soviet invasion

In August 1945, after repudiating the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, and according to the signed agreements of Yalta, in which Stalin pledged that the Soviet Union would enter the Pacific War three months after the defeat of Germany, the Soviet Union invaded Karafuto. The Soviet attack started on 11 August 1945, three days before the surrender of Japan. The Soviet 56th Rifle Corps, part of the 16th Army, consisting of the 79th Rifle Division, the 2nd Rifle Brigade, the 5th Rifle Brigade and the 214 Armored Brigade, attacked the Japanese 88th Infantry Division. Although the Soviet Red Army outnumbered the Japanese by three to one, they advanced only slowly due to strong Japanese resistance. It was not until the 113th Rifle Brigade and the 365th Independent Naval Infantry Rifle Battalion from Sovetskaya Gavan landed in Tōro, a seashore village in western Karafuto, on 16 August that the Soviets broke the Japanese defense line. Japanese resistance grew weaker after this landing. Actual fighting continued until 21 August. Between 22 and 23 August, most remaining Japanese units agreed to a ceasefire. The Soviets completed the conquest of Karafuto on 25 August 1945, by occupying the capital of Toyohara.

Post-war

File:Border Security of the 50th parallel of north.JPG

A Japanese soldier at the border between the Karafuto Prefecture and Soviet Sakhalin

There were over 400,000 people living in Karafuto when the Soviet offensive began in early August 1945. Most were of Japanese or Korean extraction, though there was also a small White Russian community as well as some Ainu indigenous tribes. By the time of the ceasefire, approximately 100,000 civilians had managed to escape to Hokkaido. The military government established by the Soviet Army banned the local press, confiscated cars and radio sets and imposed a curfew. Local managers and bureaucrats were made to aid Russian authorities in the process of reconstruction, before being deported to labor camps, either on North Sakhalin or in Siberia. In schools, courses in Marxism–Leninism were introduced, and Japanese children were obliged to sing songs in praise of Stalin.

Step by step Karafuto lost its Japanese identity. Sakhalin Oblast was created in February 1946, and by March all towns, villages and streets were given Russian names. More and more colonists began to arrive from mainland Russia, with whom the Japanese were obliged to share the limited stock of housing. In October 1946 the Soviets began to repatriate all remaining Japanese. By 1950 most had been sent, willing or not, to Hokkaido. They had to leave all of their possessions behind, including any currency, Russian or Japanese. Today some keep alive the memory of their former home in the meetings of the Karafuto Renmei, an association for former Karafuto residents.

In 1945, with the defeat of Japan in World War II, the Japanese administration in Karafuto ceased to function. The Japanese government formally abolished Karafuto Prefecture as a legal entity on 1 June 1949. In 1951, at the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan renounced its rights to Sakhalin, but did not formally acknowledge Soviet sovereignty over it. Since that time, no final peace treaty has been signed between Japan and Russia, and the status of the neighboring Kuril Islands remains disputed.

Demographics

Ethnic groups

• Japanese
• Korean
• Ainu
• Orok
• Nivkh

Census

The Results Report of the Shōwa 10 (1935) National Census
Karafuto Chapter

Population by civil registration and nationality

	Population
Total	331,943
Naichi	320,689
Indigenous	1,949
Gaichi	8,842
Korea	8,841
Taiwan	1
Foreigner	463
Manchukuo	11
Republic of China	194
Former Russia Template:Efn	201
Germany	7
Poland	50

The population by region of Naich people

Region	Population
Karafuto	100,853
Hokkaido	86,376
Tōhoku	76,698
Others	53,762
Total	320,689

Population of Naichi, Indigenous, Gaichi people, and foreigners by subprefecture

Subprefecture	Population
	Naichi	Indigenous	Gaichi	Foreigner	Total
Toyohara	64,787	276	694	101	65,858
Ōtomari	61,366	140	300	121	61,927
Honto	22,932	19	251	21	23,223
Maoka	48,353	447	385	16	49,201
Tomarioru	56,928	412	3,601	90	61,031
Motodomari	25,327	33	1,147	37	26,544
Shikuka	40,996	622	2,464	77	44,159
Total	320,689	1,949	8,842	463	331,943

The population of indigenous ethnic groups by subprefecture

Subprefecture	Population
	Ainu	Orok	Nivkh	Evenki	Ulch	Yakut	Total
Toyohara	276	0	0	0	0	0	276
Ōtomari	138	0	0	2	0	0	140
Honto	19	0	0	0	0	0	19
Maoka	447	0	0	0	0	0	447
Tomarioru	412	0	0	0	0	0	412
Motodomari	32	1	0	0	0	0	33
Shikuka	180	299	110	22	9	2	622
Total	1,504	300	110	24	9	2	1,949

Economy

File:Japanese SL D51-22.jpg

This Japanese D51 steam locomotive stands outside the present day Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Railway Station, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. They were used by the Soviet Railways until 1979.

The pre-war economy of Karafuto was based on fishing, forestry and agriculture, together with extraction of coal and petroleum. In terms of industry, the paper industry and the charcoal production industry was well developed. Pulp for rayon production in Honshu was predominately sourced from Karafuto. The territory suffered from a labor shortage through most of its history, and tax incentives were provided to encourage immigration. Indigenous Nivkh and Oroks worked in Japanese-run fisheries and a synthetic textile plant near the Russian border. For the construction of the Toyohara-Maoka line, bonded labor was put to use, including Chinese contract laborers. By the end of the 1920s, these laborers would be replaced with Koreans. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, their population would increase substantially.

An extensive railway network was constructed in Karafuto to support the extraction of natural resources. The maintained 682.6 kilometers of track in four main lines and an additional 58.2 kilometers of track.

Government

Karafuto was administered from the central government in Tokyo as the under the of the Home Ministry. The Colonization Bureau became the in 1923 at which time Karafuto was officially designated an overseas territory of the Empire of Japan.

When the Ministry of Colonial Affairs was absorbed into the new Ministry of Greater East Asia in 1942, the administration of Karafuto was separated, and Karafuto became an integral part of the Japanese archipelago.

Directors of the Karafuto Agency

No.	Picture	Name	Took office	Left office
1	File:Kumagai Kiichiro.jpg	Kiichirō Kumagai	28 July 1905	31 March 1907
2	File:Kusunose Yukihiko ca.1913.jpg	Kusunose Yukihiko	1 April 1907	24 April 1908
3	File:TOKONAMI Takejiro.jpg	Tokonami Takejirō	24 April 1908	12 June 1908
4	File:Hiraoka Teitarou.jpg	Sadatarō Hiraoka	12 June 1908	5 June 1914
5	File:Okada Bunji.jpg	Bunji Okada	5 June 1914	9 October 1916
6	File:Sakaya Akira.jpg	Akira Sakaya (First term)	13 October 1916	17 April 1919
7	File:Nagai Kinjiro.jpg	Kinjirō Nagai	17 April 1919	11 June 1924
	File:Sakaya Akira.jpg	Akira Sakaya (Second term)	11 June 1924	5 August 1926
8	File:Toyoda Katsuzo.jpg	Katsuzō Toyota	5 August 1926	27 July 1927
9	File:Koji kita.jpg	Template:Ill	27 July 1927	9 July 1929
10	File:Agata Shinobu.jpg	Shinobu Agata	9 July 1929	17 December 1931
11	File:Kishimoto Masao.jpg	Masao Kishimoto	17 December 1931	5 July 1932
12	File:Imamura Takeshi1937.jpg	Takeshi Imamura	5 July 1932	7 May 1938
13	File:Munesue Shun-ichi.jpg	Template:Ill	7 May 1938	9 April 1940
14	File:Ogawa Masanori.jpg	Masayoshi Ogawa	9 April 1940	1 July 1943
15	File:Otsu Toshio.jpg	Toshio Ōtsu	1 July 1943	11 November 1947

Political divisions

File:Subprefectures of Karafuto Prefecture.png

Karafuto Prefecture with 4 subprefectures, namely Toyohara, Maoka, Esutoru and Shikuka. Toyohara City was also a part of Toyohara Subprefecture.

As of 1945, Karafuto was divided into four subprefectures, which in turn were subdivided into 11 districts, in turn divided into 41 municipalities (one city, 13 towns, and 27 villages).

Karafuto's largest city was Toyohara, while other major cities included Esutoru in the north central and Maoka in the south central region.

The list below are the towns and the city of the prefecture. These in italics are the corresponding current Russian names.

Esutoru Subprefecture ()

• Towns
  • Chinnai (, Krasnogorsk)
  • Esutoru (, Uglegorsk)
  • Nayoshi (, Lesogorskoye)
  • Tōro (, Shakhtyorsk)
• Villages
  • Nishisakutan (, Boshnyakovo)
  • Ushiro (, Orlovo)

Maoka Subprefecture ()

• Towns
  • Honto (, Nevelsk)
  • Maoka (, Kholmsk)
  • Naihoro (, Gornozavodsk)
  • Noda (, Chekhov)
  • Tomarioru (, Tomari)
• Villages
  • Kusyunnai (, Ilyinskoe)
  • Nayori (, Penzenskoe)
  • Konotoro (, Kostromskoe)
  • Randomari (, Yabrochnoye)
  • Hirochi (, Pravda)
  • Kounin (, Shebunino)
  • Kaiba (, Moneron Island)

Shikuka Subprefecture ()

• Towns
  • Shirutoru (, Makarov)
  • Shikuka, Shisuka (, Poronaysk)
• Villages
  • Chirie ()
  • Nairo (, Gastello)
  • Tomarikishi (, Vakhrushev)
  • Motodomari (, Vostochnoye)
  • Hoyori (, Pugachovo)

Toyohara Subprefecture ()

• City
  • Toyohara (, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
• Towns
  • Ochiai (, Dolinsk)
  • Ōtomari (, Korsakov)
  • Rūtaka (, Aniva)
• Villages
  • Shiranui (, Arsentyevka)
  • Sakaehama (, Starodubskoe)
  • Kawakami (, Sinegorsk)
  • Toyokita (, Novo-Aleksandrovsk)
  • Chitose (, Solovyovka)
  • Fukami (, Prigorodnoe)
  • Tonnai (, Okhotskoe)
  • Nagahama (, Utesnoye)
  • Tōbuchi (, Muravyevo)
  • Shiretoko (, Novikovo)

See also

• Karafuto Fortress
• Apostolic Prefecture of Yuzhno Sakhalinsk
• Karafuto Shrine
• Nishikubo Shrine
• Sakhalin Ainu language
• Sakhalin Koreans
• Kuril Islands dispute
• Ainu in Russia

References

Further reading

• Sevela, Marie, "Sakhalin: The Japanese under Soviet rule". History and Memory, January 1998, pp. 41–46.
• Sevela, Marie, "Nihon wa Soren ni natta toki. Karafuto kara Saharin e no ikô 1945–1948". Rekishigakukenkû, 1995, no. 676, pp. 26–35, 63.

External links

• Secret of Sakhalin Island (Karafuto)
• Karafuto maps:
  • Karafuto Southern Area under Japanese administration
  • Japanese Karafuto province
  • Japanese view of Russian Soviet invasion of the city of Maoka
  • Southern Sakhalin area under Russian administration in the present day
• All Japan Federation of Karafuto Template:In lang
• Internationalsteam.uk: Steam and the Railways of Sakhalin