IRIS-T: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Medium-range infrared homing missile}}
{{Short description|Medium-range infrared homing missile}}
{{Redirect|Rb-98|the isotope of rubidium (Rb-98 or <sup>98</sup>Rb)|Rubidium-98}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
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| used_by            = [[#Operators|See ''operators'']]
| used_by            = [[#Operators|See ''operators'']]
| wars              = [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
| wars              = [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
| manufacturer      = [[Diehl Defence]], [[Avio|Avio S.p.A.]], [[Litton Industries|Litton Italia]], [[Leonardo S.p.A.]], [[Saab AB]], [[Pyrkal|GPCC]], [[Nammo]]<ref name="starstreak">{{cite web |url=http://typhoon.starstreak.net/common/AA/irist.html |title=BGT/SAAB/Alenia IRIS-T |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122022323/https://typhoon.starstreak.net/common/AA/irist.html |archive-date=2009-01-22}}</ref>
| manufacturer      = [[Diehl Defence]], [[Avio|Avio S.p.A.]], [[Litton Industries|Litton Italia]], [[Leonardo S.p.A.]], [[Saab AB]], [[Hellenic Defence Systems|GPCC]], [[Nammo]]<ref name="starstreak">{{cite web |url=http://typhoon.starstreak.net/common/AA/irist.html |title=BGT/SAAB/Alenia IRIS-T |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122022323/https://typhoon.starstreak.net/common/AA/irist.html |archive-date=2009-01-22}}</ref>
| developed_into    = [[IRIS-T SL]]
| unit_cost          = €140 million (complete IRIS-T SLM battery, FY 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-is-germanys-iris-t-air-defense-system/a-63414859 |title=Explainer: Germany's IRIS-T air defense system |date=2022-10-12|access-date=2022-10-21 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref><br>€400,000<ref>{{cite news |author=Felix Busjaeger |date=22 October 2022 |title=Flugabwehrsystem Iris-T: Das kann das System aus Deutschland |url=https://www.kreiszeitung.de/politik/abwehrsystem-deutschland-ukraine-russland-flugabwehrsystem-luftabwehrsystem-iris-t-sl-slm-reichweite-kosten-preis-91584931.html |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=kreiszeitung.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Simon Cleven |date=10 January 2024 |title=Was die Iris-T-Lenkraketen so besonders macht |url=https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/deutschland/militaer-verteidigung/id_100318268/bundesregierung-liefert-iris-t-an-saudi-arabien-was-kann-das-waffensystem-.html |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=t-online.de |language=de}}</ref>&nbsp;(~US${{To USD|400000|FRA}}) for an AAM<br>€564,608<ref>{{cite news |author=Frank Hofmann |date=12 May 2023 |url=https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/jede-in-deutschland-gebaute-iris-t-lenkrakete-fuer-ukraine-kostet-564-608-euro_id_193518227.html |title=Ukraine: Deutscher Nachschub für die Offensive |work=[[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]] |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>&nbsp;(~US${{To USD round|564608|FRA}}) for an IRIS-T SL missile
| unit_cost          = €140 million (complete IRIS-T SLM battery, FY 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-is-germanys-iris-t-air-defense-system/a-63414859 |title=Explainer: Germany's IRIS-T air defense system |date=2022-10-12|access-date=2022-10-21 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref><br>€400,000<ref>{{cite news |author=Felix Busjaeger |date=22 October 2022 |title=Flugabwehrsystem Iris-T: Das kann das System aus Deutschland |url=https://www.kreiszeitung.de/politik/abwehrsystem-deutschland-ukraine-russland-flugabwehrsystem-luftabwehrsystem-iris-t-sl-slm-reichweite-kosten-preis-91584931.html |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=kreiszeitung.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Simon Cleven |date=10 January 2024 |title=Was die Iris-T-Lenkraketen so besonders macht |url=https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/deutschland/militaer-verteidigung/id_100318268/bundesregierung-liefert-iris-t-an-saudi-arabien-was-kann-das-waffensystem-.html |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=t-online.de |language=de}}</ref>&nbsp;(~US${{To USD|400000|FRA}}) for an AAM<br>€564,608<ref>{{cite news |author=Frank Hofmann |date=12 May 2023 |url=https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/jede-in-deutschland-gebaute-iris-t-lenkrakete-fuer-ukraine-kostet-564-608-euro_id_193518227.html |title=Ukraine: Deutscher Nachschub für die Offensive |work=[[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]] |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>&nbsp;(~US${{To USD round|564608|FRA}}) for an IRIS-T SL missile
| propellant        = [[HTPB]]{{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=26}}
| propellant        = [[HTPB]]{{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=26}}
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| engine            = [[Solid-propellant rocket|Solid-fuel rocket]]
| engine            = [[Solid-propellant rocket|Solid-fuel rocket]]
| engine_power      =  
| engine_power      =  
| weight            = {{convert|87.4|kg|abbr=on}}
| weight            = AAM: {{convert|87.4|kg|abbr=on}}<br>[[#IRIS-T SL|IRIS-T SL]]: {{convert|130|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ilmatorjunta2017">{{cite magazine |first=Kimmo |last=Juntunen |date=February 2017 |title=Modernit ilmatorjuntajärjestelmät |magazine=Ilmatorjunta |url=https://bin.yhdistysavain.fi/1601152/L9PyPMQ7AT9jfDiArSjt0UJan6/Ilmatorjunta%202_17.pdf |issn=1797-6448 |page=35 |language=fi}}</ref>
| length            = {{convert|2.94|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=diehl />
| length            = AAM: {{convert|2.94|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=diehl /><br>[[#IRIS-T SL|IRIS-T SL]]: {{convert|3.45|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ilmatorjunta2017" />
| height            =  
| height            =  
| diameter          = AAM: {{convert|127|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br>[[#IRIS-T SL|IRIS-T SL]]: {{convert|152|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| diameter          = AAM: {{convert|127|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br>[[#IRIS-T SL|IRIS-T SL]]: {{convert|152|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| wingspan          = {{convert|447|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| wingspan          = {{convert|447|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| speed              = AAM: Mach 3<br>SLS: 680 m/s{{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=37}}
| speed              = AAM: Mach 3<br>SLS: {{convert|680|m/s|ft/s||abbr=on}}{{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=37}}<br>[[#IRIS-T SL|SLM]]: {{convert|1000|m/s|ft/s||abbr=on}}<ref name="Ilmatorjunta2017" />
| vehicle_range      = {{ubl|AAM: {{convert|25|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="diehl">{{cite web |url=http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/press-media/subjects-in-the-focus/iris-t-the-short-distance-missile-of-the-latest-generation.html |title=Diehl Defence: IRIS-T, the short-distance missile of the latest generation |publisher=Diehl.com |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330051726/http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/press-media/subjects-in-the-focus/iris-t-the-short-distance-missile-of-the-latest-generation.html |archive-date=30 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|SLS: {{convert|12|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="2022sls">{{cite web |url=https://defenceredefined.com.cy/diehl-defense-the-new-mobile-air-defence-system-iris-t-sls-mk-iii-unveiled-at-eurosatory-2022/ |title=The new mobile Air Defence system IRIS-T SLS Mk III unveiled at EUROSATORY 2022 |date=16 July 2022 |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>|SLM: {{convert|40|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="irist_egypts_choice" />|SLX: {{convert|80|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="hensoldt-diehl-gbad" />|HYDEF: {{convert|100|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="White2024Addressing" />}}
| vehicle_range      = {{ubl|AAM: {{convert|25|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="diehl">{{cite web |url=http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/press-media/subjects-in-the-focus/iris-t-the-short-distance-missile-of-the-latest-generation.html |title=Diehl Defence: IRIS-T, the short-distance missile of the latest generation |publisher=Diehl.com |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330051726/http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/press-media/subjects-in-the-focus/iris-t-the-short-distance-missile-of-the-latest-generation.html |archive-date=30 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|SLS: {{convert|12|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="2022sls">{{cite web |url=https://defenceredefined.com.cy/diehl-defense-the-new-mobile-air-defence-system-iris-t-sls-mk-iii-unveiled-at-eurosatory-2022/ |title=The new mobile Air Defence system IRIS-T SLS Mk III unveiled at EUROSATORY 2022 |date=16 July 2022 |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>|SLM: {{convert|40|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="irist_egypts_choice" />|SLX: {{convert|80|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="hensoldt-diehl-gbad" />|HYDEF: {{convert|100|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="White2024Addressing">{{cite magazine |title=Addressing the Hypersonic Threat: Challenges and Responses |last=White |first=Andrew |date=2024 |magazine=Military Technology |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=16 |issn=0722-3226}}</ref>}}
| ceiling            = {{ubl|SLS: {{convert|8|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="2022sls" />|SLM: {{convert|20|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="irist_egypts_choice" />|SLX: {{convert|30|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="hensoldt-diehl-gbad" />|HYDEF: {{convert|50|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="White2024Addressing" />}}
| ceiling            = {{ubl|SLS: {{convert|8|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="2022sls" />|SLM: {{convert|20|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="irist_egypts_choice" />|SLX: {{convert|30|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="hensoldt-diehl-gbad" />|HYDEF: {{convert|50|km|mi||abbr=on}}<ref name="White2024Addressing" />}}
| altitude          = Sea level to {{convert|20000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| altitude          = Sea level to {{convert|20000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
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The missile was developed in the late 1990s–early 2000s by a German-led program to produce a short to medium range infrared homing air-to-air missile to replace the [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] in use by some [[NATO]] member countries at the time. A goal of the program was for any aircraft capable of firing the Sidewinder to also be capable of launching the IRIS-T.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/2009_Flyer_IRIS-T_EFA_0509.pdf |title=IRIS-T European Short Range Air-to-Air Missile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119044426/http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/2009_Flyer_IRIS-T_EFA_0509.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The air-to-air variant was fielded in 2005.
The missile was developed in the late 1990s–early 2000s by a German-led program to produce a short to medium range infrared homing air-to-air missile to replace the [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] in use by some [[NATO]] member countries at the time. A goal of the program was for any aircraft capable of firing the Sidewinder to also be capable of launching the IRIS-T.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/2009_Flyer_IRIS-T_EFA_0509.pdf |title=IRIS-T European Short Range Air-to-Air Missile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119044426/http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/2009_Flyer_IRIS-T_EFA_0509.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The air-to-air variant was fielded in 2005.
Surface-to-air [[missile defense|defence system]]s variants came later, with the short-range '''IRIS-T SLS''' fielded in 2015, and the medium-range '''IRIS-T SLM''' fielded in 2022. One IRIS-T SLM battery, as supplied by Germany to Ukraine, consists of three truck-mounted launchers, carrying eight missiles each (with a range of {{convert|40|km|disp=or}}), and a separate command vehicle that can be positioned up to {{convert|20|km}} away. The command vehicle integrates multiple radar sources, and is able to launch and track all 24 missiles simultaneously. The IRIS-T SLM can counter cruise missiles, including low-flying, stealthy missiles such as the [[Kalibr]].<ref name=Economist20221011>{{cite web |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/10/11/how-the-west-is-helping-ukraine-beat-russias-missiles|title=How the West is helping Ukraine beat Russia's missiles|last1= |magazine=[[The Economist]]|language=en|url-status=live|date=11 October 2022|access-date=9 November 2022|archivedate=11 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011210620/https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/10/11/how-the-west-is-helping-ukraine-beat-russias-missiles}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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===Development===
===Development===
In 1995, Germany announced the start of the IRIS-T development, in collaboration with Greece, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Canada. In 1997, Germany had invested more than 500 million [[Deutsche Mark|DM]] in this project and held a 46% share. In addition, Italy accounted for 20%, Sweden 18%, Greece 8%, Canada 4% and Norway 3%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%203230.html |periodical=Flightglobal |title=Germany clears IRIS-T missile development |date=2 December 1997 |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-date=2016-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807154412/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%203230.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Canada later dropped out, while Spain joined as a procurement partner in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRIS-T – the world's highest-performance, short-range, air-to-air guided missile |url=http://www.diehl.com/en/nc/diehl-group/press/iris-t-the-worlds-highest-performance-short-range-air-to-air-guided-missile/190.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174050/http://www.diehl.com/en/nc/diehl-group/press/iris-t-the-worlds-highest-performance-short-range-air-to-air-guided-missile/190.html |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[German Air Force]] took first delivery of the missile in December 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Germany+tees-off+with+Iris.-a0143304030 |title=Germany tees-off with Iris. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172546/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Germany+tees-off+with+Iris.-a0143304030 |archive-date=2017-09-10 |access-date=11 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1995, Germany announced the start of the IRIS-T development, in collaboration with Greece, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Canada. In 1997, Germany had invested more than 500 million [[Deutsche Mark|DM]] in this project and held a 46% share. In addition, Italy accounted for 20%, Sweden 18%, Greece 8%, Canada 4% and Norway 3%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%203230.html |periodical=Flightglobal |title=Germany clears IRIS-T missile development |date=2 December 1997 |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-date=2016-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807154412/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%203230.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Canada later dropped out, while Spain joined as a procurement partner in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRIS-T – the world's highest-performance, short-range, air-to-air guided missile |url=http://www.diehl.com/en/nc/diehl-group/press/iris-t-the-worlds-highest-performance-short-range-air-to-air-guided-missile/190.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174050/http://www.diehl.com/en/nc/diehl-group/press/iris-t-the-worlds-highest-performance-short-range-air-to-air-guided-missile/190.html |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[German Air Force]] took first delivery of the missile in December 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Germany+tees-off+with+Iris.-a0143304030 |title=Germany tees-off with Iris. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172546/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Germany+tees-off+with+Iris.-a0143304030 |archive-date=2017-09-10 |access-date=11 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Nammo|NAMMO Raufoss]] supplies the rocket engine with its [[Thrust vectoring|TVC (thrust vector control)]] for both the IRIS-T air-to-air missile and the SL variants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solid Rocket Motors |url=https://www.nammo.com/product/our-products/propulsion/solid-rocket-motors/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Nammo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IRIS-T SL Surface-to-Air Guided Missile |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/iris-t-sl-surface-to-air-guided-missile/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Missile characteristics==
==Missile characteristics==
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==== IRIS-T air-to-air missile ====
==== IRIS-T air-to-air missile ====
It is the initial variant of the IRIS-T missile.
It is the initial variant of the IRIS-T missile.
==== IRIS-T SLS{{anchor|IRIS-T SLS}} ====
IRIS-T SLS (Surface Launched Standard){{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=25}}<ref name="Nytt närluftvärn">{{cite web |url=http://www.luftvarn.se/vlv/vlv_1301_iris_t_sls.pdf |title=Nytt närluftvärn med IRIS-T SLS |language=sv |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=luftvarn.se}}</ref> is the air defence system which uses the '''IRIS-T AAM''' with few software modifications.<ref name="diehl-brochure-2018" /><ref name="Eldenhet98Forsvarsmakten">{{cite web |date=29 August 2022 |title=Eldenhet 98 är ett svensk-tyskt luftvärnssystem som kan bekämpa flygplan och kryssningsrobotar på kortare avstånd |website=Forsvarsmakten |url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/information-och-fakta/materiel-och-teknik/vapen/eldenhet-98/ |language=sv}}</ref> However, its operational range is reduced from 25 km to 12 km, as has the ceiling from 8 to 6 km.<ref name="2022sls" /><ref name="Nytt närluftvärn" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ODIN - OE Data Integration Network |url=https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/WEG/Asset/IRIS-T_SLS_German_Short-Range_Air_Defense_Missile_System |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=odin.tradoc.army.mil}}</ref> It has a maximum speed of Mach 2 and average speed of 400 m/s,{{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=37}} and it cannot attack targets that are closer than 1 km.{{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=26}} The IRIS-T SLS has [[lock-on after launch]] capability which enable it to launch missiles without actually locking on any target. Once the missile receives the target's data in the form of three-dimensional coordinates, it will employ [[inertial navigation system|inertial guidance]] mode during the initial phase of flight. After attaining the required engagement altitude, the seeker activates and begins scanning the expected target zone.{{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=27}} If the radar is unavailable, there is a portable target designator that is equipped with an IR camera and an integrated [[laser rangefinder]]. The crew can use it as an alternative to transmit target information to the missile.{{sfn|Andersson|2012|p=28}}
In 2018, Diehl Defence demonstrated a Bv 410-based IRIS-T SLS system integrated with a [[Giraffe radar|Saab Giraffe]] 1X radar during the [[ILA Berlin Air Show|ILA]]. In 2019, the [[Swedish Army]] fielded a ground launched version of the IRIS-T SLS, designated ''Luftvärnsrobotsystem 98'' (lvrbs 98), to replace the [[RBS 70]] missile system. Four missiles are carried on Eldenhet 98 (elde 98) launcher, a special version of a [[BvS 10|Bv 410 tracked]], armored vehicle. Compared to the one demonstrated on the ILA 2018, there was no radar on the Swedish Eldenhet 98.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/forsvarsmakten/pressreleases/nytt-robotsystem-till-foersvarsmakten-2909221 |title=Nytt robotsystem till Försvarsmakten |website=Mynewsdesk |date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Air-Defense-Systems/IRIS-T-SLM_a002642001.aspx |title=IRIS-T SLM |publisher=Deagel |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> Instead, the Swedish Army used the [[Giraffe radar|Underrättelseenhet 23]] radar truck as its radar unit.<ref name="Eldenhet98Forsvarsmakten" />
The [[Norwegian Army]] ordered the "mobile ground based air defence system", based on [[NASAMS]] command and control solutions, in a direct acquisition with [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kongsberg.com/en/kds/news/2017/february/norway%20acquires%20army%20mobile%20ground%20based%20air%20defence/ |title= Norway acquires Army Mobile Ground Based Air Defence |publisher=Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace |date=6 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> The system will integrate tracked IRIS-T SLS launchers from Diehl Defence GmbH with [[SLAMRAAM|High Mobility Launchers]] for [[AIM-120]] and [[AIM-9X]] missiles and XENTA-M radars from [[Weibel Scientific]]; initial delivery is planned for 2023 and will include six modified [[M113]] vehicles carrying IRIS-T SLS missiles, while additional launchers will be based on the [[PMMC G5|ACSV]].<ref name="tu.no">{{cite web|url=https://www.tu.no/artikler/pa-samme-plattform-som-kampluftvern-nye-artillerijegere-skal-bygges-i-norge/513605 |title=På samme plattform som kampluftvern: Nye artillerijegere skal bygges i Norge |publisher=tu.no |date=23 September 2021 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>
In 2022, Diehl Defence showed a new air defense system called IRIS-T SLS Mk. III at the [[Eurosatory]]. It was a modified [[Mowag Eagle]] 6×6 armored vehicle integrated with IRIS-T SLS launcher, [[Hensoldt]] Spexer 2000 3D AESA, and a .50 machine gun in the [[remote controlled weapon station]]. Its [[STANAG 4569]] protection was level 1, and it could be upgraded to level 3 by adding armor kit.<ref name="2022sls" /> This vehicle had integrated the missile launcher, the radar, the sensors and the C<sup>2</sup> command system, making it able to operate independently as an air defence system.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Maximilian |last=Eisele |date=2021 |title=A mais moderna Defesa Antiaérea Terrestre com a "Solução Germano-Brasileira" IRIS-T SLM e SLX |magazine=Tecnologia Militar |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=35 |issn=0722-2904 |language=pt}}</ref>
In February 2025, it's revealed that an Ukrainian IRIS-T SLS air defense system consisted of two Italian [[Iveco]] 4×4 trucks that integrated with SLS missile launcher. The system is also integrated with the TRML-4D radar, which guides the missiles to the target.<ref name="Ukrainian SLS">{{cite news |author=Кирило Кушніков |title=IRIS-T SLS For Ukraine Integrated On Iveco 4×4 Chassis |url=https://militarnyi.com/en/news/iris-t-sls-for-ukraine-integrated-on-iveco-4-4-chassis |date=8 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=militarnyi.com}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Eldenhet 98 IRIS-T SLS.png|A Bv 410 with Giraffe 1X radar and Diehl ML-98 IRIS-T SLS launcher on ILA 2018
File:ACSV G5 NOMADS - SHORAD.png|NOMADS mobile air-defence system that can launch IRIS-T AAM
File:IRIS-T SLS Mk. III, Diehl Defense, ILA 2024, Schoenefeld (ILA45463).jpg|IRIS-T SLS with XENTA-M radar on Mowag Eagle V at ILA 2024
File:IRIS-T SLS launcher UA.jpg|Ukrainian IRIS-T SLS missile truck
</gallery>
==== IRIS-T SLM{{anchor|IRIS-T SL|IRIS-T SLM}}====
IRIS-T SLM (Surface Launched Missile)<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Kaiser |last=Konrad |date=2014 |title=IRIS-T SLM |magazine=Tecnologia Militar |volume=36 |issue=3 |page=62 |issn=0722-2904 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Kaiser |last=Konrad |date=2016 |title=IRIS-T SLM |magazine=Tecnologia Militar |volume=38 |issue=2 |page=44 |issn=0722-2904 |language=pt}}</ref> is the air defence system which uses the '''IRIS-T SL missile'''.<ref name="diehl-brochure-2018" /><ref name="irist-slm-2014" /> As a part of the NATO [[MEADS]] program, the [[German Air Force]] and others are now using this missile. It has a pointed nose, unlike the regular IRIS-T, with a jettisonable drag-reducing nose cone. The missile uses a GPS-aided inertial navigation system, with radio data link for command guidance during the initial approach. The interference-resistant IR seeker head is activated at the terminal stage.<ref name="diehl-guided">{{cite web|url=https://www.diehl.com/defence/en/products/guided-missiles/#iris-t-sl|title=Guided missiles - IRIS-T SL|publisher=Diehl Defence |access-date=2015-05-17}}</ref><ref name="diehl-guided-2013">{{cite web|title=IRIS-T Guided Missile Family IRIS-T SL|url=http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/products/guided-missiles/iris-t-guided-missile-family/iris-t-sl.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113063707/https://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/products/guided-missiles/iris-t-guided-missile-family/iris-t-sl.html/ |archive-date=2013-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Compared to the IRIS-T, the diameter of the rocket motor was increased by 25&nbsp;mm, to 152&nbsp;mm. Test launches from a battery consisting of a [[CEA Technologies|CEA]] CEAFAR radar, a Diehl IRIS-T SL launcher and an Oerlikon Skymaster battle management system were performed in 2014.<ref name="irist-slm-2014">{{cite web |title=Diehl Defence successfully demonstrated IRIS-T SLM ground based air defence system 2801142 |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/january_2014_global_defense_security_news_industry/diehl_defence_successfully_demonstrated_iris-t_slm_ground_based_air_defence_system_2801142.html |date=28 January 2014 |periodical=Defence & Security Industry News - Diehl Defence |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203064216/https://www.armyrecognition.com/january_2014_global_defense_security_news_industry/diehl_defence_successfully_demonstrated_iris-t_slm_ground_based_air_defence_system_2801142.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The IRIS-T SL qualification tests were completed in January 2015 at the [[Denel Overberg Test Range]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37917:iris-t-sl-achieves-qualification-after-successful-firings-at-overberg&catid=50:Land |title=IRIS-T SL achieves qualification after successful firings at Overberg |publisher=defenceWeb |date=10 February 2015 |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> A further fire test on the developed system of the IRIS-T SLM was completed in January 2022.<ref name="diehl-sl-testing">{{Cite web|url=https://www.diehl.com//defence/en/press-and-media/news/ground-based-air-defence-system-iris-t-slm-demonstrates-its-operational-efficiency-under-realistic-operating-conditions/|title=Ground-Based Air Defence System IRIS-T SLM demonstrates its operational efficiency under realistic operating conditions &#124; Diehl Defence|first=Diehl Stiftung & Co|last=KG|website=www.diehl.com|date=11 January 2022 }}</ref>
An IRIS-T SLM air defence system consists of a tactical operation center, a logistic support unit, several radar units,<ref name=Economist20221011 /> and 3 or 4<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Slovenia procures IRIS-T SLM within ESSI framework |website=Diehl Defense |url=https://www.diehl.com/defence/en/press-and-media/news/slovenia-procures-iris-t-slm-within-essi-framework/ |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> missile trucks.<ref name="Closeto100%">{{Cite web |last=ES&T Redaktion |date=2024-06-06 |title=ILA 2024: "Close to 100% hit rate" für IRIS-T SLM |url=https://esut.de/2024/06/meldungen/50426/ila-2024-close-to-100-hit-rate-fuer-iris-t-slm/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=esut.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> The IRIS-T SLM can be integrated with a variety of electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) guidance systems and [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radars, such as [[Hensoldt]] [[TRML-4D]], Thales [[Ground Master 200 Multi Mission|Ground Master 200 MM/C]], CEA [[CEA Technologies|CEAFAR]], and [[Saab Giraffe]] 4A.<ref name="diehl-brochure-2018" /> A version with a [[Lockheed-Martin]] Skykeeper command and control station,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-gb/products/skykeeper.html | title=SkyKeeper | date=February 2022 }}</ref> Giraffe 4A radar and Diehl IRIS-T SLM launcher was shown at [[International Defence Exhibition|IDEX]] 2019 under the name Falcon Ground Based Air Defence.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/idex/2019/02/18/meet-the-falcon-a-new-short-range-air-defense-system/ | title=Meet the Falcon, a new short-range air defense system | date=18 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/idex-2019-lockheed-martin-diehl-and-saab-unveil-falcon-ground-based-air-defence-gbad-system | title=IDEX 2019: Lockheed Martin, Diehl and Saab unveil Falcon ground-based air defence (GBAD) system | date=20 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="diehl-saab-lm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.diehl.com//defence/en/press-and-media/news/lockheed-martin-diehl-and-saab-unveil-collaboration-to-counter-emerging-short-and-medium-range-threats-with-falcon-weapon-system/|title=Lockheed Martin, Diehl and Saab Unveil Collaboration to Counter Emerging Short and Medium-Range Threats with Falcon Weapon System &#124; Diehl Defence|first=Diehl Stiftung & Co|last=KG|website=www.diehl.com|date=18 February 2019 }}</ref>
Egypt ordered Diehl IRIS-T SLM launchers, Hensoldt TRML-4D radars, and fire and control stations equipped with [[Airbus Defence and Space|Airbus Defence]] Fortion IBMS<ref name="airbus-fortion-product">{{cite web | url=https://www.intelligence-airbusds.com/markets/defence/c2/air-c2/fortion-ibms/ | title=Fortion® IBMS &#124; Integrated Battle Management Software }}</ref> integrated battle management software, all mounted on MAN 8×8 military trucks; the deal was approved by the German government in December 2021.<ref name="polygon-egypt-slm-2022">{{cite web | url=https://polygonjournal.com/2022/04/07/new-german-made-iris-t-slm-air-defense-missile-system-of-egypt-armed-forces/ | title=New German-made IRIS-T SLM air defense missile system of Egypt armed forces – Polygon Military Magazine }}</ref> Further orders includes Hensoldt {{ill|TwInvis|de}} [[passive radar]]s,<ref name="twinvis-stories">{{cite web | title=Twinvis Passive Radar | website=hensoldt.net| date=5 August 2019 | url=https://www.hensoldt.net/stories/twinvis-passive-radar | access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="twinvis-product">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hensoldt.net/products/radar-iff-and-datalink/twinvis-passive-radar/|title=Twinvis Passive Radar for Ground Based Air Defence &#124; HENSOLDT|website=www.hensoldt.net}}</ref> IRIS-T SLS launchers and IRIS-T SLX long-range missiles.<ref name="hensoldt-diehl-gbad" /><ref name="defenseworld">{{cite web | url=https://www.defenseworld.net/2021/12/20/egypt-gets-its-own-iron-dome-air-defense-system.html | title=Egypt Gets its Own 'Iron Dome' Air Defense System | date=20 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name="military-africa">{{cite web | url=https://www.military.africa/2021/12/egypt-air-defence-strengthened-with-iris-t-slm-acquisition | title=Egypt Air defence strengthened with IRIS-T SLM acquisition * Military Africa | date=17 December 2021 }}</ref> Passive radars can detect enemy aircraft by analysing reflections from external radio and television signals, making them effective in urban areas where active radars struggle.<ref name="bdli-invis-surv">{{cite web | url=https://www.bdli.de/en/innovation_of_the_week/breakthrough-invisible-surveillance-airspace | title=Breakthrough: Invisible surveillance of airspace &#124; BDLI | access-date=17 May 2022 | archive-date=22 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122152147/https://www.bdli.de/en/innovation_of_the_week/breakthrough-invisible-surveillance-airspace | url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[German Air Force]] has received its first IRIS-T SLM system in 2024 and is to receive five more by 2027. Also, mixed SLS/SLM systems are being planned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ES&T Redaktion |date=2023-05-19 |title=Bundeswehr erhält nächstes Jahr erste Iris-T SLM |url=https://esut.de/2023/05/meldungen/42075/bundeswehr-erhaelt-naechstes-jahr-erste-iris-t-slm/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=esut.de |language=de-DE}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:IRIS-T_SL_SAM.jpg|An IRIS-T SL missile
File:MAN 7 t mil gl IRIS-T SL.jpg|A MAN SX44 6x6 7-ton IRIS-T SL launcher
File:Iris-T, ILA 2018, Schoenefeld (1X7A6891).jpg|A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher
File:MAN 10 t mil gl IRIS-T SL ILA2018-2.jpg|A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher rear
File:IRIS-T-SLM-radar unit TRML-4D front ILA-2022.jpg|A Hensoldt TRML-4D radar
File:CEA Technologies GBMMR on MAN SX45 8x8 chassis ILA-2016.jpg|A CEA CEAFAR (GBMMR) radar
File:ILA 2018, Schönefeld (1X7A5463).jpg|The Thales Ground Master 200 MM/C radar
File:Hensoldt Twinvis, ILA 2018, Schonefeld (1X7A6906).jpg|A Hensoldt TwInvis passive radar
</gallery>


===In development===
===In development===
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[[File:ILA 2024, Schoenefeld (ILA44513).jpg|thumb|FCAAM]]
[[File:ILA 2024, Schoenefeld (ILA44513).jpg|thumb|FCAAM]]
Diehl mentioned in 2022 that it was working on a 6th generation of short-range air-to-air missiles, and it is known as the ''"Future Combat Air-to-Air Missile"''. This missile is being designed to become one of the weapons of the European [[Future Combat Air System]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valpolini |first=Paolo |date=2022-07-27 |title=IRIS-T FCAAM: the future SRAAM 6th generation missile by Diehl Defence |url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/iris-t-fcaam-the-future-sraam-6th-generation-missile-by-diehl-defence |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=EDR Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Some new features of IRIS-T FCAAM might include a stealthy non-cylindrical cross-section, multiple-spectrum IR sensor, advanced data processing, a two-way datalink, and a dual pulse/multi-pulse rocket motor.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Anil |last=Raj |date=2023 |title=Present and future air-to-air missiles |magazine=Military Technology |volume=47 |issue=1 |page=22 |issn=0722-3226}}</ref>
Diehl mentioned in 2022 that it was working on a 6th generation of short-range air-to-air missiles, and it is known as the ''"Future Combat Air-to-Air Missile"''. This missile is being designed to become one of the weapons of the European [[Future Combat Air System]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valpolini |first=Paolo |date=2022-07-27 |title=IRIS-T FCAAM: the future SRAAM 6th generation missile by Diehl Defence |url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/iris-t-fcaam-the-future-sraam-6th-generation-missile-by-diehl-defence |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=EDR Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Some new features of IRIS-T FCAAM might include a stealthy non-cylindrical cross-section, multiple-spectrum IR sensor, advanced data processing, a two-way datalink, and a dual pulse/multi-pulse rocket motor.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Anil |last=Raj |date=2023 |title=Present and future air-to-air missiles |magazine=Military Technology |volume=47 |issue=1 |page=22 |issn=0722-3226}}</ref>
==== IRIS-T SLX{{anchor|IRIS-T SLX}} ====
IRIS-T SLX is an upgraded variant of IRIS-T surface-to-air missile which has the operational range of 80 km and ceiling of 30 km.<ref name="hensoldt-diehl-gbad" /> It will also use a combined radar and infrared seeker.<ref name="SLXseeker" /> On the ILA 2024, Diehl Defence displayed a missile model of the developing IRIS-T SLX, which looked quite different to both IRIS-T AAM and IRIS-T SL. This new missile can be integrated into the IRIS-T SLM launchers, which can be loaded with a mix of SL and SLX missiles as the result. Only 50 to 60 soldiers are needed for each system.<ref name="Closeto100%" /> The Diehl Defence chief programme officer Harald Buschek said this variant was capable of countering [[Standoff missile|standoff weapons]], and it was likely to be ready for operation within around 4 years. It also would retain the ability to engage cruise missiles and helicopters.<ref name="2024ILA" />
==== IRIS-T HYDEF ====
The Hypersonic Defence (HYDEF) is a program for missile defense against hypersonic threats. The consortium of this project consists of 13 companies from seven European nations. The HYDEF project is based on the successful contract signing in July 2022, dealing with a project study of an overall endo-atmospheric interceptor concept for air defence. At that time, the HYDEF project prevailed over the competitor and could win the Europe-wide tender. Hensoldt and Airbus are also involved as national partners in the HYDEF project. On 31 October 2023, SMS (Spanish Missile Systems, a collaborative proposal of {{ill|Escribano Mechanical & Engineering|es}}, [[GMV (company)|GMV]] and [[SENER]] AEROSPACIAL from Spain) and Diehl Defence signed the contract with [[Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation|OCCAR]], marking the official start of the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=HYDEF Project reaches next milestone |date=31 October 2023 |url=https://www.diehl.com/defence/en/press-and-media/news/hydef-project-reaches-next-milestone/ |website=Diehl Defence |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref> It has the operational range of 100 km and ceiling of 50 km.<ref name="White2024Addressing">{{cite magazine |title=Addressing the Hypersonic Threat: Challenges and Responses |last=White |first=Andrew |date=2024 |magazine=Military Technology |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=16 |issn=0722-3226}}</ref>
On the ILA 2024, Diehl Defence revealed that they were working on a two-stage missile to defend against hypersonic weapons. It will consist of a booster as a starting engine and a warhead called "Kill vehicle" for the direct hit. This should enable it to attack targets at a distance of up to 100 km and an altitude of 50 km with a high level of agility. It should refer to IRIS-T HYDEF.<ref name="Closeto100%" />


==== IRIS-T air-to-surface missile ====
==== IRIS-T air-to-surface missile ====
For the air-to-surface role, the only difference from air-to-air version is an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability. Tested by the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diehl develops air-to-surface capability for IRIS-T AAM |url=http://www.janes.com/article/66304/diehl-develops-air-to-surface-capability-for-iris-t-aam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216141501/http://www.janes.com/article/66304/diehl-develops-air-to-surface-capability-for-iris-t-aam |archive-date=2016-12-16}}</ref>
For the air-to-surface role, the only difference from air-to-air version is an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability. Tested by the [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diehl develops air-to-surface capability for IRIS-T AAM |url=http://www.janes.com/article/66304/diehl-develops-air-to-surface-capability-for-iris-t-aam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216141501/http://www.janes.com/article/66304/diehl-develops-air-to-surface-capability-for-iris-t-aam |archive-date=2016-12-16}}</ref>
==== Naval surface-to-air missile ====
Diehl mentioned that the IRIS-T SLM missile was being integrated to the [[Mark 41 vertical launching system]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Iris-T SLM soll in VLS für Marineschiffe integriert werden |url=https://www.hartpunkt.de/iris-t-slm-soll-in-vls-fuer-marineschiffe-integriert-werden/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref>
The German procurement agency BAAINBw signed a contract with Diehl for a feasibility study to integrate the IRIS-T SLM to the {{sclass|Baden-Württemberg|frigate|4}} (F125) in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manaranche |first=Martin |date=2024-12-26 |title=Germany studies the integration of IRIS-T SLM missile on F125 frigates |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/12/germany-studies-the-integration-of-iris-t-slm-missile-on-f125-frigates/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> This contract includes a risk analysis, and the production of a system demonstrator.


==== IDAS ====
==== IDAS ====
{{Main|IDAS (missile)}}
{{Main|IDAS (missile)}}
The IDAS variant is a naval version of the missile, and is also being developed for the new [[Type 212A submarine]] of the [[German Navy]]. IDAS is supposed to engage air threats, small or medium surface vessels or near land targets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=null |url=https://www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com/en/products-services/innovations/missile-system-idas |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com |language=en}}</ref>
The IDAS variant is a naval version of the missile, and is also being developed for the new [[Type 212A submarine]] of the [[German Navy]]. IDAS is supposed to engage air threats, small or medium surface vessels or near land targets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=null |url=https://www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com/en/products-services/innovations/missile-system-idas |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com |language=en}}</ref>


The latest stage of development qualification is planned for 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valenti |first=Alix |date=2023-05-11 |title=Update on IDAS submarine-launched missile with TKMS |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/05/update-on-idas-submarine-launched-missile-with-tkms/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2022, the Germany Ministry of Defense revised the budget proposal and canceled the project to buy the IDAS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://augengeradeaus.net/2022/10/nach-rechnungshof-kritik-weniger-projekte-im-bundeswehr-sondervermoegen/ |title=Nach Rechnungshof-Kritik: Weniger Projekte im Bundeswehr-Sondervermögen |author=Thomas Wiegold |date=28 November 2022 |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=de}}</ref>
The latest stage of development qualification is planned for 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valenti |first=Alix |date=2023-05-11 |title=Update on IDAS submarine-launched missile with TKMS |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/05/update-on-idas-submarine-launched-missile-with-tkms/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2022, the Germany Ministry of Defense revised the budget proposal and canceled the project to buy the IDAS;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://augengeradeaus.net/2022/10/nach-rechnungshof-kritik-weniger-projekte-im-bundeswehr-sondervermoegen/ |title=Nach Rechnungshof-Kritik: Weniger Projekte im Bundeswehr-Sondervermögen |author=Thomas Wiegold |date=28 November 2022 |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=de}}</ref> however in 2024 the project was restarted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Marine erhält vier neue U-Boote der Klasse 212 CD |url=https://www.hartpunkt.de/marine-erhaelt-vier-neue-u-boote-der-klasse-212-cd/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |language=de}}</ref>


<gallery>
<gallery>
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==== LFK NG ====
==== LFK NG ====
{{main|LFK NG}}
{{main|LFK NG}}
LFK NG was a surface-to-air variant that was developed by the Diehl BGT Defence and MBDA/LFK for the Germany air defence plan called SysFla ({{langx|de|System Flugabwehr}}). Its weight is 28 kg, which is just one third of the original IRIS-T AAM. It would be equipped on the Army's [[Wiesel 1#Wiesel 2|Ozelot]] air defence system and [[Eurocopter Tiger]]. It has the operational range of 10 km.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/LFK_NG_Produktflyer.pdf |periodical=Diehl |title=LFK NG |date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214717/http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/LFK_NG_Produktflyer.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |language=de |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, the German Army air defence units {{ill|Heeresflugabwehrtruppe|de}} was disbanded.<ref>{{cite web |author=René Hinz |date=30 April 2024 |title=Heeresflugabwehrtruppe wird neu aufgestellt |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/heer/aktuelles/heeresflugabwehrtruppe-wird-neu-aufgestellt-5777698 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=www.bundeswehr.de |location=Strausberg |language=de}}</ref> There's no further news about this variant afterward.
LFK NG was a surface-to-air variant tehat was developed by the Diehl BGT Defence and MBDA/LFK for the Germany air defence plan called SysFla ({{langx|de|System Flugabwehr}}). Its weight is 28 kg, which is just one third of the original IRIS-T AAM. It would be equipped on the Army's [[Wiesel 1#Wiesel 2|Ozelot]] air defence system and [[Eurocopter Tiger]]. It has the operational range of 10 km.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/LFK_NG_Produktflyer.pdf |periodical=Diehl |title=LFK NG |date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214717/http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/LFK_NG_Produktflyer.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |language=de |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, the German Army air defence units {{ill|Heeresflugabwehrtruppe|de}} was disbanded.<ref>{{cite web |author=René Hinz |date=30 April 2024 |title=Heeresflugabwehrtruppe wird neu aufgestellt |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/heer/aktuelles/heeresflugabwehrtruppe-wird-neu-aufgestellt-5777698 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=www.bundeswehr.de |location=Strausberg |language=de}}</ref> There's no further news about this variant afterward.


== Operators ==
== Operators ==
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The following operators are listed and defined as of June 2023.
The following operators are listed and defined as of June 2023.


=== Air-to-air missiles ===
=== Current operators ===
 
; {{flag|Austria}}
==== Current operators ====
 
; {{AUT}}
: 25<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2">{{cite news |title=South Africa Orders IRIS-T Missiles |work=Defense industry daily |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/South-Africa-Orders-IRIS-T-Missiles-04948/ |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>
: 25<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2">{{cite news |title=South Africa Orders IRIS-T Missiles |work=Defense industry daily |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/South-Africa-Orders-IRIS-T-Missiles-04948/ |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>
; {{BRA}}
; {{flag|Brazil}}
: IRIS-T missiles for the new [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] E/F variants.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=15 September 2017 |title=Conheça as armas do caça Saab Gripen E/F da FAB |language=pt |website=Poder Aéreo |url=https://www.aereo.jor.br/2017/09/15/conheca-as-armas-do-caca-saab-gripen-ef-da-fab}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=FAB adquire os modernos mísseis ar-ar IRIS-T para o Gripen |url=https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/fab-adquire-os-modernos-misseis-ar-ar-iris-t-para-o-gripen |work=Defesa aérea & naval}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=Caça F-39 Gripen realiza ensaios com quatro mísseis Meteor em GPX |url=https://www.aereo.jor.br/2025/02/07/caca-f-39-gripen-realiza-ensaios-com-quatro-misseis-meteor-em-gpx/ |work=Poder Aéreo}}</ref>
: IRIS-T missiles for the new [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] E/F variants.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=15 September 2017 |title=Conheça as armas do caça Saab Gripen E/F da FAB |language=pt |website=Poder Aéreo |url=https://www.aereo.jor.br/2017/09/15/conheca-as-armas-do-caca-saab-gripen-ef-da-fab}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=FAB adquire os modernos mísseis ar-ar IRIS-T para o Gripen |url=https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/fab-adquire-os-modernos-misseis-ar-ar-iris-t-para-o-gripen |work=Defesa aérea & naval}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=Caça F-39 Gripen realiza ensaios com quatro mísseis Meteor em GPX |url=https://www.aereo.jor.br/2025/02/07/caca-f-39-gripen-realiza-ensaios-com-quatro-misseis-meteor-em-gpx/ |work=Poder Aéreo}}</ref>
; {{DEU}}
; {{flag|Germany}}
: 1,250 missiles in a first order.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" />  
: 1,250 missiles in a first order.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" />  
: In 2023 a framework contract for up to 1,280 missiles was signed to replace those given as aid to Ukraine (120 ordered in a first batch).<ref>{{cite news|date= 11 December 2023 |title= Beschaffung von bis zu 1.280 IRIS-T geplant |language= DE |website= Hartpunkt |url=https://www.hartpunkt.de/beschaffung-von-bis-zu-1-280-iris-t-geplant/}}</ref>   
: In 2023 a framework contract for up to 1,280 missiles was signed to replace those given as aid to Ukraine (120 ordered in a first batch).<ref>{{cite news|date= 11 December 2023 |title= Beschaffung von bis zu 1.280 IRIS-T geplant |language= DE |website= Hartpunkt |url=https://www.hartpunkt.de/beschaffung-von-bis-zu-1-280-iris-t-geplant/}}</ref>   
; {{GRE}}
; {{flag|Greece}}
: 350 IRIS-T missiles<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" />
: 350 IRIS-T missiles<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" />
; {{ITA}}
; {{flag|Italy}}
: 444 IRIS-T missiles budget €217m, between 2003 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2012 |title=Nota Aggiuntiva allo stato di previsione per la Difesa per l'anno 2012 |url=http://www.difesa.it/Approfondimenti/Nota-aggiuntiva/Documents/NotaAggiuntiva2012.pdf |access-date=19 April 2014 |publisher=Ministero delle Difesa |page=II - 1.C/7 |quote=Programma, in cooperazione internazionale con GERMANIA, SVEZIA, GRECIA, CANADA e NORVEGIA relativo allo sviluppo e produzione e supporto in sevizio di 444 missili aria/aria a corto raggio di nuova generazione |language=it |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234716/http://www.difesa.it/Approfondimenti/Nota-aggiuntiva/Documents/NotaAggiuntiva2012.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
: 444 IRIS-T missiles budget €217m, between 2003 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2012 |title=Nota Aggiuntiva allo stato di previsione per la Difesa per l'anno 2012 |url=http://www.difesa.it/Approfondimenti/Nota-aggiuntiva/Documents/NotaAggiuntiva2012.pdf |access-date=19 April 2014 |publisher=Ministero delle Difesa |page=II - 1.C/7 |quote=Programma, in cooperazione internazionale con GERMANIA, SVEZIA, GRECIA, CANADA e NORVEGIA relativo allo sviluppo e produzione e supporto in sevizio di 444 missili aria/aria a corto raggio di nuova generazione |language=it |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234716/http://www.difesa.it/Approfondimenti/Nota-aggiuntiva/Documents/NotaAggiuntiva2012.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
; {{SAU}}
; {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
: 1,400 IRIS-T missiles<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |access-date=19 April 2014 |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |archive-date=14 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
: 1,400 IRIS-T missiles<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |access-date=19 April 2014 |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |archive-date=14 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
: 150 additional ordered in January 2024 (ordered to replace the ones used to shoot down Houthi drones)<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany to resume arms deliveries to Saudi Arabia with IRIS-T missiles |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/germany-resume-arms-deliveries-saudi-arabia-with-iris-t-missiles-2024-01-10/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=Reuters |date=10 January 2024 |location=Berlin}}</ref>
: 150 additional ordered in January 2024 (ordered to replace the ones used to shoot down Houthi drones)<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany to resume arms deliveries to Saudi Arabia with IRIS-T missiles |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/germany-resume-arms-deliveries-saudi-arabia-with-iris-t-missiles-2024-01-10/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=Reuters |date=10 January 2024 |location=Berlin}}</ref>
; {{ZAF}}
; {{flag|South Africa}}
: 25 IRIS-T missiles delivered as interim armament for [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] aircraft until the completion of the [[A-Darter]] SRAAM project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sipri: Trade Registers |url=http://portal.sipri.org/publications/pages/transfer/trade-register |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423140358/http://portal.sipri.org/publications/pages/transfer/trade-register |archive-date=23 April 2014 |access-date=11 March 2015 |publisher=Portal.sipri.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2011 |title=SAAF maintaining IRIS-T |publisher=defenceWeb |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15548:saaf-maintaining-iris-t&catid=35:Aerospace&Itemid=107 |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref>
: 25 IRIS-T missiles delivered as interim armament for [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] aircraft until the completion of the [[A-Darter]] SRAAM project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sipri: Trade Registers |url=http://portal.sipri.org/publications/pages/transfer/trade-register |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423140358/http://portal.sipri.org/publications/pages/transfer/trade-register |archive-date=23 April 2014 |access-date=11 March 2015 |publisher=Portal.sipri.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2011 |title=SAAF maintaining IRIS-T |publisher=defenceWeb |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15548:saaf-maintaining-iris-t&catid=35:Aerospace&Itemid=107 |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref>
; {{ESP}}
; {{flag|Spain}}
: 700 IRIS-T missiles.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" /> Original budget €247m, final cost €291m.<ref name="PEAs2">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Evaluación de los Programas Especiales de Armamento (PEAs) |trans-title=Special armament programs evaluation |url=http://www.revistatenea.es/revistaatenea/revista/PDF/documentos/Documento_1026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024113307/http://www.revistatenea.es/revistaatenea/revista/PDF/documentos/Documento_1026.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2012 |work=Atenea |publisher=Ministerio de Defensa |language=es |location=Madrid}}</ref>
: 700 IRIS-T missiles.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" /> Original budget €247m, final cost €291m.<ref name="PEAs2">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Evaluación de los Programas Especiales de Armamento (PEAs) |trans-title=Special armament programs evaluation |url=http://www.revistatenea.es/revistaatenea/revista/PDF/documentos/Documento_1026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024113307/http://www.revistatenea.es/revistaatenea/revista/PDF/documentos/Documento_1026.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2012 |work=Atenea |publisher=Ministerio de Defensa |language=es |location=Madrid}}</ref>
; {{SWE}}
; {{flag|Sweden}}
: 450 IRIS-T missiles, designated ''Jaktrobotsystem 98'' (jrbs 98).<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" /> IRIS-T SLS variant used in ground-based air defense systems.
: 450 IRIS-T missiles, designated ''Jaktrobotsystem 98'' (jrbs 98).<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" /> IRIS-T SLS variant used in ground-based air defense systems.
; {{THA}}
; {{flag|Thailand}}
: 220 IRIS-T missiles ordered.<ref name="diehl12" /> To be integrated with [[Northrop F-5|F-5T]], [[Saab Jas 39 Gripen|Gripen C/D]], and [[F-16]] eMLU.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |title=Thai F-5s to fight on with IRIS-T missiles |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/thai-f-5s-to-fight-on-with-iris-t-missiles/128499.article |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref>
: 220 IRIS-T missiles ordered.<ref name="diehl12" /> To be integrated with [[Northrop F-5|F-5T]], [[Saab Jas 39 Gripen|Gripen C/D]], and [[F-16]] eMLU.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |title=Thai F-5s to fight on with IRIS-T missiles |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/thai-f-5s-to-fight-on-with-iris-t-missiles/128499.article |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref>


==== Former operators ====
=== Former operators ===
; {{NOR}}
; {{flag|Norway}}
: 150 IRIS-T missiles.<ref name="diehl12">{{cite web |title=Diehl Defence: IRIS-T, the short-distance missile of the latest generation |url=http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/press-media/subjects-in-the-focus/iris-t-the-short-distance-missile-of-the-latest-generation.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330051726/http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/press-media/subjects-in-the-focus/iris-t-the-short-distance-missile-of-the-latest-generation.html |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |publisher=Diehl.com}}</ref> Taken out of service along with the F-16 in 2022. Missiles donated to Ukraine in August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2023 |title=Norway to donate air defence missiles to Ukraine |language=en |website=regjeringen.no (Norwegian Government) |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norway-to-donate-air-defence-missiles-to-ukraine/id2991999/
: 150 IRIS-T missiles.<ref name="diehl12">{{cite web |title=Diehl Defence: IRIS-T, the short-distance missile of the latest generation |url=http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/press-media/subjects-in-the-focus/iris-t-the-short-distance-missile-of-the-latest-generation.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330051726/http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/press-media/subjects-in-the-focus/iris-t-the-short-distance-missile-of-the-latest-generation.html |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |publisher=Diehl.com}}</ref> Taken out of service along with the F-16 in 2022. Missiles donated to Ukraine in August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2023 |title=Norway to donate air defence missiles to Ukraine |language=en |website=regjeringen.no (Norwegian Government) |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/norway-to-donate-air-defence-missiles-to-ukraine/id2991999/
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


====Future operators====
=== Future operators ===
 
; {{flag|Hungary}}
; {{HUN}}
: IRIS-T integration for Hungarian [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] MS20 Block II modernization program was ordered in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2021 |title=A legkorszerűbb légiharc-rakétákkal bővül a Magyar Honvédség Gripenjeinek fegyverzete |language=hu |website=webradio.hu |url=https://www.webradio.hu/hirek/belfold/a-legkorszerubb-legiharc-raketakkal-bovul-a-magyar-honvedseg-gripenjeinek-fegyverzete}}</ref>
: IRIS-T integration for Hungarian [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] MS20 Block II modernization program was ordered in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2021 |title=A legkorszerűbb légiharc-rakétákkal bővül a Magyar Honvédség Gripenjeinek fegyverzete |language=hu |website=webradio.hu |url=https://www.webradio.hu/hirek/belfold/a-legkorszerubb-legiharc-raketakkal-bovul-a-magyar-honvedseg-gripenjeinek-fegyverzete}}</ref>
; {{ROK}}
; {{flag|South Korea}}
: IRIS-T integration for the [[KAI KF-21 Boramae|KF-X]] fighter program was ordered in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2018/march/4148-south-korea-confirms-meteor-iris-t-integration-on-kf-x-fighter-jet.html|title=South Korea confirms Meteor, Iris-T integration on KF-X fighter jet|website=www.airrecognition.com|accessdate=3 February 2024|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122073141/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2018/march/4148-south-korea-confirms-meteor-iris-t-integration-on-kf-x-fighter-jet.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the first test firing taking place in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=2023-04-05 |title=KF-21 Boramae fired an IRIS-T missile for the first time |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2023/04/kf-21-boramae-fired-an-iris-t-missile-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es}}</ref> On 17 May 2024, Diehl Defence declared that a KF-21 fighter had successfully fired an IRIS-T AAM to attack the target drone designated by the onboard AESA radar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.diehl.com/defence/en/press-and-media/news/kai-kf-21-accomplished-first-successful-firing-of-iris-t/?sid=62 |title=Kai KF-21 accomplished first successful firing of IRIS-T |date=17 May 2024 |publisher=[[Diehl Defence]] |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>
: IRIS-T integration for the [[KAI KF-21 Boramae|KF-X]] fighter program was ordered in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2018/march/4148-south-korea-confirms-meteor-iris-t-integration-on-kf-x-fighter-jet.html|title=South Korea confirms Meteor, Iris-T integration on KF-X fighter jet|website=www.airrecognition.com|accessdate=3 February 2024|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122073141/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2018/march/4148-south-korea-confirms-meteor-iris-t-integration-on-kf-x-fighter-jet.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first test firing took place in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=2023-04-05 |title=KF-21 Boramae fired an IRIS-T missile for the first time |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2023/04/kf-21-boramae-fired-an-iris-t-missile-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es}}</ref> On 17 May 2024, Diehl Defence declared that a KF-21 fighter had successfully fired an IRIS-T AAM to attack the target drone designated by the onboard AESA radar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.diehl.com/defence/en/press-and-media/news/kai-kf-21-accomplished-first-successful-firing-of-iris-t/?sid=62 |title=Kai KF-21 accomplished first successful firing of IRIS-T |date=17 May 2024 |publisher=[[Diehl Defence]] |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>


==== Potential operators ====
=== Potential operators ===
; {{Flag|Romania}}
; {{Flag|Romania}}
: Trials are ongoing on the [[IAR 99|IAR-99SM]] with the IRIS-T missile.
: Trials are ongoing on the [[IAR 99|IAR-99SM]] with the IRIS-T missile.
=== Surface-to-air missiles ===
==== Current operators ====
; {{EGY}}
: Using the Airbus Fortion IBMS-FC, a [[Hensoldt]] [[TRML-4D]] radar installed on a [[RMMV HX range of tactical trucks|MAN HX2]].
:* 7 IRIS-T SLM ground-based air defense systems ordered in 2018.<ref name="rp-online.de2">{{cite web |date=19 September 2018 |title=Federal Government approves arms exports to Gulf States |url=https://rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/bundesregierung-genehmigt-waffenexporte-an-saudi-arabien-katar-und-aegypten_aid-33127259 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=Rheinische Post}}</ref> with a further order of 400 SLM missiles
:* 10 IRIS-T SLX systems was approved in December 2021
:* 6 IRIS-T SLS systems<ref name="polygon-egypt-slm-20222">{{Cite web|url=https://polygonjournal.com/2022/04/07/new-german-made-iris-t-slm-air-defense-missile-system-of-egypt-armed-forces/|title=New German-made IRIS-T SLM air defense missile system of Egypt armed forces – Polygonjournal.com|date=7 April 2022|website=polygonjournal.com|accessdate=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gebauer |first1=Matthias |last2=Schult |first2=Christoph |date=2021-12-15 |title=Ägypten: GroKo genehmigte noch kurz vor Regierungswechsel heiklen Waffenexport |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ruestungslieferung-an-aegypten-groko-genehmigte-noch-kurz-vor-regierungswechsel-heiklen-waffenexport-a-77fe32e9-6199-419f-b33f-64e3cb2e4291 |access-date=2021-12-27 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref>
; {{SWE}}
: IRIS-T SLS known as ''Luftvärnsrobotsystem 98'' or ''lvrbs 98''. It was ordered in 2013, first system used for trial was delivered in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbuyisa |first=Slindo |date=2013-03-13 |title=Sweden buys IRIS-T surface-to-air missiles |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/daily-news/international-news/sweden-buys-iris-t-surface-to-air-missiles/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=defenceWeb |language=en-ZA}}</ref> The system is made of:
:* [[BvS 10]] vehicle with a command post.
:* [[BvS 10]] the trailer of the vehicle on which four IRIS-T SLS missiles are installed.
: 450 IRIS-T missiles, designated <ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" /> IRIS-T SLS variant used in ground-based air defense systems.
; {{UKR}}
: Germany [[List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|provided]] military aid packages to Ukraine facing the Russian invasion.
:* 12 IRIS-T SLM systems,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oryx |title=Answering The Call: Heavy Weaponry Supplied To Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/04/answering-call-heavy-weaponry-supplied.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Oryx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany unveils biggest-ever Ukraine military package |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8194661/germany-unveils-biggest-ever-ukraine-military-package/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=canberratimes.com.au|date=13 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-13 |title=Military support for Ukraine {{!}} Federal Government |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/military-support-ukraine-2054992 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Website of the Federal Government {{!}} Bundesregierung |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Ukraine-Krieg: Russland stoppt ukrainischen Vormarsch am Dnipro |url=https://www.fr.de/politik/putin-ukraine-krieg-news-dnipro-ufer-frontlinie-russland-cherson-verluste-zahlen-aktuell-zr-92684004.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.fr.de |language=de}}</ref> among which, 6 delivered<ref name="Ukrainian SLS" /> (1 in October 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ES&T editorial team |date=2022-11-09 |title=Germany is supplying more Iris-T SLM missiles to Ukraine |url=https://esut.de/en/2022/11/meldungen/luft/37901/deutschland-liefert-weitere-flugkoerper-iris-t-slm-an-die-ukraine/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=esut.de |language=en}}</ref> 1 in April 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last=KG |first=Diehl Stiftung & Co |date=2023-05-25 |title=Second IRIS-T SLM fire unit delivered to Ukraine {{!}} Diehl Defence |url=https://www.diehl.com//defence/en/press-and-media/news/second-iris-t-slm-fire-unit-delivered-to-ukraine/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.diehl.com |language=en}}</ref> 1 in October 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Drittes System IRIS-T SLM an Ukraine übergeben |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/presse/drittes-system-iris-t-slm-ukraine-uebergeben-5696950 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref> 1 in May 2024,<ref>{{cite news |author1=Matthias Gebauer |author2=Marina Kormbaki |title=Weiteres deutsches Iris-T-System in der Ukraine angekommen |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ukraine-krieg-weiteres-deutsches-iris-t-system-in-der-ukraine-angekommen-a-f38b6bc4-f8d7-45a1-9f52-5cc2c94c33e1 |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de}}</ref> 1 in December 2024<ref name="Ukrainian SLS" />), and additional IRIS-T SLM missiles are being supplied by Germany.
:* 12 IRIS-T SLS systems, with three delivered. One IRIS-T SLS system likely consists of two launchers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Military support for Ukraine {{!}} Federal Government |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/military-support-ukraine-2054992 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Website of the Federal Government {{!}} Bundesregierung |language=en}}</ref> The IRIS-T SLM batteries are all equipped with the fire control system Airbus Fortion IBMS-FC and the radar [[TRML-4D]] from [[Hensoldt]]. Those systems use the [[RMMV HX range of tactical trucks|MAN HX2]] platform. In comparison, each Ukrainian IRIS-T SLS system consists of 2 missile launchers. These launchers are integrated with Iveco 4×4 trucks. They need the Hensoldt TRML-4D mobile radar to guide the missiles.<ref name="Ukrainian SLS" />
:* In May 2025, Germany placed an order for an unknown volume of IRIS-T SLS/SLM fire units, worth €2.2 billion. The framework agreement enables to provide up to 10 fire units, and 500 missiles, but depending on the Ukrainian needs, the munitions or the fire units might be prioritized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malyasov |first=Dylan |date=2025-05-28 |title=Germany signs $2.5B deal to supply Ukraine with IRIS-T systems |url=https://defence-blog.com/germany-signs-2-5b-deal-to-supply-ukraine-with-iris-t-systems/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=defence-blog.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malyasov |first=Dylan |date=2025-05-30 |title=Report: Ukraine’s IRIS-T deal may cover 10 launchers, 500 missiles |url=https://defence-blog.com/report-ukraines-iris-t-deal-may-cover-10-launchers-500-missiles/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=defence-blog.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
: Norway announced in July 2024 that $92 million will be allocated for an IRIS-T SLM battery to be delivered to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Mykhailo Stoliar |date=2024-07-12 |title=Norway to finance IRIS-T SL air defence system for Ukraine |url=https://gagadget.com/en/479633-norway-to-finance-iris-t-sl-air-defence-system-for-ukraine/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=gagadget.com}}</ref>
;{{DEU}} (1 fire unit operational, 5 on order, 2 on option, 216 missiles ordered)
:The [[German Air Force]] operates 1 IRIS-T SLM fire unit. The system gained its initial operational capability in September 2024 after having been handed over to the German procurement agency in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ES&T Redaktion |date=2024-08-06 |title=Erste Feuereinheit IRIS-T SLM abgenommen – Nutzung für Ende 2025 geplant |url=https://esut.de/2024/08/meldungen/52302/erste-feuereinheit-iris-t-slm-abgenommen-nutzung-fuer-ende-2025-geplant/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=esut.de |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Feierliche Indienststellung des Waffensystems IRIS-T SLM |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/presse/feierliche-indienststellung-waffensystems-iris-t-slm-5831838 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref>
:In June 2023, the German Air Force ordered 6 fire units with 216 missiles for €950 million, and there is an option for 2 additional fire units. The order is financed from the Bundeswehr special fund. This system is also part of the European Sky Shield Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ES&T Redaktion |date=2024-09-06 |title=Anfängliche Einsatzbereitschaft mit IRIS-T erreicht |url=https://esut.de/2024/09/meldungen/53035/anfaengliche-einsatzbereitschaft-mit-iris-t-erreicht/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=esut.de |language=de-DE}}</ref>
==== Future operators ====
;{{Flag|Austria}}
: 8 IRIS-T fire units with 3 launchers each are to be purchased by Austria. It will include IRIS-T SLM and SLS batteries. The decision for this system was announced in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Sicherheit: Österreich kauft Raketenwerfer - Zur Sache |url=https://zur-sache.at/news/sicherheit-oesterreich-kauft-raketenwerfer/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=zur-sache.at |language=de-AT}}</ref>
;{{Flag|Bulgaria}}
: The Bulgarian parliament approved the purchase of 1 fire unit of the IRIS-T SLM for the [[Bulgarian Air Force]] in August 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Bulgaria approves purchase of IRIS-T SLM |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/bulgaria-approves-purchase-of-iris-t-slm |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref>
: Options for additional fire are mentioned in potential sales.
; {{EST}}
: In May 2023, the Latvian and Estonian governments announced their decision to jointly procure the IRIS-T SLM systems, with deliveries expected in 2025.<ref name="washingtonpost.com2">{{cite news |date=21 May 2023 |title=Estonia, Latvia plan joint purchase of German medium-range IRIS-T air defense systems |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/21/estonia-latvia-germany-air-defense-iris-t/5356ffa4-f7d4-11ed-bafc-bf50205661da_story.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> 3 IRIS-T SLM systems were ordered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Estonia is preparing to procure a long-range missile defence system to counter modern threats, with the total cost expected to surpass EUR 1 billion. |url=https://defence-industry.eu/estonia-to-procure-long-range-missile-defence-system-evaluating-patriot-davids-sling-and-samp-t-options/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |language=en}}</ref>
;{{DEU}}
:[[German Army]]: For the programme LVS NNbS, the IRIS-T missiles will be used, likely to be installed on mobile launchers [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|Boxer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rheinmetall |url=https://www.rheinmetall.com/en/microsites/nnbs |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Rheinmetall |language=en}}</ref>
;{{LAT}}
: IRIS-T SLM system contract signed in November 2023 for €600 million, delivery of components from 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gosselin-Malo |first=Elisabeth |date=2023-12-04 |title=Latvia signs order for German IRIS-T air defenses |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/12/04/latvia-signs-order-for-german-iris-t-air-defenses/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>
;{{flagcountry|NLD}}
: The Netherlands are coordinating with Norway for the same system they are using, the mobile GBAD.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Verwerving luchtverdediging op korte en middellange afstand in 1 project |trans-title=Acquisition air defence on short and long distance in 1 project |url=https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/06/05/verwerving-luchtverdediging-op-korte-en-middellange-afstand-in-1-project |access-date=5 June 2023 |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Gerhard Heiming |date=24 January 2024 |title=Luftverteidigung All-in-One auf G5 |url=https://esut.de/2024/01/meldungen/47028/luftverteidigung-all-in-one-auf-g5/ |website=ES&T |language=German}}</ref>
;{{NOR}}
: Norway is developing its short range air defence, the MGBAD "''mobile ground-based air defence system"''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ArmadniNoviny.cz |title=Norsko obnovuje PVO: Transportéry M113 ponesou protiletadlové střely IRIS-T |url=https://www.armadninoviny.cz/norska-pvo-transportery-m113-jako-nosice-protiletadlovych-strel-iris-t.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Armádní noviny |language=cs}}</ref> It is using elements of the NASAMS 3 system, and elements from the IRIS-T SLS system. The purchase includes:
:* 36 IRIS-T SLS missiles
:* 6 mobile launchers [[PMMC G5]] equipped with 6 IRIS-T SLS canister launchers and a XENTA-M [[X-band]] radar designed by [[Weibel Scientific]]
:* 3 High Mobility Launcher (HML) [[HMMWV]]-based equipped with a roof rack with up to 4 [[AIM-120 AMRAAM|AIM-120B AMRAAM]] or 6 AIM-120C missiles
:* a command and control system based on the NASAMS 3.
;{{SLO}}
: 1 batteria IRIS-T SLM systems contract signed in December 2023 for €200 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defence-blog.com/slovenia-inks-deal-with-germany-for-iris-t-slm-air-defense-system/|title=Slovenia inks deal with Germany for IRIS-T SLM air defense system|date=8 December 2023 |accessdate=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=ESSI: Slovenia signs agreement for IRIS-T SLM air defence system |url=https://defence-industry.eu/essi-slovenia-signs-agreement-for-iris-t-slm-air-defence-system/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |language=en}}</ref> In early 2025, it was decided that Slovenia would order two more batteries for the IRIS T system. The first battery is expected to be delivered in 2027, and the second and third in 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAJ VSE BOMO ŠE KUPILI? Tako dolg je seznam obrambnega ministrstva, dajatve bo povišal tudi Nato |url=http://www.regionalobala.si/novica/kaj-vse-bomo-se-kupili-tako-dolg-je-seznam-obrambnega-ministrstva-dajatve-bo-povisal-tudi-nato |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=regionalobala.si |language=sl}}</ref>
;'''{{flag|Switzerland}}'''
:[[Swiss Air Force]] – Tender for ''Bodluv MR Programme'' launched in April 2024. Armasuisse requested an offer to [[Diehl Defence|Diehl]] for a medium range air defence system (a variant of the IRIS-T SL). Diehl is in competition against [[MBDA]] (with potentially the [[CAMM (missile family)|CAMM]], [[CAMM (missile family)|CAMM-ER]] or [[MICA (missile)|MICA-VL]]) and [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace|Kongsberg]] / [[Raytheon]] (with the [[NASAMS]] or MGBAD).<ref>{{Cite web |last=PK |date=2024-04-30 |title=Demande d'offre pour le futur système sol-air de moyenne portée ! |url=https://www.avianews.ch/post/demande-d-offre-pour-le-futur-syst%C3%A8me-sol-air-de-moyenne-port%C3%A9e |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Avia news |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Offertanfrage an die Herstellerfirmen von Bodluv-Systemen mittlerer Reichweite übergeben |url=https://www.news.admin.ch/de/nsb?id=100856 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.admin.ch}}</ref>
:Programme information: tender launched 30 April 2024, offer to be provided by July 2024, decision expected in the third quarter 2024 and the financing and order is planned with the armament program 2025.  Note: "[[European Sky Shield Initiative|ESSI]] participation doesn't preclude the system choice".
:As of July 2024, [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace|Kongsberg]] / [[Raytheon]] and [[MBDA]] made the decision to not submit an offer for the ''Bodluv MR Programme''. Diehl therefore won the tender. Armasuisse will now enter in negotiation for the purchase of the system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medium-range ground-based air defence – Kongsberg and MBDA will not submit offers |url=https://www.ar.admin.ch/en/nsb?id=101767 }}</ref>
:In April 2025, trials of the radar took place. Additionally, the Swiss government is in negotiations for 4 to 5 IRIS-T SLM systems with a contract expected to be signed in the third quarter of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-04-11 |title=Air2030, test du radar du système IRIS-SLM ! |url=https://www.avianews.ch/post/air2030-test-du-radar-du-syst%C3%A8me-iris-slm |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Avia news |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruitenberg |first=Rudy |date=2025-04-11 |title=Switzerland to buy 4 or 5 IRIS-T air-defense systems from Diehl |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2025/04/11/switzerland-to-buy-4-or-5-iris-t-air-defense-systems-from-diehl/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>
==== Potential future operators ====
; {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
: An option for up to 5 IRIS-T SLM and 1 IRIS-T SLX fire units is available until 2032.<ref name=":1" />
; {{Flag|Germany}}
: Germany is interested to buy the IRIS-T SLX for its air force.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Luftwaffe sieht Bedarf für die Beschaffung von Iris-T SLX |url=https://www.hartpunkt.de/luftwaffe-sieht-bedarf-fuer-die-beschaffung-von-iris-t-slx/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |language=de}}</ref>
; {{Flag|Romania}}
: €3.85 billion for 41 launchers, to be purchased in 2 phases. It is in competition against the [[NASAMS]] from [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace|Kongsberg]], the [[MICA (missile)|VL Mica]] from [[MBDA|MBDA France]], the [[SPYDER]] from [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] and the [[KM-SAM]] from [[Hanwha Group|Hanwha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Defensa.com |date=2023-11-24 |title=Rumania se dotará de un sistema de defensa aérea por 3.850 millones - Noticias Defensa defensa.com OTAN y Europa |url=https://www.defensa.com/otan-y-europa/rumania-dotara-sistema-defensa-aerea-medio-corto-alcance-3-850 |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Defensa.com |language=es}}</ref> It is to replace the [[S-75 Dvina|S-75M3]] and the [[MIM-23 Hawk]] (Phase IIIR) air defence systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romania Launches $4.2 Billion Tender for Short- and Medium-range Air Defense Systems |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/romania-launches-4-2-billion-tender-for-short-and-medium-range-air-defense-systems/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Militarnyi |language=en-US}}</ref> 
; {{LIT}}
: On 21 May 2024, in the meeting with Germany [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Federal Ministry of Defence]] [[Boris Pistorius]], the [[Ministry of National Defence (Lithuania)|Ministry of National Defence]] [[Laurynas Kasčiūnas]] said that Lithuania was considering purchasing IRIS-T medium-range air defense system.<ref>{{cite news |author=Radvilė Rumšienė |title=Po Kasčiūno ir Pistoriuso susitikimo – Lietuvos svarstymas įsigyti oro gynybos sistemas |date=21 May 2024 |url=https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/lietuvoje/2/2278752/po-kasciuno-ir-pistoriuso-susitikimo-lietuvos-svarstymas-isigyti-oro-gynybos-sistemas |newspaper=[[Lithuanian National Radio and Television]] |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=lt}}</ref>
; ESSI members ([[European Sky Shield Initiative]])
: As part of the ESSI (European Sky Shield Initiative), a common European air defence system which will be made of mostly IRIS-T SL and the [[MIM-104 Patriot|MIM-104 Patriot System]]. The ESSI initiative includes some countries that are already clients (Germany, Latvia, Estonia, Norway), or soon to be clients (Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Denmark).
==Operational usage==
=== Egypt ===
The first IRIS-T SLM system was delivered in 2021 to [[Egypt]], and trials followed, seeing the successful downing of two drones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liam |first=Darek |date=2021-12-17 |title=Egypt Air defence strengthened with IRIS-T SLM acquisition |url=https://www.military.africa/2021/12/egypt-air-defence-strengthened-with-iris-t-slm-acquisition/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Military Africa |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Ukraine ===
[[File:Ukrainian IRIS-T SLM.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian IRIS-T SLM launcher]]
[[File:IRIS-T SLS launcher UA.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian IRIS-T SLS launcher]]
On 24 October 2022, at the opening of the 5th Business Forum on the Reconstruction of Ukraine, the Prime Minister of Ukraine [[Denys Shmyhal]] noted that German IRIS-T system had the highest successful hit rate among others in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and it could destroy 9 out of 10 Russian missiles.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2022 |title=German IRIS-T reach 90% successful hit rate in Ukraine |url=https://www.technology.org/2022/10/24/german-iris-t-reach-90-successful-hit-rate-in-ukraine/ |website=Technology Org}}</ref>
Following another Russian missile attack against Ukraine on 31 October 2022, the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] stated that IRIS-T missiles had a 100% success rate countering the attack.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=IRIS-T shows 100% success today, more of these systems needed, Air Force says |url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/iris-t-shows-100-success-today-more-of-these-systems-needed-air-force-says-50280556.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The New Voice of Ukraine}}</ref>
On 15 November, 2022 footage appearing to show the IRIS-T system shooting down two cruise missiles circulated. One missile appeared to be a Kalibr cruise missile.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=German IRIS-T 'Blows Away' Russian Cruise Missile; Ukraine's Interceptor System Hunts At A Stunning Speed |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/german-iris-t-blows-away-russian-missile-ukraines-interceptor/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=EurAsian Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Watch: Russian Cruise Missile Shot Down By Ukraine Surface-To-Air Missile |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/dramatic-video-shows-russian-missile-shot-down-over-kyiv-3529534 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
During the [[2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive]], a [[TRML-4D]] multi-functional radar from the IRIS-T SLM air defense system was reportedly damaged by a Russian [[ZALA Lancet]] drone, with the extent of damage unclear.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=Russische Drohne beschädigt wichtiges Flugabwehrsystem der Ukraine |url=https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000173825/russische-drohne-zerstoert-wichtiges-luftabwehrsystem-der-ukraine |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Der Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Kamikaze-Drohne attackiert deutsches Luftabwehr-System IRIS-T |url=https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Kamikaze-Drohne-attackiert-deutsches-Luftabwehr-System-IRIS-T-article24179362.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=N-tv}}</ref> According to Ukraine, the system remained functional.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title="Nicht einfach der russischen Propaganda glauben" |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/ukraine-leopard-iris-1.5915272 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Süddeutsche Zeitung}}</ref>
As of October 2023 Germany had transferred to Ukraine three IRIS-T air defense systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-27 |title=Ukraine updates: US aid to Kyiv hits Republican roadblock – DW – |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-updates-us-aid-to-kyiv-hits-republican-roadblock/live-67229742#liveblog-post-67238958 |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=DW |language=en}}</ref>
On 23 November 2023, the [[German Federal Ministry of Defence]] announced that an additional four IRIS-T SLM medium-range air defense systems would be supplied to Ukraine as part of a military aid package worth more than €1.3 billion (US$1.4 billion). The systems will be supplied from 2025. The package also includes drones and drone-defense systems, demining vehicles, satellite communications, electronic warfare equipment, directional anti-tank mines and artillery shells.<ref name="2023-11-25_DN">{{Cite web |last=Ruitenberg |first=Rudy |date=2023-11-24 |title=Germany to supply Ukraine with IRIS-T systems in $1.4 billion package |url=https://www.defensenews.com/electronic-warfare/2023/11/24/germany-to-supply-ukraine-with-iris-t-systems-in-14-billion-package/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref>
By June 2024, Helmut Rauch, the CEO of Diehl Defense claimed that 240 kills were achieved by the IRIS-T SLM and SLS in Ukraine with an almost 100% success rate.<ref name="Closeto100%" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Diehl will Produktion von Iris-T SLM verdoppeln und Raketen für das Artilleriesystem PULS herstellen |url=https://www.hartpunkt.de/diehl-will-produktion-von-iris-t-slm-verdoppeln-und-raketen-fuer-das-artilleriesystem-puls-herstellen/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |language=de-DE}}</ref>
=== Germany ===
In September 2024, The [[German Air Force]] activated its first IRIS-T SLM fire unit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=German army activates air-defence system over Russia threat |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20240904/german-army-activates-air-defence-system-over-russia-threat |work=Local}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 17:15, 28 June 2025

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The IRIS-T (infrared imaging system tail/thrust vector-controlled) is a family of short range infrared homing air-to-air and short to medium range surface-to-air missiles. It is also called AIM-2000.[1][2]

The missile was developed in the late 1990s–early 2000s by a German-led program to produce a short to medium range infrared homing air-to-air missile to replace the AIM-9 Sidewinder in use by some NATO member countries at the time. A goal of the program was for any aircraft capable of firing the Sidewinder to also be capable of launching the IRIS-T.[3] The air-to-air variant was fielded in 2005.

History

Background

In August 1980, the USA, the UK, Germany and France signed a Memorandum of understanding which aimed to develop two types of AAMs to replace existing ones. The USA developed the Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) to replace the AIM-7 Sparrow, while the Europe team developed the Advanced Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile (ASRAAM) to replace the AIM-9 Sidewinder. This work was dusted off for the UK–German effort,[4] with the Germans providing a new seeker, and the UK providing most of the remaining components.

In 1987, after years of silence on the program, the US proposed a requirement that the weapon must use Sidewinder rails rather than the universal aircraft rail adaptor named the "missile support unit" that had been developed. This delayed the project by one year as the British, German and Norwegian proposals were redesigned. Fearing erosion of its industrial base, the US proposed it would choose the latest version of its existing Sidewinder design with increased manoeuvrability and IRCCM unless the European partners increased the US industrial workshare,[5] designated AIM-9X.[6] However, the Sidewinder upgrade proposal failed to interest NATO buyers.

After German reunification in 1990, Germany found itself with large stockpiles of the Soviet Vympel R-73 air-to-air missiles (NATO reporting name: AA-11 Archer) carried by the MiG-29 Fulcrum and concluded that its capabilities had been noticeably underestimated.[7] It was one of the earliest 4th generation WVRAAM and more capable in dogfight than the former 3rd generation ones.[8][9][10] In 1990, Germany withdrew from the ASRAAM project, while the UK resolved to find another seeker and develop ASRAAM according to the original range requirement.[11] In 1992, the missile development programme ultimately separated with the UK the ASRAAM, France the MBDA MICA, US the AIM-9X and Germany electing to restart development on what became the IRIS-T.

Development

In 1995, Germany announced the start of the IRIS-T development, in collaboration with Greece, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Canada. In 1997, Germany had invested more than 500 million DM in this project and held a 46% share. In addition, Italy accounted for 20%, Sweden 18%, Greece 8%, Canada 4% and Norway 3%.[12] Canada later dropped out, while Spain joined as a procurement partner in 2003.[13] The German Air Force took first delivery of the missile in December 2005.[14]

Missile characteristics

In comparison to the AIM-9M Sidewinder, the IRIS-T has higher ECM resistance and flare suppression.[15] Improvements in target discrimination allow for five to eight times longer head-on firing range than the AIM-9L[16] and three to four times longer target acquiring range than the AIM-9M.[17] Its seeker can receive cues from radar, helmet mounted display, infrared search and track device, missile approach warner and data link.[18] It can engage targets behind the launching aircraft, made possible by extreme close-in agility, allowing turns of 60 g at a rate of 60°/s via thrust vectoring and LOAL capability.[19][20]

The IRIS-T belongs to 5th generation IR-guided missiles which introduce infrared imaging seeker.[21] Compared to the other 5th generation IR-guided missiles, such as AIM-9X, ASRAAM which use staring array,[22] the IRIS-T uses an InSb[23] two-colour seeker based around a 128x2 linear array and a scanning mirror which builds an image from a row of detector elements and scans rapidly across the target. It would produce a 128x128 size image 80 times per second.[22]Template:Sfn Each of the elements has a resolution in milliradians.[17] It was regarded to have good resistance against DIRCM.[24][25] Bodenseewerk Gerätetechnik GmbH (BGT) claimed that scanning arrays were less susceptible than staring arrays as the former receive the DIRCM energy for fractions of a second whereas the latter receive it continuously.[22]

The IRIS-T is able to intercept fast-moving and miniature targets, such as air-to-air/surface-to-air missiles and air-to-surface/surface-to-surface missiles and rockets, UAV/drones, and cruise missiles. To improve the probability of a direct hit, the missile is equipped with a Ku band[22] active radar proximity fuze.[25]

The IRIS-T has the unique ability, in comparison to other similar missiles such as the AIM-9X, to target and shoot down other air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, thus offering a 360° defence capability.[19][18] Surface launched variants of the IRIS-T, the IRIS-T SLS and IRIS-T SLM, have enhanced capabilities to destroy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles, anti-ship missiles, anti-radar rockets and large-calibre rockets. They have a high probability of a killing shot against UAVs and other small manoeuvring threats at very-short and medium-range distances.[26]

The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) has tested a new air-to-surface capability developed by Diehl BGT Defence for the IRIS-T. A proof of concept test firing to acquire, track, and engage a target representing a small fast attack boat was conducted in Norway in September 2016, where the IRIS-T missile was launched from an RNoAF F-16AM multirole aircraft. For the air-to-surface role, the missile retains the same standard IRIS-T AAM hardware configuration, including the HE warhead and IIR guidance package, with only an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability.[27] This basic air-to-ground capability provides the ability to acquire, track and engage individual ground targets like boats, ships, small buildings and vehicles.[28]

Variants

Template:Sister project

Operational

By June 2024, three variants were available: The initial IRIS-T air to air missile with 25 km range, IRIS-T SLS (short range) with 12 km range and 8 km altitude and IRIS-T SLM (medium range) with 40 km range and 20 km maximum altitude.[29][30] A third variant, IRIS-T SLX (long range) variant with a dual-mode (IR and RF) seeker, a range of 80 km and a maximum altitude of 30 km, is in development Template:As of.[31]

Due to increased demand due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Diehl Defence is increasing production of IRIS-T systems and missiles. It plans to produce three to four systems in 2024 and at least eight in 2025, with missile production planned to grow to around 400 to 500 per year starting in 2024.[32]

IRIS-T air-to-air missile

It is the initial variant of the IRIS-T missile.

In development

IRIS-T AAM Block 2

In June 2024, Diehl Defence revealed that they were working on a new variant of IRIS-T AAM which will benefit from a new seeker, replacement electronics and a data link capability.[33]

The German parliament approved its financing in December 2024.[34] The contract was signed in January 2025.[35] In February 2025, Sweden, Italy and Spain also joined the effort to modernise the IRIS-T missile.[36]

IRIS-T FCAAM air-to-air missile

File:ILA 2024, Schoenefeld (ILA44513).jpg
FCAAM

Diehl mentioned in 2022 that it was working on a 6th generation of short-range air-to-air missiles, and it is known as the "Future Combat Air-to-Air Missile". This missile is being designed to become one of the weapons of the European Future Combat Air System.[37] Some new features of IRIS-T FCAAM might include a stealthy non-cylindrical cross-section, multiple-spectrum IR sensor, advanced data processing, a two-way datalink, and a dual pulse/multi-pulse rocket motor.[38]

IRIS-T air-to-surface missile

For the air-to-surface role, the only difference from air-to-air version is an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability. Tested by the Royal Norwegian Air Force.[39]

IDAS

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The IDAS variant is a naval version of the missile, and is also being developed for the new Type 212A submarine of the German Navy. IDAS is supposed to engage air threats, small or medium surface vessels or near land targets.[40]

The latest stage of development qualification is planned for 2024.[41] In October 2022, the Germany Ministry of Defense revised the budget proposal and canceled the project to buy the IDAS;[42] however in 2024 the project was restarted.[43]

Cancelled projects

LFK NG

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". LFK NG was a surface-to-air variant tehat was developed by the Diehl BGT Defence and MBDA/LFK for the Germany air defence plan called SysFla (Template:Langx). Its weight is 28 kg, which is just one third of the original IRIS-T AAM. It would be equipped on the Army's Ozelot air defence system and Eurocopter Tiger. It has the operational range of 10 km.[44] In 2012, the German Army air defence units Template:Ill was disbanded.[45] There's no further news about this variant afterward.

Operators

File:IRIS-T operators.svg
Operators <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Current
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  Future

The following operators are listed and defined as of June 2023.

Current operators

Template:Country data Austria
25[46]
Template:Country data Brazil
IRIS-T missiles for the new Saab JAS 39 Gripen E/F variants.[46][47][48][49]
Template:Country data Germany
1,250 missiles in a first order.[46]
In 2023 a framework contract for up to 1,280 missiles was signed to replace those given as aid to Ukraine (120 ordered in a first batch).[50]
Template:Country data Greece
350 IRIS-T missiles[46]
Template:Country data Italy
444 IRIS-T missiles budget €217m, between 2003 and 2015.[51]
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia
1,400 IRIS-T missiles[52]
150 additional ordered in January 2024 (ordered to replace the ones used to shoot down Houthi drones)[53]
Template:Country data South Africa
25 IRIS-T missiles delivered as interim armament for Saab JAS 39 Gripen aircraft until the completion of the A-Darter SRAAM project.[54][55]
Template:Country data Spain
700 IRIS-T missiles.[46] Original budget €247m, final cost €291m.[56]
Template:Country data Sweden
450 IRIS-T missiles, designated Jaktrobotsystem 98 (jrbs 98).[46] IRIS-T SLS variant used in ground-based air defense systems.
Template:Country data Thailand
220 IRIS-T missiles ordered.[57] To be integrated with F-5T, Gripen C/D, and F-16 eMLU.[58]

Former operators

Template:Country data Norway
150 IRIS-T missiles.[57] Taken out of service along with the F-16 in 2022. Missiles donated to Ukraine in August 2023.[59]

Future operators

Template:Country data Hungary
IRIS-T integration for Hungarian Saab JAS 39 Gripen MS20 Block II modernization program was ordered in December 2021.[60]
Template:Country data South Korea
IRIS-T integration for the KF-X fighter program was ordered in 2018.[61] The first test firing took place in April 2023.[62] On 17 May 2024, Diehl Defence declared that a KF-21 fighter had successfully fired an IRIS-T AAM to attack the target drone designated by the onboard AESA radar.[63]

Potential operators

Template:Country data Romania
Trials are ongoing on the IAR-99SM with the IRIS-T missile.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Further reading

  • Bonds, Ray ed. The Modern US War Machine. New York City: Crown Publishers, 1989. Template:ISBN.

External links

Template:Sister project

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  32. ↑ Diehl Defence ramps up production of IRIS-T missile systems. Army Recognition. 6 September 2023.
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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