Consolida: Difference between revisions

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'''''Consolida''''' is a [[genus]] of about 40 [[species]] of [[annual plant|annual]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Ranunculaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within the genus ''[[Delphinium]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jabbour|first1=Florian|last2=Renner|first2=Susanne S.|date=2011|title=''Consolida'' and ''Aconitella'' are an annual clade of ''Delphinium'' (Ranunculaceae) that diversified in the Mediterranean basin and the Irano-Turanian region|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41317324|journal=Taxon|volume=60|issue=4|pages=1029–1040|doi=10.1002/tax.604007 |jstor=41317324 |issn=0040-0262|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jabbour|first1=Florian|last2=Renner|first2=Susanne S.|date=2012-03-01|title=A phylogeny of Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) shows that ''Aconitum'' is nested within ''Delphinium'' and that Late Miocene transitions to long life cycles in the Himalayas and Southwest China coincide with bursts in diversification|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790311005112|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=62|issue=3|pages=928–942|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.005|pmid=22182994 |bibcode=2012MolPE..62..928J |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and it has been treated as a synonym of ''Delphinium'' in [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Kew]]'s [[Plants of the World Online]].{{r|powo}} The name of the genus comes from an archaic use of ''consolidation'', meaning "healing", in reference to the plant's medieval use for healing wounds.<ref>Helga George. "Larkspur" entry. ''Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia.'' Volume 2. Christopher Cumo, ed. ABC-CLIO, 2013. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA551 p. 551.] {{ISBN|9781598847758}}</ref>
'''''Consolida''''' is a [[genus]] of about 40 [[species]] of [[annual plant|annual]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Ranunculaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] studies show that ''Consolida'' is actually an annual clade nested within the genus ''[[Delphinium]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jabbour |first=Florian |last2=Renner |first2=Susanne S. |date=2011 |title=''Consolida'' and ''Aconitella'' are an annual clade of ''Delphinium'' (Ranunculaceae) that diversified in the Mediterranean basin and the Irano-Turanian region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41317324 |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1029–1040 |doi=10.1002/tax.604007 |issn=0040-0262 |jstor=41317324 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jabbour |first=Florian |last2=Renner |first2=Susanne S. |date=2012-03-01 |title=A phylogeny of Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) shows that ''Aconitum'' is nested within ''Delphinium'' and that Late Miocene transitions to long life cycles in the Himalayas and Southwest China coincide with bursts in diversification |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790311005112 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=928–942 |bibcode=2012MolPE..62..928J |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.005 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=22182994 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and it has been treated as a synonym of ''Delphinium'' in [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Kew]]'s [[Plants of the World Online]].{{r|powo}} The name of the genus comes from an archaic use of ''consolidation'', meaning "healing", in reference to the plant's medieval use for healing wounds.<ref>Helga George. "Larkspur" entry. ''Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia.'' Volume 2. Christopher Cumo, ed. ABC-CLIO, 2013. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA551 p. 551.] {{ISBN|9781598847758}}</ref>


''Consolida'' differs from other species of ''Delphinium'' (mostly perennials) in the [[flower]] structure, with only one united petal, rather than the four separate petals (or more in cultivars) found in other delphiniums, and in the [[fruit]], which comprises a single [[follicle (fruit)|follicle]], instead of a cluster of three to five together.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
''Consolida'' differs from other species of ''Delphinium'' (mostly perennials) in the [[flower]] structure, with only one united petal, rather than the four separate petals (or more in cultivars) found in other delphiniums, and in the [[fruit]], which comprises a single [[follicle (fruit)|follicle]], instead of a cluster of three to five together.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}


It is a popular garden plant and [[cut flower]], grown from seed every year, with numerous [[cultivars]] in shades of pink, blue, purple and white.<ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> In seed catalogues it is usually labelled as '''larkspur''', a common name referring to the shape of the spurred [[sepal|calyx]], with "delphinium" reserved for its perennial relatives.
It is a popular garden plant and [[cut flower]], grown from seed every year, with numerous [[cultivars]] in shades of pink, blue, purple and white.<ref>{{Cite book |title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=2008 |isbn=978-1405332965 |location=United Kingdom |pages=1136}}</ref> In seed catalogues it is usually labelled as '''larkspur''', a common name referring to the shape of the spurred [[sepal|calyx]], with "delphinium" reserved for its perennial relatives.{{cn|date=June 2025}}


__TOC__
==Species==
==Species==
There are more than 50 species in ''Consolida'':<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Consolida''|url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/958845bd7f76e14563f0189b92b59a40|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Catalogue of Life - 2020-09-01 Beta : Taxonomic tree|archive-date=2020-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018044247/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/958845bd7f76e14563f0189b92b59a40|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=''Consolida''|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Ranunculaceae/Consolida/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Plant List}}</ref>
There are more than 50 species in ''Consolida'':<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Consolida'' |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/958845bd7f76e14563f0189b92b59a40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018044247/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/958845bd7f76e14563f0189b92b59a40 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=Catalogue of Life - 2020-09-01 Beta : Taxonomic tree}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Consolida'' |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Ranunculaceae/Consolida/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=The Plant List}}</ref>
* ''[[Consolida aconiti]]'' (syn. ''Delphinium aconiti'')
* ''[[Consolida aconiti]]'' (syn. ''Delphinium aconiti'')
* ''[[Consolida ajacis]]'' (syn. ''Consolida ambigua''; ''Consolida baluchistanica''; ''Delphinium ajacis'') — rocket larkspur: Europe, Cyprus, Turkey
* ''[[Consolida ajacis]]'' (syn. ''Consolida ambigua''; ''Consolida baluchistanica''; ''Delphinium ajacis'') — rocket larkspur: Europe, Cyprus, Turkey
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Consolida'' Gray |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30009558-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="powo">{{Cite web |title=''Consolida'' Gray |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30009558-2 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]}}</ref>
}}
}}
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6458 Jepson Manual Treatment]
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6458 Jepson Manual Treatment]

Latest revision as of 22:01, 24 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Consolida is a genus of about 40 species of annual flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia. Phylogenetic studies show that Consolida is actually an annual clade nested within the genus Delphinium[1][2] and it has been treated as a synonym of Delphinium in Kew's Plants of the World Online.Template:R The name of the genus comes from an archaic use of consolidation, meaning "healing", in reference to the plant's medieval use for healing wounds.[3]

Consolida differs from other species of Delphinium (mostly perennials) in the flower structure, with only one united petal, rather than the four separate petals (or more in cultivars) found in other delphiniums, and in the fruit, which comprises a single follicle, instead of a cluster of three to five together.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

It is a popular garden plant and cut flower, grown from seed every year, with numerous cultivars in shades of pink, blue, purple and white.[4] In seed catalogues it is usually labelled as larkspur, a common name referring to the shape of the spurred calyx, with "delphinium" reserved for its perennial relatives.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Species

There are more than 50 species in Consolida:[5][6]

Toxicity

All parts of the plant are toxic to humans, especially the seeds.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Taxonbar


Template:Ranunculaceae-stub

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Helga George. "Larkspur" entry. Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia. Volume 2. Christopher Cumo, ed. ABC-CLIO, 2013. p. 551. Template:ISBN
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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